Chapter 5: BJT Small-Signal Analysis

Sem I 0809/rosdiyana

Contents
      

Common-Emitter fixed-bias configuration Voltage divider bias CE Emitter bias Emitter-follower configuration Common-base configuration Collector-feedback configuration Hybrid equivalent circuit and model

BJT Small Signal Analysis

re transistor model employs a diode and controlled current source to duplicate the behavior of a transistor in the region of interest. The re and hybrid models will be used to analyze smallsignal AC analysis of standard transistor network configurations. Ex: Common-base, common-emitter and common-collector configurations. The network analyzed represent the majority of those appearing in practice today.

AC equivalent of a network is obtained by:

1. Setting all DC sources to zero 2. Replacing all capacitors by s/c equiv. 3. Redraw the network in more convenient and logical form

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

The input (Vi) is applied to the base and the output (Vo) is from the collector. The Common-Emitter is characterized as having high input impedance and low output impedance with a high voltage and current gain.

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Removing DC effects of VCC and Capacitors

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

re Model

Determine F, re, and ro: F and ro: look in the specification sheet for the transistor or test the transistor using a curve tracer. 26m re: calculate re using dc analysis: r !
e

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Output Impedance:
o

Zi !
i

|| F re
R u 10 Fre

! R || rO $ Rc ro u 10 Rc

$ Fre

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):
v

o i

!

|| ro ) re

RC Av !  re
Current Gain (Ai):

ro u 10R C

Io F R B ro Ai ! ! Ii (ro  R C )(R B  Fre )

Ai $ F
Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

ro u 10R C , R B u 10 F re

A i ! A v

RC

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Voltage Gain
v

VO ! Vi || ro )

VO !  I b ( Vi ! I b re
v

 I b ( || ro ) ! I b re !
( || ro ) re
v

i ro ! g; or u 10

re

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Current gain
The current gain is determined by applying the current - divider rule to the input and output circuits Io ! Ib ! ro I b I r and o ! o ro  C I b ro  I I and b ! Ii B  re
B i B

C B

 re B  re
B

I o I o I b ro ! ! i ! I I r  I i b i o C I ro B @ i! o ! Ii ro  C  B  re

i ro u 10
@
i

and
B

u 10 re , !

Io r $ o Ii ro  Zi
v C

or e can use this equation too

@
i

!

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Phase Relationship

The phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. The negative sign used in the voltage gain formulas indicates the inversion.

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

re Model

You still need to determine F, re, and ro.

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Output Impedance:
2 2

d !

||

!
1

Zo !
Zo $

|| ro
ro u 10
C

Zi ! d re || &

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

o i

 re

|| ro
v

o i

$

re

ro u 10

Current Gain (Ai):

F ro Io ! ! I i (ro  C )(  Fre )

Io ! $ Ii

 F re

ro u 10

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

Io ! $F Ii

ro u 10

u 10 F re

!

i v C

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Voltage Gain
VO ! ( I b )( Vi Ib ! re
C

|| ro )

Vi Vo !  ( C || ro ) r e  ( C || ro ) @ v ! re
i ro ! g; or u 10
C


re

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Current gain
since the network is so similar to that common - emitter fixed - bias configuration, except for the R' , the equation for the current gain will have the same format. R' ! R 1 R 2 ! R Io R' ro Ai ! ! I i ro  R C R' re for ro u 10R C , Ai ! Io R' ro $ I i ro R' re R' $ R' re

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

And if R' u 10 A
i

re ,

Io ! ! Ii
i

R' R'

@ A

Io ! $ Ii

as an option @ A
i

! A

i V

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Unbypassed RE

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

re Model

Again you need to determine F, re.

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Output Impedance:
E

Z b ! F re  ( F  1)

Zo !

Z b $ F (re 
Zb $ F
E E

Zi !

|| Z b

"" re

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Defining the input impedance of a transistor with an unbypassed emitter resistor

pplying K L to the input side :
i i

! I b re  I e

E E

! I b re  (  1) I b
i

@ Zb !

Ib

! re  (  1)

since is normally greater th an 1, @ Z b $ re  since @ Zb $

E E

is much greater th an re , eqn above can be reduced to

E

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

o i

F C ! Zb

Vo RC Av ! ! Vi re  R E
or

! F (re  R E )
$ FR E

Vo RC Av ! $ Vi RE

Current Gain (Ai):

Io FR B Ai ! ! Ii R B 
Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

A i ! A v

RC

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Voltage Gain
Vi Ib ! Zb Vo ! I o
C

!  Ib

Vi ! C Z b V  @ V! o ! Zb Vi @ ! Vo  ! Vi re  Vo  ! Vi

substituting Zb ! (re 
C E V

) gives

and or the approximation Z b $ @

V

C E

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Current Gain
The magnitude o I B  Zb
B i B B B

is o ten too close to Z b to permit the approximat ion

I b ! I i . pplying the current - divider rule to the input circuit i ll result in : Ib ! Ib ! Ii Io !F Ib

@ @
i

 Zb

Io ! FI b

Io Io I b ! !F Ii I b Ii Zi
v
C

B B

 Zb

!

