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Surveying II Manual Stalin
Surveying II Manual Stalin
Laboratory Manual
FIFTH SEMESTER B.E. CIVIL SURVEYING-II
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SURVEYING II
List of Practical
1) 2) 3) Determination of constant of Tacheometer. Determination of elevation of point by Tacheometric surveying. Determination of elevation of point and horizontal distance between them by Tacheometric survey. 4) Determination of gradient of given length if road by Tacheometric survey. 5) Setting out of simple circular curve by offset from chord produced method. 6) Setting out of simple circular curve by Rankine method of tangential angle. 7) 8) Setting out of simple transition curve by tangential angle method. Study of stereoscope.
B) SURVEY CAMP (On any of the following topics) 1) 2) 3) Road Project. Irrigation Project. Water Supply Project
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Experiment No- 1
Aim: Determination of the Multiplying and additive constant of given Tacheometer Apparatus : A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods etc. Figure:
Formulae: When the line of sight is horizontal, then D = KS + c Where, D = Horizontal distance between instrument station and staff station. K = Multiplying constant of a tacheometer S = Staff intersect i.e. difference between top and bottom stadia hair reading. When line of sight is inclined and staff vertical then: D = KS cos2 + c cos Where, D = Horizontal distance between instrument station and staff station.
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Department of Civil Engineering K = Multiplying constant of a tacheometer S = Staff intersect i.e. difference between top and bottom stadia hair reading. = The inclination of the line of collimation to the horizontal. c = The additive constant of the tacheometer
Theory: PRINCIPLE OF STADIA METHOD The stadia method is based on the principle that the ratio of perpendicular to the base is Constant in similar isosceles triangles.In fig let two rays OA and OB be equally inclined to the central ray OC. Let A2B2, A1B1 and AB be staff intercepts. Evidently OC 2 OC1 OC 1 = = = cons tan tk = Cot A2 B2 A1 B1 AB 2 2
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Determination of Constant k and C The values of the multiplying constant k and the additive constant C can be computed by the following methods:
1st Method :- In this method ,the additive constant C=(f +d) is measured from the instruments while the multiplying constant k is computed from field observations
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1 1 1 = + f f1 f 2
Since f1 is very large in this case, f is approximately equal to f2 i.e. equal to the distance of the diaphragm from the objective. 2) The distance d between the instrument axis and the objective is variable in case of external focusing telescope, being greater for short sights and smaller for long sights. It should, therefore, be measured for average sight. Thus, the additive constant (f +d) is known. 3) To calculate the multiplying constant k, measure a known distance and take
the S1 on the staff kept at that point , the line of sight being horizontal. using equation
D1 = KS1 + C K= D1 C S1
For the average value, staff intercepts, s2, s3 etc., can be measured corresponding to distance d2, d3 etc., and mean value can be calculated.
2nd Method:In this method, both the constants are determined by field observations as under: 1) Measure a line, about 200 m long on fairly level ground and drive pegs at some intervals, say 50 meters.
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K=
D2 D1 -----------------------------------------------------(3) S 2 S1
C = D1
D2 D1 S1 S 2 S1
C=
D1 S 2 D1 S1 D2 S1 + D1 S1 S 2 S1 D1 S 2 D2 S1 -------------------------------------------------(4) S 2 S1
C=
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Observation Table: Instrument station A Staff station D1 D2 D3 Distance Vertical angle Stadia hair Reading Top Center Bottom Remark
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As ; s1, s2, s3 can be known solving (1) &(2), (2) & (3) , (1) & (3) to get 3 values of m & c ,then average of three values is required answer. D = Ks cos2 + c cos For, three station the equations are; D1 = Ks1 cos2 1 + C cos1 ------D2 = Ks2 cos2 2 + C cos2------D3 = Ks3 cos2 3 + C cos3------(1) (2) (3)
As ; s1, s2, s3 can be known solving (1) &(2), (2) & (3) , (1) & (3) to get 3 values of K & C ,then average of three values is required answer.
Result: a) For horizontal line of collimation; 1) The additive constant c for a given tacheometer is found out to be --------2) The multiplying constant m for a given tacheometer is found to be --------b) For inclination line of collimation; 1) The additive constant c for a given tacheometer is found out to be ---------2) The multiplying constant k for a given tacheometer is found to be ---------
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Experiment No-2
Aim: Determination of Elevation of points by Tacheomentric surveying. (the R.L.s of First Floor and Second floor of Civil Engg.).
