The Internet

Every machine
transparently connected to
every other
Internetworking : terms of art

 An Internet: A network of networks of

computer hosts able to seamlessly
communicate - usually through the
Internet Protocol (IP) and services

Enterprise Internet: An The Internet:

Internet within an More than
organization 2,00,000
Internets
connected
Public Data Internet: together
Internet services
made available to the
public
WHAT IS THE INTERNET?

 The Internet is a global network of

computer networks. Each of these
networks contains anywhere from two to
thousands of computers that are linked
together using special rules called
protocols. When computers are connected
to the Internet they are able to
communicate and share information
 HOW DID THE INTERNET
START?
 The Internet began in the late 1960s as a network of computers
that the United States Department of Defense developed using
communication technology that could continue to function even
when it was partially damaged.
 In the 1980s the National Science Foundation (NSF) used this
same technology to create its own network (NSFNET), which
allowed researchers to share data and access resources located
on remote computers.
 Eventually many educational, governmental, commercial, and
other organizations connected their own local computer networks
to the NSFNET to form what is now known as the Internet.
 Who Uses The Internet ?
 Institutions of all kinds - academic, government and
commercial
 to allow their staff to collaborate with peers
 to rapidly coordinate complex, dispersed worldwide activities
 to gather and share information
 by interconnecting their enterprise networks via Internet backbone
providers
 Professional communities of all kinds - especially
research and development organizations
 Business enterprises which specialize in providing or
collecting information
 General public via local access providers and gateways
to commercial public e-mail carriers and other kinds of
networks
WHO CONTROLS THE
INTERNET?

The Internet is not controlled by any

individual or group. Currently, a non-profit
organization called the Internet Society
(ISOC) elects a board that is responsible
for managing the technology and direction
of the Internet.
What is the Internet Society ?
 The global international organization for open
systems internetworking and the Internet
 A common mechanism for:
 standards making
 operational administration and coordination
 research coordination and education
 global cooperation among national, regional, and
other international bodies
 An international means for sharing information
and encouraging development of internet-related
infrastructure and use around the world
 Members consists of individuals and organizations
- commercial, governmental, and non-profit
e-mail:isoc@isoc.org
 Internet Maintenance and
Development
 1979 Internet Configuration Control
Board
(ICCB)
• to guide the technical evolution
 1983 Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

IETF IRTF
to explore current trouble looks long term usability
areas and offer possible and explores the
solutions development of new technologies
Internet Maintenance and
Development

 1993 Cooperative management

• INTERNIC (Internet Network Information Centre)

Consortium

• Registration Services

• Assignment of IP addresses
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts”
view
router
workstation
 millions of connected server
mobile
computing devices: hosts,
local ISP
end-systems
 pc’s workstations, servers
running network apps regional ISP
 communication links
 fiber, copper, radio, satellite
 routers: forward packets
(chunks) of data thru
network company
network
What’s a protocol?
network protocols:
 all communication
activity in Internet
governed by
protocols
protocols define:
 format and order of msgs
sent and received among
network entities, and
 actions taken on msgs
transmission and receipt
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
req.
Hi
TCP connection
What is reply.
the time? Get http://www.cs.uml.edu/index.html
2:00
<file>
time
WHAT CAN I DO ON THE
INTERNET?
 COMMUNICATE WITH OTHERS
 Electronic Mail (email)
 Using email you can exchange messages with
other people around the world. You can also
subscribe to electronic discussion lists and
journals.
 Usenet Newsgroups
 Usenet is an informal network of computers that
allows you to post and read messages in
newsgroups that focus on specific topics.
 WHAT CAN I DO ON THE
INTERNET?
 TELNET
 Telnet allows you to log on to and use other computers that
are connected to the Internet no matter where they are
located. Telnet is commonly used to connect to library
catalogs, community information systems, and fee-based
database services.
 FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)
 FTP allows you to transfer files to and from computers that
are connected to the Internet. Files that are transferred
using FTP can contain text, images, sounds, software, etc.
WHAT CAN I DO ON THE
INTERNET?
 WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)
 The World Wide Web allows you to access information on any
computer, world-wide, that makes files publicly available using
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). This protocol allows
hypertext links between files on the same computer, or on other
computers on the Internet.
 GOPHER
 Gopher also allows you to access files on the Internet. Because
gopher sites do not allow graphical displays or hypertext linking,
most of them are already replaced by World Wide Web sites.
HOW DOES THE INTERNET
WORK?

