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Unit 5 Key, Cotter and Knuckle Joints: Structure
Unit 5 Key, Cotter and Knuckle Joints: Structure
Structure
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Introduction
Objectives
Key Types of Key Gib Head Key Cotter and Cotter Joint Sleeve Cotter Joint Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint Joining of Rods Knuckle Joint
5.1 INTRODUCTION
There are many situations where two parts of machines are required to be restrained. For example two rods may be joined coaxially and when they are pulled apart they should not separate i.e. should not have relative motion and continue to transmit force. Similarly if a cylindrical part is fitted on another cylinder (the internal surface of one contacting the external surface of the other) then there should be no slip along the circle of contact. Such situations of no slip or no displacements are achieved through placing a third part or two parts at the jointing regions. Such parts create positive interference with the jointing parts and thus prevent any relative motion and thus help transmit the force. You will remember that the rivets in a riveted joint had exactly the same role as they prevented the slipping of one plate over the other (in lap joint) and moving away of one plate from there (in butt joint). The rivets provided positive interference against the relative motion of the plate. Knuckle joint is yet another to join rods to carry axial force. It is named so because of its freedom to move or rotate around the pin which joins two rods, a motion which naturally exists at finger joints or knee. A knuckle joint is understood to be a hinged joint in which projection in one part enters the recess is the other part and two are held together by passing a pin through coaxial holes in two parts. This joint can not sustain compressive force because of possible rotation about the pin. In this unit we will study other interfering parts for geometrically different jointing parts.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to understand what is a key, what are the types of key, how to draw a key, the parts that are joined by key, how are the keys made, what is a cotter, 85
Machine Drawing
what are the types of cotter, how to draw cotter joint, how to make a pin joint, how is a knuckle joint constructed, and how is a knuckle joint drawn.
5.2 KEY
A shaft rotates in its bearings and transmits torque. A shaft always carry upon at some other part like gear or pulley. That part of the gear or pulley which sits on the shaft by surrounding the shaft on all its circumference is called the hub. The hub and the shaft are provided with a positive interfering part which is called a key. The key is a prismatic bar inserted between the shaft and the hub so that it passes through both or one of them. It may be tapered or of uniform cross section. When placed in position the shaft and mating part rotate as a single unit without any slipping. The torque then can pass from shaft to mating part and vice versa. Apparently if the key is to pass through one or both the mating parts a proper groove, called keyway must be made.
Round key is a cylinder and requires a hole to pass. Half of the hole is in the shaft and other half in the hub. It is used when load is low and shaft diameter is small. Making of hole is not easy and costly if made separately in two halves in two parts. Since the cylindrical holes do not have sharp corners they still represent a better choice. Taper round keys produce tighter joint. The taper may be as gentle as 1 : 100. Saddle key is shown in Figure 5.1(b). It sits on the curved surface of shaft and fits in the rectangular slot of hub. No keyway in the staff is required and frictional force between the seat of key and surface of the shaft is responsible for transmission of the torque. Either for transmission of light torque or holding the mating part in position during assembly such saddle key is used. Key on Flat is similar to saddle key on three sides except at the bottom where it is flat. It will of course require a flat narrow surface machined on the shaft, while it fits into the keyway made in the hub. Such flat region machined on the surface of the shaft does not affect the strength because much material is not removed no corners are created as will happen if keyway is machined.
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Flat key or rectangular key Figure 5.1(d) and square key Figure 5.1(f) are essentially same and used universally between shaft and any mating part like gear and pulley. Very large torque or power can be transmitted by both but square key is often preferred for equal strength in shear and crushing. Splines Figure 5.1(e) can be regarded as keys integral with the shaft. The shafts are weakened by creating keyways whose depth could be as large as 1/4 of diameter of the shaft. Hence, splines are created on the shaft surface fit into the grooves made in the mating part. Splines are routinely used when mating parts are required to slide on the shaft. Examples are change gear boxed in automobile. The cross section of the splines may be rectangular, triangular or involute. A spline normally has larger width (w) and smaller height (h) as shown in Figure 5.1(e). There may be four, six or 10 splines and both w and h reduce with increasing number of splines. w and h for permanent splined connections are respectively 0.28d and 0.09d for four splines, 0.278d and 0.056d for six splines and 0.17d and 0.05d for 10 splines. For sliding the dimensions increase. The keys are normally prismatic with either rounded or flat ends. The flat key with rounded ends is shown in Figure 5.2(a). No doubt it can also have flat ends as shown in Figure 5.2(b). The keyways for flat or square keys are made with end mill, which will end in semicircular ends. The keyways can also be made with discutters which can not be used with rounded end keys. The rounded end keyways are shown in Figure 5.2(c).
