Chaploi 2 Analylic Funclions

Lxoicisos
Iagos 8-86
1. Foi oach of lho funclions Lolow. oosciiLo lho oomain of oolnilion lhal
is unooislooo:
(a) 1 (.) =
l
(:
2
l)
:
(L) 1 (.) = ro

l
:

:
(c) 1 (.) =
:
(::)
:
(o) 1 (.) =
l
(l|:|
2
)
.
Ans. (a) . = i: (L) Io . = 0.
3. Supposo lhal 1 (.) = .
3
. 1 in lho foim 1 (.) = n(r. n) i (r. n) .
whoio z = xiy. Uso lho oxpiossions r =
(::)
2
ano n =
(::)
2I
lo wiilo f(z) in
loims of z. ano simplify lho iosull.
Ans. .
2
2i..
4. Wiilo lho funclion 1(.) = .
l
:
(. = 0) in lho foim 1(.) = n(r. 0)
i (r. 0) .
Solulion: 1 (.) = a
l
:
= rc
I0

l
:
c
I0
= r cos 0ir sin0
l
:
cos 0i
l
:
sin0 =

r
l
:

cos 0 i

r
l
:

sin0.
Lxoicisos Iagos 42-48
1. Ly iofoiiing lo Lxamplo 1 in Soclion 12. lno a oomain in lho z plano
whoso imago unooi lho liansfoimalion w = z
2
is lho souaio oomain in lho w
plano Lounooo Ly lho linos u = 1. u = 2. y = 1. ano y = 2. (Soo Figuio 2.
Apponoix 2.)
Solulion: n = n i = .
2
= r
2
n
2
2irn so n = r
2
n
2
ano y =
2xy. In oiooi foi u = 1 wo hayo r
2
n
2
= 1 which is a hypoiLola in x-y plano.
Similaily wilh u = 2. In oiooi foi y =1. y = 2 wo hayo 2xy = 1.2 which aio
also hypoiLolas in x-y plano.
3. Skolch lho iogion onlo which lho socloi r _ 1. 0 _ 0 _ 4 is mappoo Ly
lho liansfoimalion (a) n = .
2
: (L) n = .
3
: (c) n = .
d
.
Solulion (8a): Lol n = 1 (.) = .
2
. 1hon if . = rc
I0
ano n = jc
Ic
. wo hayo
jc
Ic
= r
2
c
I20
ano (r. 0) (j. c) =

r
2
. 20

. 1ho socloi r _ 1. 0 _ 0 _ 4
is mappoo Ly lho liansfoimalion lo lho socloi j _ 1. 0 _ c _ 2.
Solulion (8L): Lol n = 1 (.) = .
3
. 1hon if . = rc
I0
ano n = jc
Ic
. wo hayo
jc
Ic
= r
3
c
I30
ano (r. 0) (j. c) =

r
3
. 80

. 1ho socloi r _ 1. 0 _ 0 _ 4
1
2
is mappoo Ly lho liansfoimalion lo lho socloi j _ 1. 0 _ c _ 82.
Solulion (8c): Lol n = 1 (.) = .
d
. 1hon if . = rc
I0
ano n = jc
Ic
. wo hayo
jc
Ic
= r
d
c
Id0
ano (r. 0) (j. c) =

r
d
. 40

. 1ho socloi r _ 1. 0 _ 0 _ 4
is mappoo Ly lho liansfoimalion lo lho socloi j _ 1. 0 _ c _ .
4. Show lhal lho linos ay = x (a = 0) aio mappoo onlo lho spiials j =
oxp(ac) unooi lho liansfoimalion w = oxp z. whoio n = j oxp(ic) .
Solulion: n = oxp. = oxproxp(in) . Foi ay = x. wo hayo j oxp(ic) =
oxp(an) oxp(in) . 1hus. wo musl hayo c = n 2/ ano j = oxp(ac) . whoio
c can iun oyoi any ioal numLoi. 1his woulo Lo coiiocl wilh c ioplacoo Ly
c 2/ foi any / 7. Howoyoi. lhis ooos nol chango lho shapo of lho imago
sol.
7. Fino lho imago of lho somi-inlnilo sliip x _ 0. 0 _ n _ unooi lho
liansfoimalion w = oxp z. ano laLol coiiosponoing poilions of lho Lounoaiios.
Solulion: n = ni = c
:
= c
r
c
Iu
. 1ho imago of lho lino x = 0 is lho ciiclo
of iaoius 1. 1ho imago of lho lino y = 0 wilh x _ 0 is in lho posiliyo hoiizonlal
axis wilh n _ 1 ano lho imago of lho lino n = is lho nogaliyo ioal axis wilh
n _ 1 so lho imago is in lho uppoi half plano ano is oyoiylhing oulsioo lho
unil ciiclo.
Lxoicisos Iagos 8-4
1. Uso oolnilion (2). Soclion 14. of limil lo pioyo lhal
8
(a) lim
::U
Io . = Io .
0
:
(L) lim
::U
. = .
0
:
(c) lim
:0
:
2
:
= 0
Solulion (1a): Foi any - 0. lol c = - 0. If 0 < [. .
0
[ < c. lhon
[Io . Io .
0
[ = [Io (. .
0
)[ _ [. .
0
[ < c = -. so lim
::U
Io . = Io .
0
.
Solulion (1L): Foi any - 0. lol c = - 0. If 0 < [. .
0
[ < c. lhon
[. .
0
[ = [. .
0
[ = [. .
0
[ _ c = -. so lim
::U
Io . = Io .
0
.
Solulion (1c): Foi any - 0. lol c = - 0. If 0 < [. .
0
[ < c. lhon

:
2
:
0

=
|:|
2
|:|
= [.[ _ c = -. so lim
:0
:
2
:
= 0.
3. Lol n Lo a posiliyo inlogoi ano lol I(z) ano Q(z) Lo polynomials. whoio
Q(z
0
) = 0. Uso 1hooiom 2 in Soclion 1 ano limils appoaiing in lhal soclion
lo lno
(a) lim
::U
l
:
r
(.
0
= 0) :
(L) lim
:I
I:
B
l
:I
:
(c) lim
::U
1(:)
O(:)
.
Solulion (8a): Sinco lim
::c
= .
0
. lho limil of lhis is
l
:
r
U
.
Solulion (8L): If wo ioplaco z wilh i. lhon lho ooualion Locomos
I
4
l
2I
= 0.
Solulion (8c):
1(:U)
O(:U)
.
5. Show lhal lho limil of lho funclion 1 (.) =

:
:

2
as z lonos lo 0 ooos nol
oxisl. Do lhis Ly lolling nonzoio poinls z = (x.0) ano z = (x.x) appioach lho
oiigin. [Nolo lhal il is nol sumcionl lo simply consiooi poinls z = (x.0) ano z
= (0.y). as il was in Lxamplo 2. Soclion 14.[
Solulion: As . = (r. 0) 0. lim
r0
1 (.) = lim
r0

r
r

2
= 1. As . = r ir 0.
lho lim
r0
1 (.) = lim
r0

rIr
rIr

2
= lim
r0

lI
lI

2
=

2I
2

2
= 1.
1hus wo hayo oiloionl limils as wo appioach 0 ano so lhoio is no limil.
Solulion: Lol . = (r. 0) . r = 0. 1hon
1 (.) =

:
:

2
= (rr)
2
= 1.
1hoiofoio lim
r0
1 (.) = 1.
Lol . = r ir. r = 0. 1hon
1 (.) =

rIr
rIr

2
=

lI
lI

2
=

I
2
I
lI

2
= i
2
= 1.
1hoiofoio lim
r0
1 (.) = 1.
Solulion
Fiisl lol . = (r. 0) (0. 0) . In lhis caso. wo hayo
4
lim
(r,0)(0,0)
1 (.) = lim
(r,0)(0,0)

r
r

2
= 1.
On lho olhoi hano. as (r. r) (0. 0) wo hayo
lim
(r,r)(0,0)
1 (.) = lim
(r,r)(0,0)

rIr
rIr

2
= lim
(r,r)(0,0)

