A Force More Powerful

aus;Zl;pum;
t*FvdyfvlrsKd;pma&;q&m AGD-tufpf-y&Dcsuf (V.S. Pritchett) u vD,dkawmfvfpwGdKif;ta=umif;a&;om;cJh &mwGif/

ol.0wˆKrsm;u&k&Sm;EdkifiH. tcuftcJrsm;ta=umif;yHkazmfa&;om;cJh+yD;/ Todk@azmfjyzl;aom&k&Sm;vlrsKd; [lI olrSvGJI
tjcm;olrsm;&SdtHhrxif[k a&;om;csD;usL;cJhygonf? awmfpwGdKif;.0wˆKwckcsif;u vltrsm;qufqH a&;ESifh
rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;qufqHa&;udpPrsm;udk azmfjycJh+yD;/ trsKd;tpm;tm;jzifhvnf; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; uGJjym; pHkvifvSygonf?
xdk@tjyif trsKd;om;a&;vuQ%mxl;xl;jcm;jcm;ay:vGifvSygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;u usaemfwdk@udk tawG@t=uHKay;ygonf?
rdrdwdk@taejzifh TpmtkyftwGufjyifqif&m/ a&;om;&m/ jyefvnfwnf;jzwf&mudpPrsm; wGif rsm;pGm
taxmuftuljzpfapcJhygonf? rdrdwdk@tcuftcJr&Sdatmif jzpfapcJh&+yD;/ Todk@tcGifhtvrf;xl; twGuf
0rf;ajrmufyDwdjzpf&ygonf? rdrdwdk@onf rdwfaqGvkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;.ycHk;rsm;ay:wGif &yfcJh=u&ygonf?
Tpmtkyfxkwfa0csdefY wcsdefwnf;xkwfvkyfEdkifcJhaom&kyfjrifo=H um; Zmwfvrf;wGJtwGuf zefwD;ay;cJhaom rdwfaqGrsm;/
Tpmtkyfa&;om;&mwGif okawoevkyfief;rsm;Y yg0ifaqmif&Gufay;&efawmif;qdkcJh=uolrsm;/ tcef;rsm;cGJ&m/
tjcm;vdktyfcsufrsm;jznfhpGuf=u&mY ulnDcJh=uolrsm;a=umifhom ,ckvdkjzpfajrmufvmcJh&jcif; jzpfygonf? xdkolrsm;
.0dkif;0ef;yHhydk;r_rsm; r&&Sdygu/ Tvkyfief;taumiftxnfay:&eftwGuf +yD;ajrmuf jynfhpHkEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg?
pwda,mhuf (Steve York) u “ydkI}uD;rm;aom tiftm;tpGrf;wck”&kyfjrifoH=um;rSwfwrf;Zmwfvrf;wGJ twGuf

a&;om;xkwfa0EdkifcJhygonf? tvm;wlyif (1999) ckESpfY Zmwfvrf;wckpm rSwfwrf;zvifwckudk xkwf vkyfEdkifcJh=uygonf?
yg0ifcJh=uaomwufºuGv_yf&Sm;oltrsm;udk ar;jref;&mY ol.xJxJ0if0if&SdvSaom tifwm AsL;rsm;/ rsufjrifoufaorsm;udk
ar;jref;csufrsm;/ ponfwdk@u TpmtkyfygyÉdyuQ (8) cktwGufa&;om;&mY txl;udk;um;azmfjy&aom
tcsufrsm;jzpfygonf? ol.pGrf;aqmifcsufomryg0ifygu Tpmtkyftaejzifh ordkif; qdkif&mpmayrsm;twGuf
topfjznfhpnf;r_udk vkyfEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? pwda,mhuf. t=urf;rzufyÉdyuQrsm; tay:aphpyfu|rf;usifr_rSm/
Tbmom&yfudktjcm;aqmif&Gufavhvm=uol &kyf&Siform;rsm;xufpmv#if olrwl atmif
xl;xl;uJuJcsD;usL;zG,f&mjzpfygonf? euf&d_if;+yD;/ yrm%t&vnf; tus,ftjyef@EdkifvSygonf? olavh vmawG@&SdcJhaom
&pforftedrfhtjrifh/ twuftusESifh zGJ@pnf;xm;yHkrSm Ttcef;qufZmwfvrf;wGJrsm;twGuf ydkI&kyfºuGapygonf?
*|efeoef rdk*g;vf (Jonathan Mogul) rSm usaemfwdk@.tqifhjrifhokawoerSL;ESifh wnf;jzwfoljzpfygonf? rdcsD*ef

wuUodkvfrS ordkif;t"dujzifhyg&*lbGJ@&vmoljzpf+yD;/ ol. ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&maqmif&GufcsuftwGuf aus;Zl;rsm;
pGm&Sda=umif; azmfjy&ygvdrfhrnf? olu udef*%ef;qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk tao;pdwf&SmazGpkaqmif;cJh+yD;/
yxrrl=urf;Zwfausm&dk;udk csEdkifcJhygonf? Tvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;rSaeI tcef;rsm;jzpfvm+yD;/ &k&Sm;/ tdENd,/ ydkvef/
tar&duefawmifydkif;/ awmiftmz&du/ ta&S@Oa&my/ oD&dvuFmpaom yÉdyuQtcef;rsm;twGuf pDpOfa&;om;cJh ygonf?
olu t,fvfqmaA'ddk;ESifhqdkifaom Zmwfa=umif;udk jyefvnfjyifqifjznfhpGufcJhygonf? zdvpfydkifESifh csDvD
EdkifiHqdkif&mudpPrsm;twGuf vdktyfaomokawoeudpPrsm; xyfrHaqmif&GufcJhygonf? aemufqHk;ed*Hk;csKyfoHk;oyf
csufrsm;xkwf&mY ulnDcJhygonf? rdrdwdk@Zmwfvrf;rsm;twGuf ausm&dk;xkwfE_wf qifjcifxm;onfhoabmxm;udk
tcef;trsm;tjym;Y &Sif;vif;wfdusr_jzpfapatmif jyefvnfppfaq;cJhygonf? xdk@tjyif ordkif;qdkif&m/ yx0Dydkif; qdkif&m/
jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;udk tm&Hkxm;=unfhwwfonfhol. tavhtxa=umifh rdrdwdk@.tuJjzwfr_ udpPrsm; udk
pepfwus&SdapcJhygonf?
*sufzf a[eef (Jeff Heynan) u a*smhcsfawmif;wuUodkvf/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;0efxrf;rsm;ausmif;rS tqifhjrifhausmif;

om;wOD;jzpfygonf? olu *smrefESifh 'wfcsfbmomudkyg u|rf;usifydkifEdkifoljzpf+yD;/ wGJzuf wnf;jzwfolwOD;jzpfyg onf?
'kwd,urBmppftwGif; ckcHr_wckjzpfonfh &l;urfhzfudpPY olu yxrrl=urf;udka&;om;ay;cJhygonf? ol.
pepfwus&SdvSaomokawoeðyr_rsm;/ tus,ftjyef@aomrl&if; ae&m&if;jrpfrsm;rS &SmazGjznfhqD;ay;cJhr_a=umifh/ aemufqHk;
yef;rsm;udk vSya0qmpGmzl;yGifhapaom&vm'f jzpfapatmif ulnDay;cJhygonf? xdk@tjyifpmtkyf&nf !$ef;csufrsm;
jyefvnfppfaq;/ jyifqif&efESifh aemufqufwGJt!$ef;0vdaqmif&Gufjcif;udpPrsm;Y ulnDay;cJhyg onf?
um;vfydkaq; (Carl Posey) u tm*sifwD;em;ESifh csDvDEdkifiH&SdyÉdyuQrsm;udk a&;om;&mY ulnDwnf;jzwfay;ol jzpfygonf?

Tpmrlrsm;twGuf yxrrl=urf;udka&;om;ðypkay;cJhygonf? olu tcef;rsm;cGJ&mY jyefvnfIpepf wusjzpfap&ef/
ulnDcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif &k&Sm;/ tdENd,/ ydkvef/ awmiftmz&du/ w&kyf/ ta&S@Oa&my/ rGef*dkvD;,m;
Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) i

EdkifiHrsm;ta=umif;a&;om;&mY pmoufouf/ tcsuftvuf oufoufjzifh rGrf;=uyfraeyJ/ vlom;qefaom
taiG@toufrsm; yg&avatmif/ qGJaqmifr_aumif;I ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;ae&avatmifulnD wnf;jzwfay;cJhol jzpfygonf?
*&uf rdkufu,fvD'pf (Greg Michaelidis) rSm tifwDzm'gyÉdyuQESifh bwfpfcf/ jrefrm/ qmAD;,m;EdkifiHrsm; ta=umif;Y
yxrrl=urf;udka&;om;ay;cJhygonf? olvnf; yl;wGJwnf;jzwfolt,f'DwmwOD;jzpfygonf? T ta=umif;t&mrsm;tay:
awG@qHkar;jref;cef;rsm;ESifh wpdkufrwfrwfvdkufxm;aom tjcm;olrsm;r&Edkifonfh &Sm;yg;vSaomtcsuftvufrsm;rSm
tzdk;rjzwfEdkifzG,fjzpfygonf? rdkufu,f aumfe,fvD (Michael Connelly) rSm zdvpfyikd jf ynfo@l tm%mv_y&f mS ;r_pmrlukd
yxrrl=urf;pwifa&;om;ay;aom yl;wGJwnf;jzwfolt,f'Dwm wOD;jzpfygonf? Todk@rsm;jym;
¹yGwfodyfaeaomyÉdyuQrsm;=um;Y txift&Sm;jzpf&avatmif/ ulnDae&mcsay; EdkifcJhygonf?
w&kyfEdkifiHESifh rGef*dkvD;,m;EdkifiHrsm;ta=umif;twGufudkrl arm&pf &dkqmbD (Morris Rossabi) .tultnDudk &cJhonfrSm

rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wifzG,fjzpfygonf? olonf TEdkifiH. ta&S@zsm;qdkif&mavhvma&;bmom&yfrsm;wGif ueOD;avhvmcJhol
xif&Sm;onfhynm&SifwOD; jzpfygonf? olu TyÉdyuQESpfcktwGuf yxrrl=urf;udka&;om;ay; cJhygonf?
Ttjzpftysufrsm;ESifh u|rf;0ifvSaomol.t&nftcsif;/ rGef*dkvD;,m;&Sdvlrsm;ESifh odu|rf;r_u T pmtkyfyg yÉdyuQrsm;Y
rGef*dkvD;,m;ta=umif;udk ouf0ifatmiftopfxnfhoGif;apEdkifcJhygonf?
xdk@tjyif rD&D,ef Zifrmrif; (Miriam Zimmerman) udkvnf; aus;Zl;pum;qdk&ef csefxm;IrjzpfEdkifyg? olu rdrdwdk@.
okawoeqdkif&m"gwfyHkrsm;udk pkaqmif;ay;cJh+yD;/ Tpmtkyftaumiftxnfay:&eftqifhwdkif;Y yl;aygif;
aqmif&GufcJh&olwOD; jzpfygonf? z,fvDpD,m 0pf'frif; (Felicia Widmann) u "gwfyHkydkif;qdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufolwOD; jzpfygonf? olu awmifyHk&myHkjzpfaeaom"gwfyHkrsm;xJrS rarmEdkifryef;Edkifa&G;xkwf&Sm
azGay;cJholwOD; jzpfygonf? tapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif "gwfyHkrsm;udk pwifa&G;cs,fay;cJhaom ,ef urfhzf (Jan Camp)
udkvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf? xdk@tjyif [Dom&yfcsf (Heather Rush) ESifh rufo,l;&pfcswfqif (Matthew
Richardson) wdk@uvnf; ulnDcJh=uygonf? tDauGwdk&D,,f8&yfzpfXmerS tJvufpf wdwfuvnf;
owif;tcsufjyajryHkaumif;rsm;&&ef ulnDcJhygonf?
xdk@tjyif rdrdwdk@taejzifh &dk@pfar&D trfrm&l/ &dkqvif atb&m[rf/ A,fvm&D uefeif[ef/ b&pf*suf'l&efwdk@udk vnf;
aus;Zl;wifygonf? xdkolrsm;u pdwf&SnfZGJ&Sd&mjzifh qufoG,fa&;udpPrsm;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;udpPrsm;
txajrmufatmif aqmif&Gufay;cJh=uygonf? csefeif; a0:vfumuvnf; tcsdefrDulnDr_rsm;aqmif&Gufay;EdkifcJh +yD;/ qef'D
*d&dk@zfu Tpmtkyfudk vlodrsm;atmifaqmif&Gufay;cJhygonf? xdk@twl 0Dwm (WETA) &kyfjrifoH=um; Xme&Sd
qlqef&rf;bwfcfuvnf; yDbDtufpf&kyfjrifoH=um;XmeESifh qufoG,fEdkifa&;ulnDay;cJhygonf?
t,fvfbwftdkif;pwdkif; tifpwDusL;&Sif;rS b&kpf *sifuif (Bruce Jenken) udkvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf?

aumfeJvfwuUodkvfrS qpf'eDwm&dk;vf'f (Sidney Tarrow)/ pwef;zdk@'fwuUodkvfrS a'guf ruft'rfu T pmtkyftay:
jznfhpGufay;cJhaoma0zefcsufrsm;ESifh tjrifrsm;twGufvnf;aumif;/ tvGwfoabmaqG;aEG;ajym qdkr_rsm;twGuf
txl;aus;Zl;wif&ygonf? Ttcsufrsm;onf toHk;0ifvSaomtcsufrsm;jzpf+yD;/ rdrdwdk@twGuf wefzdk;xm;p&m
jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif &kyfjrifoH=um;Zmwfvrf;wGJrsm;Y tifwmAsL;ar;jref;ay;cJhaom wGrf 0d'f vif*g (Tom Weidlinger)
ESifh TpmtkyfwGifudk;um;xm;&aom ol.ar;jref;csufrsm;ESifh ygwfoufI aus;Zl; wifvSygonf?
rdrdwdk@udktxl;ulnDcJhaomolrSm *|efeDvD'Gef tufumrif (Jonnie Leedom-Ackerman) jzpfygonf? ol.

t=urf;rzufaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif; umv=um&Snf&cJhaomtawG@t=uHKrsm;/ ar#mfjrif,lqcsufrsm;u T
pmtkyfa&;om;=u&mY rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufxm;aqmif&Gufrnf/ rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udk jznfhqD;=u&rnfudk
xif&Sm;&Sif;vif;pGmodEdkifatmifulnDay;ygrnf? xdk@tjyif rdrdwdk@,Hk=unfr_udkvnf; ydkrdkcdkifrmvmapygonf? Tpm
tkyfwGif;azmfjyxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;ESifhtao;pdwfrSpI oufqdkifaeaomynm&yfydkif;qdkif&macgif;aqmif r_twGuf
*si;f &Syf (Gene Sharp) udk aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif;azmfjy&ef csefvSyfxm;I rjzpfEdkifyg? olu Tt=urf;r
zufa&;qdkif&mt,ltqrsm; ydkrdkwdk;wufzGH@òzd;apa&;twGuf rsm;pGmaqmif&GufcJh+yD;/ ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&Sdae=uaom
ynm&Sifrsm;teuf acwfopft=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_oabmw&m;b%fwdkufudk t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzifh txl;
zGH@òzd;wdk;wufapol jzpfygonf?
Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) ii

aemufqHk;taejzifh pdef@rmwifyHkESdyfwdkufrSt,f'Dwm um&if0lvfeD (Karen Wolny) udkvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sd ygonf?
ol. Tpmtkyfygta=umif;t&mrsm;tay:txl;pdwfxufoef0ifpm;r_/ Tpmtkyfygta=umif;t&mrsm; udk
rnfodk@rnfyHktav;ay;azmfjy&efESifh tusOf;csKH;azmfjyEdkif&ef axmufjyt=uHay;csurf sm;udkvnf; txl;aus; Zl;wifygonf?
rdrdwdk@.tjrifrsm;udk rnfodk@azmfjy&rnfudkvrf;awG@&SdEdkifa&;twGuf vrf;a=umif;ay;aomOD;aqmif
odk;ausmif;ozG,fðyolrSm olyif jzpfygonf? pmrlpmuspmersm; r&Sd&avatmifulnDwnf;jzwfay;cJh=uaom tvef
b&ufa&SmESifh *seDzmqDrDwefwdk@udkvnf; tzdk;rjzwfEdkifatmifaus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf?
“ydkI}uD;rm;aom tiftm;tpGrf;wck”&kyfjrifoH=um;rSwfwrf;Zmwfvrf;wGJjzpfajrmufap&eftwGuf nm%f

tvif;jyulnDcJh=uaom t,fvfbwftdef;pwdef; tifpwDusL;&Sif;rS qlqefESifh y,f&Dvmem/ t,fvDZbuf ESifh *|ef tdyfcsf-
Aef rmuifpwdef; o&D;/ atbD ESifh tvefvJAD;/ ESifh tmomAdkif;eif;a';Apfazmifa';&Sif;wdk@udk txl; ulnDyHhydk;r_wdk@a=umifhom
taumiftxnfay:vm&jcif;jzpfygonf? ueOD;okawoeðyvkyfief;rsm;udk tar&duef +idrf;csrf;a&;tifpwDusL (U.S.
Institute of Peace) rSaxmufyHhr_ay;cJhygonf? TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vlyk*~dKvf rsm;. pdwftm;xufoefulnDr_om
r&&SdcJhygu/ oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomTpmtkyfrsm;udk ajrmuftar&duwdkuf wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/
urBmhtESH@tjym;wGifaomfvnf;aumif; jrif=u&zG,f r&Sdyg?
Tpmtkyfonf rsKd;quf (5) ck.EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ vlr_rwnfr+idrfjzpfr_rsm;/ ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk jzef@usuf

azmfjyxm;ygonf? ta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm urBmhwdkuf}uD; (5) ck&Sd EdkifiHaygif; (24) ckwGifjzpfysufcJhaomta=umif; t&mrsm;
jzpfygonf? xdktwGufa=umifh rdrdwdk@okawoevkyfief;rsm;rSm tm;tifukefcrf;vkeD;yg;aqmif&GufcJh=u &ygonf?
tcsuftvufrSm;,Gif;r_rsm;/ azmfjycsufrSm;,Gif;r_rsm;/ rSm;,Gif;t"dy`g,fzGifhr_rsm; &SdEdkifygonf? rdrdwdk@ trSm;rsm;twGuf
rdrdwdk@wGifomvHk;0wm0ef&Sdygonf? rdrdwdk@.&nf&G,fcsufrSm }uD;jrwfaomt=urf;rzuf v_yf &Sm;r_. vGefcJhaomESpf (100)
twGif; aqmif&GufatmifjrifcJhaom rSefuefaom/ wu,fhtjzpfrSefrsm;udkom azmf jyvdkjcif; jzpfygonf?
xdkxufydkIqdk&v#if vGefcJhaom&mpkESpftwGif; jynfolrsm;. olwdk@tm%mwdk;wufvmap a&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh
wef;wlnDr#tcGifhta&;rsm; &&Sda&;/ w&m;r#wr_ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sad &; twGuf
t=urf;rzufaomenf;udkoHk;I v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJh=uyHkrsm;udk *k%fðyazmfjyvdkjcif;r#om jzpfygonf?
tu,fITpmtkyfwGif t&Snfwnfwef@Edkifaom vlom;rsm;. wefzdk;xm;csufrsm;udk zwf,l&&SdcJhygu/ Todk@
atmifjrif&&Sdr_rsm;onf rdrdwdk@tm;vHk;.tem*gwftwGufygtzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom ta=umif;rsm;jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) iii

ed'gef;
“w&m;r#wr_ESifh tm%mwdk@onf twlwuGvm&efvdktyfygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap w&m;r#waomudpPrsm;u

tiftm;tm%m&Sd&efvdktyf+yD;/ tm%m&Sdou
l vnf; w&m;r#wr_&Sd&ef vdktyfonf? ”
ygpu,f
tjzpftysufZmwfvrf;rsm;
(1981) ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv.wckaomaom=umnaecsrf;wGif/ vufcsfbm0ifqmESifh tjcm;aomaoG;pnf;nD!Gwf

a&;or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;/ *'ef@tpnf;ta0;yGJt+yD;wGif tzrf;qD;cHcJh=u&onf? vGefcJhaom (16) vumvtwGif;
olwdk@.vGwfvyfaomtvkyform;or*~rsm;u ydkvefEdkifiH. uGefjrLepftkyfcsKyfa&;tajccHudk udkifv_yfcJh=uonf?
puf&Hkrsm;udkodrf;ydkufcJh=uonf? oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;qifcJh=uonf? ,cktcsdefwGifawmh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;rm&S,favm
Oya'jzifh xkwfIxdef;ae&+yDjzpfonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~rSmvnf; aoewfajymif;0udk=unfhI tnHhcH&
awmhrnfh taetxm;qdkufaecJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; bm0ifqmudkzrf;ac:oGm;cJhaomtcsdefu bm0ifqmu
ol@udkzrf;qD;olrsm;udk pdefac:ajymqdkcJhonf? “tcktcsdefupvdk@ rif;wdk@&_H;oGm;+yD?” olu jyefajymcJhonf? “tck
igwdk@ tzrf;cH=u&w,f? 'gayr,fh 'g[mrif;wdk@&J@uGefjrLepfacgif;wvm;xJudk aemufqHk;oHwcsuf&dkufvdkufwmyJ?
wcsdefrSmawmh igwdk@qDudk rif;wdk@u 'l;axmuf+yD;jyefvm=u&vdrfhr,f? ”
tu,fI t=urf;zufr_onfom tm%mtiftm;jzpfcJhrnfqkyd gu/ tu,fI Todk@zdESdyfr_udk jyefvnfwkef@jyef&ef