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Bypassed RE

This is the same circuit as the CE fixed-bias configuration and therefore can be solved using the same re model.

Emitter-Follower Configuration

You may recognize this as the Common-Collector configuration. Indeed they are the same circuit. Note the input is on the base and the output is from the emitter.

Emitter-Follower Configuration

re Model

You still need to determine F and re.

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Zi !
b

|| Z b

$ (re  R E )

! F re  ( F  1)R E

$ RE

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Calculation for the current Ie

Ib ! Vi
b

I e ! (  1)I b ! (  1) subtitutin g for

b

Vi
b

gives

(  1)Vi Ie ! re  (  1)R E R re E (  1) r r $ e ! re and e (  1) @ Ie ! Vi re  R E ! Vi but (  1) $

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Impedance Calculations (contd)

Output Impedance:

e ining the output impedence or the emitter ollo er con iguration

@ Ie !
i

re  R E

Zo !

|| re

$ re

R E "" r e

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

o i

!
E

 re

o i

$1
E

"" re ,

 re $

Current Gain (Ai):

$

F
B

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

!

i v E

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Voltage gain
R E Vi Vo ! R E  re Vo RE @Av ! ! Vi R E  re R E usually much greater than re , R E  re $ R E Vo @Av ! $1 Vi

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Current Gain
R B Ii Ib ! RB  Ib RB ! Ii RB  Io ! ( Ib
b

Io ! Ie ! (

 1) I b

 1)
RB  1) RB 

Io Io Ib ! ! ( Ai ! Ii Ib Ii

 1) $ , RB @ Ai $  RB  b
since ( or A i ! A v
i

RE

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Phase Relationship
A CC amplifier or Emitter Follower configuration has no phase shift between input and output.

Vo

Common-Base (CB) Configuration

The input (Vi) is applied to the emitter and the output (Vo) is from the collector. The Common-Base is characterized as having low input impedance and high output impedance with a current gain less than 1 and a very high voltage gain.

Common-Base (CB) Configuration

re Model

You will need to determine E and re.

Common-Base (CB) Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Output Impedance:

! R E re

Zo !

Common-Base (CB) Configuration

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

o i

E
re

re

Current Gain (Ai):

Io A i ! ! E $ 1 Ii

Common-Base (CB) Configuration

Voltage & Current gain

Vo ! I o R C ! ( I c R C ) ! IeR C Vi Ie ! re Vi Vo ! R C r e Vo RC RC @ AV ! ! $ Vi re re

I e ! Ii I o ! EI e ! EI i Io @ A i ! ! E ! 1 Ii

Common-Base (CB) Configuration

Phase Relationship
A CB amplifier configuration has no phase shift between input and output.

Vo

Collector DC Feedback Configuration

The network has a dc feedback resistor for increased stability, yet the capacitor C3 will shift portions of the feedback resistance to the input and output sections of the network in the ac domain. The portion of RF shifted to the input or output side will be determined by the desired ac input and output resistance levels.

Collector DC Feedback Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Substituting the re equivalent circuit into the ac equivalent network Input Impedance:
i

Output Impedance:

! R F1

re

Zo !

||

|| ro

Z o $ RC || RF 2

Collector DC Feedback Configuration

Voltage Gain
R' ! ro R F2 R C Vo !  I b R' Vi Ib ! re Vi Vo !  R' re Vo ro R F2 R C @Av ! ! re Vi for ro u 10R C , Vo R F2 R C @Av ! ! Vi re

Collector DC Feedback Configuration

Current Gain
For the input side Ib ! R FIi or R F  re R' I b R'  R C Ib RF ! I i R F  re Io R' ! I b R'  R C

and for the output side using R' ! ro R F2 Io ! or

the current gain , Ai ! Io Io Ib R' R F1 . ! . ! I i I b I i R'  R C R F  re Io R' R F1 ! I i R'  R C R F1  re

@ Ai !

since R F1 is usually much larger tha n re , R F1  re $ R F1 Ai ! Io R F1 (ro R F2 ) $ I i R F1 ro R F2  R C Io $ Ii 1  RC ro R F2

@ Ai !

or @ A i !

Io ! A V i Ii RC

Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

The h-parameters can be derived from the re model: hie = Fre hfe = F hoe = 1/ro hib = re hfb = -E

The h-parameters are also found in the specification sheet for the transistor.

Approximate Common-Emitter Equivalent Circuit

Hybrid equivalent model

re equivalent model

Approximate Common-Base Equivalent Circuit

Hybrid equivalent model

re equivalent model

Troubleshooting
1. Check the DC bias voltages if not correct check power supply, resistors, transistor. Also check to ensure that the coupling capacitor between amplifier stages is . 2. Check the AC voltages if not correct check transistor, capacitors and the loading effect of the next stage.

Practical Applications
Audio Mixer Preamplifier Random-Noise Generator Sound Modulated ight Source