lI
lI

2
=

lI
lI

2
= i
2
=
1.
Sinco lhoso oiloi. lho limil musl nol oxisl.
7. Uso oolnilion (2). Soclion 14. of limil lo pioyo lhal if lim
::U
1(.) = n
0
.
lhon lim
::U
[1(.)[ = [n
0
[ .
Suggoslion: OLsoiyo how inooualily (8). Soclion 4. onaLlos ono lo wiilo
|1 (.) [n
0
[| _ [1 (.) n
0
[ .
Solulion: Ly oolnilion. wo hayo lhal foi any - 0 lhoio is a c 0 so lhal
0 < [. .
0
[ < c == [1 (.) n
0
[ < -. Using lho liianglo inooualily. wo in luin
hayo lhal
[[1 (.)[ n
0
[ _ [1 (.) n
0
[ < c. so if 0 < [. .
0
[ < c. lhon [[1 (.)[ n
0
[ _
[1 (.) n
0
[ < -. 1his onos lho pioof.
9. Show lhal lim
::U
1(.)o(.) = 0 if lim
::U
1(.) = 0 ano if lhoio oxisls a posiliyo
numLoi M such lhal [o(.)[ _ ' foi all z in somo noighLoihooo of .
0
.
Solulion: Wo assumo lhal lim
::U
1 (.) = 0. 1hal is. wo know lhal foi any
c 0 lhoio is c
l
0 such lhal 0 < [. .
0
[ < c
l
== [1 (.)[ < -'. Wo
also know. Ly Lounooonoss. lhal lhoio is a c
2
0 so lhal [o (.)[ _ ' foi
[. .
0
[ < c
2
. Lol c = minc
l
. c
2
. Using lhis. il follows lhal [1 (.) o (.)[ _
[1 (.)[ [o (.)[ _ (-') ' = - whon 0 < [. .
0
[ < c = minc
l
. c
2
. 1hus. Ly
oolnilion lim
::U
1 (.) o (.) = 0.
10. Uso lho lhooiom in Soclion 16 lo show lhal
(a) lim
:o
d:
2
(:l)
2
= 4:
(L) lim
:l
l
(:l
B
)
= :
(c) lim
:o
:
2
l
:l
= .
Solulion (10a): 1his limil is lho samo as lim
:0
d(l/:)
2
(l/:l)
2
= lim
:0
d
(:l)
2
= 4.
Solulion (10L): 1his limil holos sinco lim
:l
(. 1)
3
= 0 so lho iocipiocal has
limil .
Solulion (10c): Wo hayo lim
:o
(:l)
(:
2
l)
= lim
:0
(l/:l)
(l/:
2
l)
= lim
:0
(l:)
(l:
2
)
= 0.
1ho oosiioo limil is lho iocipiocal ano so is .
11. Wilh lho aio of lho lhooiom in Soclion 16. show lhal whon T (.) =
o:b
c:J
(ad /c = 0) .
(a) lim
:o
T(.) = if c = 0:
(L) lim
:o
T(.) =
o
c
ano lim
:J/c
T(.) = if c = 0.

Solulion (11a): Sinco c = 0. fiom ad/c = 0 wo hayo ad = 0. so Lolh a ano

o aio nol ooual lo 0. Now
l
T(
1
z
)
=
J
o
1
z
b
=
J:
ob:
. Sinco lim
:0
. = 0. so lim
:0
d. = 0
ano lim
:0
(a /.) = a = 0. 1hus lim
:0
l
T(
1
z
)
= lim
:0
J:
o:b
=
0
o
= 0.
Solulion: Foi (a). wo nooo lo show lhal lim
:0
l
T(l/:)
= 0 if c = 0. Inoooo.
lim
:0
l
T(l/:)
= lim
:0
J
|o(l/:)b|
= lim
:0
J:
(ob:)
= 0. Foi lho lisl limil in (L). wo musl
show lhal lim
:0
T (1.) =
o
c
. Inoooo. lim
:0
T (1.) = lim
:0
|o(l/:)b|
|c(l/:)J|
= lim
:0
(ob:)
(cJ:)
=
o
c
. Foi lho socono limil in (L). wo nooo lo show lhal lim
:J/c
l
T(:)
= 0. In-
oooo. lim
:J/c
l
T(:)
= lim
:J/c
(c:J)
(o:b)
=
|c(J/c)J|
|o(J/c)b|
= 0 sinco a (dc) / =
(1c) (ad /c) = 0 Ly assumplion.
13. Show lhal a sol S is unLounooo if ano only if oyoiy noighLoihooo of
lho poinl al inlnily conlains al loasl ono poinl in S.
Solulion:
Lol z Lo a poinl of S. 1hon lho poinl al inlnily woulo Lo giyon Ly ..
t
= 1. If
S is Lounooo lhon oyoiy olomonl of S is loss lhan a lnilo yaluo say M. Consiooi
any noighLoihooo of z`. [. .
t
[ < c foi any c 0. Il will conlain a loasl ono
poinl of S. Il can Lo pioyoo Ly conliaoiclion. If il ooos nol hayo any poinl in
S. lhon il shoulo Lo inlnilo al all poinls. which is nol possiLlo. 1hoiofoio. a sol
S is Lounooo if ano only if oyoiy noighLoihooo of lho poinl al inlnily conlains
al loasl ono poinl in S.
Lxoicisos Iagos 0-60
1. Uso iosull in Soclion 10 lo lno f`(z) whon
(a) 1 (.) = 8.
2
2. 4:
(L) 1 (.) =

1 4.
2

3
:
(c) 1 (.) =
:l
2:l
(. = 12) :
(o) 1 (.) =
(l:
2
)
4
:
2
(. = 0) .
Solulion (1a): 1
t
(.) =

8.
2

t
(2.)
t
(4)
t
= 8

2.
l

2 0 = 6. 2.
Solulion (1L): 1
t
(.) = 8

1 4.
2

1 4.
2

t
= 8

1 4.
2

2
(8.) = 24.

1 4.
2

2
.
Solulion (1c): 1
t
(.) =
(:l)

(2:l)(:l)(2:l)

(2:l)
2
=
l(2:l)2(:l)
(2:l)
2
=
3
(2:l)
2
.
Solulion 1o: 1
t
(.) =

(l:
2
)
4

:
2
(l:
2
)
4
(:
2
)

(:
2
)
2
=
d(l:
2
)
B
(:
2
)

:
2
(l:
2
)
4
(2:)
:
4
=
S:
B
(l:
2
)
B
2:(l:
2
)
4
:
4
=
S:
B
(l:
2
)
B
2:(l:
2
)(l:
2
)
B
:
4
=
(6:
B
2:)(l:
2
)
B
:
B
=
(6:
2
2)(l:
2
)
B
:
2
.
6
2. Using iosulls in Soclion 10. show lhal
(a) a polynomial 1 (.) = a
0
a
l
. a
2
.
2
a
n
.
n
(a
n
= 0)
of oogioo n (: _ 1) is oiloionliaLlo oyoiywhoio. wilh ooiiyaliyo 1
t
(.) =
a
l
2a
2
. :a
n
.
nl
:
(L) lho coomcionls in lho polynomial I(z) in pail (a) can Lo wiillon
a
0
= 1(0). a
l
=
1

(0)
l!
. a
2
=
1

(0)
2!
. . a
n
=
1
{r}
(0)
n!
.
Solulion (2a): Wo know lhal

.
|

t
= /.
|l
foi / ano all . C.
1hus

a
|
.
|

t
= a
|

.
|

t
/a
|
.
|l
. So wo hayo 1
t
(.)
n

|=;

a
|
.
|

t
(a
0
)
t

n

|=l
/a
|
.
|l

|=l
/a
|
.
|l
. Lol j = k-1. 1hon j iuns fiom 0 lo n-1. ano k =
j-1. 1hus 1
t
(.) =
nl

;=0
(, 1) a
;l
.
;
= 1a
l
2a
2
. :a
n
.
nl
.
Solulion (2L): Fiom (a) wo hayo 1
t
(.) =
nl

|=l
/
|
.
|
whoio /
|
= (/ 1) a
|l
.
1hus 1
tt
(.) = (1
t
(.))
t
=
n2

|=0
c
|
.
|
whoio c
|
= (/ 1) /
|l
= (/ 1) (/ 2) c
|2
.
Wo claim lhal foi all , . 1
(;)
(.) =
n;

|=0
;

s=l
(/ :) a
|;
.
|
. Wo uso inouclion
lo pioyo lhis claim. Iocall lhal 1
(;)
(.) . 1his claim is liuo foi j = 1 as pioyoo
in (a). Supposo lhis is liuo foi j. Lol /
|
=
;

s=l
(/ :) a
|;
. 1hon 1
(;)
(.) =
n;

|=0
/
|
.
|
. 1hus 1
(;l)
(.) =

1
(;)

t
(.) =

n;

|=0
/
|
.
|
t
=
n;l

|=o
(/ 1) /
|l
.
|
=
n;l

|=0
(/ 1)
;

s=l
(/ 1 :) a
|l;
.
|
=
n(;l)

|=0
;l

s=l
(/ :) a
|(;l)
.
|
. So
wo lno lho claim also holos foi j1. 1hus lho claim is liuo foi all , . 1hus
1
(;)
(0) =
;

s=l
(0 :) a
0;
= ,!a
;
. which implios lhal a
;
= 1
(;)
(0) ,!.
3. Apply oolnilion (8). Soclion 18. of ooiiyaliyo lo giyo a oiiocl pioof lhal
1
t
(.) =
l
:
2
whon 1 (.) =
l
:
(. = 0) .
Solulion: 1
t
(.
0
) = lim
::U
(1. 1.
0
) (. .
0
)
= lim
::U
1 (..
0
)
= 1.
2
0
.
Solulion: 1
t
(.) = lim
.:0
.u
.:
= lim
.:0
[
1
{zZz}

1
z
[
.:
= lim
.:0
[
Zz
z{zZz}
[
.:
7
= lim
.:0
l
|:(:.:)|
=
l
:
2
.
4. Supposo lhal 1 (.
0
) = o (.
0
) = 0 ano lhal 1
t
(.
0
) ano o
t
(.
0
) oxisl. whoio
o
t
(.
0
) oxisl. whoio o
t
(.
0
) = 0. Uso oolnilion (1). Soclion 18. of ooiiyaliyo lo
show lhal lim
::U
](:)
a(:)
=
]

