The Internet

Every machine transparently connected to every other

Internetworking : terms of art

 An Internet: A network of networks of Internet:

computer hosts able to seamlessly communicate - usually through the Internet Protocol (IP) and services Enterprise Internet: An Internet within an organization Public Data Internet: Internet: Internet services made available to the public The Internet: Internet: More than 2,00,000 Internets connected together

WHAT IS THE INTERNET?

The Internet is a global network of computer networks. Each of these networks contains anywhere from two to thousands of computers that are linked together using special rules called protocols. When computers are connected to the Internet they are able to communicate and share information

HOW DID THE INTERNET START?

The Internet began in the late 1960s as a network of computers that the United States Department of Defense developed using communication technology that could continue to function even when it was partially damaged. In the 1980s the National Science Foundation (NSF) used this same technology to create its own network (NSFNET), which allowed researchers to share data and access resources located on remote computers. Eventually many educational, governmental, commercial, and other organizations connected their own local computer networks to the NSFNET to form what is now known as the Internet.

Who Uses The Internet ?

Institutions of all kinds - academic, government and commercial
to allow their staff to collaborate with peers to rapidly coordinate complex, dispersed worldwide activities to gather and share information by interconnecting their enterprise networks via Internet backbone providers

Professional communities of all kinds - especially research and development organizations Business enterprises which specialize in providing or collecting information General public via local access providers and gateways to commercial public e-mail carriers and other kinds of networks

WHO CONTROLS THE INTERNET?

The Internet is not controlled by any individual or group. Currently, a non-profit organization called the Internet Society (ISOC) elects a board that is responsible for managing the technology and direction of the Internet.

What is the Internet Society ?

The global international organization for open systems internetworking and the Internet A common mechanism for:
standards making operational administration and coordination research coordination and education global cooperation among national, regional, and other international bodies

An international means for sharing information and encouraging development of internetrelated infrastructure and use around the world Members consists of individuals and organizations - commercial, governmental, and non-profit
e-mail:isoc@isoc.org

Internet Maintenance and Development

1979 Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB)
to guide the technical evolution

1983 Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

IETF to explore current trouble areas and offer possible solutions IRTF looks long term usability and explores the development of new technologies

Internet Maintenance and Development

1993 Cooperative management
INTERNIC (Internet Network Information Centre) Consortium Registration Services Assignment of IP addresses

Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

router workstation mobile

millions of connected computing devices: hosts, end-systems

pc s workstations, servers

server local ISP

running network apps communication links

fiber, copper, radio, satellite

regional ISP

routers: forward packets (chunks) of data thru network

company network

Whats a protocol?
network protocols: all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols protocols define:
format and order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msgs transmission and receipt

Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi Hi
What is the time? TCP connection req. TCP connection reply.
Get http://www.cs.uml.edu/index.html

2:00 time

<file>

WHAT CAN I DO ON THE INTERNET?

COMMUNICATE WITH OTHERS
Electronic Mail (email)
Using email you can exchange messages with other people around the world. You can also subscribe to electronic discussion lists and journals.

Usenet Newsgroups
Usenet is an informal network of computers that allows you to post and read messages in newsgroups that focus on specific topics.

WHAT CAN I DO ON THE INTERNET?

TELNET
Telnet allows you to log on to and use other computers that are connected to the Internet no matter where they are located. Telnet is commonly used to connect to library catalogs, community information systems, and fee-based database services.

FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)

FTP allows you to transfer files to and from computers that are connected to the Internet. Files that are transferred using FTP can contain text, images, sounds, software, etc.

WHAT CAN I DO ON THE INTERNET?

WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)
The World Wide Web allows you to access information on any computer, world-wide, that makes files publicly available using hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). This protocol allows hypertext links between files on the same computer, or on other computers on the Internet.

GOPHER
Gopher also allows you to access files on the Internet. Because gopher sites do not allow graphical displays or hypertext linking, most of them are already replaced by World Wide Web sites.

HOW DOES THE INTERNET WORK?

Computers that are connected to the Internet communicate with each other using a protocol or special language called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP defines how information moves among computers on the Internet.

OSI Model of TCP/IP :

TCP/IP protocol suite consists of 3 protocols 1. TCP/IP 2. UDP/IP 3. ICMP/IP TCP - Transmission control protocol (connection oriented) UDP - User Data-gram protocol (connection less) ICMP - Internet control messaging protocol (Used for troubleshooting and maintenance of Internet links)

Telnet,ftp, www, SMTP, PING,DNS

L5- APPLICATION Layer

TCP / UDP / ICMP

L4- TRANSPORT Layer

IP

L3- NETWORK Layer

Ethernet(CSMA/CD) L2- DATALINK Layer PPP Network Hardware L1- PHYSICAL Layer

Network edge: connection-oriented service TCP service Goal: data transfer

between end systems handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time
Hello, hello back human protocol set up state in two communicating hosts

reliable, in-order byte stream data transfer

loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions

flow control:
sender won t overwhelm receiver

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

connection-oriented service for the Internet

congestion control:
senders slow down sending rate when network congested

Network edge: connectionless service Goal: data transfer

between end systems
same as before!