tajzr&SdcJhygu/ bm0ifqm.pum;rsm;onf ol&l;pum;rsm;omjzpfvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf olu aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;
or*~. TyÉyduQtay:qufvufav#mufvSrf;&rnfhvrf;a=umif;udk owfrSwfxm;+yD;jzpfonf? Ttcsufudk ol
odxm;onf? ydkvefEdkifiHtpdk;&udk axmufcHae=uaomvlxk.qENudk cGJcGgcsawmhrnfudk olod+yD;jzpfaeonf?
olwdk@atmufusKd@ emcHvmap&ef EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh aqmif&Guf&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;ukefvmaomtcg/
olwdk@.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;twdkif; vdkufavsmvm&awmhonf? ckepfESpf=umaomtcg bm0ifqmudk axmifoGif;
tusOf;cscJhol AdkvfcsKyf }uD;0dk@csfqdcsf ,m&lZJvfpuD;u olESifhtjcm;aom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ acgif;aqmif
rsm;udk zdwfac:I a&G;aumufyGJtopfrsm;usif;yEdkif&efESifh tpdk;&opfzGJ@pnf;Edkif&ef/ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;
aqmif&Guf&ef zdwfac:&awmhonf? (1990) ckESpfa&mufaomtcg vGefcJhaomq,fESpfcef@u oabFmusif;wckwGif
v#yfppfvkyfom;tjzpfom vkyfaecJhaom bm0ifqmonf ydkvefEdkifiH.orwtjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf
cH&onf? olu aoewfwcsufrS rypfazmufcJhbl;ay? tvm;wlaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;onfvnf;
TatmifyGJtwGuf vufeufpGJ udkifI aoewf wcsufrSrypfcJh=u&ay? odk@aomfvnf; olwdk@u tm%m&Sif.
tm%m0wf&Hkudk cGgcsEdkifcJh=uonf? aemufodk@wGef;ydk@EdkifcJh=uonf? ydkvefvlxkrsm;twGuf vGwfvyfr_udk
aqmifusOf;EdkifcJh=uonf?
vGefcJhaom&mpkESpf. aemufqHk;q,fpkESpfwGif/ bm0ifqmonf e,l;a,mufòrd@Y ESpfpOfpufwifbmvwdkif;wGif

usif;yaom ukvor*~taxGaxG nDvmcHY tjcm;aomEdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh twl,SOfwGJum wufa&mufcJh
onf? Tacgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSm EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS 'Drdkua&pDenf;usa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;jcif;cH&aom acgif;
aqmifoltrsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpf=uonf? tu,fIom TuJhodk@aomtpnf;ta0;rsKd;vGefcJhaomESpfw&m
cef@u usi;f ycJhygu/ wufa&mufoltrsm;pkrSm tm%mudkt=urf;enf;/ tiftm;oHk;&,lxm;cJh=uaom tifydkif
,mjynfh&Sifrsm;/ bk&ifrsm;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;/ tm%mtarGqufcH&vm=uaom tjcm;aomtm%m&Sif acgif;
aqmifrsm;om jzpf=uayvdrfhrnf? vl ta&twGufrSmvnf; tenf;pkomjzpfayvdrfhrnf? TonfrSmESpfq,f&mpk
ESpftwGif; t"dujzpfay:cJhaomEdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_}uD; jzpfonf? odk@aomfTodk@tajctaejzpfay:vm&efqdkonf
rSm omrmefjynfolvlxkrsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rygyJ/ zdESdyfoltm%m&Sifrsm;udk vufeufudkifawmfvSefaomenf;
r[kwfyJ t=urf;rzufaomenf;rsm;jzifh tmcHqef@usifolrsm;rygyJ/ rjzpfEdkifay? Todk@aomjynfolrsm;. tm%m
pGrf;tm;rsm;zGH@òzd;wdk;wufvmyHkESifh rnfodk@rnfyHktoHk;cscJh=uonfqdkonfrSm TpmtkyfwGifqufvufazmfjyrnfh
t"du ta=umif;t&mjzpfygonf?
Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 1

Ttjzpftysufrsm;onf q,fpkESpf (10) cktwGif;jzpfysufcJhaom Zmwfvrf;rsm;jzpfygonf? tm%mudkcsKyfudkif
xm;aomtpdk;&rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifwdkufyGJ0ifcJh=u&aom/ vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;udkifaqmifxm;=uaom zdESdyfol ppfwyf
rsm;ESifh wrljcm;em;pGmwdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uaom jynfol@v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. Zmwfvrf;rsm;jzpfygonf? Todk@aomyÉdyuQ
wdkif;wGif/ tkyfcsKyfolrsm;. tpDtpOfuser_udkysufapaom zdtm;ay;onfhenf; (sanctions) udktoHk;ðycJh=uyg
onf? rdrd.qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. zdESdyfEdkifpGrf;tm;/ tjypfay;EdkifpGrf;tm;udk twif;t=uyfzdtm;ay;Iraqmif
&GufEdkifapatmifaqmif&Gufaomenf;ESifh aemufqHk;vdkufavsmvm&avatmif aqmif&GufcJh=uygonf? xdk@tjyif
qENxkwfazmfaomenf;rsm;jzpfonfh pmwifoGif;jcif;rsm;/ csDwufyGJrsm;/ vrf;av#mufxGufcGgjcif;/ qENjyjcif;rsm;jzifh
jynfoltrsm;. axmufcHr_udk&&Sdatmifvnf; aqmif&GufcJh=uygonf? ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif;enf;rsm;jzpfonfh
oydwfarSmufr_rsm;/ bdGKif;aumufrsm;/ E_wfxGufjcif;rsm;/ jynfolrsm;. tm%mzDqefjcif;enf;rsm;udkvnf; toHk;
ðycJh=uygonf? Tenf;rsm;jzifh tpdk;&.tpGrf;udk vd_ufpm;tm;enf;apEdkifcJhygonf? xdk@tjyifwdkuf&dkuf0ifa&muf
pGufzufaomenf;rsm;jzpfonfh xdkifoydwfrsm;/ t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzifh zsuq f D;r_rsm;/ oydwfwm;jcif;rsm;enf;
jzifh zdESdyfolrsm;udk pdwf&_yfaxG;ap+yD;/ jynfolrsm;.qENtwdkif; vdkufavsmvmatmif aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uygonf?
ordkif;wavsmufTodk@&&Sdvmaom &vm'frSm}uD;rm;vSygonf? tjzpftysufrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf?

tm%m&Sifrsm;udk z,f&Sm;EdkifcJh=u+yD;/ tpdk;&rsm;udkvnf; ðywfusapcJhygonf? odrf;ydkufusL;ausmfvmaom ppfwyf
rsm;udkvnf; jyefqkwfapEdkif+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;xm;aomEdkifiHa&;pepfrsm;udkvnf; aysmuf
uG,fajymif;vJapcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;udkvnf; taES;ESifhtjrefqdkovdk toGifajymif;vJapcJh
ygonf? jynfolrsm;. pGrf;yum;/ t=urf;rzufr_tiftm;jzifh tm%m&Sifrsm;. vlr_pepfxdef;ausmif;ajymif;vJae
aompGrf;tm;udk òzdcszsufqD;EdkifcJh=uygonf? Todk@aomudpPrsm;rnfodk@rnfyHk jzpfay:vm=uyHkESifh/ t=urf;rzuf
aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; jzpfay:vmap&efaphaqmfcJhaom aemufuG,frStawG;tac:onf TpmtkyfwGifazmfjyvdkaom
tESpfom&jzpfygonf? tonf;ESvHk;jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif TpmtkyfESifhtwl rSwfwrf;&kyfjrifoH=um;Zmwfvrf;
tacGudkvnf; yl;wGJxkwfvkyfEdkifchJygonf?
Ttjzpftysufrsm;tm;vHk;onf &k&Sm;wGifpwifcJhygonf? (1991) ckESpfwGif bdk;&pf,,fvfqifwifhum;ay:odk@

wufI ppftm%modrf;r_udkqef@usifa=umif; rdef@cGef;rajymrD/ (86) ESpft=umuyif/ &k&Sm;jynfolrsm;u pdef@yDwm
pbwfaqmif;&moDeef;awmf&Sd Zmbk&ifxHtoem;cHpmrsm;/ awmif;qdkv$mrsm; wifoGif;cJh=uygonf? Tumv
rsm;t=um;wGif urBmw0Srf;vHk;Y v_dif;vHk;rsm;ozG,fjyif;xefaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u tm%m.oabmobm0udk
topftoGifjzifh odjrifapcJh=uygonf? tppftrSeftm%mqdkonfrSm xdkolrsm;udk xdef;csKyfcH&efjzpfaomjynfol
rsm;. qENrSvmygonf? xdkolrsm;udk+cdrf;ajcmufzdESdyfaeaom t=urf;zufr_rsm;rS jzpfay:vmjcif; r[kwfyg? Todk@
aomt,ltqonf/ tm%m&Sifrsm;udk qef@usifaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ usL;ausmfr_rsm;udk wkef@jyefr_rsm;/ vl@tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk jiif;y,fcHae&aomtajctaerS jyefvnf&&Sdap&ef v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfygonf? T
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkaqmif&GufcJh=uaom olrwlonfhomrmefjynfolrsm;ESifh olwdk@.atmifjrifr_rsm;/ &_H;edrfhr_rsm;rS
oifcef;pmxkwf,lcJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
• (1905) ckESpfwGuf atmhodka'gufbkef;awmf}uD; a*sm*sDa*yGefu vkyfom; (150000) udk &k&Sm;EdkifiH.

a&S;a[mif;òrd@awmf. a&cJaeaomvrf;rrsm;ay:odk@xGufvm&ef wdkufwGef;E_d;aqmfEdkifcJh+yD;/ oufOD;qHydkif
tm%m&SifxHodk@ &mpkESpf. yxrOD;qHk;aom pdefac:r_udk pwifaqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf? olu wEdkifiHvHk;
twdkif;twmjzifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_jzpfay:vmap&ef v_H@aqmfEdkifcJh+yD;/ Ttjzpftysufa=umifh EdkifiH.yxr
OD;qHk;aomvlxktrsm; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonfhtpdk;&pepfudk ay:aygufapcJhygonf?
• urBmppf+yD;aomtcg/ &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;. tm%modrf;ydkufr_twGuf wHcg;yGifhapcJh+yD;/ *smr%D
xHrS ppfavsmfa=u;&&Sd&ef twif;t=uyfzdtm;ay; awmif;qdkcJh=uygonf? &m;e,f (Ruhr) &Sd rdkif;wGif;
vkyfom;rsm; ESifh &xm;vrf;vkyfom;rsm;u *smr%DEdkifiH. obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xkwf,l&ef &nf
&G,fcsufjzifha&muf&Sdvmaom usL;ausmfvmonfhjyifopfESifh b,f*sD,Hppfwyfrsm;. usL;ausmfr_udk &if
qdkifckcHcJh=uygonf? xdkvkyfom;rsm;u ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif;enf;vrf;jzifh usL;ausmfvmolrsm;.
&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk ysufapcJhygonf? aemufqHk;wGif tar&duefESifh +Adwdo#wdk@u wyfrsm;jyef&kyfap&ef
zdtm;ay;cJh=uygonf?

• (1930-31) ckESpfwGif rdk[ef'wfpf*ENDu +Adwdo#udkvdkeDtkyfpdk;r_udk qef@usifa&;twGuf tdENd,EdkifiHwGif
vltrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;I vlxktm%mzDqefaomenf;udk aqmif&GufcJh=uygonf? olu ol.aemufvdkuf
aemufygrsm;udk qm;cGefrsm;ray;aqmif&ef/ &mh*sftkyfcsKyfolrsm; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;aomtxnftvdyf
rsm;ESifh t&ufaopmrsm; 0,f,loHk;pGJjcif;rðy&ef awmif;qdkcJhygonf? TwdkufyGJrsm;rSaeI tdENd,EdkifiH.
&Snf=umI aemufqHk;atmifjrifcJh&aomvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJudk pwifEdkifcJh=uygonf?
• 'kwd,urBmppfumvtwGif; 'def;rwfjynfolrsm;uvnf; *smrmefusL;ausmfr_udkqef@usifI/ emZDwyfzGJ@
rsm;. ppfa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk tultnDay;&ef jiif;qefcJh=uonf? (1944) ckESpf. aEG&moDYòrd@}uD;
rsm;udk taotwdkif;&yfqdkif;xm;EdkifcJh=uonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh *smrefwyfzGJ@rsm;. ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@
rsm;ESifh ydwfqdk@r_rsm;udk &yfqdkif;apcJh=uonf? tjcm;aomOa&myEdkifiHrsm;rS jynfolrsm;uvnf; t=urf;
rzufaomenf;jzifh *smrmefusL;ausmfr_udk qef@usiftHwkcJh=uonf?
• qmaA;'dkausmif;om;rsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ ukefonfrsm;uvnf; olwdk@EdkifiHtwGif;ESpf=um&SnftkyfcsKyfae
aomppftm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr_rStwif;t=uyfcsrSwfxm;aom ta=umufw&m;rsm;/ &ufpufr_rsm;t
ay:pdwfysufvm=u+yD;/ (1944) ckESpfwGif vlxt k rsm;yg0ifonfhoydwfwdkufyGJrsm;qifE$JcJh=uonf?
aoewfwcsufrSrazmuf&yJ/ ppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyfrsm;udk olwdk@.axmufcHaeolrsm;xHrS cGJjcm;EdkifcJh=u
onf? ppfom;rsm;uyg qef@usifvmcJh=u+yD;/ aemufqHk;ppftm%m&Sifrsm; jynfyodk@xGufajy;cJh=u&onf?
• tdENd,EdkifiHrS +Adwdo#wdk@xGufcGgoGm;+yD; (10) ESpfr=umrDrSmyif/ a*smf*sD,mjynfe,frS bufywpfbkef;awmf
}uD;rmwifvlomuif; *sLeD,mu *END.oif=um;r_enf;vrf;rsm;udkvdkufemI/ ol.aemufvdkufaemufyg
tmz&duef-tar&duefvlrsKd;rsm;udk OD;aqmifum/ vlrsK;d cGJjcm;r_qef@usifaom tar&duefEdkifiHawmifydkif;
a'orsm;Y (15) ESpfausmf=um csDwufyGJrsm;ESifh qENjyoydwf/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk qifE$JEdkifcJhonf?
• a'gufwmuif;vkyf=uHcH&+yD; ESpftenf;i,ft=umwGif/ ydkveftwdkuftcHrsm;u vlr_v_yf&Sm;r_enf;em
opfrsm;jzifh uGefjrLepftkyfcsKyfa&;udkqef@usifcJh=uonf? TtjzpftysufrsKd;onf qdkAD,uftkyfpk0ifEdkifiH
rsm;twGif;Y &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;jzpf&yfjzpfonf? aemufydkif;wGif tvkyform;rsm;uyg oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;qif
vmcJh=u+yD;/ or*~zGJ@pnf;cGifh tcGifhta&;&&SdcJhonf? aemufqHk;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tjzpfwdk;wuf
vmcJh+yD;/ uGefjrLepftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tqHk;owfEdkifcJhonf?
• ydkvefEdkifiHY tajymif;tvJrsm;oaE<wnfaepOf/ olwdk@.om;orD;rsm;aysufqHk;oGm;&r_tay: wdwfqdwf
aeonfh tpdk;&tay:onf;nnf;rcHEdkifawmhyJ/ a'goxGufae=uaom tm*sifwD;em;rdcifrsm;u abGEdk
at;&dpf&Sd òrd@v,fyvmZmwGif csDwufqENjycJh=uonf? tkyfpdk;aeaomppftm%mydkfirsm;. w&m;0ifr_udk
rxdcdkufrcsif;/ r&yfrem;qENjycJh=uonf? azmufuvefppfyGJt+yD; tusOf;t=uyfwGif ppftm%m&Sifrsm;
vnf; ed*Hk;csKyfcJh&onf?
• tm*sifwD;em;wGifAdkvfcsKyfrsm;ðywfusoGm;&onfh tcsdefwGif/ tjcm;tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHwckjzpfaom csDvDwGif
vnf;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tm*ufpfpwdk yDEdkacs;onf tvm;wltHkºuGvmonfhvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh qENjyyGJ
rsm;udk wck+yD;wck &ifqdkifae&onf? aemufqHk;wGif xdkvlxkqENjyyGJrsm;u oltm%mvufv$wf&&ef
r&nf&G,faomfvnf;/ olusif;yaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ðzwfcscHcJh&onf?
• urBm}uD;. tjcm;wzufjcrf;wGif (1986) ckESpfY zdvpfydkiftm%m&Siforw zm'Deefrm;udk@pfu a&G;
aumufyGJudknpfywfI rJcdk;cJhonf? vkyf=uHcH&aomtwdkuftcHacgif;aqmifwOD;. ZeD;rkqdk;rjzpfolu
OD;aqmifum vlxkaxmifaygif;/ aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmudk vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ac:csvmcJhonf? xdkvlxkv_yf
&Sm;r_udk ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vdkvm;aomppfwyfacgif;aqmifrsm;. olykefxr_jzifhaxmufcHcJhaomtcg/
tm%m&Siftzdk@ tiftm;oHk;Itm%mudkqufvufcsKyfudkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;rSmr&Sdawmhoavmuf jzpf
oGm;cJh&onf? aemufqHk;EdkifiHrS xGufajy;&onf?
• zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJjyefvnf&&Sd+yD; r=umrDyif/ ygvufpwdkif;rsm;u tpPa&;vf.ppfa&;
t&usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufxm;r_udk pdefac:qef@usifcJh=uonf? taemufzufurf;a'orsm;ESifh *gZmwGif
oydwfarSmufyGJrsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;pnf;&Hk;um vlr_0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf jynfolrsm;udk,fwdkif
uGef,ufrsm;zGJ@ csdwfqufcJh=uonf? t=urf;rzufckcHr_rsm;rSm tifwDzm'gv_yf&Sm;r_. jrifomr_t&
enf;v#ifaomfrS t}uD;us,fqHk; v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfcJhonf?
• aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tvkyform;or*~taejzifh ‚if;.wdkufyGJrsm;qufvuf0ifaepOf/ awmiftmz&du
&Sdoydwfpnf;&Hk;olrsm;/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_

qef@usifa&;twGuf t=urf;rzufaomenf;rsm;jzifh v_yf&Sm;wdkufyGJ0if&ef pnf;&Hk;aecJh=uonf? EdkifiH
wumrS zdtm;ay;r_ESifhtwl olwdk@.tiftm;rsm;jzifhe,fqifrif'Jvm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf aqmif
&GufEdkifcJh=uonf? 'Drdkua&pDtem*gwftwGuf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jzpfay:vmap&ef aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uonf?
• bmvifwHwdkif;òydus+yD; &ufrsm;r=umrDwGif/ csufausmif;om;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdk@u y&*fòrd@v,f&Sd
0if;qvuf&ifjyifwGif xdkifoydwfusif;yum/ “usaemfw@dk [m vufeufryhJ g? urBmu =unfhaeygw,f”
[k aºuG;a=umfcJh=uonf? &ufowWygwfrsm;twGif;rSmyif ta&S@*smr%DuJhodk@yif/ [efa*&D/ blvfa*;&D;
,m;/ rGef*dkvD;,m;rS uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;onfvnf;/ taES;ESifhtjrefqkwfcGgay;=u&awmhonf?
• (1990) ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHrS rdcifwOD;jzpfola':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udk tdrf
tus,fcsKyfcHae&pOf taetxm;rSyif OD;aqmifaecJhonf? vli,fjrefrmrsm;rSm urBmtESH@tjym;&Sd
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olrsm;/ tjcm;t=urf;rzufenf;usifhoHk;oltiftm;pkrsm;jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_udkquf
vufqifE$JaecJhonf?
• (1996) ckESifh (1997) ckESpfwGif/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom qm;AD;,m;jynfolrsm; bJ*&dwfvrf;rrsm;ay:
wGifcsDwufvm=u+yD;/ orw qvdkAdk'ef rDvdkqDApfudk jiif;y,fcJh=uonf? a'oqdkif&ma&G;aumufyGJrsm;.
&vm'fudk av;pm;vdkufem&ef awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? aemufqHk;olu vdkufavsm&onftxd qENjyzdtm;
ay;EdkifcJh=uonf? (1999) ckESpfwGif w}udrfvrf;rrsm;ay:jyefwufvm=uum/ olz,f&Sm;ay;a&;twGuf
awmif;qdkcJh=uonf?
TyÉdyuQrsm;tm;vHk;wGif t=urf;zufenf;udktoHk;rðyyJ/ atmifjrifEdkifaom tvm;tvmudkawG@&Sd&onf? xdk@

tjyif tjzpftysufrsm;tm;vHk;Yyg0if=uaom Zmwfaqmifrsm;tm;vHk;. tjyeftvSefðyrlyHkrsm;/ =oZmouf
a&mufaer_rsm;u/ TtcsufrSefuefa=umif; jyoaeonf? *smrmefoHr%dvkyfom;wa,mufrSonf/ csDvD"gwfyHk
q&mwOD;txd/ vD,dkawmfvfpwdGKifrSonf 'ufprGefwl;wl;txd/ 'def;rwfbk&ifrSonf wifeufqDjynfe,fòrd@awmf
0eftxd/ Ttjzpftysufrsm;wGif yg0ifcJh=uonfh'gZifaygif;rsm;pGmaom Zmwfaumifrsm;u/ Zmwfvrf;wpdwfw
ydkif;udk yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh=uonf? olwdk@wOD;csif;. pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk rdrdwdk@u jyefvnfpkpnf;xm;
jcif;omjzpfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ,Hk=unfouf0ifvmatmifEd_;apcJholrsm;/ rD;yGg;udkzefwD;I rD;awmuf}uD;jzpfapcJh
olrsm;/ rmefrmersm;/ vSnfhzsm;opPmazmufr_rsm;/ olwdk@EdkifoGm;cJh&aom tm%m&Sifrsm;. aemufqHk;oduQmrJh&r_
rsm;/ jynfayguf xufjrufolnm%f}uD;&Sifrsm;/ &l;oGyfaomrSm;,Gif;r_rsm;/ tHhzG,faumif;avmufaompGef@v$wfr_
rsm;ponfhtjzpftysufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? Ttjzpftysufrsm;onf/ T&mpktwGif; “jynfol@tm%m”
[laomedrfhwkHjrifhwHka&pD;a=umif;wGif jzwfoef;cJh&aomtjzpfrsm; jzpfygonf?
(1936) ckESpfwGif rdk[ef'wfpf*ENDxHodk@ xif&Sm;aomtmz&duef-tar&duefbkef;awmf}uD;wyg;ESifh ZeD;wdk@u vm

a&mufvnfywfcJhygonf? olu wcsdefY t=urf;rzufckcHr_qdkonfrSm wdkuf&dkuf&ifqdkifv_yf&Sm;&aomv_yf&Sm;r_yHkpH
wck[kwf-r[kwf ar;jref;ygonf? *ENDu cdkifcdkifrmrmyifjyefajymygonf? “tJ'g[myHkpHawGxJu wckr[kwfygbl;?
'Denf;wckxJyJ &Sdygw,f?”[k jyefajzygonf? “'Denf;[m t}uD;jrwfqHk;jzpf+yD;/ urBmwv$m;uwufºuGv_yf&Sm;
olawGtwGuf tiftm;yg? 'Dtiftm;[m v#yfppfxufpm&if ydkvdk@tðyoabmaqmifygw,f? tiftm;aumif;
ygw,f? tDomxufudkydkvdk@ tiftm;jyif;ygw,f?” TonfrSm Tt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzifhol.t,ltqrsm;
cdkifrmvm&jcif;jzpfonf? ,Hk=unfr_oufoufrS xGufay:vmaom&vm'fwckr[kwfay? Tt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;
r_[lonfrSm odyH̀ynm&yfwckozG,fjzpfI/ vdkufem&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;&Sdaeonf? Tenf;jzifhtm%mcGeftm;&vm
rnfqdkonfrSm óudwifa[mudef;xkwfEdkifaomudpPjzpfonf?
wcgw&H,lqwwf=uonfrSm t=urf;rzufaomv_yf&Sm;r_udk a&G;cs,fapcJhaomta=umif;onf/ usifh0wfydkif;qdkif