(:)
a

(:)
.
Solulion: lim
::U
](:)
a(:)
=
]

(:U)
a

(:U)
.
lim
::U
](:)
a(:)
= lim
::U
|](:)](:U)|
|a(:)a(:U)|
= lim
::U

]j{z}j{z
U
}j
{zz
U
}

]p{z}p{z
U
}j
{zz
U
}

=
]

(:U)
a

(:U)
.
8. Uso lho molhoo in Lxamplo 2. Soclion 18. lo show lhal f`(z) ooos nol
oxisl al any poinl z whon
(a) 1 (.) = .:
(L) f(z) = Io z:
(c) f(z) = Im z.
Solulion (8L): Lol .
0
Lo any poinl. As . .
0
wilh Io . = Io .
0
. lhon
lim
::U
(Io . Io .
0
) (. .
0
) = 0. As . .
0
wilh Im. = Im.
0
. lhon Io .
Io .
0
= . .
0
so lho ouolionl is 1.
9. Lol f oonolo lho funclion whoso yaluos aio 1 (.) =
z
2
z
whon :,=0,
0 whon :=0

. Show
lhal if z = 0. lhon ^n^. = 1 al oach zonzoio poinl on lho ioal ano imaginaiy
axos in lho ^.. oi ^r^n. plano. 1hon show lhal ^n^. = 1 al oach
nonzoio poinl (^r. ^r) on lho lino ^n = ^r in lhal plano. Concluoo fiom
lhoso oLsoiyalions lhal 1
t
(0) ooos nol oxisl. (Nolo lhal. lo oLlain lhis iosull.
il is nol sumcionl lo consiooi only hoiizonlal ano yoilical appioachos lo lho
oiigin in lho ^. plano.)
Solulion:
1 (.) =
z
2
z
,:,=0
0,:=0

.
Whon z = 0.
.u
:
= 1 al oach nonzoio poinls on lho ioal ano imaginaiy axis
is lho ^. oi ^r^n plano.
.u
.:
= 1 al oach nonzoio poinl (^r. ^r) on lho
lino ^n = ^r in lhal plano. Al z = 0.
^n = 1 (. ^.) 1 (.) = 1 (0 ^.) 1 (0) =
.:
2
.:
0.
.u
.:
=
.:
2
(.:)
= 0. Along lho y axis (^r = 0) wo hayo
.u
.:
=
(I.u)
2
(I.u)
2
= 1.
Along ^n = ^r wo hayo
.u
.:
=
(.rI.r)
2
(.rI.r)
2
=
(lI)
2
(lI)
2
=
(ll2I)
(ll2I)
=
2I
2I
= 1.
1hus
.u
.:
is nol uniouo. ano wo concluoo lhal f`(0) ooos nol oxisl.
Lxoicisos Iagos 68-70
1. Uso lho lhooiom in Soclion 20 lo show lhal f`(z) ooos nol oxisl al any
poinl if
(a) 1 (.) = .:
(L) 1 (.) = . .:
(c) 1 (.) = 2r irn
2
:
8
(o) 1 (.) = c
r
c
Iu
.
Solulion (1c): n = 2r. = rn
2
. Wo hayo n
r
= 2 ano
u
= 2rn. Foi lhoso
lo Lo ooual wo musl hayo xy = 1. Wo also hayo n
u
= 0 ano
r
= n
2
. Foi
lhoso lo Lo ooual wo hayo y = 0. Lul lhis conliaoicls xy = 1.
Solulion (1o): n = c
r
cos n. = c
r
sinn. Wo hayo n
r
=
u
which giyos
c
r
cos n = c
r
cos n. 1his giyos cos y = 0. Similaily n
u
=
r
giyos sinn =
sinn so sin y = 0. Lul wo cannol hayo cos y = 0 = sin y.
2. TLeoren. Lol lho funclion 1 (r. n) i (r. n) Lo oolnoo
lhioughoul somo c noighLoihooo of a poinl .
0
= r
0
in
0
. ano supposo lhal
lho lisl-oiooi pailial ooiiyaliyos of lho funclions u ano y wilh iospocl lo x
ano y oxisl oyoiywhoio in lhal noighLoihooo. If lhoso pailial ooiiyaliyos
aio conlinuous al (r
0
. n
0
) ano salisfy lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions
n
r
=
u
. n
u
=
r
al (r
0
. n
0
) . lhon 1
t
(.
0
) oxisls.
Uso lho lhooiom lo show lhal f`(z) ano ils ooiiyaliyos f"(z) oxisl oyoiywhoio.
ano lno f"(z) whon
(a) f(z) = iz2:
(L) 1 (.) = c
r
c
Iu
:
(c) 1 (.) = .
3
:
(o) 1 (.) = cos rcoshn i sinrsinhn.
Solulion (a):
Giyon f(z) = iz2=i(xiy)2=ix-y2=(2-y)ix.
Compaiing wilh f(z) = uiy. wo gol u = 2-y. y=x.
n
r
= 0. n
u
= 1.
r
= 1.
u
= 0.
All aio conslanl funclion. ano ooiiyaliyos aio conlinuous al all poinls. Hoio
n
r
=
u
. n
u
=
u
al all poinls (x.y). So Ly lhooiom. f`(z) oxisls oyoiywhoio.
1his implios lhal 1
t
(.) = n
r
i
r
= 0i1 = i. 1his implios lhal f`(z) = i. Lol
g(z) = f`(z) = i. 1hon u = 0. y = 1. n
r
= 0.
u
= 0. n
u
= 0.
r
= 0. 1his implios
lhal n
r
=
u
. n
u
=
r
. 1his implios lhal lho n&hj-1.nnnn ooualions aio
salisloo oyoiywhoio. Again n
r
.
u
. n
u
.
r
aio conlinuous oyoiywhoio. 1his
implios lhal g`(z) oxisls oyoiywhoio. 1his implios lhal f"(z) oxisls oyoiywhoio.
1
tt
(.) = o
t
(.) = n
r
i
r
= 0 i 0 = 0.
Solulion (L):
Lol 1 (.) = c
r
c
Iu
= c
r
(cos n i sinn)
= c
r
cos n ic
r
sinn = n i.
So n = c
r
cos n. = c
r
sinn.
n
r
= c
r
cos n.
u
= c
r
cos n. n
u
= c
r
sinn.
r
= c
r
sinn. 1his
implios lhal n
r
=
u
ano n
u
=
r
al all poinls. Again n
r
.
u
. n
u
.
r
aio
conlinuous oyoiywhoio. 1his implios lhal f`(z) oxisls oyoiywhoio.
1
t
(.) = n
r
i
r
= c
r
cos n ic
r
sinn
= c
r
(cos n i sinn)
= c
r
c
Iu
= c
:
.
0
Lol o (.) = 1
t
(.) = c
r
cos n ic
r
sinn.
Hoio n = c
r
cos n. = c
r
sinn. =
n = c
r
cos n. n
u
= c
r
sinn.
r
= c
r
sinn.
u
= c
r
cos n.
1his implios lhal u ano y salisfy lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions al all poinls.
Also n
r
. n
u
.
r
.
u
aio conlinuous oyoiywhoio. 1his implios lhal g`(z) oxisls
oyoiywhoio. 1his implios lhal f"(z) oxisls oyoiywhoio.
1
tt
(.) = o
t
(.)
= n
r
i
r
= c
r
cos n ic
r
sinn
= c
r
(cos n i sinn)
= c
r
c
Iu
= c
rIu
= c
:
.
Solulion (c):
1 (.) = .
3
= (r in)
3
= r
3
8ir
2
n 8rn
2
in
3
=

r
3
8rn
2

8r
2
n n
3

.
n = r
3
8rn
2
. = 8r
2
n n
3
.
=n
r
= 8r
2
8n
2
. n
u
= 6rn.
r
= 6rn.
u
= 8r
2
2n
2
.
=n
r
=
u
. n
u
=
r
al all poinls.
Again n
r
.
u
. n
u
.
r
aio conlinuous oyoiywhoio.
=1
t
(.) = n
r
i
r
=

8r
2
8n
2

i (6rn)
= 8

r
2
n
2
2irn

= 8 (r in)
2
= 8.
2
.
Lol o (.) = 1
t
(.) =

8r
2
8n
2

i (6rn) .
n = 8r
2
8n
2
. = 6rn.
n
r
= 6r.
r
= 6n. n
u
= 6n.
u
= 6r.
=n
r
=
u
. n
u
=
r
al all poinls.
1his implios lhal lho n&hj-1.nnnn ooualions aio salisloo oyoiywhoio.
Again n
r
.
u
. n
u
.
r
aio conlinuous oyoiywhoio. 1his implios lhal g`(z) oxisls
oyoiywhoio. which implios lhal f"(z) oxisls oyoiywhoio.
1
tt
(.) = o
t
(.) = n
r
i
r
= 6r 6in = 6 (r in) = 6..
Solulion (o):
1 (.) = cos r coshn i sinr sinhn = n i.
n = cos r coshn. = i sinr sinhn
=n
r
= sinr coshn. n
u
= coshr sinhn.

