03 Cellular Handout

Cellular Systems
Mobile Communications
Cellular Systems
Wen-Shen Wuen
Trans. Wireless Technology Laboratory National Chiao Tung University
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
Outline
Cellular Systems
Outline
Cellular System Fundamentals Frequency Reuse Interference and System Capacity Trunking and Grade of Services Improving Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems Channel Assignment Strategies Handoff Strategies
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
Cellular System Fundamentals
Cellular Systems
Introdcution
Early mobile radio systems: Cover a large area by using a single, high powered transmitter with an antenna mounted on a tall tower. No frequency reuse, no interference Limited user capacity Cellular concept: Based on power fall off with distance of signal propagation and reuse the same channel frequency at spatially separated locations Sovling problem of spectral congestion and user capacity Replacing a single, high power transmitter (large cell) with many low power transmitters (small cells) Available channels can be reused as many times as necessary so long as the co-channel interference is kept below acceptable levels
Vincent W.-S. Wuen Mobile Communications
Cellular Systems
Cellular System
Each cell is assigned to a unique channel set, Cn Adjacent cells: cells assigned to a different channel sets Co-channel cells: cells using the same channel sets
Cellular Systems
Tesselating Cell Shapes

To approximate the contours of constant received power around the base station Hexagonal cells:
Having largest area for a given distance between the center of a polygon and its farthest perimeter points Approximating a circular radiation pattern for an omnidirectional base station antenna and free space propagation
Diamond cells: better approximating contours of constant power in modern urban microcells
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
Frequency Reuse
Cellular Systems
Frequency Reuse
S: total number of duplex channels available for use k: number of channels assigned to a cell (k < S) N : number of cells sharing the S duplex channels S = kN
Cluster: a group of N cells use the complete set of available frequencies (1)
C : the total number of duplex channels with frequency reuse M : number of replica of a cluster C = MkN = MS
(2)
Cluster size: N is typically 4, 7 or 12 for hexagonal cell shape. Frequency reuse factor: 1/N For the same cell size at a given area, N M C
Frequency Reuse
Cellular Systems
Various Cluster Sizes for Hexagonal Cells

Cluster sizes: 4-cell reuse 7-cell reuse 12-cell reuse 19-cell reuse
N -cell reuse
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
Frequency Reuse
Cellular Systems
Locating Co-Channel Cells in Hexagonal Cells

Example: N = 19, i = 3, j = 2
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Frequency Reuse
Cellular Systems
Reuse Distance
The distance between co-channel (frequency reuse) cells Origin: (0, 0) Nearest co-channel location P : (i, j) Reuse Distance, D
= =
3R R 3N
i2 + ij + j2 (3)
(4)
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Frequency Reuse
Cellular Systems
Number of Cells Per Cluster

Number of cells per cluster, N
= =
Acluster 3 3x2 /2 3D2 /2 = = Acell 3 3R2 /2 3 3R2 /2 1 D 3 R

2
1 3R2 i2 + ij + j2 = 3 R2
= i2 + ij + j2
(5)
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Interference and System Capacity
Cellular Systems
Interference
Major limiting factor in the performance and major bottleneck in increasing capacity Sources of interference:
anothr mobile in the same cell a call in progress in a neighboring cell other base station operating in the same frequency band any noncellular system which leaks energy into the cellular frequency band
Interference effects:
Cross talk: interference on voice channels Missed and blacked calls: interference on control channels
System-generated cellular interference

Co-channel interference Adjacent channel interference
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Cellular Systems
Co-channel Interference
Cannot be combated by simply increasing transmitter power To reduce, co-channel cells must be separated by a minimum distance to provide sufcient isolation
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Cellular Systems
Co-channel Interference, contd

Assume
the size of each cell is the same base stations transmit the same power
co-channel interference ratio is independent of TX power and is a function of the radius of the cell, R, and the distance between centers of nearest co-channel cells, D.
Co-channel reuse ratio, Q
D = R
3N
(6)
Q spatial separation of co-channel cells co-channel interference Q N M C channel capacity , but co-channel interferece
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Cellular Systems
Signal to Interference Ratio, SIR, S/I