&mtajccHrS jzpfay:vmonf[k ,lq=uonf? odk@aomfordkif;wav#muftawG@t=uHKt& =uHkawG@cJh&onfu
wjcm;jzpfygonf? ESpfq,f&mpktwGif; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udkaqmif&GufcJh=uolrsm;onf Tenf;udktoHk;ðy&ef
a&G;cs,fcJh=ujcif;rSm/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&mtiftm;/ ppfwyftiftm;rsm;rSm atmifyGJcH&ef jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaoma&G;cs,fr_rsm;jzpf
=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? tcsKd@rSm tHkºuG&eftwGuf vG,fvG,fajym&v#if vufeufyif tvHktavmufr&Sd=uyg?
tjcm;aomolrsm;rSmvnf; r=umrDumvrsm;u t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&;rsm;us&H_;cJh=u&ygonf? Todk@us&H_;r_ESifh
twl touftdk;tdrf/ pnf;pdrfrsm;qHk;&_H;cJh=u&ygonf? vltrsm;. t"duusaomtusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;udk +cdrf;ajcmuf
vmaomtajctae/ xdkolrsm;u tm%mydkifrsm;udk ðzwfcs&efoHEMdXmefcsxm;aomtajctae/ olwdk@.tcGifh

tm%mrsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfxm;aomOya'rsm;udk zsufqD;&efqHk;jzwfxm;aom tajctaersm;Y/ olwdk@ u
tjcm;enf;wckudk a&G;cs,fcJh=uygonf? TonfrSm t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_enf;yif jzpfygonf? Todk@t=urf;
rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk a&G;cs,fcJh=uaom rdrdwdk@azmfjyxm;onfhZmwfvrf;rsm;xJrSolrsm;onf +idrf;csrf;a&;udkaqmif
&Guf&eftwGuf Tenf;udka&G;cs,fcJh=ujcif; r[kwfyg? wdkufyGJ0if&eftwGuf Tenf;udka&G;cs,fcJh=ujcif;om jzpfyg
onf?
yÉdyuQrsm;
vGefcJhaom&mpkESpftwGif; yifv,fork'N&mrsm;jzwfausmfIjzpfyGg;cJhaom ppf}uD;rsm;rjzpfrD/ jzpfqJESifh ppf+yD;umv

rsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aomyÉdyuQrsm;vnf; jzpfygG;aecJhonf? TyÉyduQrsm;rSm EdkifiHwckESifhwckt
=um;jzpfyGg;jcif;r[kwfyJ/ EdkifiHwcktwGif;Y jzpfyGg;aecJhaomyÉdyuQrsm;jzpfonf? TyÉdyuQrsm;onf odrf;ydkuf
atmifEdkifa&;twGufvnf;aumif;/ t,l0g'wcktay:tajccHIvnf;aumif; jzpfaomyÉdyuQrsm; r[kwf=uyg?
rdrdzmomudk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh &&Sda&;/ ygwDwck/ tkyfpkwpk/ rsKd;EG,fpkwpk. v$rf;rdk;zdESdyfxm;aomtajctaerS
vGwfajrmufEdkifa&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ &kef;uefwdkufyGJ0if=u
&mrS jzpfay:vmaomyÉdyuQrsm; jzpfygonf? TyÉdyuQrsm;onf owif;rsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlxkazsmf
ajza&;rD'D,mrsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif; v$rf;rdk;xm;+yD;/ vltrsm;.pdwftwGif;wGif ppfyGJrsm;/ rsKd;wkef;owfjzwf
r_rsm;/ aumaZmjzef@cif;ovdk AHk;usJwdkufcdkufr_rsm;/ t=urf;zufr_rsm;u pGJxifae&m,lxm;=uygonf? Tpmtkyf
wGif rdrdwdk@wifjyxm;aomt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_Zmwfvrf;rsm;onf *smrmefudkifZmwyfrsm;udk ckcHwdkufaom
uwkwfajrusif;wdkufyGJrsm;xuf/ ypdzdwfork'N&mtwGif; a&wyfppfyGJrsm;xuf/ tif'dkcsKdif;em;u|ef;qG,fopfawm
rsm;twGif; ajymufusm;wdkufyGJrsm;xuf/ aoe*FAsL[mt&aomfvnf;aumif;/ enf;y&d,m,ft&aomfvnf;
aumif; ydkIomvGefa=umif; awG@&ygvdrfhrnf? ESpfq,f&mpktwGif; jzpfay:cJhaom Tt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
onf AsL[musepGmaqmif&GufcJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
Tpmtkyfygazmfjycsufrsm;onf +yD;cJhaom&mpkESpftwGif;jzpfysufcJhaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; wpdwfwydkif;

tm;jzifh yg0ifywfoufaeonfh yÉdyuQrsm;tm;vHk;udk taphtikazmfjyxm;aom ordkif;usrf;wapmifhr[kwfyg?
odk@aomfvnf; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_enf;vrf;rsm;taejzifh ckcHacsr_ef;&efrjzpfEdkif[k,lqxm;aom òydifzuf
tiftm;pkudk rnfr#aoe*FAsL[mt& tom,lEdkifa=umif;ESifh rnfodk@rnfyHktiftm;csdeJ@atmif/ [efcsufysufjym;
atmif aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;&SdyHkudk xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyxm;csufwck jzpfygonf? T&mpktwGif;jzpfysufcJhaom yÉdyuQ
rsm;rSaeI Tt=urf;rzufa&;t,ltqzGH@òzd;wdk;wufvmcJhyHkESifh usifhoHk;vmyHkenf;emrsm;udk ajc&maumufazmfjy
xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? Tpmtkyf. yxr (3) ydkif;wGif t"duyÉdyuQ}uD; (3) rsKd;Y/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_enf;vrf;
toHk;ðycJhyHkrsm;udkazmfjyxm;ygonf?
tcef; (1)? ‘tm%m&&Sda&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;’tcef;wGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm t=urf;rzufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh

vGefcJhaom&mpktwGif; xif&Sm;aomEdkifiHtajymif;tvJudk jzpfapcJhonfh/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ (3) ckY/ vltrsm;.
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;&&Sd&ef óud;yrf;r_rsm;Y rnfr#ta&;ygonfhtcef;u aqmif&GufcJhyHkudk wifjyxm;ygonf? &mpk
tajymif;tvJY &k&Sm;EdkifiHY tifydkif,mjynfh&Sifudk qef@usifcJhaomvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh/ tdENd,EdkifiHwGif +Adwdo#
udkvdkeDtrdef@ay;pepfudk qef@usifcJhyHkrsm;/ ydkvefEdkifiHwGif qdkAD,ufyHkpHpepfudk qef@usifcJh=uyHkrsm;udk azmfjyxm;yg
onf?
tcef; (2)? ‘t=urf;zufr_udk ckcHjcif;’[laom tcef;Y jynfolrsm;u usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvmonfhppfwyfrsm;udk

rnfuJhodk@ckcHcJh=uonf? &mpkESpfv,fydkif;&Sd EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tm%m txGÉftxdyf&pOfumvY tkyfcsKyfolrsm;udk
ckcHqef@usifcJh=uyHkrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? *smrmefrsm;u usL;ausmfvmaomjyifopfESifh b,fvf*sD,efwyfrsm;
udk (1920) ckESpfumvrsm;u [ef@wm;ydwfqdk@cJh=uyHkESifh 'kwd,urBmppfumvtwGif; 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh tjcm;
aomOa&mywdkufom;rsm;u emZDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk rnfodk@rnfyHktaESmuft,Sufay;EdkifcJh=uonfudk azmfjyxm;yg
onf? tvm;wl qmaA'dk;jynfolrsm;u (1944) ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rmwDeufZfudk ðzwfcscJh=uyHkudkvnf; azmfjy
xm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif ,leDazmif;0wfI/ jynfolrsm;udk+cdrf;ajcmufzdESdyftkyfcsKyfaeaom tm*sifwD;em;ESifh csDvDrS
tm%mydkifrsm;udk (1970-80) ckESpfrsm;twGif; tiftm;csdeJ@apcJh=uyHkrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf?

tcef; (3)? ‘vlr_tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;’tcef;wGif &mpkESpf. 'kwd,w0ufydkif;Y oD;jcm;tcGifh
ta&;rsm;&&Sdvmatmif tpdk;&trsKd;rsKd;udk awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifr_rsm;Y t=urf;rzufenf;udk rnfodk@rnfyHktoHk;
ðycJh=uonfudk azmfjyxm;ygonf? tar&duefEdkifiH vlr_tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u tar&duefawmifydkif;jynfe,f
rsm;&Sd vlrsKd;cGJjcm;zdESdyfa&;vufoD;qkyfudk rnfodk@rnfyHkajzEdkifcJh=uonf/ vlrsm;pkjzpfaom awmiftmz&duEdkifiH&Sd
vlrJrsm;u tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_pepfudk rnfodk@ ed*Hk;csKyfEdkifcJh=uonfudk azmfjyxm;ygonf? tvm;wlzdvpfydkif
jynfolrsm;uvnf; tm%m&Sifpepfudkjiif;y,fI 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnfwnfaqmufEdkifcJh=uyHk/ odrf;ydkufxm;aom
e,fajrrsm;wGif tpPa&;rsm;.xdef;csKyfr_rsm;udk ygvufpwdkif;jynfolrsm;u &ifqdkifjiif;y,fcJh=uyHkrsm;udk azmfjyxm;
ygonf? xdk@tjyif w&kyfEdkifiH/ ta&S@Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;/ rGef*dkvD;,m;&Sd vlxkaxmufcHaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u wygwD
tm%mydkiftpdk;&rsm;udk rnfodk@&ifqdkifcJh=uyHkrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf?
tcef; (4)? ‘t=urf;zufr_ESifh tm%m’tcef;wGif wefjyefvefvmcJh&aom tjzpftysuf (2) ckudk oHk;oyfavhvm

xm;ygonf? xdkyÉdyuQrsm;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_ut=urf;zufaomxºuGr_/ t=urf;zufaomenf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fcJhr_
a=umifh vlr_r+idrfroufr_rsm;ydkI jzpfay:vm&yHk/ tm%mr&&SdEdkifyJ EdkifiHa&;t&vnf;qHk;&_H;&yHkrsm;udk azmfjyxm;yg
onf? xdk@tjyif acwfopfenf;ynmrsm;/ EdkifiHwumzdtm;rsm;/ tjcm;aomajymif;vJvmonfh tajctaersm;u/
ESpfq,fhwpf&mpktwGif; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk rnfr#tiftm;aumif;vmaponf/ rnfonfhtuef@
towfrsm;jzpfaponfudkvnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf?
Todk@aomtjzpftysufrsm;. Zmwfvrf;ausm&dk;wckwdkif;wGif/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh qef@usifzuftif

tm;pkrsm;t=um;wGif xdawG@qufpyfrt _ }udrf}udrf&Sdwwfygonf? tcsKd@aom rdrdwdk@azmfjyxm;onfhtjzpftysuf
rsm;rSm wajz;ajz;tcsdef,lItiftm;pkaqmif;jcif;rsKd; jzpf+yD;/ wcsdefwGifrS t&Sdeft[kef&vmjcif;rsKd; jzpfygonf?
xdktjzpftysufrsm;wGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk y&d,m,f&SdpGmoHk;Ia&&Snfar#mfvifhcsuftdrfrufrsm;twGuf
a&wdkudpPrsm;udk pGef@v$wf&onfvnf; &Sdwwfygonf? tcsKd@aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm a&wdktwGif;pkpnf;tiftm;}uD;
xGm;vmjcif;rsKfd;jzpf+yD;/ atmifyGJ&&Sfda&;twGuf rnfonfhwefzdk;ay;&/ ay;&/ rnfonfhtEW&m,fudk rqdk&ifqdkifrnf
[laom wufºuGpGef@pm;olrsm;u OD;aqmifcJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tjzpftysufwdkif;wGifrl v_yf&Sm;r_
tem*gwftwGuftqHk; tjzwfay;rnfhudpPrsm;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm;a&G;cs,f&mY r[mAsL[majrmufpGma&G;cs,f
cJh=uygonf?
Ttjzpftysufrsm;wckESifh wck óud;oDwef;ovdk/ tquftpyf&Sdaer_udk &mpkESpfukefqHk;onfhwdkifatmif rjrifom

cJhyg? Ttjzpftysufrsm;udk OD;aqmifcJh=uolacgif;aqmifrsm;u/ ,cifujzpfysufcJhaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS avhvm
oifcef;pm,lcJh=uygonf? *ENDonf (1905) ckESpf &k&Sm;wGifjzpfcJhaomv_yf&Sm;r_rS avhvmenf;em,lcJhygonf? tm
z&duef-tar&duefacgif;aqmifrsm;u tdENd,odk@tvnftywfoGm;I/ *ENDxHrSenf;emrsm;avhvmcJh=uygonf?
(1980) ckESpfrsm;wGif csDvdjynfolrsm;u tm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;yDEdka&S;udk qef@usiftwGuf pnf;&Hk;=uaomtcg/
zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;u tm%m&Sifrm;udk@pfudkqef@usif=uaomtcg/ olwdk@udk &pfcswftmwefbdfk&dkcsf. *END&kyf&Sif
um;u rsm;pGm=oZmv$rf;rdk;oufa&mufr_&SdcJhygonf?
*ENDu +Adwdo#tifydkif,mjynfh&Sifrsm;udk &ifqdkifqef@usifcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf;'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;&ifqdkifqef@usif

=u&aom *smrmefvufeufudkifwyfrsm;u rsm;pGmuGmjcm;vSygonf? =uHKawG@&aomqef@usifzuf&efolcsif;vnf;
uGJjym;Edkifygonf? tar&duefEdkifiH&Sd vlr_tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;zufwGif Oya't&umuG,fay;r_&Sd+yD;/ tar&d
uefzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'u olwdk@zufu &yfwnfay;aeygonf? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@tm;omcsufrsKd;udk ydkvef
EdkifiH&Sd aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm; r&Edkifyg? odk@aomfvnf; Ttjzpftysufrsm;wGif yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh=u
aomt=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ0if v_H@aqmfolrsm;u odompGmwlnDaomcsOf;uyfaqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk csrswfcJh=uygonf?
Todk@wlnDaom t=urf;rzufonfhrlrsm;jzifh/ rwluGJjym;aom&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfcJh=uyg
onf? olwdk@.tawG@t=uHKrsm;rS &&Sdvmaomoifcef;pmrsm;jzifh rlv&Sdxm;aom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m
todokwrsm;udk xyfrHjznfhqD;cJh=uygonf?

• t=urf;rzufzdtm;ay;aomenf;udk toHk;ðyr_rsm;onf/ ,cif,lxm;onfxufydkrdk t}udrfrsm;+yD;/ ydkI
us,fjyef@pGm toHk;ðy=uygonf? Tt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf T&mpkESpftwGif;Y urBmw0Srf;&Sd
ordkif;jzpfpOftopfrsm;udkzefwD;aom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Y txl;ta&;}uD;aomtcef;u yg0ifcJhygonf?
• t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk oHk;Irnfodk@aomtwdkuftcH/ &efoludkrqdk &ifqdkifEdkifcJh=uygonf?
t=urf;rzufckcHolrsm;tay:wefjyefoHk;aom t=urf;zufr_tjyif;taysmhESifh aemufqHk;xdkolrsm;.
atmifyGJ&&SdEdkifajcwdk@wGif rnfodk@rSqufpyfr_ r&SdonfudkawG@&ygonf? &Hzef&HcgwGif tjyif;xeft&ufpuf
qHk;t=urf;zufr_udk cH&olrsm;u qHk;jzwfcsufjywfom;pGmjzifh atmifyGJudkt&,lEdkifcJh=uygonf?
• t=urf;zufr_udk r[mAsL[mrsm;twGif;aygif;pyftoHk;ðyvmonfESifh wòydifeuf/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_
.atmifyGJ&EdkifajcrSm ,kwfavsmhysufpD;&ygonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk t=urf;zuftiftm;oHk;I
w}udrfwdkufcdkufcJhygu/ xdktm%m&Sifrsm;. jynfwGif;axmufcHr_udk pkpnf;EdkifpGrf;ESifh ydkrdkjyif;xefpGm
zdESdyfEdkifpGrf;tm;udk wdk;jrifhapygonf?
• vlxktrsm;axmufcHaomt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfEdkifr_ESifh qufvufwnfwef@ae
atmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifr_onf/ vlxktajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;trsm; tm;aumif;aer_ESifh 'Drdkua&pD
&Sifoefaer_/ qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;Edkifr_wdk@tay:wGif wdkuf&dkufwnfrSDaeygonf?
Todk@ vufawG@trSefw&m;udk ypfy,fI/ vlxktrsm;pdwfwGif t=urf;rzufaomv_yf&Sm;r_ESifhygwfoufI ,HkrSwf

rSm;csuf (2) ck tjrJwapvdkvfdk &Sdaewwfygonf? yxrtcsufrSm T&mpkESpftwGif;t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifhywf
oufIxdyfwef;acgif;aqmif (2) OD;jzpfol/ *ENDESifh rmwifvlomuif; *sLeD,mudk bmoma&;tajccHrS Todk@v_yf
&Sm;vm=ujcif; jzpfonf[k ,lq=ujcif;jzpfygonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_[lonfrSm usifh0wfydkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;
r_wckozG,fowfrSwfxm;=u+yD;/ vufawG@ususa&G;cs,fr_wck[lI rowfrSwf=ujcif; jzpfygonf? xdkodk@,HkrSwfrSm;
r_a=umifh yÉdyuQrsm;wGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. aoe*FAsL[mwefzdk;udk avsmhayghwGufcsufjcif; jzpfapygonf?
'kwd,tcsufrSm (1986) ckESpfwGif/ rm;udk@pfðywfusaomtcg/ t=urf;rzufvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf owif;rsm;
azmfjycsufrsm;rS vltrsm;aumuf,lcJhaomtcsufrSm “jynfol@tm%m”[lonfrSm/ òrd@awmf.vrf;rrsm;ay:
v_H@aqmfr_a=umifh xGufvm=uaomvltkyfpkyrm%/ ta&twGufay:wGif wnfrSDonf[k ,lq=ujcif;jzpfygonf?
rdrdtwdkuftcHtiftm;pk tm%m&Sifudk Todk@&kyf0wˆKtiftm;jyI qef@usifjcif;rsKd;onf wcgw&Hvdktyfaomf
vnf;/ xda&mufaomt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wck. vd_if;csuf&pforfonf Todk@&kwfcsnf;tHkºuGr_rsKd;tpm;/ &nf
&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd vkyfaqmifr_ESifh ydkIoufqdkifygonf? Todk@jyZmwfjyuGufaumif;qefqef tjzpftysufrsKd;xuf/
enf;emt&aqmif&Gufjcif;oabm ydkaqmifygonf? aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;atmf[pfjcif;ESifh aoewfajymif;0rsm;wGif
yef;rsm;xdk;jcif;wdk@onf trSefwu,fwGif tenf;i,fomtusKd;oufa&mufr_ &Sdygonf? trSefwu,faqmif&Guf
&rnfh t=urf;rzufenf;emrSm tpdk;&rsm;ESifh cGJjcm;jcif;/ olwdk@.xdef;csKyfudkifr_rsm;udk z,f&Sm;Edkifatmifaqmif&Guf
aomudpPtm;vHk; jzpfygonf?
vltrsm;pku cef@rSef;wGufcsufxm;=uonfrSm/ vmrnfh (21) &mpkonf/ jyif;xefaomyÉdyuQjzpfpOfrsm;udk &ifqdkif