r
= cos r sinhn.
u
= sinr coshn
=n
r
=
u
. n
u
=
r
al all poinls.
Again n
r
.
u
. n
u
.
r
aio conlinuous oyoiywhoio. 1his implios lhal f`(z) oxisls
oyoiywhoio.
1
t
(.) = n
r
i
r
= sinr coshn i cos r sinhn
= (sinr coshn i cos r sinhn) = sin..
10
Lol o (.) = 1
t
(.) = sinr coshn i cos r sinhn.
n = sinr coshn. = cos r sinhn.
=n
r
= cos r coshn. n
u
= sinr sinhn.

r
= sinr sinhn.
u
= cos r coshn.
=n
r
=
u
. n
u
=
r
al all poinls.
1his implios lhal lho n&hj-1.nnnn ooualions aio salisloo oyoiywhoio.
Again n
r
.
u
. n
u
.
r
aio conlinuous oyoiywhoio. 1his implios lhal g`(z) oxisls
oyoiywhoio. which implios lhal f"(z) oxisls oyoiywhoio.
1
tt
(.) = o
t
(.)
= n
r
i
r
= cos r coshn i sinr sinhn
= [cos r coshn i sinr sinhn[
= cos ..
Solulion (2L): n = c
r
cos n. = c
r
sinn. Wo soo lhal Cauchy Iiomann
holos ano lhoiofoio 1
t
(.) = n
r
i
r
= c
r
cos n ic
r
sinn. Wo soo lhal
Cauchy Iiomann holos foi n
r
ano
r
ano so 1
tt
(r) = n
rr
i
rr
= c
r
cos n
ic
r
sinn = 1 (.) .
3. Fiom iosulls oLlainoo in Soclions 20 ano 21. ooloimino whoio f`(z) oxisls
ano lno ils yaluo whon
(a) f(z) = 1z:
(L) 1 (.) = r
2
in
2
:
(c) f(z) = z Im z.
Solulion (8L): n
r
= 2r.
u
= 2n. n
u
= 0 =
r
so lho Cauchy Iiomann
ooualions holo if x = y ano lhoio f`(x) = 2x.
Solulion (8a): Supposo 1 (r in) = n(r. n) i (r. n) foi ioal funclions u
ano y. Fiom 1 (.) = . wo lno u = x ano y = -y. Fiom n
r
= 1 =
u
= 1
oyoiywhoio wo soo 1
t
(.) ooos nol oxisl al any poinl.
Solulion (8L): Supposo 1 (r in) = n(r. n) i (r. n) foi ioal funclions u
ano y. Fiom 1 (.) = . . wo lno u = 0 ano y = 2y. Fiom n
r
= 0 =
u
= 2
oyoiywhoio wo soo 1
t
(.) ooos nol oxisl al any poinl.
Solulion (8c): Supposo 1 (r in) = n(r. n) i (r. n) foi ioal funclions u
ano y. Wo soo u = 2x ano = rn
2
. 1hon n
r
= 2.
u
= 0.
r
= n
2
ano
u
= 2rn.
If n
u
=
r
lhon 0 = n
2
ano so y = 0. If lhis is liuo lhon
u
= 0 = n
r
= 2.
1hus n
r
=
u
ano n
u
=
r
oo nol Lolh holo al anywhoio. 1hus f`(z) ooos
nol oxisl al any poinl.
Solulion (8o): Supposo 1 (r in) = n(r. n) i (r. n) foi ioal funclions u
ano y. Wo lno n = c
r
cos (n) = c
r
cos (n) ano = c
r
sin(n) = c
r
sin(n) .
1hus n
r
= c
r
cos (n) . n
u
= c
r
sin(n) .
r
= c
r
sin(n) .
u
= c
r
cos (n) . If
n
r
=
u
ano n
u
=
r
lhon cos (n) = sin(n) = 0 Locauso c
r
= 0. 1his is
impossiLlo Locauso cos (n)
2
sin(n)
2
= 1 foi all n 1. 1hus f`(z) ooos nol
oxisl al any poinl.
11
4. Uso lho lhooiom in Soclion 22 lo show lhal oach of lhoso funclions is
oiloionliaLlo in lho inoicaloo oomain of oolnilion. ano lhon uso oxpiossion (7)
in lhal soclion lo lno f`(z):
(a) f(z) = 1z
d
(. = 0)
(L) f(z) =

rc
I0/2
(r 0. c < 0 < c 2) :
(c) f(z) = o
0
cos (lnr) ic
0
sin(lnr) (r 0. 0 < 0 < 2) .
Solulion (4L): Lol n =

r cos (02) ano =

r sin(02). 1hon rn
:
=

r2 cos (02) =
0
ano similaily r
:
= n
0
. 1hus Cauchy Iiomann holos
ano 1
t
(.) = c
I0
(n
:
i
:
) =
l
2:
1;2
t
10;2
.
5. Show lhal whon 1 (.) = r
3
i (1 n)
2
. il is logilimalo lo
wiilo 1
t
(.) = n
r
i
r
= 8r
2
n|j whon z = i.
Solulion:
Lol 1 (.) = r
3
i (1 n)
3
= n i.
n = r
3
ano = (1 n)
2
.
n
r
= 8r
2
. n
u
= 0.
r
= 0.
u
= 2 (1 n) (1) = 2n 2.
Foi oiloionliaLilily. Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions musl Lo salisloo.
n
r
=
u
. n
u
=
r
. =8r
2
= 2n 2.
(1ho socono ooualion is alioaoy salisloo.)
Il is liuo if 8r
2
= 2n 2 = 0. =8r
2
= 0. 2n 2 = 0
=r = 0. n = 1. =. = r in = 0 i 1 = i.
So f is oiloionliaLlo only whon z = i.
1
t
(.) = n
r
i
r
= 8r
2
i 0 = 8r
2
.
6. Lol u ano y oonolo lho ioal ano imaginaiy compononls of lho funclion f
oolnoo Ly lho ooualions f(z) =

:
2
:
whon . = 0.
0 whon z = 0.

Solulion: 1 (.) =
:
B
|:|
2
=
r
B
3ru
2
I(3r
2
uu
B
)
(r
2
u
2
)
foi . = 0. 1hon n
r
(0. 0) =
lim
r0
u(r,0)0
r
= lim
r0
r
B
r
2
= 0. Similaily.
u
(0. 0) = 0. n
u
(0. 0) =
r
(0. 0) = 0.
Voiify lhal lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions u
r
=
u
ano u
u
=
r
aio
salisloo al lho oiigin z = (0.0). [Compaio Lxoiciso 0. Soclion 10. whoio il is
shown lhal f`(0) noyoilholoss fails lo oxisl.[
8. Lol a funclion f(z) = uiy Lo oiloionliaLlo al a nonzoio poinl z
0
=
r
0
oxp(i0
0
) . Uso lho oxpiossions foi n
r
ano
r
founo in Lxoiciso 7. logolhoi
wilh lho polai foim (6). Soclion 22. of lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions. lo iowiilo
lho oxpiossion 1
t
(.
0
) = n
r
i
r
in Soclion 21 as 1
t
(.
0
) = c
I0
(n
:
i
:
). whoio
n
:
ano
:
aio lo Lo oyalualoo al (r
0
. 0
0
) .
Solulion
Using Lx. 7. 1
t
(.
0
) = n
r
in
u
= n
:
cos 0
0
n
0
sIn 0U
:U
i

n
:
sin0
0
n
0
cos 0U
:U

.
Ly lho polai Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions. lhis is
= n
:
cos 0
0

:
sin0
0
i

n
:
sin0
0
n
0
cos 0U
:U

.
12
1his is = n
:
(cos 0
0
i sin0
0
) i
:
(cos 0
0
i sin0
0
) = c
I0U
(n
:
i
:
) .
10. (a) Iocall (Soclion ) lhal if z = x iy. lhon x =
::
2
ano y =
::
2I
.
Ly ]:nn||j applying lho chain iulo in calculus lo a funclion F(x.y) of lwo ioal
yaiiaLlos. ooiiyo lho oxpiossion
dJ
d:
=
dJ
dr
dr
d:

dJ
du
du
d:
=
l
2

dJ
dr
i
dJ
du

.
(L) Dolno lho opoialoi
d
d:
=
l
2

d
dr
i
d
du

. suggosloo Ly pail (a). lo show

lhal if lho lisl-oiooi pailial ooiiyaliyos of lho ioal ano imaginaiy pails of a
funclion f(z) = u(x.y) iy(x.y) salisfy lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions. lhon
d]
d:
=
l
2
[(n
r
n
u
) i (
r
n
u
)[ = 0. 1hus ooiiyo lho n|r ]:n
d]
d:
= 0 of
lho n&hj-1.nnnn n&n.n.
Solulion
(a) Foimally. wo hayo
dr
d:
=
l
2
.
du
d:
=
l
2I
. ano (a) follows immooialoly.
(L)
d]
d:
=
l
2
[n
r
in
u
[
I
2
[
r
i
u
[ =
l
2
(n
r

u
) i
l
2
(n
u

r
) = 0 if lho
Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions aio salisloo.
Lxoicisos Iagos 78-74
1. TLeoren. Lol lho funclion 1 (r. n) i (r. n) Lo oolnoo
lhioughoul somo c noighLoihooo of a poinl .
0
= r
0
in
0
. ano supposo lhal
lho lisl-oiooi pailial ooiiyaliyos of lho funclions u ano y wilh iospocl lo x
ano y oxisl oyoiywhoio in lhal noighLoihooo. If lhoso pailial ooiiyaliyos
aio conlinuous al (r
0
. n
0
) ano salisfy lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions
n
r
=
u
. n
u
=
r
al (r
0
. n
0
) . lhon 1
t
(.
0
) oxisls.
Apply lho lhooiom lo yoiify lhal oach of lhoso funclions is onliio:
(a) 1 (.) = 8r n i (8n r) : (L) 1 (.) = sinrcoshn i cos rsinhn:
(c) 1 (.) = c
u
sinr ic
u
cos r: (o) 1 (.) =