S = I S
Nco I i=1 i
(7)
S: desired signal power from the desired station Ii : the interference power caused by the i-th interfering co-channel cell base station Di : the distance of the i-th interferer from the mobile. Pr = P0 d d0
n n Ii Di
(8)
Assume transmit power of each base station is equal and the path loss exponent is the same, the S of for a mobile at cell I boundary: n 3N S Rn Rn = N = = (9) n co I Nco Dn Nco Di i=1
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Cellular Systems
Co-channel Interference For N =7
Consider rst tier of co-channel cells:
S R4 I 2(D R)4 + 2(D + R)4 + 2D4 (10) S 1 I 2(Q 1)4 + 2(Q + 1)4 + 2Q4 (11) where Q = D/R and assume n = 4.
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Cellular Systems
Example 1 If signal-to-interference ratio of 15 dB is required for satisfactory forward channel performance of a cellular system, what is the co-channel reuse factor and cluster size that should be used for maximum capacity if the path loss exponent is (a) n=4, (b)n=3? Assume there are six co-channel cells in the rst tier and all of them are at the same distance from the mobile. Solution: (a) Consider 7-cell reuse pattern: Q = D/R = 3N = 4.583, S/I = ( 3N)n /Nco = 4.5834 /6 = 75.3 = 18.66 dB N = 7 can be used. (b) Consider 7-cell reuse pattern: S/I = 4.5833 /6 = 16.04 = 12.05 dB < 15 dB, therefore a larger N should be used. N = 12 D/R = 6, S/I = 63 /6 = 36 = 15.56 dB > 15 dB, therefore N = 12 should be used.
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Cellular Systems
Channel Planning of Wireless Systems

Typically 5% of the entire mobile spectrum is devoted to control channels and 95% of the spectrum is dedicated to voice channels. Air interface standards ensure a distinction between voice and control channels and control channels are not allowed to be used as voice channels and vice versa. Different frequency reuse strategy is applied to control channels to ensure greater S/I protection in control channels. For propagation consideration, most practical CDMA systems limits frequency reuse with f 1/f 2 cell planning. CDMA system has a dynamic, time-varying coverage region depending on the instantaneous number of users on the radio channel. breathing cell dynamic control of power levels and thresholds assigned to control channels, voice channels for changing trafc intensity
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Cellular Systems
Adjacent Channel Interference

results from imperfect receiver lters which allows nearby frequency to leak into the passband. causes near-far effect, a nearby TX captures the receiver of the subscriber. ACI can be minimized through careful ltering and channel assignments.
Keeping frequency separation between each channel as large as possible Avoiding the use of adjacent channels in neighboring cell sites
For a close-in mobile (MS1) is X times as close to the BS as another mobile (MS2) and has energy leaks to the passband, the S/I at the BS for the weak mobile (MS2) before receiver ltering is approximately
S = X n I
for n = 4
S I
40 dB
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Trunking and Grade of Services
Cellular Systems
Denition of Common Terms in Trunking Theory