=uHKawG@=u&rnf[k wGufqxm;=uygonf? odk@aomfTyÉdyuQrsm;onf a'otuef@towf&Sdaom/ twdkif;
twmtm;jzifh rus,fjyef@aomyÉdyuQrsm; jzpfygvdrfhrnf? TyÉdyuQrsm;wGif vuf&SdtajctaewGifrjrifomaom
tiftm;pkrsm;u rlvvufa[mif;tm%mydkifrsm;xHrS tm%mudk&,l&ef óud;yrf;jcif;/ wdkif;&if;om;trsKd;om;a&;
0g'Drsm;u vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&efóud;yrf;vm=ujcif;/ odk@r[kwf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmòrdodyfcHpm;cJh=u&aom vlenf;pkrsm;u
pm;yGJ0dkif;ay:odk@ olwdk@udpPrsm;a&muf&SdaqG;aEG;vmapa&;twGuf óud;yrf;jcif;rsm; &SdEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ,ck
wdkifa'oqdkif&myÉdyuQrsm;rS awmif;qdkae=uaomyHkrSefawmif;qdkr_rSm tcGifhta&;rsm;ydkrdk&&Sda&;yif jzpfygonf?
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH}uD;rsm;. ,Hk=unfcsufrSm tm%mudk udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtay:wGif todtrSwfðycGJa0ay;vdkufonf
ESifh tcGifhta&;qdkif&mudpPrsm;rSm rsm;pGmvGwfvyfvG,fuloGm;ygvdrfhrnf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk tpOfojzifh tajz
wcktjzpf aocsmapjcif;tm;jzifh/ (Todk@xm;&Sd&efvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf?) yÉdyuQjzpfyGg;aeaom ygwD/ tiftm;
pkrsm;. yÉdyuQrsm;udk &yfqdkif;apEdkif+yD;/ yÉdyuQjzpfaepOfumvtwGif;rSmyif tcsif;csif;qufqHaqmif&GufEdkif=u
aomenf;vrf;rsm; &vm+yD;/ ydkI'Drdkua&pDusaom &vm'frsm;udk jzpfapEdkifygonf?
vlom;rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;tcsif;csif;tpOfojzifh òydifqdkifae=u&aom urBmwGif/ yÉdyuQrsm;onf rvGJraoGjzpf

ay:vmOD;rnf jzpfonf? t=urf;zufr_udk toHk;ðyjcif;tm;jzifh tEdkif&rnf[k,lqae=uor#umvygwfvHk;/ vl

om;rsm;uvnf; t=urf;zufr_rsm;toHk;ðyae=uvdrfhOD;rnf jzpfonf? Todk@t=urf;zufr_enf;jzifh wefzdk;ay;&rnfh
tpm;/ tjcm;atmifjrifEdkifaomenf;vrf;wckudk awG@&Sdygu/ odk@r[kwf Tenf;vrf;udk ydkIESpfòcdufvufcHvm=u
ygu/ rdrdwdk@ta&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf=u&mwGif/ t=urf;zufr_rsm; avsmhenf;oGm;=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
trsm;pkaomrl0g'csrSwfolrsm;u vufeufav#mhcsjcif;enf;jzifhjzpfap/ yÉdyuQrsm;ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;enf;jzifh jzpfap/
aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpf&aom yÉdyuQrsm;udk avsmhenf;apEdkifaomt"duenf;vrf;tjzpf xufxufoefoef,Hk=unf
udkifpGJxm;=uygonf? xdkolrsm;.,lqcsufrSm yÉdyuQrsm;tm;vHk;onf t=urf;zufr_qDa&mufEdkifonf[k ,lq
xm;=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; (20) &mpktwGif;jzpfysufcJhaom t"duyÉdyuQw'gZifausmfteuf tm;vHk;vdkvdk
onf EdkifiH.a&S@vm;&mudkxdef;csKyfEdkifa&;twGuf tiftm;pk (2) ckòydifqdkif=ujcif; jzpfygonf? TyÉdyuQrsm;wGif
t=urf;zufr_tpm;/ r[mAsL[majrmufaom t=urf;rzufonfhenf;emudkom &ifqdkifr_Y toHk;ðycJh=uygonf?
t=urf;zufr_udk yÉdyuQrsm;wGif toHk;ðyr_udkavsmhcsEdkifonfESifhtr#/ t=urf;zufr_rsm;avsmhcsa&;&nfrSef;csufudk
yÉdyuQjzpfapaom ta=umif;rsm;ajz&Sif;a&;oufouf pDrHaqmif&Gufae&ef txl;rvdktyfawmhyg?
tiftm;}uD;rsm;uvdkufavsmEdkifapaom pGrf;tm;
Tpmtkyfygazmfjycsufrsm;onf ESpfq,f&mpktwGif;jynfolrsm;u t=urf;zufr_roHk;yJ/ tm%m&,lEdkifa&;t

wGuf olwdk@.tiftm;rsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHkzGH@òzd;apcJhonfudk azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? azmfjyxm;aomtjzpf
tysufwckwdkif;wGif us,fjyef@aomyÉdyuQtwGif;Y/ t=urf;rzufenf;toHk;ðy=uaom tydkif;udkomOD;pm;ay;
azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? t=urf;rzufr_tpGrf;jzifh atmifjrifcJhr_rsm;udk azmfjy&eftwGuf/ tcsKd@aomjzpfpOfrsm;/
vlyk*~dKvfrsm;udk rdrdwdk@ua&G;cs,fum OD;pm;ay;wifjyxm;ygonf? xdkolrsm;rSm xdktcsdefujzpfcJhaom ordkif;wck
vHk;twGuf txl;ta&;ygcsifrS ygygvdrfhrnf? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@azmfjyjcif;rSm tjcm;jzpfpOfrsm;/ tjcm;vlyk*~dKvf
rsm;udk ta&;ryg[kavsmhayghwGufqjcif; r[kwfyg? xdkolrsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ tjcm;jzpfpOfrsm;onfvnf; ordkif;
tus,ftjyef@wpHkvHk;twGuf ta&;ygEdkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh/ rdrdwdk@awmiftmz&duEdkifiHta=umif; azmfjycJh&m
wGif tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;zdESdyfa&;pepfusqHk;cJh&yHk ordkif;wckvHk;udk azmfjy&ef r&nf&G,fcJhonfhyHkrsKd; jzpfygonf? rdrd
wdk@taejzifh wwfEdkifor# r#watmifazmfjyxm;+yD;/ t=urf;rzufenf;udk rnfodk@toHk;ðyI rnfonfh&vm'fjzpfap
cJhonfudk &Sif;jyydk@csr_qefqef a&;om;xm;ygonf?
ordkif;a=umif;udk a&;om;azmfjycJh=ur_tm;vHk;wGif/ a&;om;azmfjy=uolrsm;. ordkif;tjrifu v$rf;rdk;r_&Sdygonf?

rdrdwdk@onfvnf; TtajctaerSuif;vGwfI rwnf&SdEdkifyg? tcef; (1) (2) (3) wGif tcsuftvufrsm;udkom
jyqdkcJh+yD;/ t"duazmfjycJhygonf? rdrdwdk@.oHk;oyfcsufrsm;/ aumufcsufrsm;udk tcef;rsm;.aemufqHk;ed*Hk;u¾rS
om azmfjycJhygonf? pmtkyf.aemufqHk;tcef;wGif oHk;oyf&Sif;jycsufrsm;udk a&maxG;azmfjyxm;+yD;/ t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_enf;jzifh urBmw0Srf;ajymif;vJr_jzpfapcJhaomjzpfpOfESifh ygwfoufI tus,ftjyef@jzpfaomar;cGef;rsm;udk
ajzqdkEdkif&ef &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ygonf? rdrdwdk@ordkif;tjrifudkwifjyr_twGuf awmif;yef&efrvdk[k xifygonf? rdrd
wdk@. ordkif;tjrifrSm t=urf;rzufaomv_yf&Sm;r_&_axmifhrS =unfhjcif; jzpfygonf? Tt=urf;rzufenf;udk xdxd
a&mufa&muftoHk;ðyygu/ zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_rsm;udk tqHk;owfapEdkif+yD;/ vlxkrsm;/ EdkifiHrsm;udkvnf; vGwfajrmufap
Edkifygonf? olwdk@taejzifh Tenf;ukdydkItEW&m,fenf;pGm toHk;ðyEdkif=u+yD;/ t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&;qifE$Jjcif;/
t=urf;zufvkyf&yfrsm;xuf atmifyGJ&&Sd&ef ydkIaojcmapygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tajctaewdkif;wGifawmh
tvkyfjzpfonf r[kwfyg? TpmtkyfwGif rdrdwdk@wifjyxm;onfh ta=umif;t&mESifhoufqdkifaom Todk@tvkyf
rjzpfcJhonfh tajctaersm;udkvnf; wifjy&ef/ csefvSyfI rxm;cJhyg?
rdrdwdk@.,Hk=unfcsufrSm ,ckvuf&Sdvltrsm;odae=uaom t=urf;rzufckcHr_qdkif&mtodrsm;xuf/ ydkItm&Hkpdkuf

tav;ay;&ef vdktyfvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfygonf? rdrdwdk@acwfwGift=urf;zufr_rsm;u owif;rsm;wGifydkIae&m&
ae=uygonf? ta=umif;rSm vltrsm;taejzifh ordkif;udkrSefajymif;wcktwGif;rS =unfhonfhozG,f,lqxm;aom
a=umifh jzpfygonf? odk@aomf ordkif;qdkonfrSm tpOfrjywfwdk;wufjzpfay:aeaom jzpfpOfwcktjzpf/ &_jrif=urnf
qdkygu t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_/ zdtm;rsm;. twuftus/ v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaer_ ydkIodjrifwefzdk;xm;vm=urnf
jzpfygonf? Todk@&&Sdvmaom tiftm;tm%monf arSmfqefqefv#Kd@0Sufcsuf r[kwfyg? vltrsm;ae@w"l0ae
xdkif=uovdkyif/ omrmefb0rsm;xJrS jzpfay:vmjcif;om jzpfygonf? Todk@jzpfay:vmaomtusKd;ta=umif;udk
vnf; &Sif;jyI &Edkifygonf? vltrsm;uoHo,&SDxm;=uovdk/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_.ordkif;rSm ar#mfvifhcsuf

uif;rJhaeaompdwful;,Of0g'Drsm;/ wyGJxdk;ol&Jaumif;tmZmenfrsm;/ olrwlxl;jcm;aom t&nftcsif;&Sdol
u,fwif&Sifrsm;.atmifyGJrsKd;r[kwfyg? tjzpfrSefrSm xl;jcm;}uD;jrwfvSonfh ta&;awmfyHkxJyg0ifvm=uaom
omrmefjynfolrsm;.ta=umif;omjzpf+yD;/ xdkolrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf atmufajcrSpwifvmcJhjcif; jzpfyg
onf? Tordkif;rSm vltrsm;vkyfief;cGifr0ifyJ/ tdrfYae=uaomudpP/ puf&HkESifh olwdk@vkyfief;cGif&Hk;rsm;udk odrf;ydkuf
aomudpP/ rSwfyHkwifu'fjym;rsm;udk udkifaqmifoGm;vm&efjiif;y,faomudpP/ olwdk@.ajrwdkufcef;rsm;Y owif;pm
rsm;udk wdwfwqdwfyHkESdyfxkwfa0=uaomudpP/ olwdk@udkESifxkwfaeaomtcsdefY xGufoGm;&efjiif;qdk=uaomudpP
rsKd;yg0ifygonf?
+Adwdo#tpdk;&. qm;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_udkqef@usif=uaomtdENd,vlrsKfd;rsm;/ emZDrsm;. ppfa&;qdkif&mukefydk@r_rsm;

udkydwfyifwm;qD;=uaom 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;/ tm%m&Sifpepfudkqef@usif&ef pnf;&Hk;cJh=uaomcsDvDjynfolrsm;/ po
jzifht=urf;rzufenf;udk tvdktavsmuftodjzifhoHk;cJh=uaomolrsm;onf/ olwdk@.aqmif&Gufcsufvkyfief;rsm;rS
tm%mjyefvnfjzpfvmapcJha=umif; todtrSwfðycJh=uygonf? TudpPrsm;onfeef;awmftwGif;/ orwtdrf
awmf0if;twGif;xdkifae=uolrsm;. udpPr#omr[kwfyg? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifhygwfoufI txl;xif&Sm;aom
oabmw&m;a&;ynm&Sif a'gufwm*sif;&Syf.tqdkt&rl/ “t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh atmifyGJrsm;&Edkifyg
onf? tiftm;}uD;olrsm;u tavsmhay;vmonftxdyif pGrf;Edkifygonf? aemufqHk;&ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom
tkyfpdk;olrsm;/ ppftpdk;&rsm;vnf; vdkufavsmvmatmif ðyEdkifpGrf;&Sdygonf? ta=umif;rSm t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_
onf txuf-atmufpD;qif;ae&aomtkyfcsKyfyHkvkyfxm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;/ zGJ@pnf;yHk/ tpdk;&tm;vHk;.yifr
wefzdk;xm;csuf csufaumif;udkwdkufcdkufaoma=umifhjzpfygonf? Tcsufaumif;rSm tkyfcsKyfcHaeaomjynfolrsm;
jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfonf?” [k qdkcJhygonf?
vGefcJhaom&mpkESpf+yD;cJhcsdefwGif/ urBm&SdtoHv$ifhavvd_if;rsm;ESifh pmtkyfpifrsm;wGif/ tzsufqD;EdkifqHk;&mpkESpf[kac:

qdkorkwf=uaomESpfrsm;udk jyefajymif;=unfh&_oHk;oyfaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;jzifh jynfhaecJhygonf? wdyfacGrsm;
wck+yD;wck/ pmrsufESmrsm;wck+yD;wck/ raumif;qdk;&Gm;udk ESdrfeif;=u&mY ysufpD;qHk;&_H;cJhr_rsm;/ tHhzG,faumif;
avmufaomvlom;rsm;. ay;qyfr_wefzdk;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? Todk@qdkjcif;tm;jzifh trSm;}uD;rSm;aejyefyg
+yD? Todk@ordkif;udkazmfjyjcif;tm;jzifh TyÉdyuQrsm;rSxyfrHtm;jznfhxm;onfh a=umufzG,faumif;aomtrSm;
wckrSm t=urf;zufr_ufdk t=urf;zufr_jzifhomatmifEdkif&monf[k aumufcsufqGJazmfjyxm;onfhES,f&Sdygonf?
tjrifhqHk;tEW&m,f&ifqdkif&rnfhtajctaersKd;Y vufeuftiftm;t"dujzifhomajz&Sif;Edkifrnf[k qdk&ma&mufyg
onf? Ttqdktwdkif;omrSefuefcJhygu/ vGefcJhaom&mpkwiG f t=urf;zufr_tiftm;oHk;a&;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;&Sd
=uaom tkyfcsKyfolrsm;/ zdESdyfolrsm;udk t=urf;rzufenf;udkifpGJcJholjynfolrsm;u z,f&Sm;cJh=uonfudk T&mpkESpf
twlwltwGif;rSmyif awG@cJh=u&onfudk rnfodk@qdkygrnfenf;?
yÉdyuQrsm;ESifh ygwfoufIt=uD;rm;qHk;aom,HkrSwfrSm;csufrSm/ t=urf;zufr_onf tm%mtwGuftqHk;pGefyHkpH

wcktjzpf xifrSwfae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? w&m;r#waomta&;awmfyHkwcktwGuf tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdawmho
a,mif/ rw&m;r_udk tnHhcH&awmhra,mif jzpfae&ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; &k&Sm;/ tdENd,/ ydkvef/ 'def;rwf/ qmaA;
'dk;/ tmz&duef-tar&duefvlrsKd;rsm;/ csDvD/ awmiftmz&duESifh tjcm;aoma'orsm;rSjynfolrsm;onf zufwck.
a&G;cs,fr_onf/ tjcm;wzufrSt=urf;zufr_enf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,f&Hkr#jzifh vrf;ydwfoGm;rnfr[kwfa=umif;jyocJh=u
ygonf? xdk@tjyif t=urf;rzufr_onf ydkI}uD;rm;aompGrf;tif tiftm;wckjzpfa=umif;jyocJhygonf? vGefcJhaom
&mpkESpftwGuf t}uD;jrwfqHk;b0.pGef@v$wfr_ESifh *k%fðyazmfjyp&mrsm;udk ,cif&mpkwGifcsefvSyfxm;cJh&rnf
qdkyguvnf;/ vmrnfhaemufESpfw&mumvwGif TtrSefw&m;udkvltrsm;ydkI odjrifvm=urnf jzpfayonf?

tykdif; (1)
--------------------
tm%mtwGuf v_yf&Sm;r_
-----------------------
tvGeftrif;Ekdifvkdrif;xufðyol tm%m&Sifrsm;onfyif æ ykdIay;xm;au|;xm;Edkifav/ ykdI emcH=u

avjzpfonf/ olwkd@onf olwkd@ukd,folwkd@ umuG,f&ef ykdItiftm;jznfhvkyfaqmif=u+yD;/ ykdrkd
tm;}uD;vmEdkifonf? tjcm;olrsm;udkacsr_ef;Edkifaom/ zsufqD;Edkifaom pGrf;tm;vnf; ydkrsm;vm=u onf?
tu,fI bmr#ay;rxm;Edkifawmhygu/ tu,fI olwkd@onf emcHp&mr&Sdawmhv#if/ wkdufckdufxdk;ESufr_
wcsufr#vkyfp&mrvdkyJ/ olwdk@tpGrf;onf vufcsnf;AvmjzpfoGm;&awmhonf?
vufeufrJholozG,fjzpfoGm;&onf? bmrS tpGrf;r&Sdolrsm; jzpfoGm;&onf? a&ajrESifh ðypkysKd;axmifr_ r&aom
opfyifwyif. tjrpfuJhokd@ ajcmufaoG@/ aoqkH;oGm;=u&vdrfhrnfjzpfonf?
tDwdefae; a' vm bltufwD (1577)

Etienne de la Boétie, (1577)

tcef; (1)
&k&S / 1905 ckESpf

vlxk oydwf
“wdwfqdwfaeaom wifhum;rsm;”
ppfat;wkdufyGJukefqkH;t+yD;/ 'kwd,ajrmuf aEG&moDumvwckrS/ we*FaEGn wn. tarSmifxkxJwGif/

&k&SEkdifiHawmf}uD; +idrf;csrf;aepOfumv/ AkdvfrSL; qm*D tDAf'kduDarmhAf (Major Sergei Evdokimov) onf ta&;
ay:tcsufay; acgif;avmif;oHwcka=umifh Ekd;xvmcJhavonf? reufvif;tm;}uD; (3) em&Dtcsdefcef@wGifrl olonf
armfpukdòrd@jyifwGif tajcpkdufxm;onfh ol.wifhum;wyfzGJ@ESifhtwl &Sdae+yD;/ r=umjrifhrD a&mufvm awmhrnfh
!$ef=um;csufrsm;ukd apmifhaeavawmhonf? ta&S@zufaumif;uifonf pwifjzLazsmhvmonfh tcg wGifrl tDAf'kduDarmAf.
wyf&if;rSL;onf rifhpfuf ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD; (Minsk highway) twkdif; armfpukdòrd@ wGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufI/ armfpukdjrpfukd
jzwfaqmufxm;onfh wHwm; (2) ckukd odrf;ykdufI ydwfqkd@ae&m,lxm;&ef ‚if;wkd@tm; trdef@&avawmhonf? xkdjrpfonf
armfpukdòrd@wGif;rSaeI auG@aumufpD;qif;oGm;jcif; jzpfonf? !$ef=um;csufESifh ywfoufI rnfonfh &Sif;vif;csufr#
ryg&Sdacs? okd@aomf AdkvfrSL;ESifh ‚if;.aemufvkdufrsm;onf trdef@!$ef=um;csuftwkdif;
waoGrwkdif;vkdufemvkyfaqmifcJh=uonfhtjyif/ &k&Sjynfolwkd@.&if0ukdyif toifhcsdef &G,fxm;vkduf=uavonf? (1991)
ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (19) &uf/ xkd wevFmae@ reuf (8) em&DwdwdtcsdefwGif tDAf'kduDarmAfonf ‚if;.wifhum;,mOfwef;tm;
pwifxGufcGg&ef tcsufjyvkdufavonf?
xkdae@eHeuftm&k%fOD;tcsdefwGifyif/ vDeif*&ufòrd@rS uGefjyLwmody`Hynm&SifwOD;jzpfonfh Avm&D ZmAkda&mhnD

(Valerii Zavorotnyi) onfvnf; ‚if;. w,fvDzkH;jrnfoHa=umifh Ekd;xvmcJhavonf? “a*:bmacsmAfh tzrf;cH&+yD”
[laom pum;oHonf zkH;vkdif;. tjcm;wzufrSaeI ay:xGufvm+yD;/ “ta&;ay: tkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@xkwfjyefvdkuf+yD”
[laom pum;oHyg qufvufI xGufay:vmonf? ZmAkda&mhnDonf &kyfjrif oH=um;pufukd zGifhvkdufaomtcg csefe,fvf
(3) vkdif;pvkH;wGif *E<0ifaw;*DwtpDtpOfvmaeonfukdom awG@& avonf? r=umrD
owif;a=unmolwOD;xGufay:vm+yD; “qkdAD,ufjynfolvlxkokd@yef=um;csuf” [laom acgif;pOfjzifh xkwfjyefcsufukd
zwf=um;avawmhonf? xkdyef=um;v$monf txufwef;t&m&Sd tkyfpkwpkrS xkwfjyefjcif;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@ukd,f ‚if;wkd@
EkdifiHawmfta&;ay:tajctaetwGuf zGJ@pnf;vkdufonfh EkdifiHawmf aumfrwD[k rSnhfac:xm;avonf? yef=um;v$mwGif -
“qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk EkdifiHol EkdifiHom;taygif;wkd@/ u|Ekfyfwkd@. }uD;us,fjrifhjrwfaom trdajray:wGif tvGef}uD;rm;aom
tEW&m,f}uD; pkd;rkdaeavonf” [lI pwifxm;avonf? aumfrwDonf wkdif;jynf&ifqkdifae&onfh
t"du&k%f;}uD;tqkH;owfoGm;&ef tmrbaEW cHxm;+yD;/ qkH;jzwfcsuftrSwf (1)wGif qENjyjcif;rsm;/ oydwfarSmufjcif;rsm;ukd
ydwfyifxm;jcif;/ vlxkowif; rD'D,mrsm;ukd xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/ ykHrSeftajctaeudk xdckdufaESmuf,Sufaprnfh ygwDrsm; ESifh
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ukd qkdif;iHxm;&ef wkd@ukd &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm az:jyxm;onf?
us,fjyef@vSaom wkdif;jynf}uD;twGif;&Sd jynfoltm;vkH;wkd@onf a&'D,kdESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;rSaeI

vnf;aumif;/ w,fvDzkef;ac:oHrsm;rSaeIvnf;aumif;/ txdwfwvef@jzpfaeaom tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;a=umifh vnf;aumif;
xkdowif;ESifhtwl Ekd;xvm=uonf? okd@aomf wa,mufr# tvGeftrif;xdwfvef@pGm tHhtm;oifhr_ rjzpf=uacs?
qkdAD,uforw rDac;vfa*:bmacsmhAf pwifusifhokH;cJhonfh EkdifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGg;a&;ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&; rl0g'ukd
ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf oabmxm;wif;rmonfh uGefjrLepf trmcHrsm;rSaeI tm%modrf;&ef jyifqifae
onfqkdaomowif;onf vrsm;pGmuyif aumv[v tjzpf&SdaecJhaoma=umifhjzpfavonf? ,cktcg xkd
ajcmuftdyfrufrsm;onf tppftrSeftjzpf ay:xGufvmav+yD? vGefcJhaom (5) ESpfcef@u qkdAD,ufjynfolrsm; tm;
ay;xm;cJhonf touf&SLcsdefav;onf ,cktcg aoewfajymif;0wGif jyefvnf&kwfodrf;cH&rnfhtajctae okd@
a&muf&Sdaeav+yD?

rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl tm%modrf;tkyfpkacgif;aqmifrsm;rS trdef@/ !ïef=um;csufrsm;ukd xkwfjyefxm; aomfvnf;/
r=umrDyif jynfolvlxkonf trdef@zDqef=uawmhonf? xkduJhokd@ yxrOD;qkH; pwifzDqefolrSm
a*:bmacsmAfhyifjzpfavonf? olonf ol. EkdifiHawmf ta&;ay:tajctae twnfðycsufukd ay;&ef jiif;qkdvkduf
aomtcg ‚if;. aEG&moDtyef;ajzpHtdrYf yifv#if tusOf;om;tjzpf xdefodrf;xm;jcif;cH&onf? &k&Sjynfaxmifpk
.orwtjzpfa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onfh abm&pf,Jvfqif (Boris Yeltsin) ukdrl tvGefvG,fulpGm zrf;qD;I
r&cJhacs? ol@tm; zrf;qD;&efapv$wfvkdufonfh au*sDbD (KGB) t&m&Sdrsm;. vufrSaeI vGwfajrmuf atmif óud;pm;+yD;/
,Jvfqifonf ‚if;. tpkd;&ÏmecsKyf&Sd&m tdrfjzLawmfokd@ ajy;avawmhonf? rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif olonf
tjyifwGif&yfxm;onfh wifhum;wpD;. xdyfay:okd@wufI “&k&Sjynfolvlxktaygif;okd@” [lI ‚if;. ukd,fwkdifa&;
yef=um;v$mukd zwf=um;avawmhonf? yef=um;v$mwGif tm%modrf;tkyfpk. tðytrlrsm; tm;vkH;onf
w&m;r0ifa=umif; a=unm+yD;jynfvkH;u|wf taxGaxG oydwfwkdufyGJ}uD;ukd az:aqmif&ef wkdufwGef;xm;avonf?
xkd@aemuf olonf a&'D,kdrSaeI jynfol@ppfom;rsm;tm; “,ckuJhokd@ tvGefta&;}uD; onfh tqkH;tjzwfay;&rnfhtcsdefY/
oifwkd@onf oifwkd@. jynfolvlxkxHwGif qkdxm;onfh uwdopPmrsm;ukd rarh=uukefvifh/ oifwkd@.aoewfrsm;ukd
jynfol@zufokd@ ajymif;rvSnfhoifhay/ &k&SvlrsKd;wkd@. *k%f,lzG,f&m Tvufeufrsm;wGif jynfolvlxk. aoG;jzifh
rzkH;v$rf;apoifhay tp&Sdonfjzifh” owday;E_d;aqmfxm;onf?
‚if;. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ESifh ajymqkdcsufrsm;jzifh ,Jvfqifonf jynfolwkd@tm; tm%modrf;r_udk tHwk&ef

wkdufwGef;avonf? rGef;vGJcsdefwGifrl armfpukdòrd@om;rsm;onf ,Jvfqif. ajratmufrD;&xm;&kHwGif yef=um;csufukd
rdwˆLrsm;ul;I ukdifaqmif+yD; u&ifrvifwHwkdif;tjyifzufwiG f qENjyyGJi,fwckukd usif;y ae=uavonf? rsm;r=umrDwGif
trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf tdrfjzLawmfokd@pk&kH;a&muf&Sdvm=u+yD; aqmufvkyfa&; ypPnf;rsm;/ w,fvDzkef;&kHrsm;
tp&Sdonfh vufjzifho,f,l&&SdonfhypPnf;rSefor#wkd@jzifh tdrfjzLawmfukd um&Hxm;onfh twm;tqD;wckukd
wnfaqmufvkduf=uavonf? tiSg;um;armif;olrsm;rS vnf; twm;tqD;wHwkdif;tm; tiftm;jznfhonfhtaejzifh
‚if;wkd. um;rsm;ukdvSL'gef;=uavonf?
wifhum;wef;}uD;wckonf uvDeif y&kdpyuf (Kalinin Prospekt) vrf;twkdif; tdrfjzLawmfqDokd@ OD;wnfI

qlnHpGmjzifh w*sKef;*sKef;armif;ESifvmpOfwGif vlxkonf vrf;ukdjzwfI vlom;wHwkdif; tjzpfzefwD;um ydwfqdk@wm;qD;xm;
vkdufavonf? xkd@aemuf ppfom;rsm;tm; “vlxkESifhtwl&Sdyg” “ukd,fhjynfolukd jyefrypfeJ@” [lI
atmf[pfaºuG;a=umf=uavonf? tbkd;tkdwa,mufonf “ig[m b0wav#mufvkH; tvkyfvkyfcJhw,f/ rif;wkd@=unhfprf;/
ighb0wwav#mufvkH; a[m'D wyfrawmftwGuf ay;qyfcJhw,f/ tck rif;wkd@u igwkd@udk qef@usif+yD;awmh
ypfrvkd@vkyfaew,f” [lI atmf[pfavonf? tacstwifjzpfyGg;r_onf tcsdeftenf;i,f =umvmaomtcg
wifhum;ay:rS trdef@ay;t&m&Sdonf tif*sifpufydwfvkdufavonf/ ,mOfwef;wGif;&Sd tjcm;aom wifhum;rsm;onfvnf;
tif*sifpufrsm;udk ydwfvkduf=uavonf? jynfolwkd@onf wifhum;rsm; tm;vkH;ay:okd@ wufum wifhum;twGif;&Sd
ppfom;rsm;xHokd@ csKdcsOfo=um;vkH;rsm;/ aygifrkef@rsm;ESifh Ekd@rsm;ukd ay;a0 au|;arG;=uavonf?
AkdvfrSL;tDAf'kduDarmhAfESifh ol@wyfcGJonf tdrfjzLawmf nmzuf&Sd uvDeifpuD; (Kalininskii) wHwm;teD;okd@

a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg tm%modrf;r_twGuf vlxkrSaeI twm;tqD;rsm; ðyvkyfxm;onfukd awG@&Sd&avonf?
qENjyoltcsKd@onf ‚if;wkd@tm; zufqpfrsm;[lIvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;rsKd; atmf[pfusdefqJ ae=uavonf? xkdtxJwGif
AkdvfrSL;ESifh odu|rf;olwa,mufvnf;yg0ifI AkdvfrSL;tm; ,Jvfqif .bufokd@ ajymif;vm&ef pnf;&kH;aeavonf?
ppfr_xrf;ouf (36) ESpf&Sd+yDjzpfaom wyfrawmft&m&Sdonf rdrdbmvkyf& rnfukd ra0cGJEkdifyJjzpfaeavonf? trdef@ukd
zDvmqef@usifðy&efrSm tvG,fwuljzifh csifhcsdefpOf;pm;I &aomt&m r[kwfay? okd@aomf òrd@wGif;okd@0ifvmpOf
vrf;wav#mufY olonf vufeufrJht&yfom;rsm;ukd wkdufckdufjcif; ðyvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k ukd,fhukdukd,f
qkH;jzwfxm;cJhavonf? “usaemfh trdef@&xm;w,f/ 'ga=umifh usaemf'DrSmyJaeawmhr,f/ okd@aomf usaemfwkd@ rnfol@ukdr#
ypfcwfjcif;/ wifhum;jzifh eif;acsjcif;ðyrnfr[kwfyg/ usaemf uwday;ygw,f” [lI a=unmvkdufavonf?
tDAf'dkuDarmhAf ESifh ol@&Jabmfrsm;onf em&Dtawmf=um xkdae&mwGif &yfwef@ae=uavonf? n (7) em&Dcef@wGif
&k&Sv$wfawmfrS ukd,fpm;vS,fwa,mufay:xGufvm+yD;/ 'k-orw tvufZENm; &kpuGdKifESifh vma&mufawG@qkH
ajymqkd&eftwGuf AkdvfrSL;tm; ajymqkdavonf? 'k-orw tvufZENm; &kpuGdKifonf tmz*efepPwefppfjyef
ppfr_xrf;a[mif;wOD;jzpf+yD;/ tdrfjzLawmftm; umuG,f&eftwGuf pnf;&kH;aeoljzpfonf? &kpuGdKifonf AdkvfrSL;tm;

a*:bmacsmAfh zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cH&jcif;ESifh tm%modrf;r_tm; zDqeftmcH&ef ,Jvfqif. a=unmcsuf wkd@ta=umif;udk
ajymjyavonf? xkd@aemuf tdrfjzLawmftm; umuG,f&mwGif tultnDay;&ef awmif;qkdavonf? “usaemfwkd@
ulnDygr,f/ usaemfukd trdef@omay;yg” [k tDAf'kduDarmhAfrS jyefajzvkduf avonf? xkd@aemuf tDAf'kduDarmhAfonf
wyfcGJ&Sd&mokd@jyefoGm;+yD; wifhum;rsm;tm; OD;pD;vkdufonf? ,cktcg qkdAD,uf wl/ wHpOf tvHawmfukd rukdifaqmifyJ
&k&SokH;a&mifjc,ftvHawmfukd v$ifhxlum tdrfjzLawmfukd axmufcH aumif;csD;ay;ae =uonfhvlxkESifh
yl;aygif;vkdufavonf?
owif;pmq&mtawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; tnhHcH t&_H;ay;&efukd jiif;qkd=uavonf? wevFmae@ naewGif

tm%modrf;tzGJ@onf ‚if;wkd@. yxrqkH;t}udrf (aemufqkH;vnf;jzpfonfh) owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJukd ðyvkyfavonf?
vli,f owif;axmufwa,mufjzpfonfh wwfwDtm;em; rJvfuDem; (Tatiana Malkina) onf ar;cGef;wckESifhtwl
olr.vufwzufukd ajr‡mufvkduf+yD;/ tm%modrf;ppfbuft&m&Sdwkd@ zkH;uG,f&ef óud;yrf;aeonfh
w&m;0ifr_Oya'rsufESmzkH;v$mukd zsufqD;ypfvkdufavonf? olrrS “rae@nu tm%modrf;r_ vkyfief;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
&SifhtaeeJ@odvsufeJ@ vkyfvkdufwmvm;/ rodyJeJ@vkyfrdoGm;wmvm;qkdwm aus;Zl;ðyI ajymjyEkdifrvm;&Sif”
[kar;vkdufygonf? xkdnwGif wwkdif;jynfvkH;onf armfpukdòrd@rS twm;tqD; tydwftqkd@ rsm;ta=umif;ESifh ,Jvfqif.
wifhum;ay:rS yef=um;v$mESifh w&m;0if owif;tpDtpOfrS (5) rdepf=um tpD&ifcH pmwkd@ukd=um;ae=u&avonf?
ydwfyifcHxm;&onfh owif;pmrsm;onf &&So d nfhowif;rsm;ukd v_yf&Sm;olrsm; xHokd@zufpfjzifh tpD&ifcHykd@ay;+yD;
xkdolrsm;rSaeI vrf;rsm;ay:wGif vkdufvHjzef@a0=uonf?
tm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfolrsm;onf vufeuftiftm;wpkHw&mukd jyovkdufygu twkduftcH ðyvkyfrnfholrsm;ukd

acsmufjcm;oGm;aprnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? trSefwu,fwGifrl armfpukd ESifh vDeif*&uf&Sd jynfoltrsm;pkonfyifv#if/
wkH%Sdbma0 qdwfqdwfyifae ae=u+yD; ‚if;wkd@ESifhrqkdifovkdyif edpP"l0tvkyfrsm;ukd qufvufvkyfukdifaeI/
tm;vyf&ufrsm;ukdvnf; cHpm;ae=u+yD;/ owif;ESifhywfoufI pdwf0ifpm;r_ tenf;i,f om &SdcJh=uavonf? ,Jvfqif.
jynfvkH;u|wfoydwfwkdufyGJ az:aqmif&ef ac:,lr_rSm wkef@jyefr_ tenf;i,fom &&SdcJhavonf?
okd@aomftjcm;aomòrd@}uD;rsm;rSmuJhokd@ ckcHzDqefr_rsm; jzpfyGg;ay:aygufvmonfhtwkdif; vkHavmuf aom
vlOD;a&yrm%onf tdrfjzLawmfokd@a&muf&SdvmcJh=uavonf? xkd@a=umifh tm%modrf;ppfAkdvfwpkrSm vkdtyfaom
oabmwlnDr_ukd jiif;y,fcHcJh&avonf? vufurf;pmapmifrsm;jzef@a0jcif;/ vlxkqENjyyGJrsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;/
twm;tqD;tydwftqkd@rsm; wnfaqmuf=ujcif;/ wifhum;abmf'D eH&Hrsm; ay:wGif a&;jcpf oGm;jcif;/ wkd@jzifh xkd
omreft&yfom;jynfolrsm;onf +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;ukd ra=umuf&GH@a=umif; jyo=uonf?
t*Fgae@wGif jynfol wodef;cef@wkd@onf tdrfjzLawmf&Sd vlxkpnf;a0;yGJokd@ oGm;a&muf&eftxd &J0HhvmcJh =uonf?

xkdrSaeI ppfonftiftm;pkrsm;rSmvnf; taqmuftOD;ywfvnfwGifum&Hxm;onfht&Htwm;wGif ykdrkd
yg0ifvmcJh=uonf? ayAJvf *&macsmhAf (Pavel Grachev) ESifh tvufZENm vD;bwf (Aleksandr Lebed) uJhokd@aom
t}uD;wef;ppfbuft&m&Sdrsm;onfvnf; ,Jvfqiftay: ‚if;wkd@. axmufcHr_ukd a=unmcJh=uonf? xkd@jyif au*sDbD
(KGB) xdyfwef;t&m&Sdrsm;onfyifv#if aoG;acsmif;pD;r_xJwGif ‚if;wkd@ yg0ifywfoufvdrfhrnf r[kwfa=umif;ukd
twdtvif;&Sif;vif;cJhavonf? aemufqkH;wGif tm%modrf; ppfzuftkyfpkonf t*Fgae@ntwGuf jyifqifxm;onfh
wkdufckdufr_ukd trdef@ay;jcif; rðyvkyfEkdifawmhacs? Ak'<[l;ae@tapmykdif;wGifrl tm%modrf;tzGJ@onf òyduGJoGm;avonf?
tpkd;&rS jynfolvlxk. qENukd a&mifjyef[yf&eftwGuf &k&SvlrsKd;wkd@. &Snfvsm;vSaom

&kef;uefóud;yrf;r_rsm;twGif;Y/ (1991) ckESpf/ =o*kwfvwGif vrf;rsm;ay:okd@wufvm=uaom trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf
orkdif;pmrsufESm tcef;opfukd a&;om;cJh=ujcif;jzpfavonf? ‚if;wkd@txJrS trsm;pkonf xkdatmifjrifr_ta=umif;ukd
od&Sd=urnf r[kwfaomfvnf;/ olwkd@onf t&yfom; tpnf;twm;rsm;ukd armfpukdòrd@v,fwGif [ef@wm;ðyvkyfonfh/
tºuGif;rJhtm%m&Sifwkd@ESifh twkduftcHðyonfh yxrqkH;aom &k&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;awmhr[kwfacs? vGefcJhaomtESpf (80)
ausmfu/ ,ck tdrfjzLawmfwnf&Sdaeonfhae&mESifh rvSrf;rurf;tuGmta0;wGifyif 'kwd,ajrmuf Zmbk&if eDukdvufpf
(Tsar Nicholas II) ukd ukdifv_yfcJhonfh xif&Sm;ausmf=um;onfh wESpf=umtkHºuGqENjyr_udk qifE$JcJh=uao;onf? (1905)
ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif 'kwd, ajrmuf eDukdvufpf Zmbk&ifukd qef@usifcJh=uonfh axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom armfpukdòrd@ol/
òrd@om;rsm;onf tqkdygae&mwGif vufeufukdifppfom;rsm;ESifh &ifqkdifcJh=u&avonf? okd@aomf olwkd@onf aoewfrsm;ukd
a0Sh&rf;=uaomtcg/ ppfom;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@tm; tpkvkduftòyHvkdufowfjzwf ypfvkduf=uavonf?

xkdtpkvkduftòyHvkdufowfjzwfjcif;onf &k&SekdifiH. yxrOD;qkH;aom 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;udk pwifvkdufjcif;
jzpfavonf? xkdtjzpftysuf rwkdifrDtxd &k&SekdifiHonf tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sd&eftwGuf &mpkESpf.
yxrOD;qkH;aom t=urf;rzufenf;vrf;ukdtokH;ðyaeonfh tcif;jzpfyGg;&mae&mjzpfonf? okd@aomf w&uf=um
t=urf;zufr_onf ‚if;&uf&Snf=umaqmif&GufcJhaom t=urf;rzufr_vkyfief;udk tqkH;owfapcJhonf?
“aoG;pGef;aom we*FaEG”
“bkef;awmf}uD;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;”
(1905) ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv. at;jrI =unfvifaom aumif;uif&Sdonhf we*FaEGwae@/ pdef@yDwmpbwf (St.

Petersburg) òrd@awmf. òrd@jyif pufr_{&d,mZkH wae&mwGif/ qHyift&SnfESifh i,f&G,faom b&if*sD bkef;awmf}uD;
wa,mufonf axmifaygif;rsm;pGm&Sdaom puf&kHtvkyform;rsm;.a&S@wGif rwfwyf&yfvsuf &Sdaeavonf? bkef;awmf}uD;
a*smf*Ds a*yGef (Father Georgii Gapon) onf puf&kH tvkyform;rsm;tm; qkawif;ywˆmem&Gwfqkday;aeonf?
xkd@aemuf ta,mufpDwkdif;tm; ‚if;wkd@wGif vufeufyg&Sd/ r&Sdar;jref; avonf? ta,mufpDwkdif;rS ryg&Sdyg[laom
tajzukd&&SdoGm;aomtcg olonf oabmus auseyfoGm;+yD; “aumif;w,f/ Zmbk&ifqDukd bmvufeufrS rygyJ
usaemfwkd@oGm;=ur,f” [k qufajymvkdufavonf? ae@vnf (11) em&Dxkd;+yD; rdepftenf;i,fpGef;aomtcg
vltyk f}uD;onf òrd@v,facgifokd@ pwifxGufcGmvmcJhavonf? pwifxu G cf mG vmonfEiS hf "rRaw;oDcsi;f rsm;ukd
oDqkdvm=uavonf? csDwufolrsm;. a&S@qkH;wef;wGif vuf0g; uyfwkdifwck/ olawmfpifwkd@. ykHawmfrsm;/ tkyfpkd;ol
bk&ifrsm;. &kyfykHum;csyfrsm;ukd o,faqmifvm+yD;/ csDwufezl;pnf;pmwrf;rSm “ppfom;wkd@ - jynfolrsm;tm;
rypf=uESifh”[lI a&;om;xm;avonf? olwkd@. OD;wnf&mt&yfum; awmf0ifrdom;pk aexkdifonfh
aqmif;&moDeef;awmfyifjzpfavonf? xkdaqmif;&moD eef;awmfwGif òrd@. tjcm;aom ae&mrSaeI csDwwfvmonfh
vlxk}uD;ESifh awG@qkHaygif;pnf;=urnfjzpf+yD;/ pkpkaygif; tiftm;wodef;ausmfoGm;rnf jzpfavonf? xkd@aemuf &k&Stifykdif,m
òrd@awmf. ESvkH;om;jzpfonfh eef;awmf.a&S@&Sd *E<0ifqefpGm tcsKd;tpm;usus wnfaqmufxm;onfh &ifjyifawmfwGif
bk&if eDukdvufpf (2) tm; toem;cHv$mwckukd wifoGif;=urnfjzpfonf?
olwkd@o,faqmifvmonfh toem;cHv$monf “tvGef&kdusKd;ESdrfhcspGmESifh t&Sifhtay: opPm&Sdv#uf” [lI

acgif;pnf;wyfxm;+yD;/ toem;cHv$mukd bkef;awmf}uD; a*yGefrS a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfavonf? toem; cHv$mwGif
“pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@wGif aexkdif=uonfh u|efawmfrsKd; tvkyform;rsm;onf” [lI ESifhtpcsDxm;+yD; “æ æ tkd - t&Sif/
w&m;r#wr_ESifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_&&Sd&eftvkd@iSg/ t&SifhxHawmfokd@ vm&ygonf? u|efawmfrsKd;wkd@onf
tvGefyifqif;&Jacgif;yg;=uygonf/ u|efawmfwkd@onf tzdESdyfcHae=u&ygonf/ u|efawmfwkd@ onf rEkdif0efrsm;ukd
xrf;&Gufae=u&ygonf? t&Sif. tultnDukd t&Sifhjynfom;rsm;. a0;&mokd@ OD;vSnfh roGm;ygapvifh/ xkdolwkd@tm;
olwkd@. tem*wfukd qkH;jzwfykdifcGifh ay;oem;awmfrlyg/ olwkd@tm; t&m&Sdqkd;rsm;. qkd;&Gm;vSaom zdESdyfr_rsm;rS
vGwfajrmufay;oem;awmfrlyg/ t&Sifhtm; t&Sifhjynfom;rsm;ESifh cGJjcm;xm;onfh tqkdyg wHwkdif;tm; t+yD;wkdif
òzdvSJcsawmfrl+yD;/ wkdif;jynftm; jynfom;wkd@ESifhtwl tkyfcsKyfawmfrlyg æ æ” [lI yg&Sdavonf?
a*yGef. aemufvkdufrsm;rSm olwkd@. tkyfpkd;oltm; awmfvSefykefuefonhf ykHpHrsKd;jzifhr[kwfbJ/ toem;cH

av#mufxm;onfh ykHpHrsKd;jzifh csOf;uyf=uavonf? toem;cHv$mwGif w'gZifausmfaom awmif;qkdr_rsm; yg&Sd avonf?
tedrfhqkH; vkyftm;cowfrSwfay;jcif;/ wae@tvkyfcsdef (8) em&D owfrSwfay;jcif; ponfwkd@yg0ifonhf tjyif
tifykdif,mtwGif;&Sd ta,mufpDwkdif;ESifhqkdifaom EkdifiHa&;ESifhywfoufonfh awmif;qkdr_vnf; yg0ifav onf?
xkdawmif;qkdr_wGif vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;xkwfa0cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm ukd;uG,fcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm
toif;tyif;pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;cGifh wkd@tjyif/ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; tm;vkH;v$wfay;a&;ESifh w&m;Oya'a&S@arSmufwGif
vlom;tm;vkH; nDr#a&;wkd@vnf; yg0ifavonf? ta&;t}uD;qkH;tcsufrSm t&G,fa&mufolrsm;rS xnfh0ifxm;onfh
qENrJrsm;ESifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf vkdufonfh ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;rSaeI zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; nDvmcHukdac:ay;
&efyifjzpfonf? “,if;onf u|efawmfwkd@. t"duusonfh awmif;qkdr_yifjzpfonf/ tjcm;aomtcsufrsm; tm;vkH;onf
xkdtcsufay:wGif rlwnfaeavonf?” toem;cHv$mwGif ckdifckdifrmrmawmif;qkdxm;avonf?