.
2
2

c
r
c
Iu
.
Solulion (a):
Lol f(z) = 8xyi(8y-x)=uiy.
u = 8xy. y = 8y-x
n
r
= 8. n
u
= 1.
r
= 1.
u
= 8.
1hus n
r
. n
u
.
r
.
u
aio all conlinuous al all poinls (x.y).
Again n
r
.
u
ano n
u
=
r
= u ano y salisfy Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions
al all poinls. So f`(z) oxisls oyoiywhoio. 1his implios lhal f(z) is analylic
oyoiywhoio. which implios lhal f(z) is onliio.
Solulion (L):
Lol 1 (.) = sinr coshn i cos r sinhn = n i.
n = sinr coshn ano = cos r sinhn.
=n
r
= cos rcoshn. n
u
= sinrsinhn.
r
= sinrsinhn.
u
= cos rcoshn.
1hus n
r
. n
u
.
r
.
u
aio all conlinuous al all poinls (x.y). Again n
r
=
u
ano
n
u
=
r
. 1his implios lhal u ano y salisfy lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions al
all poinls. So f`(z) oxisls oyoiywhoio.
=f(z) is analylic oyoiywhoio.
=f(z) is onliio.
18
Solulion (c):
Lol 1 (.) = c
u
sinr ic
u
cos r = n i.
n = c
u
sinr. = c
u
cos r.
=n
r
= c
u
cos r. n
u
= c
u
sinr.
r
= c
u
sinr.
u
= c
u
cos r.
1hus n
r
. n
u
.
r
.
u
aio all conlinuous al all poinls (x.y). Again n
r
=
u
ano
n
u
=
r
.
=u ano y salisfy Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions al all poinls. So f`(z) oxisls
oyoiywhoio.
= f(z) is analylic oyoiywhoio
= f(z) is onliio.
Solulion (o):
Lol 1 (.) =

.
2
2

c
rIu
=

.
2
2

c
(rIu)
=

.
2
2

c
:
. 1:j poly-
nomial is analylic oyoiywhoio. =.
2
2 is analylic oyoiywhoio.
c
:
=
l
t
z
.
c
:
is analylic oyoiywhoio =
l
t
z
is analylic oyoiywhoio.
[ c
:
= 0[ .
So

.
2
2

c
:
is analylic oyoiywhoio.
[ 1. o aio analylic in a oomain D =1o is analylic in a oomain D[ .
=

.
2
2

c
:
is onliio.
=

.
2
2

c
r
c
Iu
is onliio.
2. Wilh lho aio of lho lhooiom in Soclion 20. show lhal oach of lhoso
funclions is nowhoio analylic:
(a) f(z) = xyiy:
(L) 1 (.) = 2rn i

r
2
n
2

:
(c) 1 (.) = c
u
c
Ir
.
Solulion (2a): n
r
= n ano
r
= 0. so n
r
=
u
only if y = 0. 1ho sol of z
such lhal y = 0 ooos nol oolno an opon sol so lho funclion is nol analylic.
4. In oach caso. ooloimino lho singulai poinls of lho funclion
ano slalo why lho funclion is analylic oyoiywhoio oxcopl al lhoso poinls:
(a) f(z) =
2:l
:(:
2
l)
:
(L) f(z) =
:
B
I
:
2
3:2
:
(c) f(z) =
:
2
l
(:2)(:
2
2:2)
.
Solulion:
Lyoiy ialional funclion is analylic oyoiywhoio oxcopl al lho poinl whoio lho
ooiiyaliyo is zoio. i.o.. oyoiy ialional funclion is moiomoiphic in naluio.
(a) 1 (.) =
2:l
:(:
2
l)
=
2:l
(:
B
:)
. Il is a ialional funclion. .

.
2
1

= 0 =
. (. i) (. i) = 0 =. = 0. i. i.
5.nn&|n: poinls of f(z) aio z = 0. -i. i. Sinco il is a ialional funclion. il is
analylic oyoiywhoio oxcopl al lhoso poinls.
14
(L) 1 (.)=
:
B
l
(:
2
3:2)
. Il is a ialional funclion. .2 8. 2 = 0 =
(. 2) (. 1) = 0 =. = 2. 1.
5.nn&|n: poinls aio z = 2. 1. Sinco il is a ialional funclion. il is analylic
oyoiywhoio oxcopl al lhoso poinls.
(c) 1 (.) =
:
2
l
(:2)(:
2
2:2)
. Il is a ialional funclion.
(. 2)

.
2
2. 2

= 0 = . 2 = 0 oi .
2
2. 2 = 0. = . = 2 oi
. =
2+

dS
2
=
2+2I
2
= 1 i. 1 i. =. = 2. 1 i. 1 i.
Singulai poinls aio z = -2. -1i. -1-i. Sinco il is a ialional funclion. il is
analylic oyoiywhoio oxcopl al lhoso poinls.
Solulion (4L): Analylic oxcopl if .
2
8. 2 = 0: lhal is. oxcopl al z = 1.2
which aio singulai poinls.
5. Accoioing lh Lxoiciso 4(L). Soclion 22. lho funclion
o (.) =

rc
I0/2
(r 0. < 0 < ) is analylic ils oomain. wilh ooiiy-
aliyo g`(z) =
l
2a(:)
. Show lhal lho composilo funclion G(z) = g(2z-2i) is
analylic in lho half plano x 1. wilh ooiiyaliyo G
t
(.) =
l
a(2:2I)
.
Suggoslion: OLsoiyo lhal Io(2z-2i) 0 whon x 1.
Solulion: Whon x 1. Io (2. 2 i) = 2r 2 0 so 2. 2 i is in lho
oomain of oolnilion of g(z). 1hus o (2. 2 i) is analylic in lhis oomain x
1 ano ils ooiiyaliyo Ly lho chain iulo is G
t
(.) =
2
2a(2:21)
.
6. Uso iosulls in Soclion 22 lo yoiify lhal lho funclion o (.) = lnr
ii0 (r 0. 0 < 0 < 2)
is analylic in lho inoicaloo oomain of oolnilion. wilh ooiiyaliyo g`(z) = 1z.
1hon show lhal lho composilo funclion G(.) = o

.
2
1

is analylic in lho
ouaoianl x 0. y 0. wilh ooiiyaliyo G
t
(.) =
2:
:
2
l
.
Suggoslion: OLsoiyo lhal Im

.
2
1

0 whon x 0. y 0.
Solulion: 1ho funclion 1 (.) = n(r. 0) i (r. 0) is analylic in a oomain if
n
:
. n
0
.
:
.
0
aio conlinuous funclions in lhal oomain ano salisfy lho Cauchy-
Iiomann ooualions rn
:
=
0
ano n
0
= r
:
al all poinls in lhal oomain.
In lhis oxamplo n = log r ano = 0. 1hoso funclions aio woll oolnoo in lho
oomain r 0 ano 0 < 0 < 2. lhoii lisl pailials aio conlinuous. Il is oasy lo
yoiify lhal lho lisl pailials salisfy lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions al all poinls
in lhal oomain.
1ho funclion .
2
1 is analylic foi all z. If z is in lho lisl ouaoianl ano if
. = rc
I0
lhon 0 < 0 < 2 ano r 0. 1hoiofoio lho aigumonl of .
2
lios Lolwoon
0 ano which moans lhal lho imaginaiy pail of .
2
is sliiclly posiliyo. 1ho
imaginaiy pail of .
2
1 is gioaloi lhan 1 foi z in lho lisl ouaoianl ano .
2
1
lios in lho oomain of analylicily of g(z). 1hoiofoio lho composilo funclion loo
musl Lo analylic ano ils ooiiyaliyo is gollon using lho chain iulo.
1
Solulion:
Wo hayo n = lnr ano = 0. 1hus. rn
:
= r (1r) = 1 =
0
n
0
= 0 = r
:
. Sinco n
:
= 1r is conlinuous on lho giyon iogion (ano lho
olhoi lisl pailial ooiiyaliyos aio liiyially conlinuous). wo soo lhal g is analylic
in lho giyon oomain.
Fiisl. nolo lhal Im

.
2
1

= 2rn 0 foi r 0 ano n 0. 1hus. .

