FUNCTION OF LINKING WORDS Linking words are used to connect two clauses or two sentences and they have

different functions: Adding extra information, contrasting ideas, expressing cause and effect, narrating, expressing purpose, listing examples, etc. POSITION IN THE TEXT: Some linking words normally form a link between clauses WITHIN a sentence. It is bad style to start a sentence with these words: and but so because then until such as Other linking words are used to form a link BETWEEN sentences. They must start with capital letters and are usually followed by a comma: Furthermore, Nevertheless, Moreover, Therefore, However, In conclusion, GRAMMATICAL DIFFERENCES: Some linking words must be followed by a CLAUSE (Subject + Verb + Object) while why because although so whereas when Other linking words should be followed by a NOUN PHRASE (linking word + (the) + Noun/Gerund) in spite of despite during because of

ADDING AND RELATIVE CLAUSES

and as well as Besides, / Moreover, / Furthermore, What is more, / In addition, not only but also / as well / too another point is that who where that which whose when what why

but However, Nevertheless, Although / Even though / Even if , though Despite / in spite of On the contrary, on the one hand on the other hand, whereas while In contrast, Neithernor Otherwise to so as to / in order to/ in order that / so that I would say that In my opinion, I (dont) think (that) I (dont) believe (that) Personally, From my point of view, / In my view, As far as is concerned, As regards As far as I can see,

CONTRASTING

EXPRESSING CAUSE AND RESULT

because As / Since so / Therefore, As a result, This is why, Consequently, For this reason, toofor/to not enoughfor/to due to / owing to / because of All in all In conclusion, On the whole To sum up, Lastly, In short,

CONCLUDING

EXPRESSING PURPOSE / OPINION

On the whole, In general, In most cases, Mostly,

GENERALIZING

I agree with/to I dont agree with/to / I disagree with/to Im in favour of

AGREEING / DISAGREEING

I mean (that) That is to say, In other words,

CLARIFYING

especially particularly Naturally, exactly above all In fact, Actually, As a matter of fact, Definitely Obviously Without a doubt sothat such a(n)that

EMPHASIS

for example for instance such as Apart from, With the exception of Take the case of If In case If not provided that unless in that case

GIVING EXAMPLES / EXCEPTING

SHOWING CONDITIONALITY

First (of all) / At first / Firstly To begin with, / In the first place, At the beginning / In the beginning secondly, thirdly, then / later / next Before After After that / afterwards immediately Once Suddenly As soon as Finally/Eventually until At the end In the end / At last likewise in the same way similarly in a similar manner like By the way, Anyway, Anyhow,

NARRATION

SHOWING SIMILARITY

As I have said (before), As I have noted, As suggested above,

INSIST ON AN EARLIER POINT

CHANGE OF SUBJECT