Set-up Time: The time required to allocated a trunked radio channel to a requesting user. Blocked Call (Lost Call): Call which cannot be completed at time of request, due to congestion. Holding Time: Average duration of a typical call. Denoted by H (in seconds). Trafc Intensity: Measure of channel time utilization, which is the average channel occupancy measured in Erlangs. Load: Trafc intensity across the entire trunked radio system, measured in Erlangs. Grade of Service (GOS): A measure of congestion specied as the probability of a call being blocked (for Erlang B), or the probability of a call being delayed beyond a certain amount of time (for Erlang C). Request Rate: The average number of call requests per unit time. Denoted by second1 .
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Cellular Systems
Trunking Theory
Each user generates a trafc intensity of Au Erlangs:
Au = H
The total offered trafc intensity A for a system containing U users: A = UAu In a C channel trunked system, if the trafc is equally distributed, the trafc i ntensity per channel, Ac :
Ac = UAu /C
Erlang: the amount of trafc intensity carried by a channel that is completely occupied (1 Erlang = 1 call-hour / hour). Busy hour trafc, Ab = call/busy hour mean call holding time.
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Cellular Systems
Example 2 Call established at 2 am between a central computer and a data terminal. Assuming a continuous connection and data transferred at 34 kbit/s what is the trafc if the call is terminated at 2:45am? Solution: Trafc=(1 call)(45 min)(1 hour / 60 min) =0.75 Erlangs Example 3 A group of 20 subscribers generate 50 calls with an average holding time of 3 minutes, what is the average trafc per subscriber? Solution: Trafc=(50 calls)(3min)(1 hour/60 min)=2.5 Erlangs 2.5/20=0.125 Erlangs per subscriber.
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Cellular Systems
Erlang B: Blocked Calls Cleared
p [blocked] =
AC C! Ak C k=0 k!
= GOS
where C : the number of trunked channels offered by a trunked radio system; A: the total offered trafc. Assumptions of Erlang B: There are memoryless arrivals of requests. The probability of a user occupying a channel is exponentially distributed. There are a nite number of channels available in the trunking pool.
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Cellular Systems
GOS of an Erlang B System
Trunking efciency: a meaure of the number of users which can be offered a particular GOS with a particular conguration of xed channels.
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Cellular Systems
Erlang B Chart
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Cellular Systems
Erlang C: Blocked Calls Delayed