App s using TCP:

HTTP (WWW), FTP (file transfer), Telnet (remote login), SMTP (email)

UDP - User Datagram Protocol Internet s connectionless service unreliable data transfer no flow control no congestion control

App s using UDP:

DNS query,streaming media, teleconferencing, Internet telephony

A closer look at network structure:

network edge: applications and hosts network core:
routers network of networks

access networks, physical media: communication links

The network edge:

end systems (hosts):
run application programs e.g., WWW, email at edge of network

client/server model
client host requests, receives service from server e.g., WWW client (browser)/ server; email client/server

peer-peer model:
host interactions are symmetric
e.g.: teleconferencing

CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET

The Internet is a global network of computer networks. Your computer must be connected to a computer on one of these networks in order to access Internet resources. The two basic ways of connecting are by using a shell or user account on a host computer that is directly connected to the Internet or by establishing a direct connection from your computer to the Internet. Direct connections can be temporary or permanent. The costs, requirements, and capabilities of each option differ and may affect your choice of connection method.

CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET

When you have a shell or user account your computer is not directly connected to the Internet but is connected via modem to a host computer run by an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The speed in bits per second (bps) rate of your modem (e.g., 14400, 28800, 33600, 56000 ) as well as the bps rate of the host computer's modem determines the speed at which the two computers can communicate. With shell/user accounts, the client software you use to access Internet resources is located on the host computer.

Types of Connection
SLIP AND PPP ACCOUNTS
All ISPs offer access to the Internet through SLIP or PPP accounts. These accounts allow you to achieve a temporary dial-up direct connection to the Internet using TCP/IP software with your computer. The speed of this kind of connection is determined by your modem speed as well as the speed at which the ISP is connected to the backbone of the Internet.

Types of Connection
INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) ACCOUNTS
ISDN connections achieve a permanent direct connection to the Internet through a digital telephone line. ISDN connections allow your computer to communicate at speeds up to 64000 and 128000 bps. To establish an ISDN connection one must obtain the appropriate hardware, request ISDN service (if available) from DOT, and find a local ISP that provides ISDN accounts

Types of Connection
LEASED LINE CONNECTIONS
High-speed dedicated telephone lines between your computer and an ISP can range from 14,400 bps to high speed lines that transfer 2 MBPS. Because these connections are expensive to set up and maintain, they are more often used by companies and organizations running LANs than they are by individuals. When the server on a LAN has a dedicated Internet connection, all computers on the LAN have access to all Internet resources.

INTERNET ADDRESSES
Every computer that is directly connected to the Internet has a unique Internet address. This address can be expressed as a numeric Internet Protocol (IP) address or an alphanumeric host address. Both address formats contain several parts, which are separated by dots or periods, that identify the general and specific locations of a computer.

IP ADDRESSES
Computers use IP addresses (e.g., 35.8.2.61) to identify and communicate with each other. These addresses contain four separate numbers that represent the general to specific location of a computer as you read them from left to right. You may sometimes see IP addresses but will rarely need to use them.

TCP/IP Addressing
0 7bit 10 14bit 110 21 bit 1110 28bit Multicast Address Network ID Host ID 8bit Class D 16bit Class C 24bit Class B Class A

Domain & IP addresses for NICNET sites

Domain Class B Internet Address 164.100.x.y

nic.in

Possible Internet Hosts on NICNET ~ 65,000

Internet Standard Domain Names

The NIC has specified a set of standard toptoplevel domain names that form the basis of both a geographical and non-geographical nonnaming system
com commercial organisations edu educationall organisations gov government institutions mil military groups net major network support centres org organisations other than the above int international organisations country code two character identifier for a country in the geographical scheme

HOST ADDRESSES
Host addresses (e.g., burrow.cl.msu.edu) contain a combination of letters and numbers that comprise up to five parts, or domains. From left to right, these domains identify the specific to general location of a computer. The most general, or top-level, domain is located at the far right of the host address. Top-level domain names can be organizational or geographical. Geographical top-level domains are two-letter codes that represent the countries where resources are located. The geographical code for the United States, us, is rarely used. Other geographical domains include:
CH - Switzerland, e.g., swissinfo.ch CA - Canada, e.g., utoronto.ca DE - Germany, e.g., fu-berlin.de UK - United Kingdom, e.g., bbc.co.uk

HOST ADDRESSES
Organizational top-level domains are used for resources that are located within the United States and identify the types of organizations that run the computers where resources are located. These include:
GOV - government, e.g., whitehouse.gov EDU - educational, e.g., ncsu.edu COM - commercial, e.g., apple.com MIL - military, e.g., army.mil NET - networks, e.g., sura.net ORG - non-profit organizations, e.g., nypl.org