tusKd;oufa&mufr_taejzifh/ csDwufolrsm;onf &k&Sorkdif;wckvkH;ukd zsufodrf;ypf&ef Zmbk&iftm;
awmif;qkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf? (1905) ckESpfwkdifatmif tm%mwGif&Sdaeonfh &k&Stifykdif,m. zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccH Oya'rsm;
tykd'f (1) wGif jywfom;pGmaz:jyxm;avonf - “bk&if{u&mZfonf &k&SvlrsKd;rsm; tm;vkH;tay:wGif tºuGif;rJh
oufOD;qHykdiftm%m&Sifjzpfonf?” Zmbk&if rif;aumif;wa,mufonf jynfoljynfom;rsm;ESifh ESD;aESm wkdifyifI
jynfolwkd@.tusKd;ukd bk&if. ESvkH;om;wGif xnfhoGif;xm;rnf jzpfaomfvnf;/ tm%mukdrlum; jynfoljynfom;
wkd@ESifhtwl cGJa0,lrnfr[kwfacs/ (okd@r[kwf) bk&if.qENukd y"merxm;yJ jynfol vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;jzifh
abmifuef@xm;vkdufjcif;? ol.EkdifiHom;rsm;onf ta&;t&mrsm; tm;vkH;wGif EkdifiHawmf. 0ifa&mufcs,fvS,fjcif;ukd
cHae&avonf/ owif;pmESifh *sme,fpmapmifrsm;wGif a&;om;xm;onfrsm;ukd wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif;/ bk&ifcHonf rnfol
wOD;wa,mufukdrqkd &kH;wifppfaq;jcif;rðyyJ zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm; EkdifcGifh&Sdjcif;ESifh vlr_a&;toif;tzGJ@ r#avmufukdom
cGifhðyxm;jcif; wkd@jzpfonf? tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh oufOD;qHykdif qkdonfrSm rnfonfhtcGifhta&;r# r&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf?
xkdpepftay: Zmbk&if. cspfjrwfEkd;r_onf yk*~dKvfa&;tm%myg0gykdifqkdvkdr_ qENwckxufykdavonf? olonf

bk&m;ocifuay;tyfaom tcGifhtm%m&Sdoltjzpf,kH=unfaeonf? ,if;onfAvma[mif;avmif; jzpfum
xkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;wGif a&mifjyef[yfaeonf? &k&SEkdifiHwGif pufr_vkyfom;rsm;ESifh t&if;&Sif pD;yGg;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;/
acmwfopfEkdifiHa&;awG;ac:&Sifrsm;ESifh tEkynmv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &Sdonf? okd@aomf bk&if eDukdvufpf onf
ol@ukd,fola&S;acwftaqmifta,mif tqifwefqmrsm;jzifh 0ef;&Hxm;onf? olonf w&m;0ifpm&Guf pmwrf;rsm;wGif
a&S;acwfpmvkH;aygif;rsm;ukdom tokH;ðy&ef twif;t=uyfapckdif;cJhonf? olonf txl;0wfpkHrsm; 0wfqifIu&onfh
pkHwGJuyGJrsm;ukd usif;yavonf? xkduyGJwGif ta,mufwkdif;onf tESpf (200) oufwrf; &Sdonfh ykHpHwl txl;0wfpkHrsm;ukd
0wfqifI u=u&onf? ol. tcsdefrsm;ukd pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@awmfxuf armfpukdwGif ukefqkH;&onfrsm;ukd
ykdrkdESpfoufonf? pdef@yDwmpbwf òrd@awmfonf Oa&myykHpH ykdIqef+yD;/ xkxnf}uD;rm;aom ausmufwkH;rsm;jzifh
wnfaqmufxm;onfh ykdrkd opfvGifonfh eef;awmfxuf &kd;&mAdokumykHpH opfom;taqmufttkHrsm;ESifh
auG@ywfIoGm;&aomvrf;rsm;&Sdonfh armfpukdòrd@wGif aexkdif &onfukd ykdrdkESpfoufonf? vufawG@ trSefwu,f
r[kwfaomfvnf;bJ ‚if;. pdwful;xJwGif eDukdvufpfonf jynfom;rsm;. a&S@wGif zcifwa,mufu ‚if;.
om;orD;rsm;.a&S@wGif rwfwyf&yfouJhokd@/ tjyeftvSefcspfcifpkHrufr_rsm;ESifh bk&m;ocif. 0wW&m; todpdwfwkd@jzifh
csnfaESmifxm;onfh ykHpHrsKd;jzifh rwfwyf&yfwwfavonf?
okd@aomf tcsKd@aom &k&Srsm;onf xkduJhokd@ pdwful;,Ofr_rsKd;ukd z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;ypfcsif=uavonf?

ynmwwfvlwef;pm; trsm;pkonf &mpkESpfwck. usefaomtykdif;ukd ykdrdkaumif;rGefaom tpdwftykdif;
jzpfvmap&eftwGuf EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ðyvkyf&ef iwfrGwfawmifhwae=uavonf? (1825) ckESpfwGif
ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;rSaeI ykefuefr_wckk pwifjcif;ESifhtwl/ tkyfpki,fav;rsm;onf wkdif;jynftm; tºuGif;rJh oufOD;qHykdif
bk&ifpepfrSaeI vGwfajrmuf&ef tcgtm;avsmfpGm }uHpnftm;xkwfae=uavonf? “jynfol@qEN” [laom tkyfpkonf
Zmbk&iftm; (1881) ckESpfwGif Zmbk&if tvufZENm; (2) tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef pDrHcJhzl;onf? (eDukdvufpf 13
ESpfom;t&G,fu ol. tzkd;aoqkH;jcif;ukd awG@jrifcJh&avonf)? qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm; (SR - socialist
Revolutionary) ygwDrS “wkdufyGJtzGJ@tpnf;” “Battle Organization” [ktrnf&onfh t=urf;zuftkyfpkopfwckonf
&mpkESpfajymif;vJt+yD;wGif wufºuGaom tkyfpkwckjzpfvm cJhavonf?
tjcm;aom awmfvSefa&;0g'Drsm;onf t=urf;zuf0g'udk qef@usif=u+yD;/ xkdvrf;pOftpm; a&yef;pm; onfh
vlxktkHºuGr_rsm; ðyvkyf&eftwGuf v,form;rsm; (okd@r[kwf) tvkyform;rsm;tm; pnf;&kH;jcif;ukd óud;yrf;vkd=uonf?
vli,ftrsm;pkrSm rmufhpf0g'Drsm;. tawG;tac:rsm;ukd pdwf0ifpm;ae=u+yD;/ qkd&S,fvpfrsm;rSm pdef@yDwmpbwf/ armfpukdESifh
tjcm;aomòrd@rsm;wGif (1890) vGefESpfrsm;rS pwifI tvkyform;rsm; t=um;wGif pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfv#uf&Sdae=uavonf?
tjcm;aomolrsm;rSm tpkd;&tm; rdrdzmom ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyf&ef twGuf pnf;&kH;jcif;zufokd@ tm;oefv#ufyif
&Sdae=uayao;onf? &mpkESpfopf. yxrESpfrsm;twGif;Y ajrykdif&Sifrsm;/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh
todynm&Sifrsm;t=um;wGif vpfb&,fv_yf&Sm;r_wck ay:aygufvmcJhonf? xkdolrsm;onf
zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJ&eftwGuf ac:,l&efESifh jynfol@ukd,fpm;ðy tpkd;&ukdykHpHwrsKd;jzifh zGJ@pnf;&eftwGuf
vlxktpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;ESifh xkwfa0jzef@csdjcif;rsm;ukd/ Oya'wGif;/ Oya'yenf;vrf;ESpfrsKd;pvkH; jzifh tokH;ðyae=uonf?
xkd@a=umifh bkef;awmf}uD; a*yGef. toem;cHv$mwGifygaom vGwfvyfaom or*~rsm;/ jynfol@vGwfvyf cGifhrsm;/

'Drkdua&pD awmif;qkdcsufrsm; ponfwkd@onf ‚if;rwkdifrD awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vpfb&,ftkyfpk rsm;.

awmif;qkdcsufrsm;wGif tm;vkH;yg&Sd+yD;jzpfaeavonf? a*yGef. toem;cHv$mwGif róuHpzl; xl;jcm;onfrSm
&maxmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlwkd@onf vrf;rsm;ay:okd@xu G fvmI tqdkyg toem;cHv$mtay: axmufcHa=umif; ukd
jyojcif;jzpfonf? oufOD;qHykdifya'o&mZfpepftqkH;owfap&eftwGuf yxrOD;qkH;t}udrf awmif;qkdr_ tjzpf
ynmwwft0ef;t0kdif;twGif;rS r[kwfyJ/ a&S@ajy; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_wcktwGif;rS ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf? jzpfcsif awmh
xkdv_yf&Sm;r_onfvnf; EkdifiHawmf. rl0g'q&m}uD;rsm;. ulnDr_jzifh jzpfvmjcif;jzpfonf?
xkdv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf rl0g'a&;&m csrSwfolrsm;twGif;rS wa,mufrSm armfpukd&Sd EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m &JÏmerS

t}uD;tuJ qm*D ZlbmawmhAf (Sergei Zubatov) jzpfonf? ZlbmawmhAfonf w}udrfu awmfvSefa&;orm; rsm;ESifh
tquftqH&SdcJh+yD;aemuf/ ykvdyfolv#Kd wa,mufvnf;jzpfcJhonf? olonf tvkyform;rsm;.
opPmawmfcHr_&&Sda&;wkdufyGJY EkdifiHawmfonf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ukd &_H;edrfhcJhvdrfhrnf qkdonfukd od&Sd a=umuf&GH@
aecJhavonf? olonf xdyfwef;t&m&Sdrsm;twGif;Y a&yef;pm;aeaom rdrdzmomauseyf ESpfodrfhtm;&r_
b0ifjrifha&m*gjzpfonfh &k&Stvkyform;trsm;pkonf v,form;rdom;pkrsm;rS vmolrsm; jzpf=uojzifh olwkd@wGif
aus;vufa'oY trsm;qkH;awG@&onfh a&S&kd;pGJt,ltqrsm; xif[yfaernf[laom tjrifonf
xkdxdyfwef;t&m&Sdrsm;twGif;Y jzpfay:aepOfuwnf;u qef@usiw f kdufckdufcJhavonf? pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@&Sd qENjyyGJrsm;ESifh
xkdqENjyyGJrsm;udk rmhufpf0g'Drsm;rSaeI yg0ifywfoufpnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfaer_rsm;onf xkdb0ifjrifh a&m*gukd òydvJap+yD;/
ZlbmawmhAftm; qef;opfaom pDrHudef;wckukd azmfaqmif&ef wGef;ykd@ay;cJhavonf? tvkyform;rsm;wGif trSefwu,f
rauseyfr_rsm;&Sdae+yD;/ olwkd@. opPmcHr_onfvnf; EkdifiHawmfonf olwkd@. &efolr[kwf[k ,kH=unfaeor#umvywfr#om
&Snf=umvdrfhrnf[laom t,ltqtay:wGif olonf ol.txuft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh tajctwifjiif;ckHcJhavonf?
òrd@}uD;tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif EkdifiHawmfrSaeI uruxðyonfh ykvdyfÏme. }uD;=uyfr_atmufY tvkyform;rsm;twGif;
tjyeftvSef ulnDr_ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&Sdonf/ xkdtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;ÏmerSjzpf+yD; ZlbmawmhAf.
tjrifukd oufaotaxmuftxm;ay;cJhjcif;jzifh tEkdif&&SdcJhonf? ykdrkdaumif;rGefawmufyaom tem*wfukd awmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;rS r[kwfyJ EkdifiHawmfuomv#if tvkyform;rsm;ukd OD;aqmifcJhvdrfhrnf?
ZlbmawmhAf. enf;AsL[m aygufuGJawmhrnfukd oufaojycJhavonf? ol. toif;tzGJ@rsm;onf

tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvkyf&Sifrsm;. jiif;ckHr_rsm;t=um;wGif 0ifa&mufywfouf+idwG,fvmcJh+yD;aemuf/
ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif qENjyyGJrsm;ðyvkyf&ef trSefwu,fyif pnf;&kH;cJhavonf? emusnf;a'gojzpfaeaom
tvkyf&Sifrsm;onf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; AD au yavAD (V. K. Plehve) ukd cg;cg;oD;oD; rausreyfajymqkdvm=u avonf?
AD au yavADonf (1902) ckESpfaESmif;ykdif;wGif ZlbmawmhAfudk pdef@yDwmpbwfokd@ ajymif;a&ï@cJhol jzpfonf? okd@aomf
ZlbmawmhAfonf wm;qD;I &aom olwa,mufr[kwfay? olonf pufr_vkyfief;rsm; twGif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;.
pdef@yDwmpbwf tjyeftvSefulnDa&;tzGJ@tpnf; [ktrnf&onfh tzGJ@tpnf; opfukd òrd@awmfwGif xlaxmifcJhonf?
xkdtzGJ@tpnf;opfukd pdwf0ifpm;cJhaom vli,fwa,mufrSm touf (28) ESpft&G,f&Sd tvkyform;

wa,mufjzpf+yD; ‚if;. trnfrSm tef trf Amema&S@Af (N. M. Varnashev) jzpfonf? olonf touf (12)
ESpft&G,fuwnf;uyif òrd@wòrd@&Sd puf&kHrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfaecJholjzpfonf? xkdòrd@onf vGefcJhonfh q,fpkESpf twGif;Y
aus;vufa'orS a&ï@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;ESihf jynfhESufaecJhonfh òrd@jzpf+yD;/ xkda&ï@ajymif;tvkyform; rsm;rSm olwkd@
xGefwkH;rsm;ukd pGef@ypfcJh=u+yD; puf&kH ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;ukd ukdifaqmif&efvmcJh=uolrsm; jzpfonf?
xkdtvkyform;trsm;pkrSm pmwwfonfqkd&kHr#avmufom&Sd=u+yD;/ &kd;pif;aom aus;awmom;rsm;om jzpf=uonf?
usOf;ajrmif;onfhwkdufwef;vsm;rsm;ESifh rESpfòrd@p&m qkd;&Gm;aombm;wkdufrsm;twGif;Y ¹yGwfodyf
=uyfwnf;pGmaexkdif=u&avonf? xkd@tjyif olwkd@. tusKd;pD;yGg;ukd =unhf&&_ eftwGuf or*~tzGJ@rsm;vnf; r&Sdacs?
xkd@a=umifh qENjyyGJrsm;rSm w&m;0ifr_jzpfrvmyJ tvGefyif tEW&m,frsm;avonf? okd@wkdifatmif tcsKd@onf
ykdrkdaumif;rGefaomb0tajctae wpkHw&mtwGuf wrf;wcHpm;aerdcJh=uonf?
Amema&S@Afonf ol. wGifckHwGif ae@vnfykdif;rsm;Y vkyfukdifae&if; pdwful;,Oftdyfruf&mY olonf ol@ukd,fol

Tokd@ “tu,fI rif;taeeJ@ 'DtvkyfðywfoGm;cJh&if aemufxyfwjcm;tvkyfopfwckukd tvG,fwuleJ@
csufjcif;&EkdifrSmr[kwfbl;/ 'gqkd&if rif;twGuf bmawGjzpfvmEkdifrvJ´/ tu,fI rif;taeeJ@
xdckdufemusifr_jzpfcJhv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ emrusef;zsm;emjzpfcJh v#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ touft&G,f}uD;vkd@
tiftm;ukefcrf;cJhv#ifaomfvnf;aumif; rif;twGuf bmawGjzpfvmEkdifrvJ´” ponfjzifh t}udrfrsm;pGm

ar;=unhfcJhavonf? Amema&S@Afonf ol. vkyfazmfukdifzuf tjcm;aom tvkyform;rsm;uJhokd@ r[kwfbJ ol.
b0tajctaeukd pOf;pm;okH;oyf&ef tcsdef,lcJhavonf? olonf pmzwf&ef pdwt f m;xufoefolwOD;jzpf+yD;/ ol@ukd,fol
òrd@om;wa,muftjzpf/ wcgw&HwGif òrd@}uD;om;wa,muftjzpf jrifavonf? olonf owˆKqdkif&m udpPrsm;wGif
u|rf;usifvkyfom;wa,mufjzpfonfhtwkdif;/ olonf òrd@&Sd vkyftm;ctrsm;qkH;&&Sdolrsm;xJwGif wa,muftygt0if
jzpfonf? olonf òrd@&Sd cef@nm;xnf0gaom tdrfeD;csif;rsm;. teD;wGif tcef;rsm;ukd &SmazG&ef pDrHEkdifcJhavonf? olonf
pufbD;wpD;[kac:onfh acmwfay:qef;qef;jym;jym;t&mwcktwGufukdyif ol. 0ifaiGxJrSokH;cJh avonf?
(1902) ckESpf. aqmif;OD;ayguf&moD ae@wae@wGif/ pufbD;pD;oifaeqJjzpfonfh Amema&S@Afonf

ol@oli,fcsif;vnf;jzpf/ ol.wGJzuftvkyform;vnf;jzpfonfh pwDygaemAfh (Stepanov) tdrfokd@ tvnfoGm;&ef
pufbD;eif;xGufcJhonf? oli,fcsif;onf eDAmjrpf (Neva River) .wzufwGifaexkdifonf? 'l;acgif;ESifh vufwkd@wGif
yGef;yJh'%f&m wcsKd@&&Sd+yD;/ yef;oD;a&mif;olwOD;tm; wkdufrd+yD;aemuf olonf oli,fcsif;aexkdif&m pkaygif;tdrf,mokd@
a&muf&SdoGm;avonf? xkdtdrfwGif olonf uvm'kdADaumhAf (Kladovikov) qkdol vlwa,mufESifh rdwfaqGzGJ@cJhavonf?
xkdvlrS ol@tm; tvkyform;rsm;t=um;wGif tjyeftvSefulnDa&; &HykHaiG wckukd zGJ@pnf;&eftwGuf
pDrHudef;wckta=umif;ukd ajymjycJhavonf? armfpukdwGif&Sdonfh tvm;wl tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;yifjzpfonf? xkd@jyif
uvm'kdADaumhAfonf ol@tm; vmrnfhtywfwGif usif;yrnfh 'kwd,t}udrf tpnf;ta0;okd@ wufa&muf&efvnf;
zdwf=um;cJhonf? xkdao;i,faom yxrtqifhajcvSrf;rSpI Amema&S@Afonf tjcm;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom
pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;rsm;ESifhtwl/ 'kwd,ajrmuf eDukdvufpf Zmbk&ifESifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif; yËdyuQjzpf&eftwGuf
vrf;ray:okd@ pwifa&muf&SdvmcJhavawmhonf?
pdef@yDwmpbwf tpnf;t&kH;twGuf ZlbmawmhAf pkaqmif;cJhaomacgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS wOD;rSm a*smf*sD

a*yGefyifjzpfonf? a*yGefonf ol@ZeD;aoqkH;+yD;aemuf olaexkdif&m Zmwdc&kdifòrd@rSaeI òrd@awmfokd@ vGefcJhonfh
ESpftenf;i,furS ajyif;a&$@vmoljzpfonf? a*yGefonfv,form;rdom;pkrS qif;oufvmoljzpf+yD;/ òrd@wGif olawG@cJh&onfh
qif;&Jom;jynfolrsm;tay:wGif tvGefyif oem;*&k%moufcJh+yD; tvkyfrsm;pGmvkyfcJholjzpfonf? usrf;pmausmif;wGif
pmoifaepOfumvY rdbrJhuav;rsm;a*[mwGif tvkyfvkyfcJhavonf? òrd@wGif;&Sdqif;&J om;rsm;. t=um;wGif ol.
xif&Sm;ausmf=um;vmr_ukd aemufqkH;Y ZlbmawmhAfu pdwf0ifpm;vmcJhavonf?
a*yGefonf =oZmwduUrESifhjynfhpkHolwa,mufjzpf+yD;/ &_yfaxG;aom p&kdufvuQ%mrsKd;pkH&Sdol wa,muf

vnf;jzpfonf? ol. yk*~dKvfa&;ESpfvkdzG,f&m pGJaqmifr_onf olESifhawG@qkHol vlwkdif;. ,kH=unfr_ukd &&Sd&mwGif rsm;pGm
ulnDay;cJhavonf? Zmbk&ifbufom;t&m&Sdrsm;rSonf Zmbk&if qef@usifbufom;rsm;txd yg0ifcJhavonf?
ol.w&m;a[majymcsufrsm;onf em;axmifaomolrsm;ukd rsuf&nfrsm;yifusvmapavonf? ol. rsufvkH;onf
&$ef;vufawmufyaeavonf? ZlbmawmhAf tzGJ@tpnf;wGif olawG@cJh&aom tvkyform; rsm;tay:wGif
=uifem&ufa&mr_jyocJhavonf? xkdtvkyform;rsm;ukd olonf tjcm;aom ynmwwf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;
qufqHouJhokd@ rwlrwefESdrfhcsonfhoabmrsKd;rygyJ v_dufvSJpGmqufqHcJhavonf? okd@aomf a*yGef.
pdwfxufoefr_wkd@onf &nf&G,fcsuftwGuf pnf;ESifhurf;ESifh vkyfukdifvkdaom pdwfxm;wck &Sdvmatmif rxdef;csKyfEkdifcJhacs?
olonf pdwfvkdufrmefygðyvkyfwwf+yD;/ pdwftajymif;tvJjrefol wa,mufvnf; jzpfonf? xkdtðytrla=umifh
olwnfaqmufcJhaom tjcm;olrsm;. ol@tay:,kH=unfr_onf ysufjym;ap&ef r=umc%jzpfapcJhavonf?
ZlbmawmhAf tzGJ@tpnf;. tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif a*yGefonf ykHrSefwufa&mufol wOD;jzpfvmonf?

tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif *&kwpkdufem;axmifjcif;/ tvkyform;rsm;tm; olwkd@.&ifxJwGif&Sdonfhtwkdif;ajym&ef tm;ay;jcif;/
ESifh tcgtm;avsmfpGm rSwfcsufawmif;cHjcif; wkd@ukd ðyvkyfavonf? (1903) ckESpf. aEGOD;wGifrl olonf ol@tm;
ykdrkdwufºuGonfhtcef;u¾rSaeI vkyfaqmif&ef wkdufwGef;onfh Amema&S@Af tygt0if t"du tc&musonfholwcsKd@ESifh
rdwfaqGjzpfae+yDjzpfonf? okd@aomf pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;rsm;pGmwkd@onf ykvdyfwkd@.
xdef;csKyfr_atmufYvnfywfaeonfh tzGJ@tpnf; wckwGif 0ifa&mufyg0if&eftwGuf/ xkdtzGJ@tpnf;.
vkyfEkdifcGifhrsm;tay:wGif tvGeftrif; r,kHouFm oHo, &Sdae=uonfhtcg a*yGefonf tm;aysmhvmcJhavonf? (1903)
ckESpfukefykdif;a&mufaomtcg tzGJ@tpnf;onf ysufvkeD;yg; jzpfaeavonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl a*yGef/ Amema&S@Af ESifh
tjcm;oltcsKd@onf tzGJ@tpnf;opf wnfaxmif&eftwGuf tvkyfrsm;aecJh=uavonf? xkdtzGJ@opfukd olwkd@rS
pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@&Sd &k&Sm;puf&kHrsm;ESifh }udwfcGJpuf&kH vkyfom;rsm; v$wfawmf[k ac:avonf?