Probability of a call not having immediate access to a channel and being queued:
AC C! A 1 C
p [delay > 0] =
AC + C!
C1 Ak k=0 k!
= GOS
The probability that the delayed call is forced to wait more than t second:
p [delay > t]
= =
p [delay > 0] p [delay > t|delay > 0] (C A)t p [delay > 0] exp H
(12)
Average delay D for all calls in a queued system
D = p [delay > 0]
H C A
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Vincent W.-S. Wuen
Cellular Systems
Erlang C Chart
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Cellular Systems
Example 4 How many users can be supported for 0.5% blocking probability for the following number of trunked channels in a blocked calls clear system? (a) 1, (b) 5, (c) 10, (d) 20, (e) 100. Assume each user generate 0.1 Erlangs of trafc. Solution: (a) C = 1, Au = 0.1, GOS = 0.005, from the chart, A = 0.005 U = A/Au = 0.005/0.1 = 0.05 users (b) C = 5, Au = 0.1, GOS = 0.005, from the chart, A = 1.13 U = A/Au = 1.13/0.1 11 users (c) C = 10, Au = 0.1, GOS = 0.005, from the chart, A = 3.96 U = A/Au = 3.96/0.1 39 users (d) C = 20, Au = 0.1, GOS = 0.005, from the chart, A = 11.1 U = A/Au = 11.1/0.1 111 users (e) C = 100, Au = 0.1, GOS = 0.005, from the chart, A = 80.9 U = A/Au = 80.9/0.1 809 users
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Cellular Systems
Example 5
Trunked mobile networks A, B, and C provide cellular services in an urban area with 2 million residents. The (no. of cells, no. channels/cell) for the three providers are (394,19), (98,57) and (49,100). Find the number of users that can be supported at 2% blocking if each user averages two calls/hour at an average call duration of 3 min. Find the percentage market penetration for each provider. Solution: System A: GOS = 0.02, C = 19, Au = H = 2(3/60) = 0.1 Erlangs. For GOS = 0.02 and C = 19 A = 12 Erlangs U = A/Au = 12/0.1 = 120 total number of subscribers is 120 394 = 47289 System B: GOS = 0.02, C = 57, Au = H = 2(3/60) = 0.1 Erlangs. For GOS = 0.02 and C = 57 A = 45 Erlangs U = A/Au = 45/0.1 = 450 total number of subscribers is 450 98 = 44100 System C: GOS = 0.02, C = 100, Au = H = 2(3/60) = 0.1 Erlangs. For GOS = 0.02 and C = 100 A = 88 Erlangs U = A/Au = 88/0.1 = 880 total number of subscribers is 880 49 = 43120 Market penetration: A: 47280/2,000,000=2.36%; B: 44100/2,000,000=2.205%;C: 43120/2,000,000=2.156%
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Cellular Systems
Example 6
Given a city area: 1300 mile2 , with 7-cell reuse pattern, cell radius=4 miles and frequency spectrum: 40MHz with 60KHz channel bandwidth. Assume GOS=2% for an Erlang B system, if the offered trafc per user is 0.03 Erlangs, compute (a) the no. of cells in the service area (b) the no. of channels per cell (c) trafc intensity of each cell (d) the maximum carried trafc (e) the total no. of users can be served for the GOS (f) the no. of mobiles per unique channel (g) the theoretical maximum no. of users that could be served at one time by the system. Solution: (a) Acell = 1.5 3R2 = 2.5981 42 = 41.57 square mile. Total no. of cells Nc = 1300/41.57 = 31 cells. (b) Total no. of channels per cell C = 40MHz/(60kHz 7) = 95 channels/cell. (c) C = 95, GOS = 0.02 trafc intensity per cell A = 84 Erlangs/cell. (d) Maximum carried trafc=no. of cells trafc intensity per cell = 31 84 = 2604 Erlangs. (e) Trafc/user=0.03 Erlangs Total no. of users = 2604/0.03=86800 users (f) no. of mobiles per channel= no. of users/no. of channels =86800/(40 MHz/60 kHz)=130 mobiles/channel. (e) The theoretical maximum no. of served mobiles (all channels are occupied)= C Nc = 95 31 = 2945 users
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Cellular Systems
Example 7
A hexagonal cell within a four-cell system has a radius of 1.387 km. A total of 60 channels are used within the entire system. If the load per user is 0.029 Erlangs and = 1 call/hour, compute the following for an Erlang C system which has a 5% probability of delayed call: (a) how many user per square kilometer will the system support? (b) the probability that a delayed call will have to wait for more than 10 seconds? (c) the probability that a call will be delayed for more than 10 seconds? Solution: Cell area=2.598 (1.387)2 = 5km2 . no. of channel per cell C = 60/4 = 15 channels. (a) For Erlang C of 5% probability of delay with C = 15, the trafc intensity=9.0 Erlangs. no. of users=total trafc intensity/trafc per user = 9/0.029=310 users for 5 km2 or 62 users/km2 (b) H = Au / = 0.029hour = 104.4 second. p[delay > 10|delay] = exp ((C A)t/H) = exp((15 9)10/104.4) = 56.29% (c) p[delay > 0] = 5% = 0.05 p[delay > 10] = p[delay > 0]p[delay > 10|delay] = 0.05 0.5629 = 2.81%
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Improving Coverage and Capacity
Cellular Systems
Cell Splitting
Let R and keeps D/R unchanged
Pr [at old cell boundary] Pt1 Rn Pr [at new cell boundary] Pt2 (R/2)n
for n = 4
Pt2 =
Pt1 16
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Cellular Systems
Cell Splitting
Example 8 Assume each BS uses 60 channels and large cell radius of 1 km and microcell radius of 0.5 km. Find the number of channels in a 3 km by 3 km square around A when (a) without the use of microcells (b) the labeled microcells are used (c) all original BS are replaced by microcells. Solution: (a) 5 60 = 300 (b) (5 + 6) 60 = 660 (2.2x) (c) (5 + 12) 60 = 1020 (3.4x)
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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Cellular Systems
Sectoring
Increasing S/I ratio, keeping cell radius R the same and decreasing D/R D N frequency reuse cluster size N can be reduced because of S/I is improved.
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Cellular Systems
Sectoring, contd
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Cellular Systems
Microcell Zone
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Cellular Systems
Microcell Zone
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Channel Assignment Strategies
Cellular Systems
Channel Assignment Strategies