Computers that are connected to the

Internet communicate with each other
using a protocol or special language called
TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP
defines how information moves among
computers on the Internet.
OSI Model of TCP/IP :
TCP/IP protocol suite consists of 3 protocols
1. TCP/IP 2. UDP/IP 3. ICMP/IP

TCP - Transmission control protocol

(connection oriented)

UDP - User Data-gram protocol

(connection less)

ICMP - Internet control messaging protocol

(Used for troubleshooting and
maintenance of Internet links)
 Telnet,ftp, www,
SMTP, PING,DNS L5- APPLICATION Layer

TCP / UDP / ICMP L4- TRANSPORT Layer

IP L3- NETWORK Layer

Ethernet(CSMA/CD)
PPP L2- DATALINK Layer

Network Hardware L1- PHYSICAL Layer

Network edge: connection-oriented
service
Goal: data transfer TCP service
between end systems reliable, in-order byte
 handshaking: setup stream data transfer
(prepare for) data  loss: acknowledgements
transfer ahead of time and
 Hello, hello back human retransmissions
protocol  flow control:
 set up “state” in two  sender won’t overwhelm
communicating hosts receiver
 TCP - Transmission  congestion control:
Control Protocol  senders “slow down
 connection-oriented sending rate” when
service for the Internet network congested
Network edge: connectionless
service
Goal: data transfer
between end systems
 same as before!
 UDP - User Datagram
Protocol Internet’s
connectionless service
 unreliable data transfer
 no flow control
 no congestion control
App’s using TCP:
 HTTP (WWW),
FTP (file transfer),
Telnet (remote login),
SMTP (email)
App’s using UDP:
 DNS query,streaming
media,
teleconferencing,
Internet telephony
A closer look at network
structure:
 network edge:
applications and
hosts
 network core:
 routers
 network of networks
 access networks,
physical media:
communication links
 The network edge:
 end systems (hosts):
 run application programs
 e.g., WWW, email
 at “edge of network”
 client/server model
 client host requests, receives
service from server
 e.g., WWW client (browser)/
server; email client/server
 peer-peer model:
 host interactions are symmetric
 e.g.: teleconferencing
 CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET
 The Internet is a global network of computer networks.
 Your computer must be connected to a computer on one
of these networks in order to access Internet resources.
 The two basic ways of connecting are by using a shell or
user account on a host computer that is directly
connected to the Internet or by establishing a direct
connection from your computer to the Internet.
 Direct connections can be temporary or permanent. The
costs, requirements, and capabilities of each option
differ and may affect your choice of connection method.
 CONNECTING TO THE
INTERNET
 When you have a shell or user account your computer is
not directly connected to the Internet but is connected
via modem to a host computer run by an Internet Service
Provider (ISP).
 The speed in bits per second (bps) rate of your modem
(e.g., 14400, 28800, 33600, 56000 ) as well as the bps
rate of the host computer's modem determines the speed
at which the two computers can communicate.
 With shell/user accounts, the client software you use to
access Internet resources is located on the host
computer.
Types of Connection

 SLIP AND PPP ACCOUNTS

 All ISPs offer access to the Internet through SLIP
or PPP accounts. These accounts allow you to
achieve a temporary dial-up direct connection to
the Internet using TCP/IP software with your
computer. The speed of this kind of connection
is determined by your modem speed as well as
the speed at which the ISP is connected to the
backbone of the Internet.
 Types of Connection
 INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK
(ISDN) ACCOUNTS
 ISDN connections achieve a permanent direct
connection to the Internet through a digital telephone
line. ISDN connections allow your computer to
communicate at speeds up to 64000 and 128000 bps.
To establish an ISDN connection one must obtain the
appropriate hardware, request ISDN service (if
available) from DOT, and find a local ISP that provides
ISDN accounts
 Types of Connection
 LEASED LINE CONNECTIONS
 High-speed dedicated telephone lines between your
computer and an ISP can range from 14,400 bps to
high speed lines that transfer 2 MBPS. Because these
connections are expensive to set up and maintain,
they are more often used by companies and
organizations running LANs than they are by
individuals. When the server on a LAN has a
dedicated Internet connection, all computers on the
LAN have access to all Internet resources.
 INTERNET ADDRESSES