ZlbmawmhAf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uJhokd@yif xkdv$wfawmfonf t&m&Sdrsm;.axmufcHr_ukd &&Sdxm;av onf?
axmufcHonfh t&m&Sdrsm;rSm TuJhokd@ zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzifh tvkyform;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;.
aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfr_ESifh tvkyform;yËdyuQrsm;rS wpkHw&m tm&kHajymif;oGm;apvdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;=uonfh
tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm; jzpf=uonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl ta&;w}uD;tav;xm;p&mwckrSm vufawG@ESifh
jcm;em;aeavonf? a*yGefonf pdef@yDwmpbwf òrd@&Sd tzGJ@tpnf;wGif ykvdyfukd,fpm;vS,frsm; &Sdaejcif;onf
tvkyform;rsm;ukd 0ifa&mufyg0ifjcif;rS [ef@wm;aponfh twGuf t&m&Sdrsm;tm; ykvdyfrsm;&Sdraeap&eftwGuf
pnf;&kH;aomtcg/ t&m&Sdrsm;rS v$wfawmf. ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;wGif ykvdyfrsm;rxm;&Sd&ef oabmwl=uavonf?
v$wfawmf. ta&;t&mrsm;tm;vkH;ukd a*yGef wa,mufwnf; }uD;=uyfuGyfuJ&ef ESifh tvkyform;rsm;.
pGrf;tifrsm;tm;vkH; oifhavsmaf om vrf;a=umif;twkdif; pD;qif;oGm;&eftwGuf tmrcHay;vkdufavonf?
bkef;awmf}uD;. tpueOD; &nf&G,fcsufonf EkdifiHa&;vkyfaqmif&ef &nf&G,fcsifrS &nf&G,fayrnf? tapmykdif;Y

olonf òrd@&Sd qdyfcHwHwm;rsm;rS qdyfurf;vkyfom;rsm;ESifh a&maESmaecJhavonf? aemufykdif;wGif olu “olwkd@
usaemfhtay:rSm ,kH=unfvm=uw,f? olwkd@txJrS wcsKd@u EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh ywfoufaeonfhtwGuf
usaemfhukd olwkd@tjrifrSm;a=umif;0efcHvm=uw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;uawmh EkdifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_ r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfw,fvkd@
usaemftaeeJ@ rxifcJhbl;” [k jyefajymjyygonf? rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwfonf v$wfawmfukd wGef;tm;ay;wufºuGapcJhonf[k
olonf ykvdyfÏmeokd@ ay;onfh rSwfwrf;wapmifwGif &Sif;jycJhavonf/ “tajccHtawG;tac:ukd puf&kHESifh
oD;ESH}udwfcGJtvkyform;rsm;t=um;wGif tajccHvkdtyfcsuf tokdufttkHwcktjzpf wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf”[k olrS
ykvdyfrsm;ukd ajymjyygonf? “tJ'DurSwqifh usef;rm oef;pGrf;+yD;/ ukd,fusKd;pGef@ tepfemcHwwfwJh tysHoifp iSufi,f[m
ol&Jh wkdif;jynfeJ@ Zmbk&ifukd tmcHzkd@twGuf eJ@ ol@&Jhvkyfazmfukdifzuf tvkyform;awGukd ulnDzkd@twGuf a&S@okd@
pwifysHoef;cJhygawmhw,f?”
wm0ef&Sdaom tokdif;t0kdif; (Responsible Circle) [k odxm;onfh v$wfawmf. acgif;aqmifrsm; onf

trsm;tm;jzifh u|r;f usifaom/ tdrfaxmif&SifESifh ESD;EG,fqufpyfaeonfh csrf;omaom owˆKtvkyform; rsm;om
jzpf=uonf? olwkd@onf toif;wkdufwckukd puf&kHrsm;&Sd&m c&kdiftwGif;Yyif wnfaxmifvkduf=u avonf?
tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf y&dabm*ypPnf;rsm; ESifh pmtkyfrsm; ,laqmifvmjcif;/ tzkd;E_ef;csKdomaom yD,mEkd wckukd&SmazGjcif;ESifh
Zmbk&if. ykHwlukd csdwfqGJjcif;wkd@ ðyvkyf=uavonf? tcsKd@aom nrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0;rsm; ðyvkyf=u+yD;/ usefaom
nrsm;wGif pmayykd@csjcif;rsm;/ aw;*DwazsmfajzyGJrsm; (okd@) uyGJrsm; (okd@) 0kdif;Ipmzwfjcif; (okd@) ppfwk&ifupm;jcif;
ponfjzifhðyvkyf=uavonf? v$wfawmfonf tjyeftvSef ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; &HykHaiGtzGJ@ ukdvnf; zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD;/
tvkyf&Sifrsm;ESifh yËdyuQjzpfaom tzGJ@0ifrsm;twGuf &nf&G,fukd,fpm;ðyavonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl/ ZlbmawmhAf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uJhokd@ r[kwfyJ v$wfawmfonf qENjyoydwrf sm;r&Sdatmif xdef;csKyfEkdifcJhonf? ,if;onf a*yGef.
pD&ifqkH;jzwfr_rsm;ESifh tm;ukd;tm;xm;ðyEkdifr_rsm;tay: t&m&Sdrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;ukd c|if;csufxm;I a*yGeftay:
pdwfcs,kH=unfr_ ay;vmcJhavonf?
rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl/ xkdt&m&Sdrsm;onf xkdukd,fxlukd,fxulnDa&;tjyifrsufESmpm. aemufuG,fwGif

bmawGjzpfvmrnfqkdonfukd od&Sdygu wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;oGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? a*yGef. tapmykdif;t,ltq rsm;onf
yk*~dKvfa&; opPmapmifhodr_rS Zmbk&iftay:opPmapmifhodr_ESifh oufOD;qHykdifpepf ESpfckt=um;wGif vl;vmqefcwf
jzpfaepOfwGif/ v$wfawmfukd EkdifiHa&;xJwGif 0ifa&muf&pfywf+idwG,faeap&eftwGuf taxmuftuljzpfapolrSm
wjcm;wa,mufa,mufjzpfcJhavonf? xkdolrSm atvufqkdif u&Dvif (Aleksei Karelin) qkdoljzpfonf? xkdolonf
ausmufykHESdyfynmukd rdrdzmom avhvmwufu|rf;vmolwOD;jzpf+yD;/ rmhufpf0g'D &k&S qkd&S,f 'Drkdu&ufwpf tvkyform;
ygwD {Marxist Russian Social Democratic (SD) Workers' Party}tzGJ@0ifa[mif;wOD;vnf;jzpfonf? olonf
(1890) vGefESpfrsm;wGif tzrf;cHcJh&+yD;aemuf jynfESif'%fay;cH&zl;avonf? u&DvifESifh ol. taygif;azmfrsm;onf SD .
enf;emrsm;ukd txifr}uD;r_/ rESpfòrd@r_jzpfvmaomtcg/ ykvdyfrsm;. taESmuft,Sufrsm; a=umuf&GH@p&m r&SdawmhyJ/
Oya'. tumtuG,f atmufrSaeI tvkyform;rsm; xHokd@a&muf&SdEkdifaom v$wfawmfrS urf;vSrf;onfh
tcGifhtvrf;ukd óudqkdcJh=uavonf? olwkd@onf olwkd@ESifhtwl ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmaom tzGJ@tpnf;qkdif&m tawG@tóuHrsm;
o,faqmifvmavonf? Amema&S@Af. pum;vkH;t&rl òrd@. puf&kH tvkyforsm;rsm;t=um;wGif “cgrcsEkdifaom
tcGifhtm%m (unshakeable authority)” ESifh a*yGefwGif r&Sdao;aom t&Sdef=oZmwckyifjzpfavonf?

tpueOD;wGif oHo,&Sdjcif; ESifh r,Hk=unfr_rsm; &Sdc+Jh yD;aemuf/ aemufqkH;wGif a*yGefonf tm%mykdif
t&m&Sdrsm;. ,kH=unfr_ukd olatmifjrif&&SdcJhouJhokd@/ u&DvifESifh tjcm;aom awmfvSefa&;0g'Drsm;. ,kH=unfr_ukdvnf;
&&SdvmcJhavonf? wm0ef&Sdt0ef;t0kdif;rsm;. tpnf;ta0;rsm; +yD;qkH;+yD;aemuf/ n (10) em&Dcef@wGif a*yGefonf olwkd@
vBuf&nfaomuf/ aq;vdyfaomuf/ pum;ajymqkd&m ol. wkdufcef;Y u&Dviftkyfpktygt0if
tvkyform;tenf;i,fwkd@ukd zdwfac:EkdifcJhonf? xkd nOfhv,f,H tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif a*yGefu v$wfawmfwGif
tc&musonfh ae&mrsm;ukd,lxm;onfh tzGJ@0ifopfrsm;. EkdifiHa&;t& tzsuf tarSmufjzpfonfh t,ltqrsm;xH
wajz;ajz; csOf;uyfaeonfukd jyocJhavonf?
(1904) ckESpf/ rwfvwGif a*yGefonf u&Dvif/ Amema&S@Af ESifh v$wfawmf. twGif;pnf;rS tjcm;aom tzGJ@0if
ESpfa,mufukd ol. wkdufcef;okd@ zdwfac:cJhavonf? ‚if;wkd@tm; E_wfvkHvkHxm;&ef uwdawmif;+yD;aemuf pm&Gufw&Gufukd
qGJxkwfvkdufavonf? pm&Gufay:wGif &k&Stifykdif,m}uD;. EkdifiHa&;/ vlr_a&; ajymif;vJ&ef pDrHudef;wck[k rifeDjzifh
a&;xm;avonf? EkdifiHa&;qkdif&mawmif;qkdr_rsm;wGif yg0ifonfrsm;rSm - EdkifiHom; vGwv f yfcGifh/ rnfolrqkd Oya'.
a&S@arSmufwGifomwlnDr#&Sda&;/ ESifh vGwf&ufapholrsm;tm; csufjcif;v$wfay;&ef wkd@yg0ifonf? vlr_a&;qkdif&m
awmif;qkdcsufwGif tvkyform;or*~rsm;tm; w&m;0if zGifhvSpfcGifh&&Sda&;/ tvkyfcsdef wae@ (8) em&D owfrSwfay;a&;/
tedrfhqkH;vkyftm;c owfrSwfay;a&;/ vlr_zlvkHa&; tmrcHqkdif&m Oya'=urf;rsm;a&;qGJ&mY tvkyform;rsm; yg0ifcGifh &&Sda&;/
ESifh v,form;rsm;twGuf ajr,m jyefvnf a0jcrf;ay;a&;wkd@jzpfonf? ‚if;onf u&DviftkyfpkrS
a*yGeftm;awmif;qkdaom awmif;qkdaom pDrHudef;rsKd;jzpf+yD;/ xkdpDrHudef;ukd v$wfawmf. “v#Kd@0SufpDrHudef;”
tjzpfowfrSwfxm;avonf?
“t"dy`g,fr&Sdaom tdyfrufrsm;”
“v#Kd@0SufpDrHudef;”onf tvkyform;rsm; ESifh pdef@yDwmpbwfwGif Ekd;ºuGaeaom us,fjyef@onf

twkduftcHrsm;t=um;wGif aygif;ul;wHwm;wckukd wnfaqmufay;vdkufavonf? jynfolvlxk. ypPnf;OpPm
ukHvkHºuG,f0olrsm;/ A[kokwESH@pyfolrsm;onf/ q,fpkESpfwckausmf=umr# tpkd;&ukd odrfodrfarG@arG@ ,Of,Ofaus;aus;
a0zefcJh=uonf? xkdta=umif;ukd *sme,frsm;ESifh v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;r&Sdaom tpnf;ta0;rsm;Y wifjypnf;&kH;=uonf?
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;ukd *sme,frsm; ESifh tjcm;aom orm"d&Sdonfh pmapmifrsm;wGif a&;om;az:jycJh=uonf? okd@aomf
(1904) ckESpfwGif/ vpfb&,fv_yf&Sm;r_onf tm%mykdifwkd@. tjcm;aom tvm;tvm&Sdonfh twkduftcHrsm;xHokd@yif
pwifa&muf&Sdvmavonf? ,if;onf aqG;aEG;yGJESpfckjzpfaom ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh q&m0efrsm;. uGef*&ufrsm;wGif
taxmuftxm;tjzpf xif&Sm;vmavonf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;twGuf olwkd@. tdrfwHcg;rsm;ukd
zGifhay;vkdufjcif;ESifhtwl/ tqkdyg tpnf;ta0;rsm;rSm EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; tjzpfokd@ v#ifjrefpGmyif
ajymif;vJoGm;avawmhonf? aqG;aEG;ajymqkdolrsm;onf EkdifiHom;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ESifh or*~rsm;zGJ@pnf;cGifhwkd@ukd
awmif;qkdvm=uonf? ykvdyf rsm;onf ynma&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ukd ydwfypfvkduf+yD; pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfolrsm;ukd
zrf;qD;vkdufavonf? q&m0efrsm;. aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif wufa&mufolrsm;rSm aqmvsifpGm &kwfodrf;vkdufonfhtwGuf
a'goxGuf pdwfqkd;vm=u+yD;/ qENjy=u&m ‚if;wkd@tm; xdef;odrf;&ef óud;pm;aom ppfwyfzufokd@ xkdifckHrsm;ESifh jyefvnf
ypfcwfjcif;jzifh &kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfyGg;+yD; tqkH;owfoGm; avawmhonf?
xkdokd@jzpfyGg;aomtcg ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf òrd@awmfokd@ vGwfajrmufa&;or*~. yxrqkH;t}udrf

uGef*&uftwGuf a&muf&Sdae=uavonf? csrf;omaom rSL;rwfrsKd;EG,frsm; ESifh ynmwwf awmfvSefa&;orm; rsm;t=um;
,kHEkdifp&mr&Sdaom r[mrdwfzGJ@r_wckyifjzpfonf? rSL;rwfrsm;rSm jynfe,f/ c&kdiftqifh v$wfawmf rsm; {provincial
(zemstvo) assemblies}ukd zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf pwifwufvSrf;onfh tqifhokd@a&mufatmif
ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf ESpfrsm;pGmuyif óud;yrf;aecJh=uonf? bk&if eDukdvufpfonf olwkd@. awmif;cHv$mrsm;tm;vkH;ukd
vpfvsL&_cJh&kHom ru ‚if;wkd@tm; “t"dy`g,fr&Sdaom tdyfrufrsm;” [kyif uifyGef; wyfcJhavonf? okd@aomf
t"dy`g,fr&Sdr_onf tajymif;tvJwckudk enf;vrf;rsm;tjzpf aphaqmfcJhavonf? vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJwGif rmhufpf0g'

,kH=unfr_ukd vufv$wfcJhaom ,cif awmfvSefa&;orm;a[mif; tcsKd@onfvnf; tqkdyg v_yf&Sm;r_opftwGuf 0ifa&muf
yl;aygif;&ef toifhjzpfae=u avonf? “u|Ekfyfwkd@.wm0efrSm ykdif;jcm;&efr[kwf/ aygif;pnf;&efjzpfonf”[k
vGwfajrmufa&;orm;rsm; *sme,f. txl;tzGJ@ xkwfjyefcsufwGif ajymqkdcJhavonf?
(1904) ckESpfwGif tjzpftysufESpfckonf rD;cJjymzkH;jzpfaeaom rauseyfr_rsm;ukd aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfay;r_/ &k&S

ynmwwfvlwef;pm;ESifh txufwef;v$mrsm; t=um;wGif tajymif;tvJtwGuf tqifoifh&Sdaeap&ef Ekd;x ay;cJhr_wkd@ukd
v_H@aqmfulnDay;cJhavonf? Zefe0g&Dvukefykdif;wGif *syefwkd@onf &k&Swkd@. ypdzdwfa&wyfzGJ@ukd tmomqdyfurf;Y
wkdufckdufcJhr_onf ta&S@zsm;&Sd wkdif;jynf ESpfckt=um;&Sd ESpfrsm;pGm ,SOfòydifaer_ukd tqkH;owf apcJhonf? &kwfw&uf
csufjcif;qkdovkdyif ppfyGJonf &k&SvlrsKd;wkd@. vl@*k%foduQmxdckdufzG,f&m wckjzpfvmav onf? ppfwyf. enf;ynmqkdif&m
acmwfaemufusr_/ ESifh wyfrSL;rsm;. ppfa&;pGrf;&nf nhHzsif;r_wkd@ukd xkwfazmfjyovkdufavonf? tm%mykdifwkd@.
wif;=uyfr_ ESihf zdESdyfr_ wkd@a=umifh pdwf"gwfusqif; ae=uonfh jynfol@ oabmxm;rsm;rSm ,cktcg ppfwyftysuftpD;
tqkH;t&_H;ay:wGif aemufxyf rausreyf tjypfajymqkd p&m wckjzpfvmavawmhonf?
xkd b0ifrus rauseyfr_rsm;t=um;rS t=urf;zuform;rsm;onf vlrkef;rsm;aeonfh jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; yavAD