Fixed channel assignment
each cell is allocated to a predetermined set of voice channels the call is blocked is all the channels are occupied. borrowing strategy: a cell is allowed to borrow channels from a neighboring cell if all of its own channels are occupied. MSC supervises the borrowing procedure to ensure no disrupting calls or interference with any of the calls in progress in the donor cell.
Dynamic channel assignment

the serving BS request a channel from MSC whenever a call request is made. following an algorithm considering the likelihood of future blocking in the cell, the frequency of use of the candidate cell, the reuse distance of the channel and other cost functions. MSC needs to collect real-time data on channel occupancy, trafc distribution, and radio signal strength indicator (RSSI) of all channels on a continuous basis. increasing storage and computational load on the system.
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Handoff Strategies
Cellular Systems
Handoff
When a mobile moves into a different cell when a conversation is in progress, the MSC automatically transfer the call to a new channel belonging to a new BS. Many handoff strategy prioritize handoff requests over call initiation requests when allocating an unused channel. Handoff threshold: a signal level slightly stronger than the minimum usable signal for acceptable voice quality.
= Pr,handoff Pr,min.usable too large unnecessary handoffs burden MSC too small may be insufcient time to complete a handoff before a call is lost
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Handoff Strategies
Cellular Systems
Handoff Scenario at Cell Boundary
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Handoff Strategies
Cellular Systems
Handoff Decision
Monitor the signal level of MS for a period of time to ensures MS is actually moving away from the serving BS. Dwell time The time over which a call may be maintained within a cell, without handoff, depending on propagation, interference, distance between the MS and BS, and other time varying effects Monitor RSSI BS monitors the signal strengths of all its reverse voice channels to determined the relative location of each MS. Locator receivers monitor the signal strength of users in neighboring cells need of handoff and report RSSI to MSC. Mobile assisted handoff (MAHO) MS measures the received power from the surrounding BSs and continuously reports to the serving BS. Faster handoff time than rst generation analog system Suited for microcellular environments
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Handoff Strategies
Cellular Systems
Handoff Considerations
Prioritizing Handoffs Guard channel concept: reserves a fractional of total available channels exclusively for handoff reducing total carried trafc combining with dynamic channel assignment to offer efcient spectrum utilization Queuing of handoff requests: using the nite time interval between the time the received signal levels drops below the handoff threshold and the time the call is terminated not guarantee a zero probability of forced termination
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Handoff Strategies
Cellular Systems
Handoff Considerations
Umbrella cells
Cell dragging Hard handoff Soft handoff
Vincent W.-S. Wuen
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03 Cellular Handout

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03 Cellular Handout

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Cellular Systems

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Cellular System Fundamentals

Cellular System Fundamentals

Cellular System Fundamentals

Tesselating Cell Shapes

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Various Cluster Sizes for Hexagonal Cells

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Locating Co-Channel Cells in Hexagonal Cells

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Number of Cells Per Cluster

Acluster 3 3x2 /2 3D2 /2 = = Acell 3 3R2 /2 3 3R2 /2 1 D 3 R

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Interference and System Capacity

System-generated cellular interference

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Interference and System Capacity

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Interference and System Capacity

Co-channel Interference, contd

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Interference and System Capacity

Signal to Interference Ratio, SIR, S/I

Interference and System Capacity

Co-channel Interference For N =7

Consider rst tier of co-channel cells:

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Interference and System Capacity

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Interference and System Capacity

Channel Planning of Wireless Systems

Interference and System Capacity

Adjacent Channel Interference

Trunking and Grade of Services

Denition of Common Terms in Trunking Theory

Trunking and Grade of Services

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Trunking and Grade of Services

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Trunking and Grade of Services

Erlang B: Blocked Calls Cleared

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Trunking and Grade of Services

GOS of an Erlang B System

Trunking and Grade of Services

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Trunking and Grade of Services

Erlang C: Blocked Calls Delayed

Average delay D for all calls in a queued system

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Trunking and Grade of Services

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Trunking and Grade of Services

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Trunking and Grade of Services

Vincent W.-S. Wuen

Trunking and Grade of Services

Trunking and Grade of Services

Improving Coverage and Capacity

Let R and keeps D/R unchanged

Vincent W.-S. Wuen