 Every computer that is directly connected to the

Internet has a unique Internet address.
 This address can be expressed as a numeric
Internet Protocol (IP) address or an alphanumeric
host address.
 Both address formats contain several parts, which
are separated by dots or periods, that identify the
general and specific locations of a computer.
IP ADDRESSES

 Computers use IP addresses (e.g., 35.8.2.61)

to identify and communicate with each other.
 These addresses contain four separate
numbers that represent the general to
specific location of a computer as you read
them from left to right.
 You may sometimes see IP addresses but will
rarely need to use them.
 TCP/IP Addressing
0 Class A
7bit 24bit

10 Class B
14bit 16bit
110 Class C
21 bit 8bit
1110 Class D

28bit Multicast Address

Network ID Host ID
Domain & IP addresses for NICNET
sites

 Domain nic.in
 Class B Internet Address
164.100.x.y

Possible Internet Hosts on NICNET ~ 65,000

Internet Standard Domain
Names
The NIC has specified a set of standard top-
level domain names that form the basis of
both a geographical and non-geographical
naming system
– com commercial organisations
– edu educationall organisations
– gov government institutions
– mil military groups
– net major network support centres
– org organisations other than the above
– int international organisations
– country code two character identifier for a
country in the geographical scheme
 HOST ADDRESSES
 Host addresses (e.g., burrow.cl.msu.edu) contain a combination of letters
and numbers that comprise up to five parts, or domains. From left to right,
these domains identify the specific to general location of a computer.
 The most general, or top-level, domain is located at the far right of the host
address. Top-level domain names can be organizational or geographical.
Geographical top-level domains are two-letter codes that represent the
countries where resources are located. The geographical code for the United
States, us, is rarely used. Other geographical domains include:
CH - Switzerland, e.g., swissinfo. ch
CA - Canada, e.g., utoronto.ca
DE - Germany, e.g., fu-berlin.de
UK - United Kingdom, e.g., bbc.co. uk
HOST ADDRESSES
 Organizational top-level domains are used for resources
that are located within the United States and identify the
types of organizations that run the computers where
resources are located. These include:
GOV - government, e.g., whitehouse. gov
EDU - educational, e.g., ncsu. edu
COM - commercial, e.g., apple. com
MIL - military, e.g., army.mil
NET - networks, e.g., sura.net
ORG - non-profit organizations, e.g., nypl. org
 Internet Country Codes: http://www.ics.uci.edu/pub/
websoft/wwwstat/country-codes.txt
 HOST ADDRESSES
 As you move to the left, the next domain in the address represents
the name of the organization, agency, company, etc., where the
resource is maintained. For example:
The White House - whitehouse.gov
New York Public Library - nypl.org
North Carolina State University - ncsu.edu
Southeastern University Research Association - sura.net
 Moving further left in the address, the next one or two domains
represent the name of the computer on which the resource is stored.
These names are selected by the systems operator at each location.
brownvm.brown.edu
amu.up.nic.in
EMAIL ADDRESSES
 When a person has an email account on a particular
computer, he or she also has a username.
 A person's email address is the username followed
by @ (the at sign), followed by the host address for
the computer where the email account is located.
For example,
 president@whitehouse.gov is the email address for
the President of the United States at the White
House.
UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATORS
 A URL is a form of Internet address that points to
and accesses Internet resources through the
World Wide Web. URLs identify the protocol used
to access a resource (e.g., TELNET, FTP, Gopher),
the host address, the directory path, and filename
of a resource. URLs are usually structured as:

protocol://host address/directory-path/filename
Expanding Internet : New
Frontiers

•IPv6

•Internet 2
 The Future of
Internet Protocol (IP)

IPv6/IPng : The Future

Protocol
• Sixteen Byte long
• Multiplies current Internet by a
factor of 296
 What is IPv6

IPv6 is the new version of the Internet Protocol. It

should replace progressively the current IPv4 routing
protocol which is responsible for interconnecting the
gateways of the thousands of networks across the
worldwide Internet.
 Why 128 bit ??