Apparatus: A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods etc. Figure:
S1 h1 V1
D = KSCos 2 + CSin
Where,
K= Multiplying constant =100 C= Additive constant S= Staff intercept. V =Vertical distance measured from horizontal line of straight to
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= vertical angle
Theory:- The Tacheometer is an instrument which is generally used to determine the horizontal as well as vertical distance . it can also be used to determine the elevation of various points which cannot be determine by ordinary leveling. When one of the sight is horizontal and staff held vertical then the RLs of staff station can be determined as we determine in ordinary leveling .But if the staff station is below or above the line of collimation then the elevation or depression of such point can be determined by calculating vertical distances from instrument axis to the central hair reading and taking the angle of elevation or depression made by line of sight to the instrument made by line of sight to the instrument axis. Distance and Elevation formula for staff vertical. Let P= Instrument station Q= Staff Station M= Position of instrument axis. O= Optical centre of the objective. A,C,B= Point corresponding to the readings of the three hairs. S=AB= Staff intercept
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I =Stadia interval = Inclination of the line of sight from the horizontal. L= Length MC measured along the line of sight. D=MQ= Horizontal distance between the instrument and the staff. V= Vertical intercept, at Q between the line of sight and the horizontal line H= Height of the instrument R= Central hair reading = Angle between the extreme rays corresponding to stadia hairs. Draw a line ACB normal to the line of sight OC. <AAC=900+/2, being the exterior angle of the COA. Similarly, from COB, <OBC=900-/2, Since /2, is very small (its value being equal to 17011for K=100), <AAC and <BBC may be approximately taken equal to 900 <AAC = <BBC =900
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V = KS
(a) Elevation of the staff station for angle of elevation If the line of sight has an angle of elevation , as shown in fig. Elevation of staff station= Ele of instrument +h+ v-r (b) Elevation of the staff station for the angle of depression
Elevation of Q= Elevation of P +h-v-r. Procedure: 1) Set up the instrument in such a way that all the point should be visible from the instrument station.
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Observation Table: Instrument station A Staff station BM G.Floor First Floor Second Floor Third Floor Calculation: D = KS cos2 + C cos 1) For ground floor:V1 = (K1S1sin2)/2 + C sin R.L of ground floor = RL of BM + h + V1-h1 Result: The RLs of Various points are found as follows. S.No 1 2 3 4 POINTS G.Floor First Floor Second Floor Third Floor R.Ls Vertical angle 0000000 Stadia hair Reading Top Center Bottom Remark R.L.= 100.00m
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S1 h1 V1
S2 h2 Fourth floor
V2
B.M.
Formula:
OP = D1 = KSCos 2 + cCos
OQ = D 2 = KSCos 2 + cCos
V 1 = KS Sin2 + cSin 2 Sin 2 + cSin 2
V 2 = KS
When line of sight is inclined and staff is held vertically, then. Where, V = Vertical distance measured from horizontal line of sight to central hair reading on staff.
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D= Distance between one corner to other corner of college building. OP = Horizontal distance between instrument station and IV floor of one end of college building. OQ = Horizontal distance between instrument station and IV floor of other end of college building.
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(a) Elevation of the staff station for angle of elevation If the line of sight has an angle of elevation , as shown in fig. Elevation of staff station= Ele of instrument+h+v-r
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Observation Table:
Instrument station Staff station P O Vertical angle 0000000 0000000 Horizontal angle Stadia hair Reading Remark Top Center Bottom R.L.= 100.000m
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S1= Staff intercept between top and bottom stadia hair at IVrt floor of first end of building. = ---------m. S2 = Staff intercept between top and bottom stadia hair at IVrt floor of other end of building. = ---------m. V1 = Vertical distance between measured from horizontal line of sight to central stadia hair reading on staff at IVrt floor of first end of building. V2 = Vertical distance between measured from horizontal line of sight to central stadia hair reading on staff at IVrt floor of other end of building.
1 = Vertical angle on staff at IVrt floor of first end of building. 2 = Vertical angle on staff at IVrt floor of other end of building.
K & C = are multiplying & additive constant of the tacheometer respectively. OP = Horizontal distance between one corner to other corner of college building. OQ = Horizontal distance between instrument station and IVrt floor of other end of college building.
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R.L. of IVrt floor of other end of college building is = R.L. of B.M. + back sight on B.M. + V2-h2.
Results:1)The distance between two station points is found to be--------------. 2) R.Ls of staff station P=-------------. 3) R.Ls of staff station Q=-------------.
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Experiment No- 4
Aim: Determination of gradient of given length of road by Tacheomentric survey ( Horizontal distance between two points) Apparatus: A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods etc. Figure:
S1 h1 V1
H o r iz o n t a l lin e o f s ig h t
O
S2 h2 V2
B .M .