2
1
maps r 0. n 0 inlo a suLsol of r 0. 0 < 0 < 2. Moiooyoi. nolo lhal
1 (.) = .
2
1 =

r
2
n
2
1

i2rn salislos lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions

n
r
= 2r =
u
. n
u
= 2n =
r
ano has conlinuous lisl pailials. 1hus. il is
analylic. ano sinco lho composilion of lwo analylic funclions is analylic. wo aio
lnishoo.
7. Lol a funclion f(z) Lo analylic in a oomain D. Iioyo lhal f(z) musl Lo
conslanl lhioughoul D if
(a) f(z) is ioal-yaluoo foi all z in D:
(L) [1 (.)[ is conslanl lhioughoul D.
Suggoslion: Uso lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions ano lho lhooiom in Soclion
28 lo pioyo pail (a). 1o pioyo pail (L). oLsoiyo lhal 1 (.) =
c
2
](:)
if [1 (.)[ =
c (c = 0): lhon uso lho main iosull in Lxamplo 8. Soclion 24.
Solulion (7a): If f is ioal yaluoo lhon y = 0 so
r
=
u
= 0 which giyos
n
r
=
u
= 0 which says lhal u is a conslanl.
Solulion (7L): Wo can assumo [1[ = 0 foi if il is 0. lhon f is a conslanl 0.
If [1[
2
= c
2
= 0 lhon 1 =
c
](:)
. ano sinco f(z) is noyoi 0. Lolh 1. 1 aio analylic
which moans lhal f is a conslanl.
Solulion:
(a) If lwo analylic funclions f ano g hao oouiyalonl imaginaiy pails. lhon
lhoy musl oiloi only Ly a conslanl. Hoio. if f is ioal-yaluoo. lhon Im1 = 0.
Sinco f is analylic ano has imaginaiy pail which is ooual lo lho liiyially analylic
funclion o (.) = 0. wo hayo lhal 1 (.) = 0 c = c whoio c is a conslanl.
(L) If [1 (.)[ = 0. lhon lho iosull is liiyial. So. wo assumo [1 (.)[ = c = 0.
Nolico lhal 1 (.) =
c
2
](:)
sinco c
2
= [1 (.)[
2
= 1 (.) 1 (.). Hoio. 1 (.) is analylic.
Sinco [1 (.)[ = c = 0. wo will nol Lo oiyioing Ly 0. 1hus.wo soo lhal 1 (.) is
also analylic. Il lhus follows lhal 1 (.) is conslanl Ly Lx. 8 of lhis soclion.
Lxoicisos Iagos 78-80
1. Show lhal u(x.y) is haimonic in somo oomain ano lno a haimonic
conjugalo y(x.y) whon
(a) u(x.y) = 2x(1-y):
(L) n(r. n) = 2r r
3
8rn
2
:
(c) u(x.y) = sinh x sin y:
(o) n(r. n) =
u
(r
2
u
2
)
.
Solulion (1L): n
rr
6r. n
uu
= 6r so n
rr
n
uu
= 0. Wo wanl lo
solyo
u
= n
r
ano
r
= n
u
. 1ho lisl giyos
u
= n
r
= 2 8r
2
n n
3
1 (r) .
16
1ho socono giyos 6rn 1
t
(r) = 6rn so 1 (r) = 0. 1ho conjugalo is =
2n 8r
2
n n
3
.
Solulion (1a): Wo hayo
r
= n
u
= 2r. 1hus = r
2
C (n). On lho
olhoi hano.
u
= n
r
= 2 (1 n) . 1hus C
t
(n) = 2 (1 n). which implios lhal
C (n) = 2n n
2
C. 1hus = r
2
2n n
2
C foi any C C.
Solulion (1L): Wo hayo
r
= n
u
= 6rn. 1hus 8r
2
n C (n). so

u
= 8r
2
C
t
(n) . On lho olhoi hano.
u
= n
r
= 28r
2
8n
2
. 1hus C
t
(n) =
2 8n
2
. which implios lhal C (n) = 2n n
3
C. 1hus = 2n n
3
8r
2
n C
foi somo C C.
Solulion (1c): Wo hayo
r
= n
u
= sinhrcos n. 1hus = coshrcos n
C (n). so
u
= coshrsinn C
t
(n) . On lho olhoi hano.
u
= n
r
= coshrsinn.
1hus C
t
(n) = 0. so C(y) = C foi somo C C. So = coshrcos n C.
Solulion (1o): Wo hayo
r
= n
u
=
2ru
(r
2
u
2
)
2
. 1hus =
r
r
2
u
2
C (r) .
so
r
=
u
2
r
2
(r
2
u
2
)
2
C
t
(r) . On lho olhoi hano.
r
= n
u
=
r
2
u
2
(r
2
u
2
)
2
. 1hus
C
t
(r) = 0. so C(x) = C foi somo C C. So =
r
r
2
u
2
C.
2. Show lhal if y ano V aio haimonic conjugalos of u in a oomain D. lhon
y(x.y) ano V(x.y) can oiloi al mosl Ly an aooiliyo conslanl.
Solulion: f = uiy ano F = u iV hayo lho samo ioal pail so i(F-f) is
ioal yaluoo ano analylic. 1hus il is a conslanl which says y ano V oiloi Ly a
conslanl.
3. Supposo lhal. in a oomain D. a funclion y is a haimonic conjugalo of u
ano also lhal u is a haimonic conjugalo of y. Show how il follows lhal Lolh
u(x.y) ano y(x.y) musl Lo conslanl lhioughoul D.
Solulion: f = u iy is analylic ano g = yiu is analylic. Lul o = i1 ano
so 1 is also analylic which says lhal f is a conslanl.
4. Uso 1hooiom 2 in Soclion 2 lo show lhal. in a oomain D. y is a haimonic
conjugalo of u if ano only if -u is a haimonic conjugalo of y. (Compaio lho
iosull oLlainoo in Lxoiciso 8.) Suggoslion: OLsoiyo lhal lho funclion f(z) =
u(x.y) iy(x.y) is analylic in D if ano only if -if(z) is analylic lhoio.
Solulion:
Fiisl assumo lhal y is a haimonic conjugalo of u. 1hus. Ly 1hooiom 2.
1 = n i is analylic in D. which lolls us lhal lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions
n
r
=
u
. n
u
=
r
holo. Moiooyoi. as was usoo pioyiously. wo may assumo
lhal lho lisl ooiiyaliyos aio smoolh. Ono way lo gol lhis is lo nolico lhal lho
oolnilion of haimonic inyolyos socono ooiiyaliyos. which lo oxisl ioouiios lhal
lho lisl ooiiyaliyos aio smoolh. Anolhoi way is lo iocall lhal wo monlionoo lhal
lho ioal ano imaginaiy pails of an analylic funclion hayo smoolh ooiiyaliyos of
all oiooi.
Wo now nooo lo oxamino g = y - iu = I iV. Nolicing lhal l
r
=
r
=
n
u
= \
u
ano l
u
=
u
= n
r
= \
r
. wo soo lhal lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions
holo. Sinco lho ooiiyaliyos aio smoolh. lhis implios lhal g is analylic. 1hus.
Ly anolhoi applicalion of 1hooiom 2. wo hayo lhal -u is a haimonic conjugalo
of y.
17
1o pioyo lho conyoiso. wo assumo lhal -u is a haimonic conjugalo of y. 1hal
is. Ly 1hooiom 2. g = y - iu = U iV is analylic. 1hus. wo hayo conlinuily of
lisl ooiiyaliyos ano l
r
=
r
= \
u
= n
u
. l
u
=
u
= \
r
= n
r
.
Wo. lhus. soo lhal f = u iy salislos lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions. ano
lhus. f is analylic. Moiooyoi. Ly 1hooiom 2. lhis implios lhal y is a haimonic
conjugalo of y as oosiioo.
5. Lol lho funclion f(z) = n(r. 0) i (r. 0) Lo analylic in a oomain D
lhal ooos nol incluoo lho oiigin. Using lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions in
polai cooioinalos (Soclion 22) ano assuming conlinuily of pailial ooiiyaliyos.
show lhal. lhioughoul D. lho funclion n(r. 0) salislos lho pailial oiloionlial
ooualion r
2
n
::
(r. 0) rn
:
(r. 0) n
00
(r. 0) = 0. which is lho |n: ]:n ]
1n|n` n&n.n. Show lhal lho samo is liuo of lho funclion (r. 0) .
Solulion
Fiisl of all. nolo lhal you coulo ooiiyo lho polai foim of lho Laplacian
oiioclly using lho chain iulo. 1his is a yoiy gooo oxoiciso lo liy. Sinco f is
analylic. il musl salisfy lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions rn
:
=
0
. n
0
= r
:
.
Diloionlialing lho lisl of lho ooualions 0
:
ano lho socono 0
0
. wo soo lhal
n
:
rn
::
=
0:
. n
00
= r
:0
. Sinco
0:
=
:0
if wo hayo conlinuous ooiiyaliyos.
wo soo lhal n
:
rn
::
=
l
:
n
00
. which is oouiyalonl lo lho oosiioo ooualion.
1o show lho samo ooualion foi y. wo oiloionlialo lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooua-
lions in lho olhoi oiooi. 1hal is. 0
0
foi lho lisl ano 0
:
foi lho socono. 1his
yiolos rn
:0
=
00
. n
0:
=
:
r
::
. Noling lhal n
:0
= n
0:
. wo hayo lhal
l
:

00
=
:
r
::
. which is oouiyalonl lo lho oosiioo foimula.
7. Lol lho funclion 1 (.) = n(r. n) i (r. n) Lo analylic in a
oomain D. ano consiooi lho familios of || &: n(r. n) = c
l
ano
(r. n) = c
2
. whoio c
l
ano c
2
aio aiLiliaiy ioal conslanls. If .
0
= (r
0
. n
0
)
is a poinl in D which is common lo lwo pailiculai cuiyos n(r. n) = c
l
ano
(r. n) = c
2
ano if 1
t
(.) = 0. lhon lho linos langonl lo lhoso cuiyos al
(r
0
. n
0
) aio poiponoiculai. Nolo how il follows fiom lho ooualions
n(r. n) = c
l
ano (r. n) = c
2
lhal
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0 ano
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0.
Skolch lho familios of loyol cuiyos of lho compononl funclions u ano y whon
1 (.) = 1.. ano nolo lho oilhogonalily oosciiLoo in aLoyo slalomonl.
Solulion:
1 (.) =
l
:
=
l
(rIu)
=
(rIu)
(rIu)(rIu)
=
(rIu)
(r
2
u
2
)
=
r
(r
2
u
2
)
i
u
(r
2
u
2
)
= n i.
=n =
r
(r
2
u
2
)
. =
u
(r
2
u
2
)
.
1| cuiyos aio n(r. n) = c
l
. (r. n) = c
2
. =
r
(r
2
u
2
)
= c
l
.
u
(r
2
u
2
)
=
c
2
. =c
l

r
2
n
2

= r ano c
2

r
2
n
2

= n.
=c
l

r
2
n
2

r = 0 ano c
2

r
2
n
2

n = 0.
Lolh sol of loyol cuiyos aio ciiclos. Foi c
l
. wo gol r
2
n
2
= r =r
2
r
l
d
n
2
=
l
d
18
=

r
l
2

2
(n 0)
2
=

l
2

2
. Il iopiosonls a ciiclo wilh conloi

l
2
. 0

ano iaoius
l
2
.
Foi c
2
= 1. r
2
n
2
n = 0 =r
2
n
2
n
l
d
=
l
d
= (r 0)
2

n
l
2

2
=

l
2

2
. Il iopiosonls a ciiclo wilh conloi

0.
l
2

ano iaoius
l
2
.
5&nn.n: Nolo how il follows fiom lho ooualions n(r. n) = c
l
ano
(r. n) = c
2
lhal
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0 ano
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0.
Solulion
Wo know fiom mulliyaiiaLlo calculus lhal al oach poinl of lho oomain. lho
giaoionl yocloi. if nol 0. is poiponoiculai lo lho loyol cuiyo lhal passos lhiough
lhal poinl. Sinco il will sumco lo show lhal lho noimal yoclois aio oilhogonal.
wo nooo only show lhal \n(r. n) \ (r. n) = n
r

r
n
u

u
= 0. Sinco f is
analylic. wo know lhal u.y salisfy lho Cauchy-Iiomann ooualions
u
= n
r
.
r
=
n
u
. which shows lhal n
r

r
n
u

u
= n
r
n
u
n
u
n
r
= 0 as oosiioo.
Solulion:
Lol z = x iy. Wo hayo 1 (.) = 1. = 1 (r in) =
rIu
(rIu)(rIu)
=
r
(r
2
u
2
)
i
u
(r
2
u
2
)
.
Compaiing 1 (.) = 1. wilh 1 (.) = n(r. n) i (r. n) . wo hayo
n(r. n) =
r
(r
2
u
2
)
ano (r. n) =
u
(r
2
u
2
)
. In lho lguio wo hayo shown
lho skolchos of lho loyol cuiyos n(r. n) = 1. n(r. n) = 1. (r. n) = 1. ano
(r. n) = 1. Wo soo also fiom lhis lguio lhal lhoso loyol cuiyos aio oilhogonal
lo oach olhoi.
Lol :
l
ano :
2
Lo lho slopos of lho langonl lo lho loyol cuiyos n(r. n) = c
l
ano (r. n) = c
2
al lho poinl (x.y). iospocliyoly. Wo hayo now
du
dr
=
(r
2
u
2
)r2r
(r
2
u
2
)
2
=
u
2
r
2
(r
2
u
2
)
2
.
du
du
=
(r
2
u
2
)or2u
(r
2
u
2
)
2
=
2ru
(r
2
u
2
)
2
. 1hoiofoio
:
l
=
Ju
Jr
=
(du/du)
(du/dr)
=
2ru
(r
2
u
2
)
2

(r
2
u
2
)
2
(u
2
r
2
)
=
2ru
(u
2
r
2
)
.
du
dr
=
(r
2
u
2
)0(u)2r
(r
2
u
2
)
2
=
2ru
(r
2
u
2
)
2
.
du
du
=
(r
2
u
2
)(u)2u
(r
2
u
2
)
2
=
u
2
r
2
(r
2
u
2
)
2
.
1hoiofoio :
2
=
Ju
Jr
=
(du/du)
(du/dr)
=
u
2
r
2
(r
2
u
2
)
2

(r
2
u
2
)
2
2ru
=
u
2
r
2
2ru
.
Honco :
l
:
2
=
2ru
(u
2
r
2
)

(u
2
r
2
)
2ru
= 1. Now :
l
:
2
= 1 implios lhal lho
familios of loyol cuiyos n(r. n) = c
l
ano (r. n) = c
2
aio oilhogonal.
8. Lol lho funclion 1 (.) = n(r. n) i (r. n) Lo analylic in a
oomain D. ano consiooi lho familios of || &: n(r. n) = c
l
ano
(r. n) = c
2
. whoio c
l
ano c
2
aio aiLiliaiy ioal conslanls. If .
0
= (r
0
. n
0
)
is a poinl in D which is common lo lwo pailiculai cuiyos n(r. n) = c
l
ano
10
(r. n) = c
2
ano if 1
t
(.) = 0. lhon lho linos langonl lo lhoso cuiyos al
(r
0
. n
0
) aio poiponoiculai. Nolo how il follows fiom lho ooualions
n(r. n) = c
l
ano (r. n) = c
2
lhal
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0 ano
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0.
Show lhal whon 1 (.) = .
2
. lho loyol cuiyos n(r. n) = c
l
ano (r. n) = c
2
of lho compononl funclions aio lho hypoiLolas inoicaloo
in lho lguio. Nolo lho oilhogonalily of lho lwo familios. OLsoiyo lhal lho
cuiyos u(x.y) = 0 ano y(x.y) = 0 inloisocl al lho oiigin: howoyoi. lhoy
aio nol oilhogonal lo oach olhoi. Why is lhis facl in agioomonl wilh aLoyo
slalomonl
Solulion:
1 (.) = n i is analylic in a oomain D.
=n
r
=
u
. n
u
=
r
.
1| cuiyos aio n(r. n) = c
l
. (r. n) = c
2
.
=dn = 0. d = 0.
=
du
dr
dr
du
du
dn = 0.
du
dr
dr
du
du
dn = 0.
=
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0.
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0
=
Ju
Jr
=
uo
uL
.
Ju
Jr
=
uo
uL
pioyiooo n
u
= 0 ano
u
= 0 i.o..
r
= 0 ano
n
r
= 0.
=
Ju
Jr
=
uo
uL
.
Ju
Jr
=
uo
uL
pioyiooo n
r
i
r
= 0.
=
Ju
Jr
=
uo
uL
.
Ju
Jr
=
uo
uL
pioyiooo 1
t
(r) = 0.
Lol :
l
=
Ju
Jr
=
uo
uL
. :
2
=
Ju
Jr
=
uo
uL
.
:
l
:
2
=

uo
uL

uo
uL

= 1.
[ n
r
=
u
. n
u
=
r
[
=n(r. n) = c
l
ano n(r. n) = c
2
aio oilhogonal lo oach olhoi if 1
t
(.) = 0.
1 (.) = .
2
= (r in)
2
=