Internet Country Codes: http://www.ics.uci.edu/pub/websoft/wwwstat /country-codes.txt

HOST ADDRESSES
As you move to the left, the next domain in the address represents the name of the organization, agency, company, etc., where the resource is maintained. For example:
The White House - whitehouse.gov New York Public Library - nypl.org North Carolina State University - ncsu.edu Southeastern University Research Association sura.net

Moving further left in the address, the next one or two domains represent the name of the computer on which the resource is stored. These names are selected by the systems operator at each location.
brownvm.brown.edu amu.up.nic.in

EMAIL ADDRESSES
When a person has an email account on a particular computer, he or she also has a username. A person's email address is the username followed by @ (the at sign), followed by the host address for the computer where the email account is located. For example, president@whitehouse.gov is the email address for the President of the United States at the White House.

UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATORS

A URL is a form of Internet address that points to and accesses Internet resources through the World Wide Web. URLs identify the protocol used to access a resource (e.g., TELNET, FTP, Gopher), the host address, the directory path, and filename of a resource. URLs are usually structured as: protocol://host address/directory-path/filename

Expanding Internet : New Frontiers

IPv6 Internet 2

The Future of Internet Protocol (IP)

IPv6/IPng : The Future Protocol
Sixteen Byte long Multiplies current Internet by a factor of 296

What is IPv6

IPv6 is the new version of the Internet Protocol. It should replace progressively the current IPv4 routing protocol which is responsible for interconnecting the gateways of the thousands of networks across the worldwide Internet.

Why 128 bit ??

IPv6 was primarily designed to extend the current address space which has become too small to accommodate the increasing growth of the network. IPv6 addresses are 128-bit long, thus multiplying the potential Internet size by a factor of 296. This allows for different addressing schemes, new types of applications, etc...

Advantages :
I. Expanded Routing and Addressing Capabilities

II. Path control through Anycast Address III. Header Format Simplification IV. Improved Support for Options V. Quality-of-Service Capabilities VI. Authentication and Privacy Capabilities

IPng increases the IP address size from 32 bits to 128 bits, to support more levels of addressing hierarchy and a much greater number of addressable nodes, and simpler auto-configuration of addresses. The scalability of multicast routing is improved by adding a "scope" field to multicast addresses.

IPng includes the definition of extensions which provide support for authentication, data integrity, and confidentiality. This is included as a basic element of IPng and will be included in all implementations.

Tunneling:
Carrying IPv6 packets over IPv4

Tunneling is used to carry IPv6 packets across IPv4 routed network areas. One of the requirements for tunneling is that the begin and endpoints of the tunnel are IPv6/IPv4-nodes with IPv4 compatible IPv6 addresses.

Internet 2: What is it ?
Internet2 is a collaborative effort by over 120 U.S. universities to develop advanced Internet technology and applications vital to the research and education missions of higher education. Internet2 is a project of the University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development (UCAID) and is working with industry and the federal government.

How it will benefit the current users

The investments by universities in Internet2, coupled with the efforts of industry and government, are helping to develop technologies such as: IPv6, multicasting, Quality-of-Service that will enable a new generation of Internet applications, benefiting all sectors of the society.

Potential Applications of Internet 2

Learningware

: Applications development architecture

for learningware and applications related to its delivery and use in distributed instruction.

Digital Libraries : Will be offering access to online

catalogs, abstracting and indexing databases, and primary content, such as journals in electronic formats

Tele-immersion : Will allow individuals at different

locations to share a single virtual environment

Virtual Laboratory

: A heterogeneous, distributed

problem solving environment that enables a group of researchers located around the world to work together on a common set of projects.

Network devices
Network Routers Network Gateways

Networks Routers
A router connects two or more different networks ( owned by the same organisation or different oraganisation ) When a packet arrives at the router it looks at the destination to see whether it is on one of the networks attached to it, or else it is passed to the default network.
A B default route Router

Network Gateways
A gateway has a function similar to a router but it connects networks that use different transmission mechanisms A gateway can also connect networks that use different protocols, such as TCP/IP with X.25 .

The mail through Internet (done by Mail Transfer Agent)

Some common protocols for email delivery :

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) IMAP (Interactive Mail Access Protocol) POP (Post Office Protocol) UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol)

POP (Post Office Protocol)

is a store-and-forward protocol. With POP, the dial-up IP user obtains an account on a system with dedicated connection (POP Server) and then connects this system with their own machine (POP Client) and transfers mail for the client.

E-Mail : Other Possibilities

Apart from the normal mail transactions, it is also possible to have access to other Internet tools like archie, ftp and gopher through email. The email facility may also be used more effectively by harnessing the world of mailing lists, discussion groups or LISTSERVs on almost any subject.

The growth of Internet is not a fluke or a fad, but the consequence of unleashing the power of individual creativity.

Internet is a cooperative environment and has social as well as technical aspects. It is the responsibility of all the users to ensure trust of the community :-)