Formulae: When the line of sight is horizontal, then D = Ks + C Where, D = Horizontal distance between instrument station and staff station. K = f/i=100 Multiplying constant of a tacheometer C= (f+d)=0 additive constant of a tacheometer S = Staff intersect i.e. difference between top and bottom stadia hair reading. When line of sight is inclined and staff vertical then: D = KS cos2 + C cos
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Theory: Trigomentrical levelling is the branch of surveying in which the relative elevations of the points are determined from the observed vertical angles and known horizontal distance. Whereas in ordinary leveling the difference in elevation is ascertained by running a line between the given points. Let P be the point whose reduce level is to determine and M be the reading on bench mark.The instrument is set up at any convenient point B in the vicinity of the object. The telescope is kept horizontal and staff reading M on the bench mark is taken. The point A sighted and the angle of elevation is observed. The reduced level of a point P can be ascertained as follows Let D be the horizontal distance between the instrument and the object, H be the height of point P . Be the angle of elevation, then we have H=Dtan
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Instrument station
Staff station P
Vertical angle
A Q
Result: The gradient of given length of two staff station is found to be ___________ by tachometric survey.
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Experiment-5
Aim:- Setting out of simple circular curve by offsets from chord produced method Problem Two straight intersect at chainage (30+10), the deflection angle being 44. Calculate the necessary data for laying out a curve by the method of offsets from the chord produced. The degree of the curve being 7. The peg interval being equal to 20meters.
Procedure for setting out of curve 1) Locate the tangent points T1 and T2 on the straights AB and CB. 2) Cut T1D1 equal to the length of the first sub chord (C1) already calculated along the tangentT1B.
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Chainage at the point of intersection = (30+10) chains = 30x20+10=610m Chainage at 1st tangent point=610.00-99.20=510.80m (25+10.80) chains
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C 2 (C1 + C 2) 2R
O3toO8 =
C2 20 2 = = 1.63m R 245.55
C n (C n 1 + C n ) 2 xR
Last offset On =
O10 =
Results:- By offsets from chord produced method the simple circular curve was plotted on the ground
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Experiment No 06
Aim : Setting out of simple circular curve by Rankine method of tangential angle. Problem Two tangent intersect at chainage (180+10) the defection angle being 20.Calcuate all the data necessary for setting out a 3 simple circular curve by method of deflection angle (tangential angle) .The Peg interval may be taken as 30m.
3 3 2 2 1= 1
Procedure for setting out of curve 1) Locate the tangent points T1 and T2 on the straights AB and CB. 2) Set up the theodolite at the beginning of the curve T1. 3) With the vernier A of the horizontal circle set to zero, direct the telescope of the ranging rod fixed at the point of intersection B and bisect it.
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Field Notes The record, of various total tangential angles and angles to which the theodolite readings are to be set, is given in tabular from as under. TABLE OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES
Point
Chainag e in meters
Tangential angle ()
Remarks
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Chainage of the point of intersection=180x30+10=5410m Chainage of the first tangent point T1=5410-101.02=5308.98m (176+26.98) Chainage of the end tangent point T2=5308.98+200.02=5509.00m(183+19) Length of 1st sub-chord =(177+00)-(176+28.98)=1.02m Number of full chord =183-177=6 Length of last sub-chord =(183+19)-(183+00)=19m Check length of 1st sub-chord +length of 6full chord +length of last chord = length of curve (1.02+6x30+19)=200.02m From equation The tangential angle, n = 1718.9
Cn R
1 forthe1stsubchord = 1718.9
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8 = lastchord = 1718.9 x
The tangential angles for various chord are as follows. 1=1=0033.60 2= 1+1=(0033.60)+(12959.40)= 1333 3= 2+2=(1333)+(12959.40)= 332.40 4= 3+3=(332.40)+(12959.40)= 4331.80 5= 4+4=(4331.80)+(12959.40)= 631.20 6= 5+5=(631.20)+(12959.40)= 73300.60 7= 6+6=(73300.60)+(12959.40)= 9300 8= 7+7=(9300)+(12959.40)= 100000 Check :- 8=1/2 =1/2(20)=10
Remarks
T1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 T2
Results:- By tangential angle method the simple circular curve was plotted on the ground
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Experiment No 07
Aim : Setting out of simple transition curve by tangential angle methods Problem Two straight interest at chainage (102+10). The deflection angle of two straight is 42.it is proposed to interest a right handed circular curve of 500m radius and transition curve at each end, the road bend is to be designed for maximum speed of 90km/hour and for maximum rate of change of acceleration of 30cm/sec3. make all the necessary calculation for setting out the combined curve by tangential deflection method. the peg interval for transition curve be taken as 15m and for circular curve as 30m.