r
2
n
2

2irn.
Hoio n = r
2
n
2
ano = 2rn.
Loyol cuiyos aio n(r. n) = c
l
. (r. n) = c
2
.
=r
2
n
2
= c
l
. 2rn = c
2
.
=r
2
n
2
= c
l
. rn = c
3
.
Jh aio hypoiLolas.
1hoso lwo family of cuiyos aio oilhogonal if 1
t
(.) = 0.
n(r. n) = 0. (r. n) = 0.
=r
2
n
2
= 0. 2rn = 0 =n
2
= r
2
. rn = 0
=(n = r oi n = r) ano (r = 0 oi n = 0) .
1hoso sol of cuiyos inloisocl al oiigin (0.0).
u(x.y) = 0 ano y(x.y) = 0 aio nol oilhogonal.
1ho ioason is lho following:
Al oiigin z = 0 xiy = 0 implios lhal x = 0 ano y = 0.
1
t
(.) = n
r
i
r
= 2r i (2n) .
Al oiigin. 1
t
(.) = 0 i 0 = 0.
= & cuiyos u = 0 ano y = 0 aio nol oilhogonal.
[ n = c
l
ano = c
2
aio oilhogonal al a poinl if 1
t
(.) = 0.[ .
20
Lol lho funclion 1 (.) = n(r. n) i (r. n) Lo analylic in a
oomain D. ano consiooi lho familios of || &: n(r. n) = c
l
ano
(r. n) = c
2
. whoio c
l
ano c
2
aio aiLiliaiy ioal conslanls. If .
0
= (r
0
. n
0
)
is a poinl in D which is common lo lwo pailiculai cuiyos n(r. n) = c
l
ano
(r. n) = c
2
ano if 1
t
(.) = 0. lhon lho linos langonl lo lhoso cuiyos alLol
lho funclion 1 (.) = n(r. n) i (r. n) Lo analylic in a
oomain D. ano consiooi lho familios of || &: n(r. n) = c
l
ano
(r. n) = c
2
. whoio c
l
ano c
2
aio aiLiliaiy ioal conslanls. If .
0
= (r
0
. n
0
)
is a poinl in D which is common lo lwo pailiculai cuiyos n(r. n) = c
l
ano
(r. n) = c
2
ano if 1
t
(.) = 0. lhon lho linos langonl lo lhoso cuiyos al
(r
0
. n
0
) aio poiponoiculai. Nolo how il follows fiom lho ooualions
n(r. n) = c
l
ano (r. n) = c
2
lhal
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0 ano
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0.
(r
0
. n
0
) aio poiponoiculai. Nolo how il follows fiom lho ooualions
n(r. n) = c
l
ano (r. n) = c
2
lhal
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0 ano
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0.
9. Skolch lho familios of loyol cuiyos of lho compononl funclions u ano y
whon 1 (.) = 1.. ano nolo lho oilhogonalily oosciiLoo in lho following.
Lol lho funclion 1 (.) = n(r. n) i (r. n) Lo analylic in a oomain D. ano
consiooi lho familios of || &: n(r. n) = c
l
ano (r. n) = c
2
. whoio c
l
ano
c
2
aio aiLiliaiy ioal conslanls. If .
0
= (r
0
. n
0
) is a poinl in D which is common
lo lwo pailiculai cuiyos n(r. n) = c
l
ano (r. n) = c
2
ano if 1
t
(.) = 0. lhon
lho linos langonl lo lhoso cuiyos al (r
0
. n
0
) aio poiponoiculai. Nolo how il
follows fiom lho ooualions n(r. n) = c
l
ano (r. n) = c
2
lhal
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0
ano
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0.
Solulion:
Figuio 1: Skolch of loyol cuiyos n(r. n) = 1 ano (r. n) = 1.
11. Skolch lho familios of loyol cuiyos of lho compononl funclions u ano y
whon f(z) =
:l
:l
. ano nolo how lho iosull in Lxoiciso 7 is illuslialoo hoio.
Solulion: Lol lho funclion 1 (.) = n(r. n)i (r. n) Lo analylic in a oomain
D. ano consiooi lho familios of || &: n(r. n) = c
l
ano
(r. n) = c
2
. whoio c
l
ano c
2
aio aiLiliaiy ioal conslanls. If .
0
= (r
0
. n
0
)
is a poinl in D which is common lo lwo pailiculai cuiyos n(r. n) = c
l
ano
(r. n) = c
2
ano if 1
t
(.) = 0. lhon lho linos langonl lo lhoso cuiyos al
(r
0
. n
0
) aio poiponoiculai. Nolo how il follows fiom lho ooualions
n(r. n) = c
l
ano (r. n) = c
2
lhal
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0 ano
du
dr

du
du
Ju
Jr
= 0. Lol
1 (.) =
:l
:l
. SuLslilulo . = r in ano calculalo lho ioal ano imaginaiy pails
of 1 (.) lo Lo n(r. n) =
(r
2
u
2
l)
[(rl)
2
u
2
[
. (r. n) =
2u
[(rl)
2
u
2
[
. 1ho loyol cuiyos
of u ano y aio ciiclos. 1hoy can Lo plolloo using a compuloi piogiam oi Ly
hano.
Lxoicisos Iago 84-8
21
2. In lhis pioLlom lho funclion
1 (.) =

rc
I0/2
(r 0. c < 0 < c 2) is oiloionliaLlo in lho inoicaloo
oomain of oolnilion. Ioinl oul why 1
2
(n) =

rc
I0/2

r 0.
t
2
< 0 < 2

is an analylic conlinualion of 1
l
acioss lho nogaliyo ioal axis inlo lho lowoi
half plano. 1hon show lhal lho funclion
1
3
(.) =

rc
I0/2

r 0. < 0 <
5t
2

is an analylic conlinualion of 1
2
acioss lho posiliyo ioal axis inlo lho lisl
ouaoianl Lul lhal 1
3
(.) = 1
l
(.) lhoio.
Solulion:
Giyon 1 (.) =

rc
I0/2
(r 0. c < 0 < 2 c) is a oiloionliaLlo funclion.
Lol 1
l
(.) =

rc
I0/2
(r 0. 0 < 0 < ) .
Lol 1
l
=

. = rc
I0
[ (r 0. 0 < 0 < )

.
Lol 1
2
(.) =

rc
I0/2

r 0.
t
2
< 0 < 2

.
Lol 1
2
=

. = rc
I0
[

r 0.
t
2
< 0 < 2

.
1
l
(.) = 1
2
(.) foi all . 1
l
1
2
=

. = rc
I0
[

r 0.
t
2
< 0 <

.
So 1
2
(.) is an analylic conlinualion of 1
l
acioss lho nogaliyo ioal axis inlo
lowoi half plano.
Lol 1
3
(.) =

rc
I0/2

r 0. < 0 <
5t
2

.
Lol 1
3
=

. = rc
I0
[

r 0. < 0 <
5t
2

.
1
2
(.) = 1
3
(.) foi all . 1
2
1
3
=

. = rc
I0
[ (r 0. < 0 < 2)

.
So 1
3
(.) =

rc
I0/2

r 0. < 0 <
5t
2

is an analylic conlinualion of 1
2
acioss lho posiliyo ioal axis inlo lho lisl ouaoianl.
22
Il is cloai lhal 1
3
(.) = 1
l
(.) as 1
l
1
2
= 0.
5. HeectIon IrIncIpIe TLeoren. Supposo lhal a funclion
f is analylic in somo oomain D which conlains a sogmonl of lho x axis ano
whoso lowoi half is lho ioloclion of lho uppoi half wilh iospocl lo lhal axis.
1hon 1 (.) = 1 (.) foi oach poinl z in lho oomain if ano only if f(x) is ioal
foi oach poinl x on lho sogmonl.
Show lhal if lho conoilion lhal f(x) is ioal in lho ioloclion piinciplo is
ioplacoo Ly lho conoilion lhal f(x) is puio imaginaiy. lho ooualion
1 (.) = 1 (.) in lho slalomonl of lho piinciplo is changoo lo 1 (.) = 1 (.) .
Solulion:
Giyon lhal a funclion f is analylic in somo oomain D which conlains a
sogmonl of lho x axis ano whoso lowoi half is lho ioloclion of lho uppoi half
wilh iospocl lo lhal axis (i.o.. symmoliic w.i.l. lhal axis). Supposo f(x) is ioal
on lho sogmonl of lho x-axis conlainoo in D.
Lol o (.) = 1 (.) .
Lol 1 (.) = n(r. n) i (r. n) . o (.) = j (r. n) ic (r. n) .
1 (.) = 1 (r. n) = n(r. n) i (r. n) = n(r. n) i (r. n) .
Sinco o (.) = 1 (.) so j (r. n) ic (r. n) = n(r. n) i (r. n)
=j (r. n) = n(r. n) ano c (r. n) = (r. n) .
=j
r
= c
u
ano j
u
= c
r
.
[ Sinco f(z) is analylic. so Ly Cauchy-Iiomann ooualion. n
r
=
u
. n
u
=
r
[
= p ano o salisfy Cauchy-Iiomann ooualion.
Also lisl oiooi ooiiyaliyos aio conlinuous.
= g(z) is analylic in D.
Ly assumplion. f(x) is ioal on lho sogmonl of lho x-axis.
= f(x) = u(x.0)iy(x.0) is ioal.
= (r. 0) = 0.
So g(x) = p(x.0)io(x.0) = p(x.0)i[-y(x.0)[
= j (r. 0) i 0 = j (r. 0) = n(r. 0) = 1 (r) .
=o (r) = 1 (r)
=o (.) = 1 (.) on lho sogmonl of lho ioal axis.
=o (.) 1 (.) = 0 on lho sogmonl of lho ioal axis.
=o (.) 1 (.) = 0 foi all z in lho oomain D.
=o (.) 1 (.) = 0 =o (.) = 1 (.) =1 (.) = 1 (.) .
1aking lho conjugalo on Lolh sioos. wo gol 1 (.) = 1 (.).
28