IPv6 was primarily designed to extend the current

address space which has become too small to
accommodate the increasing growth of the network.
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit long, thus multiplying the
potential Internet size by a factor of 296. This allows for
different addressing schemes, new types of
applications, etc...
Advantages :

I. Expanded Routing and Addressing Capabilities

II. Path control through “Anycast Address”
III. Header Format Simplification
IV. Improved Support for Options
V. Quality-of-Service Capabilities
VI. Authentication and Privacy Capabilities
•IPng increases the IP address size from
32 bits to 128 bits, to support more levels
of addressing hierarchy and a much
greater number of addressable nodes,
and simpler auto-configuration of
addresses.

•The scalability of multicast routing is

improved by adding a "scope" field to
multicast addresses.
IPng includes the definition of extensions which
provide support for authentication, data integrity,
and confidentiality. This is included as a basic
element of IPng and will be included in all
implementations.
Tunneling:
Carrying IPv6 packets over IPv4

Tunneling is used to carry IPv6 packets

across IPv4 routed network areas.
One of the requirements for tunneling is
that the begin and endpoints of the tunnel
are IPv6/IPv4-nodes with IPv4
compatible IPv6 addresses.
Internet 2: What is it ?

• Internet2 is a collaborative effort by over 120

U.S. universities to develop advanced Internet
technology and applications vital to the research
and education missions of higher education.

• Internet2 is a project of the University

Corporation for Advanced Internet Development
(UCAID) and is working with industry and the
federal government.
 How it will benefit the
current users
The investments by universities in Internet2,
coupled with the efforts of industry and
government, are helping to develop
technologies such as:
•IPv6,
•multicasting,
•Quality-of-Service
that will enable a new generation of Internet
applications, benefiting all sectors of the
society.
 Potential Applications of
Internet 2
• Learningware : Applications development architecture for
learningware and applications related to its delivery and use in
distributed instruction.
• Digital Libraries : Will be offering access to online
catalogs, abstracting and indexing databases, and primary
content, such as journals in electronic formats
• Tele-immersion : Will allow individuals at different
locations to share a single virtual environment
• Virtual Laboratory : A heterogeneous, distributed
problem solving environment that enables a group of
researchers located around the world to work together on a
common set of projects.
Network devices

 Network Routers
 Network Gateways
Networks Routers
A router connects two or more different
networks ( owned by the same organisation
or different oraganisation )
When a packet arrives at the router it looks at
the destination to see whether it is on one of
the networks attached to it, or else it is
passed to the default network.

A default route
B Router
Network Gateways

 A gateway has a function similar to a

router but it connects networks that use
different transmission mechanisms
 A gateway can also connect networks that
use different protocols, such as TCP/IP
with X.25 .
The mail through Internet
(done by Mail Transfer Agent)

Some common protocols for email delivery :

 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

 IMAP (Interactive Mail Access Protocol)
 POP (Post Office Protocol)
 UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol)
POP (Post Office Protocol)

is a store-and-forward protocol. With

POP, the dial-up IP user obtains an
account on a system with dedicated
connection (POP Server) and then
connects this system with their own
machine (POP Client) and transfers
mail for the client.
E-Mail : Other Possibilities

Apart from the normal mail

transactions, it is also possible to have
access to other Internet tools like archie, ftp
and gopher through email.

The email facility may also be used

more effectively by harnessing the world of
mailing lists, discussion groups or
LISTSERVs on almost any subject.
The growth of Internet is not
a fluke or a fad, but the
consequence of unleashing
the power of individual
creativity.
 Internet is a cooperative
environment and has social as
well as technical aspects. It is the
responsibility of all the users to
ensure trust of the community :-)