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' y' =
, r=0.30m/sec2
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L 2 104.17 = 244.38m 2
4) Spiral angle, 1 =
L 104.17 = = 0.10417radian 2 R 2 x500 0.1047 x180 deg rees = 5.97 0 = 5 0 58'12 '' R ( 21) = 262.31m 180 0
1) Chainage of intersection point B=102+10=102X30+10=3070m 2) Chainage of tangent point T1=3070-Total tangent length = 3070-244.38=2825.62m (94+5.62) 3) Chainage of the junction point F of the transition curve and the circular curve=2825.62+104.17=2929.79m (97+19.79) 4) Chainage of the junction point H of the circular curve with that of second transition curve = 2929.79+length of circular curve =2929.79+262.31 =3192.10m (106+12.10) 5)Chainage of last tangent point T2=3192.10+104.17=3296.27m (109+26.27) Check:- Chainage of T2 = Chainage at T1+2XL+ length of transition curve =2825.62+2x104.17+262.31=3296.27m 7) Tangential deflection angles for the transition curve are calculated as below. Chainage of T1=94+5.62
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For 2ndpoint 2 =
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For
7th
For
8th
n =
1718.9C n min utes R 1718.9 xC1 1718.9 X 10.21 = = 35.10 min utes R 500
= 1-43-8 Tangential deflection angle for last sub-chord = n = =0-41-36 Total tangential deflection angles
1718.9 x12.10 = 41.60 min 500
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21
2
9) Tangential deflection angles for the second transition curve: The second transition curve is set out from the point of tangency T2 therefore tangential deflection angles are calculated in the same manner as in the first case but from point T2. Now chainage at T2=(109+26.27) Chainage at the first point on the 2nd transition curve=109+15 Length for the first point L1=(109+26.27)-(109+15)=11.27m As peg interval for transition curve =15m Length for the 2nd point from T2L2=11.27+15=26.27m Length for the 3rd point from T3L3=26.27+15=41.27m
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T1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 T2
T2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H
Result:- By transition curve and circular curve by tangent offsets was plotted on the ground
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STEREOSCOPE
Stereoscope in an instrument used of viewing stereopairs. Stereoscopes are designed for two purposes 1. To assist in presenting to the eyes the images of a pair of photographs so that the relationship between convergence and accommodation is the same as would be in natural vision. 2. To magnify the perception of depth. There are two basic types of stereoscopic for stereoscopic viewing of photographs: A) Mirror stereoscope B) Lens stereoscope.
b N e g a t iv e 1
b'
a' N e g a t iv e 2
E Y E C a m e ra L e n s
E Y E C a m e ra L e n s
P H O T O 2
P H O TO 2
( A ) S t e r e o p a i r o f n a il
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R E T IN A
R E T IN A
EYE
E'
EYE
M'
A b P r in t 1
a' P r in t 2
b'
A)
Mirror stereoscope The mirror stereoscope shown diagrammatically consist of a pair of small
eye-piece mirrors mirrors m and a pair of larger wing mirrors, M and M each of which is oriented at 45% with the place of the photographs. Show a nail mounted on a block of timber , and is being photographed by two camera position .The camera lens is placed fist in the position of left eye and then in the position of right eye, and separate photographs are taken in each position of left eye and then in the position of right eye and separate photographs are taken in each position. It will be noted that the head of the nail is to the left in the left film and to the right in the right film. AB are the images of the nail AB in the two films. Contact prints from these negatives are placed in the mirror stereoscope as show in where only images of the nail are drawn .
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B)
Lens stereoscope A lens stereoscope consists of a single magnifying lens for each eye, and
no mirrors. The two magnifying lenses are mounted with a separation equal to the average interpupillary distances of the human eyes, but provision is made for changing this separation to suit the individual user. The distance between the nodal point of the lens and the plane of the photographs depends upon the focal length of the lens. The two photographs can be brought so closet the eyes that proper convergence can be maintained without causing the photographs to interfere with each other as show in since the photographs are very close to the eyes, the images occupy larger angular dimensions and therefore appear enlarged show a lens stereoscope. The lens stereoscope is apt to cause eye strain as accommodation is not in sympathy with convergence and the axes of the eyes are forced out their normal conciliation and can be slipped in ones pocket this type being called a pocket stereoscope. Because of larger size, mirror stereoscope is not so portable as is the pocket stereoscope.
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S. N.
Station point
Vertical Angle
Height of Instrument
Reduced Level
(Simple, Reverse, Compound and Transition curve) By offsets from chord produced method BY Rankine method of tangential angle. Transition curve and circular curve by tangent offsets.
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