(a)
(c)
The jib headed key as shown in Figure 5.1(g) is in fact a rectangular cross section prismatic bar with taper (1 : 100) along the length and having a jib head at largest cross section. It is inserted in the keyslot and head helps both in insertion and extraction of the key. The jibhead, being a projection on the shaft, presents a hazard of collecting loose garments or cottonwaste, hence should be protected. It may be pointed out here that a taper key is not preferred in precise machines because it causes varying information of the moting hub. Woodruff key as shown in Figure 5.1(h) is a segment of a disc whose rounded part enters the corresponding shape cut in the shaft. The key provides the advantage of easy assembly and disassembly but weakens the shaft due to deep groove. The key is cut from a disc of radius R = 0.4 D with w = 0.2 D. Its total depth is 95% of radius and radius is 0.4 D. Three fourths of depth is in shaft.
SAQ 1
On a shaft of diameter 200 mm a flanged-hub is to be placed. The diameter of the hub is 300 mm while its length is 200 mm. The flange is 500 mm diameter with a width of 50 mm. The shaft and flanged hub are shown in Figures 5.3(a) and (b). Draw the necessary views connecting the shaft with different keys. 87
Machine Drawing
Figure 5.3
(b)
SAQ 2
On a 35 mm diameter shaft carries a pulley of 900 mm diameter whose hub tapers from 75 mm at the arm to 70 mm at the edge and is 80mm long. Four arms, elliptic in section taper from a1 = 26 mm to a = 20 mm and b1 = 12 mm to b = 30 mm. Show the assembly of pulley with gib headed key and with part of the shaft whose diameter increases to 45 mm from 35 mm suddenly with a radius of 5 mm at the corner. The width of the pulley is 100 mm with a crown of 3 mm. Rim thickness at edges, 8 mm.
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Figure 5.5
Figure 5.5 shows a cotter, a rod with enlarged end and a sleeve. Two cotters are need to join two rods. The internal diameter of the sleeve match with the external diameter of the rod and the slot matches with the cotter. Figure 5.6 shows two rod ends pushed in a sleeve with a slight clearance at butting ends to accommodate cotters. The two views of sleeve cotter joint are drawn in Figure 5.7.
Figure 5.6
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Machine Drawing
Figure 5.9 shows the spigot inserted into socket with their slots for receiving the cotter aligned.
SAQ 3
Draw the elevation and side view of cotter joint from three parts shown in Figure 5.8.
SAQ 4
A rectangular fork ahead of a square section bar carries slot for a cotter and a gib as shown in Figure 5.10. A square bar carries a slot at its end similar to that in the fork and also shown in the above Figure. Assemble the four parts and draw elevation, plan and side view of the assembly.
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Figure 5.10
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Machine Drawing
Figures 5.12 and 5.13. show the joints between the plates. Note how the changes are introduced from Figures 5.12 to 5.13. It is also suggested that the plate ends can be cut along broken lines. Example 5.1 Draw the joint shown in Figure 5.13 for plate 10 mm thick and two parts 1 (a) and (b) each is 10 mm thick in plate1. The width of the plate is 25 mm and length can be any thing. Redraw the two views of above drawing by cutting along broken lines producing plates 15 mm wide. The pin diameter is 10 mm.
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It is interesting to note that all dimension in a knuckle joint are related to diameter d of the rod. These rotations are shown in Figure 5.18 in which the five parts are assembled to form the join. You must draw the top view and side view. Parts of Figure 5.17 are assembled to make a knuckle joint in Figure 5.18.
Example 5.2 For two rods of diameter 25 mm draw elevation and plan of a knuckle joint. Show partial section of elevation. For inside and outside surfaces of fork take respective radii of 14 and 32 mm.
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Machine Drawing
5.10 SUMMARY
Various types of keys are used in practice out of which the square key is most common for gears and pulleys. By drawings it has been shown how do the keys fit in the assembly. The cotter is another element that produces temporary joints. Different types of cotter joints and their elements have been shown in drawing. The reader should reproduce each drawing.
Splines 4 rectangular, w = 56 mm, h = 18 mm Woodruff w = 40 mm, Radius of key = 80 mm, Keyway depth = 57 mm, Depth of the key = 76 mm Round key diameter = 50 mm All the keys except woodruff will be equal to hub in length, i.e. 250 mm.
Figure 5.20 : Three Views of Shaft and Hub Assembly with a Square Key
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The shaft and hub assembly has been drawn for following four cases : Figure 5.20 : Shaft and hub assembly with square key. Figure 5.21 : Shaft and hub assembly with woodruff key. Figure 5.22 : Shaft and hub assembly with round key. Figure 5.23 : Shaft and hub assembly for splines. You are advised to draw similar assemblies for saddle key and key on flat. SAQ 2 Gib key dimensions h= w= D 35 = = 6 mm, 6 6 D 35 = = 9 mm, 4 4 H = 0.6 D = 0.6 35 = 21 mm B= D 35 = = 12 mm 3 3
(b) Rectangular Key with Gib Head Fitted between a Shaft and a Pulley (Third Angle Projection) Figure 5.24
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Machine Drawing
SAQ 4 Figure 5.26 shows three views of assembled gib and cotter joint.
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