Dipole Shear

Imager (DSI)
 Outline
• Introduction
• Monopole / Dipole Physics
• DSI tool
• DSI processing
• DSI examples
• Isonic

10/30/2021
 Long Spacing Sonic vs. DSI
• Geophysical needs:
– More reliable P sonic
velocity
– S velocity
• Technology made
available: P-wave
arrival
– Waveform digitization
and real-time telemetry Mud
arrival
– Semblance processing
(STC)
– Dipole

10/30/2021
 Sonic Transducers Technology
• Geophysical needs:
– More reliable P sonic
velocity
– S velocity
• Technology made available:
– Waveform digitization
and real-time telemetry
– Semblance processing
(STC)
– Dipole

10/30/2021
 3.5

VP/VS vs. Dtc

3.0

• Geophysical needs:
– More reliable P sonic
velocity
2.5
– S velocity
• Technology made available:
– Waveform digitization
and real-time telemetry
2.0
– Semblance processing
(STC)
– Dipole
Anhydrite
1.5

10/30/2021
50 100 150
 Outline
• Introduction
• Monopole / Dipole Physics
• DSI tool
• DSI processing
• DSI examples
• Practical

10/30/2021
Compressional & Shear wave - Body
wave

Formation Compressional Shear

at rest

Well Seismic School Pau – Nov. 22-24, 2003

Hard (Fast) Formation — Monopole
• Formation shear slowness less than
mud compressional slowness

• Both the compressional and shear

formation waves propagate along the
borehole

• Energy leaks back into the borehole as

headwaves, which are detected

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Soft (Slow) Formation — Monopole
• Formation shear slowness greater
than mud compressive slowness
• Snell’s Law predicts in slow formations
the shear wave transmitted into the
formation travels away from the
borehole

• The shear headwave in the borehole is

only marginally detectable or absent
• Shear curve is discontinuous when
‘slow’ zones are present, log is of
limited value
• Stoneley mode appears clearly as a surface
wave

10/30/2021
 DSI Transducer - Dipole
• Propagation of this flexural wave is
coaxial with the borehole

• Displacement is at right angles to the

borehole axis and in line with the
transducer

• Dipole has low operating frequencies,

below 4 kHz where excitation of these
waves is optimum

10/30/2021
 Soft (Slow) Formation - Dipole
• Compressional and shear waves
radiate straight out into the formation

• An additional shear/flexural wave

propagating up the borehole. It creates
a "dipole-type” pressure disturbance
in the borehole fluid

• It is this pressure disturbance that the

directional receivers detect

10/30/2021
 Soft (Slow) Formation - Dipole
• The shear/flexural wave, initiated by
the flexing action of the borehole, is
dispersive

• At low frequencies it travels at the

same speed as the shear wave; at
higher frequencies it travels at a
slower speed

• Unlike monopole-only tools, the

dipole tool can record a shear/flexural
wave even in slow formations

10/30/2021
 Outline
• Introduction
• Monopole / Dipole Physics
• DSI tool
• DSI processing
• DSI examples
• Practical

10/30/2021
 DSI Hardware
SMDX
• 3x transmitter elements:
– 1x omni-directional monopole,
ceramic transducer
– 2x unidirectional dipole transducers
oriented perpendicular to each
other
• Monopole transducer:
– Low frequency pulse for Stoneley
– High or low frequency pulse for
compressional and shear
• Dipole transducers:
– Standard frequency
– Low frequency (for large borehole
and very slow formations

10/30/2021
 DSI Hardware
SSIJ (Sonic Sonde Isolation Joint)
• Mechanical shock absorber to
prevent:
– Direct acoustical tool arrivals from
the transmitters
– Reduces noises coming from below
the receiver section

• Do not log without the SSIJ

10/30/2021
 DSI Hardware
SMDR
• 8x receiver stations
• Each station has 2 set s of
hydrophone pairs:
– 1x oriented in line with the upper
dipole transmitter (odd pair)
– 1x oriented in line with the lower
dipole transmitter (even pair)
• The outputs from each pair are:
– Differenced for dipole reception
– Summed for monopole reception

10/30/2021
 DSI Hardware
SPAC (Sonic Parallel Acquisition
Cartridge)

Microprocessor controls:
• Digitizing
• Stacking
• Transmitting signals up-hole
• Sending commands to the other tool
components via a dedicated serial link

10/30/2021
 DSI Specifications
Temperature rating 350°F [175°C]
Pressure rating 20,000 psi [138 MPa]
Tool diameter 35/8 in. [92 cm]
Minimum hole size 51/2 in. [13.9 cm]
Maximum hole size 21 in. [53.3 cm]
Tool length 51 ft [15.5 m]
Maximum logging speed
One eight-waveform set 3600 ft/hr
(single mode)
All six modes simultaneously 900 ft/hr
(without BCR)
Digitizer precision 12 bits
Digitizer sampling interval limits Variable from 10 to 32,700 µsec per sample
Digitized waveform duration limits Up to 15,000 samples/ all waveforms
Acoustic bandwidth
Dipole and Stonely 50 Hz to 5 kHz
High-frequency monopole 4 to 18 kHz
Combinability All MAXIS tools, any resistivity tool

10/30/2021
 Tool Operating Modes
Monopole Transmitter (STD, Mid or Low Frequency)
P&S  Dtcompressional
Mode 4  Dtshear (in fast formations)

Monopole Transmitter Very Low Frequency

Stoneley
 Stoneley (in all formations)
Mode 3
Dtcompressional (in slow formations)

Upper Dipole
Mode 2
Dipole Transmitter STD or Low Frequency
Dtshear (in all formations)

Dtcompressional (in slow formations)

Lower Dipole
Mode 1

Both Dipole Transmitters

Both
Dt shear fast (in all formations)
Cross Dtshear slow (in all formations)
Receiver
Mode X

10/30/2021
 Outline
• Introduction
• Monopole / Dipole Physics
• DSI tool
• DSI processing
• DSI examples
• Practical

10/30/2021
 STC Computation - 1
Array Waveforms
Varying moveout

STC - Slowness-time-coherence processing

10/30/2021
 STC Computation – 2
Contour Plot

10/30/2021
Sonic waveform processing principles

Slowness
STC plane proj + dot logs

Depth

10/30/2021
 DSI Borehole Compensation

DDBHC = average (RA & TA)

RA - Receiver array
– derived from one tool position
TA - pseudo-transmitter array
– derived from several tool positions

10/30/2021
 Outline
• Introduction
• Monopole / Dipole Physics
• DSI tool
• DSI processing
• DSI examples
• Practical

10/30/2021
 Example - Dipole vs. Monopole
Monopole

Dipole

10/30/2021
 Cased-hole Monopole Example

GeoFrame Data Centre Maxis Real-Time Processing

• Higher resolution • Good QC

• Labelling requires QC • Bad cement effect
• Valid final log

10/30/2021
 Sonic Measurement in Deviated wells
GR DT comp

GR and Dtcomp logs

from 3 different wells
coming from same
field over same
section

10/30/2021 For Geophysical applications, we need Vertical Shear!