(Plehve)ukd ZlvkdifvwGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfvkduf=uavonf? ‚if;. ae&mwGif tpm;0ifvmaom rif;om;
qAD,mwkdayghvfuf rD&fpuD (Sviatopolk Mirskii) onf tpkd;& ESifh wkdif;jynf. txufwef;v$m wkd@t=um;&Sd
ykdrkdus,f[vmaponfh &if=um;aphIr&Ekdifaom &efvkdrkef;wD;r_ukd owdðyrdavonf? xkdudpPtwGuf tpkd;&onf
tpGef;ra&mufonfh tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;&,l&ef rjzpfraevkdtyfonf[k ckdifrmpGm cHpm;rdavonf? ol.
vGyfvyfpGmajymqkdcGifhESifh zGJ@pnf;cGifh tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm;ukd zGifhay;jcif;jzifh jynfolwkd@. b0rsm;tay:
wif;=uyfxdef;csKyfxm;r_rsm;ukd ajzavsmhr_rsm; ðyvkyfay;aecsdefwGif rD&fpuD;. aphpyfajy+idrf;a&; pdwfxm;ESifh pum;vkH;rsm;u
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;onf jzpfEkdifonf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfukd ykdrkdoef;vm aponf? xkdtopfcsJ@xGifxm;onfh
EkdifiHa&;ZmwfckHwGif vGwfvyfa&;0g'Drsm;onf ZmwfckH. tv,fwGif ae&m,lxm; avonf?
ukd,fpm;ðycGifh/ zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESifh nDaom tpkd;&jzpfa&; ponfh &kd;pif;aom awmif;qkdr_ rsm;ESifhtwl

twkduftcHrsm;twGuf ykdrkdus,fjyef@aom &GufzsifwJ}uD;ukd pkdufxl+yD;aemuf/ olwkd@onf ,cktcg xif&Sm;aom
acgif;aqmif;rsm;ukd xkd&mxl;tqifh. aemufuG,fY ae&m&&eftwGuf jynfe,f/ c&kdif v$wfawmfrsm; (zemstvo
assemblies) wGif trnfpm&if;wifoGif;vm=uavonf? yxrOD;qkH;t}udrf jynfe,f uGef*&uf (First Zemstvo
Congress) ukd Ekd0ifbmv tapmykdif;Y armfpukdòrd@wGif usif;ycJhonf? ppfrSefonfhtm%m&Sdonfh trsKd;om;v$wfawmfukd
ac:,l&ef qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfcJhavonf? xkdnDvmcHonf oufOD;qHykdifpepf. tESpfom& rsm;udk
qef@usifoGm;rnfjzpfonf?
v_yf&Sm;r_udk trsKd;rsKd;cGJ&efESifh oabmxm;uGJvGJolrsm;tay:wGif tEW&m,f ray;Ekdifap&eftwGuf

vGwfvyfa&;0g'Drsm;onf Ekd0ifbmaemufqkH;tywf tpykdif;wGif w&m;pD&ifa&;pHepfðyjyifajymif;vJr_ t}udrf (40) ajrmuf
ESpfywfvnfae@ukd *k%fðyaomtm;jzifh tifykdif,mtwGif;&Sd òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif *k%fðyxrif;pm;yGJ tajrmuftjrm;ukd
usif;ycJh=uonf? xif&Sm;ausmf=um;onfh pma&;pm rmhufZif a*:uD (Maxim Gorkii) onf
*k%fðyxrif;pm;yGJwckESifhywfoufI ol. ZeD;xHokd@ ay;aompmxJwGif Tokd@a&;om;cJhygonf? “pma&;q&m rsm;/
a&S@aersm;/ jynfe,fv$wfawmf0ifrsm; (zemstvo men)/ tajccH vlwef;pm;rsm;/ ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm; ponfjzifh
npm pm;yGJaygif; (600) ausmf&Sdw,f? rdef@cGef;awGudk [kwfwkdif;rSef&m a[ma[m'kdif;'kdif;ajym=uw,f/ vlawGu
‘oufOD;qHykdifpepfusqkH;ygap’ ‘zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' nDvmcH}uD; t"Gef@&Snfygap’ ‘igwkd@twGuf zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'
wcka&;qGJyg’ ponfjzifh wnDw!Gwfwnf; oHòydif aºuG;a=umf=uw,f? tm;vkH;[m tvGefyJ wufºuGae=u +yD;awmh/
tvGefyJ 'Drkdua&pDqef=uw,f?” “ae&mwkdif;wGif npmpm;yGJrsm;onf vlwkd@. ajymif;vJvkdonfhqENukd ykdrkdeuf&_dif;ap+yD;/
olwkd@&Jh yxrqkH;aom rdef@cGef;ukd xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;r&Sd xkwfaz:ajymqkd=uw,f”[k jyefazmfjycJhonf?
olwkd@. obm0 r[mrdwf òrd@aeynm&Sifrsm;/ oabmxm;aysmhajymif;aom vpfb&,frsm;. tcGifh

ta&;twGuf pnf;&kH;EkdifcJh+yD;aemuf/ vGwfvyfa&;0g'Drsm;onf qkd&S,fvpfrsm;qDokd@ vufwzuf qef@xkwf
urf;vSrf;vkdufavonf? Tokd@vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf or*~onf rdrdukd,fukd zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdif&m
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;r#omr[kwfawmhyJ/ jynfh0aom 'Drkdu&ufwpfppfppf wcktjzpf vkyfaqmifcJhavonf?

ESpfukefqkH;aomtcg vGwfvyfa&;0g'Drsm;onf wkdif;jynfwiG f;&Sd tav;pm;cH&qkH; EkdifiHom; trsm;tjym; tygt0if
&k&Svl@tzGJ@tpnf;. us,fjyef@aom pHerlemwcktwGuf ajymqkd&ef xkdufonfhtm;avsmfpGm awmif;qkdEkdifcJhavonf?
eDukdvufpfonf jrifhwufvmonfh r+idrfroufr_rsm;ukd owdrlrd[ef r&Sdacs? Zmbk&ifonf ol.ae@&ufrsm;ukd

eef;wGif;tcrf;tem;rsm;ESifh tao;tzGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif;qkdif&mudpP&yfrsm;wGifom ukefqkH; arsmygaeavonf?
yk*~dKvfa&;qkdif&m trltusifhrsm;ay:wGiftajccHjcif; ESihf eef;wGif;v$wf&kH;rsm;ESifh qufEG,f aeaom olrsm;ukdom
t&m&Sdrsm;tjzpf cef@xm;&mwGif olonf tusifhjzpfaecJhavonf? 0ef}uD;rsm;onf Zmbk&if. rsufESmomay;r_ &vkduf/
r&vkdufjzpfouJhokd@ tpkd;&onf ay:vpDrl0g'rsm;ukd wckrS wckokd@ ajymif;vJ&ef wdrf;!$wfaeavonf? okd@aomf ol.
jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;onf jyif;jyif;xefxef oabmuGJvGJr_rsm;. ta=umif;&if;ay:wGifom txl; tm&kHpl;pkdufr_ &Sdaeavonf?
olonf xkdjy\emukdajz&Sif;&eftwGuf tpDtpOf wckukd a&;qGJcJhavonf? “tJ'gukd usaemfjrifwJhtwkdif;qkd&&if/
'Djy\emay:rSm aumif;pGm pdwf0ifpm; *&kxm; aewJh jynfolvlxk}uD; trsm;pk&Jh jyif;jywJhqEN[m &k&Sjynf}uD;ukd
Oya't&wnfaqmufzkd@/ ,kH=unfr_rsm; tay:wGif us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ pdwf&SnfoD;+iD;cHzkd@eJ@ vkH;0ravsmfuefaom Oya'rsm;
xkwfjyefjcif;ukd umuG,f&ef (okd@r[kwf) 0ef}uD;tcsKd@. pdwful;ayguf&m xkwjf yefonfh Oya'rsm;tm; umuG,f&eftwGuf
Oya'ðyjcif;qkdif&m vkyfief;rsm;Y 0ifa&mufyg0ifcGifh&&Sda&;” [k rD&fpuD rS Zmbk&ifukd ajymqkdcJhavonf? Ekd0ifbmvukefY
olonf Zmbk&iftm; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh ywfoufonfh tpDtpOfw&yfukd wifoGif;cJhavonf? xkdtxJwGif jynfe,f
a&G;aumufyGJrsm; (zemstvo election) twGuf rJqENay;ykdifcGifhrsm;ukd wkd;csJ@&eftwGuf t}uHðypmwrf;wapmif/
xkwfa0jzef@csdr_rsm; rðyvkyfrD qifqmjzwfawmufjcif;rsm;ukd y,fzsuf&efESifh txufygtcsufrsm;tjyif/
a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onfh ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ygonfh twkdifyifcHv$wfawmf wckukd zGJ@pnf;&ef/ wkd@yg xkdtpDtpOfxJwGif
yg0ifaeavonf? rD&fpuD ,kH=unfonfrSm xkdt&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf Zmbk&iftkyfpkd;r_. tajccHcsnfr#ifpukd
wppDqGJxkwfI òydvJ usqkH;apEkdifrnf r[kwfacs? okd@aomf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;onf twkduftcHrsm;ukd
òyduGJxGufoGm;ap&eftwGuf aumif;pGm vkHavmuf&rnfjzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_twGuf tkwfatmf aomif;eif;
atmf[pfaeonfrsm;ukd wdwfqdwfap&rnfjzpfonf?
okd@aomf aemufqkH;wGif 'DZifbm (12) &ufae@Y eDukdvufpf xkwfjyefvkdufaomtrdef@rSm rD&fpuD.

t}uHay;csufrsm;ESifhpmv#if trsm;}uD; tvSrf;uGmaeonfukd awG@&avonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf tmrcH
&rnfhtpm; olonf ajymif;vJr_rsm;twGuf pOf;pm;ygrnf[k cyf0g;0g; uwdrsm;ukdom urf;vSrf;cJh+yD;/ v$wfawmfESifh
ywfoufI bmr# rajym=um;yJ csefxm;cJhavonf? “rnfonfhtajctaersKd;atmufwGifrqkd/ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh
zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh ukd,fpm;ðytpkd;&ukd b,fawmhrS ig oabmwlrSm r[kwfbl;” [k Zmbk&ifu tckdiftrmajymqkdcJh
avonf? aemufwae@ 'kwd,ajrmuftrdef@wGif tu,fI aemufxyf trsm;jynfolukd aESmuf,Sufr_rsm;/ tpkd;&ukd
qef@usifonfh qENjyoydwfrsm; wpkHw&mðyvkyfygu ESdyfuGyfr_rsm; &Sdvmvdrfhrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufcJhavonf? rD&fpuD onf
ol. E_wfxGufvïmukd wifoGif;vkduf+yD;/ Zmbk&iftm; “vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qkdif&m tiftm;awG&Jh axmufulyHhykd;r_rygyJ
wkdif;jynfukd vnfywfzkd@qkdwm pdwful;Iyif r&Ekdifbl;” [k ajymcJhavonf?
tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;./ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;pepfwckqDokd tpDtpOfwus wkd;wufoGm;&ef[laom ‚if;wkd@.

ar#mfvifhcsuf wHcg;ydwfvkdufavonf? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfjyefcJhaom qifqmwnf;jzwfr_onf vGwfajrmufa&;0g'Drsm;.
enf;AsL[mrsm;onf tuef@towf&Sda=umif; jyovkdufavonf? Zmbk&ifonf ol@taejzifh ol.
tav;pm;cHxkdufqkH;aom EkdifiHom;rsm; bmawG awG;ac:pOf;pm;aeonf qkdonfwkd@udk tav;xm; *&kpkduf/ tr_xm;p&m
rvkd[k ,kH=unfaeor# umvywfvkH;/ ol@taejzifh oufOD;qHykdif tm%m&Sifpepfukd tm;enf;aprnfh
rnfonfhvkyf&yfrsKd;ukdrqkd tjyif;txef qef@usifaeor#umvywfvkH;/ qENjyr_wckxJjzifh/ pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh rnfr#yif
us,favmifpGmajymaeygap udpPr&Sdyg/ tESpfom&jynfh0aom ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; jzpfxGef;vmvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?
oufOD;qHykdifpHepfukd uef@uGuf qef@usif&kHjzifh rvkHavmufyg? twkduftcHrsm;onf tm%m&Siw
f kd@tm; ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf
wGef;tm;ay;&rnfjzpfonf? Zmbk&if ESifh ol. 0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh olwkd@. vpfb&,ftwkduftcHrsm;onf
tm%myg0gtopfonf ykHpHwrsKd;jzifh ‚if;wkd@. ajcaxmufrsm;atmufwGif v#ifjrefpGm t[kefjrifhvmonfqkdonfukd/
ESpfawGukefqkH;oGm;onfhtcg owdrrlrd =u&mwGif/ olwkd@onf twlwlyifjzpfonf? Oyrmqkd&aomf ESpfopfwGif
‚if;wkd@rwfwyf&yfaeaom ajcaxmufatmuf&Sd a&cJwkH;rsm;ukd t&nfaysmfusaprnfh tHh=ozG,f&m aqmif;&moD.
ylaEG;aom rkd;av0o tajctaeudk owdrrlrd=uouJhokd@ xkd tm%mykHpHopfukd olwkd@ owdrrlrd=uacs?

“&k&Sjynfolrsm;tm;vkH; æææ =um;od&ef”
a&S@aersm;/ ygarmuQrsm;/ ajrykdif&Sifrsm;ESifh ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm;. odomay:vGifxif&Sm;aom

oabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;ESifh E_dif;,SOfv#if bkef;awmf}uD;a*yGef ESifh ol@rdwfaqGrsm;. v$wfawmf wnfaxmif&ef
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_onf v_dif;*,ufxr_ wckr#omjzpfonf? tjzpftysufrsm;. rsuEf SmjyifatmufwGifom &Sdaomfvnf;/
v$wfawmfonf jrefjrefqefqef oGufoGufvufvufyif }uD;xGm;vmavonf? aqmif;OD; a&mufvmaomtcg/ tzGJ@0if
(7000) ausmfESifh c&kdif (11) ckwGif tzGJ@cGJrsm;&Sdvm+yDjzpfonf? ynmwwf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tay: jyif;xefaom EkdifiHa&;
tawG;tac:v_dif;wHykd;rsm; &kdufcwfI v$wfawmfwGif xkdt,ltq v$rf;rkd;vmonfhwkdif/ EkdifiHa&;rqefa&; [laomrlukd
wav#mufvkH;xdef;odrf;vmcJhavonf? owif;pmrsm;onf wkdif;jynf. &SufzG,f&m ppfa&;&_H;edrfhr_ESihf/ vGwfajrmufa&;or*~/
jynfe,fuGef*&uf (Zemstvo Congress)/ ESifh aemufqkH;wGif npmpm;yGJurfydef;rsm;. EkdifiHa&;awmif;qkdr_rsm;ukd
a&;om;az:jy=uavonf? “'gawGtm;vkH;[m v$wfawmfcGJrsm;ukd tjynfht0 w&m;0ifjzpfr_ukday;ap+yD;/
aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;ESifh 0g'jzef@csdr_rsm;twGuf tm;&auseyfp&mjzpfavonf/” [k Amema&S@Af rS a&;om;cJhygonf?
vGwfvyfa&;0g'Drsm;onf v$wfawmfokd@ vma&mufI a[majymykd@csr_rsm; ðyvkyf=uavonf? xkdtxJrS
tawmfrsm;rsm;onf a*yGef ESifh ESpfukd,fwnf; oD;oef@ awG@qkH=uavonf? u&Dvif tkyfpkESifh vpfb&,ftkyfpk
ESpfckpvkH;onf oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd qef@usif&eftwGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm; yl;aygif;
yg0if&efvkdtyfa=umif;ukd tkyfpk (2) pkpvkH;onf wxyfwnf;awmif;qkd=uavonf?
Ekd0ifbmv (28) &ufae@/ qENjyausmif;om;rsm;tm; ppfom;rsm;u &uf&ufpufpuf aoG;xGufoH,kd wkdufckduf+yD;

xkdnaecif;wGif/ v$wfawmf. c&kdifcGJrsm;&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;tygt0if vl (35) a,mufavmufonf a*yGef.
rD;a&mifrSdefrSdefxGef;xm;aom rGef;=uyfaeonfh wkdufcef;i,fxJwGif ¹yGwfodyf=uyfwnf;pGm pka0;aecJh=u avonf?
bkef;awmf}uD;onf ol. “v#Kd@0SufpDrHudef;” ESifh pwifrdwfqufay;vkduf+yD;/ xkdpDrHudef;ESifh roufqkdifaom olrsm;ukd
tpnf;ta0;cef;xJrS xGufoGm;+yD; a&ikHE_wfydwf qdwfqdwfae&ef ajymqkdvkdufavonf? &Sdae=uonfh vltrsm;pkonf
tjzpftysufESifhywfoufI xkwfjyefcsufwapmifa&;om;+yD;/ tpkd;&xHokd@ ukd,fpm;vS,fwa,muf apv$wfjcif;rsKd;xuf/
csufjcif; ta&;,l vufwkef@jyef&ef vkdvm;=uolrsm;jzpf=uonf? xkdta=umif;ESifh ywfoufI Amema&S@Afu
olrSwfrdonfrsm;ukd Tokd@ jyefajymjyygonf- “'gayr,fh tm;vkH;[m t}uH^m%fpdwful;wcktay:rSm
0kdif;0ef;oabmwlnDcJh=uw,f/ tu,fI tvkyform;awG[m olwkd@&Jh toHawGvnf; yg0ifcJhr,fqkd&if/ 'g[m tpkd;&
w&yfwif =um;rSm r[kwfyJeJ@ &k&SwjynfvkH;ukdawmif =um;odoGm;aprSmjzpfygw,f”? xkd@a=umifh olwkd@ qkH;jzwfcJhonfrSm/
a*yGefonf toemcHv$mwapmifwGifyg0ifrnfht&mrsm;ukd a&;om;+yD; jynfolwkd@. a&S@arSmufwGif csjy&ef
enf;vrf;wckckukd &SmazG&efjzpfonf?
a*yGef. wkdufcef;wGif ðyvkyfaom tpnf;ta0;onf tv#iftjrefwkef@jyefaqmif&Gufr_wckxuf/

tajctwifaqG;aEG;r_okd@ ykdrkdI OD;wnfoGm;avonf? okd@aomf r=umrDwGifyif v$wfawmf. ukdifwG,fr_ukd wGef;tm;ay;&ef
ar#mfvifhrxm;aom t&mwck jzpfay:vmavonf? 'DZifbmv tapmykdif;wGif &k&SEkdifiHwGif t}uD;rm;qkH;aom
pufr_vkyfief;wckjzpfonfh ylwDavmhAf owˆK puf&kH (Putilov metal factory) }uD;wGif tvkyfvkyfaeaom
v$wfawmftzGJ@0if (4) a,mufonf tvkyfrS ðzwfcH&avonf (okd@) tvkyfðzwf&ef +cdrf;ajcmufjcif; cHcJh&avonf?
xkdjy\emukd a*yGefonf pdefac:r_wcktjzpfvufcH,lcJhavonf? tu,fI olonf tvkyform;rsm;ukd jyefvnf
tvkyfcef@xm;atmif rpGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhygu/ tzGJ@tpnf;. vkyfykdifcGifhonf ysufpD;oGm; vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xkd@tjyif
aemufxyf tvm;wl tvkyfxkwfcH&rnfh rw&m;vkyfaqmifr_ rsm;ESifhvnf; óuHawG@vm& vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? 'DZifbmv.
tqkH;tjzwfae@rsm;wGif v$wfawmfacgif;aqmif rsm;onf òrd@. puf&kHppfaq;a&; t&m&SdcsKyfvnf;jzpf/ ylwDavmhAfpuf&kH.
!ïef=um;a&;rSL;vnf;jzpfonfh òrd@awmf0efxHokd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfcJh avonf? òrd@awmf0efonf ‚if;wkd@.
awmif;qkdcsufrsm;tm;vkH;ukd jiif;y,fv$wfvkduf+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@tm;vkH; tm; &kdif;pkdif; =urf;wrf;pGm qufqHv$wfvkdufavonf?
xkd@a=umifh oydwfwkdufyGJazmfaqmifr_wckom aemufqkH;vkyfaqmif&eftjzpf usef&Sdavawmhonf?
Zefe0g&Dv (2) &uf/ we*FaEGae@wGif/ ylwDavmhAf tvkyform; (6000)onf v$wfawmf. emAm ÏmecGJY
awG@qkH=uavonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;rS tvkyfxkwfypfr_udk qef@usif&eftwGuf aemufwae@wGif qENjyoydwf
wkdufyGJazmfaqmif&ef rJay;qkH;jzwfcJh=uavonf? t*Fgae@wGif olwkd@onf puf&kHukd ydwfypfvkduf=u+yD; tvkyform;

(12000) ausmf vkyfief;cGifr0ifyJ aevkduf=uavonf? olwkd@. awmif;qkdcsufrsm;rSm- tvkyf xkwfcH&onfh tvkyform;
rsm;tm; jyefvnfcef@xm;a&;/ tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aom bkwt f zGJ@wckrSaeI vkyftm;c
E_ef;xm;rsm; }uD;=uyfa&;/ wae@tvkyfcsdef (8) em&D owfrSwfay;a&;/ tcsdefykd tvkyfqif;r_ tqkH;owfay;a&;/ ESifh tcrJh
aq;0g;ukor_&&Sda&; wkd@jzpfonf? ylwDavmhAf qENjyolrsm;onf tjcm;aom puf&kHrsm;wGifvnf; oydwfwkdufyGJ
azmfaqmif&eftwGuf pwifvkyfaqmif=uavonf? &ufowWywfukefqkH;aomtcg pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@&Sd puf&kH (400)
ausmfY tvkyform;aygif; wodef;waomif; ausmf (110˜000) wkd@onf oydwfwkdufyGJwGif
0ifa&mufyl;aygif;vm=uavonf?
,cktcg v$wfawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm olwkd@. tzGJ@tpnf;ukd ckcHumuG,f&eftwGufr#omr[kwfyJ/

wkdufckdufr_wckukd vkyfaqmif&efESifh olwkd@. EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfopfukdyg taumiftxnfaz:&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;
wckukd awG@jrifvm=uavonf? tpkd;&. *k%foduQmukd aemufxyfedrhfusonfhtqifhae&mopfokd@ csay;vkdufonfh
tmomqdyfurf;&Sd a&wyf cHwyf}uD; us&_H;oGm;+yD[laom ppfwyfwkd@. ppfa&;&_H;edrfhr_ owif; pum;opf wckonf
a&$òrd@awmfokd@ r=umrDav;wif a&muf&Sdvm uwnf;u/ tcsed ftcg tcGifhtvrf;onf ,ckxufykdI raumif;Ekdifawmhacs?
Zefe0g&Dv (6) &uf/ t*Fgae@wGif a*yGefonf ol. pDrHudef;ukd a=unmvkduf avonf? pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@awmf.
tv,facgifwGif&Sd+yD;/ aqmif;&moD eef;awmf. jyifywGif&Sdonfh cHhnm;xnf0gaom &ifjyifawmfqDokd@ {&mrpDwef;
csDwufqENjyyGJ}uD;wckukd ol@taejzifh +idrf;csrf;pGm OD;aqmifoGm;rnf/ xkd }uD;us,f crf;em;aom &ifjyifawmf}uD;wGif
olukd,fwkdif Zmbk&ifxHokd@ toem;cHv$m wapmifukd wifoGif;rnf jzpfa=umif;/ xkdcsDwufqENjyr_ukd Zefe0g&Dv (9) &uf/
vmrnfh we*FaEGae@wGif vkyfaqmifrnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmvkdufavonf?
a*yGef. toem;cHv$mwGif yg0ifonfwkd@rSm tajccHtm;jzifh ajymif;vJr_r&Sday? EkdifiHom;vGwfvyfcGifh rsm;/

vGwfvyfaom or*~rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhrsm;/ ESifh wae@tvkyfcsdef (8) em&D owfrSwfay;a&; ponfwkd@yg0ifonfh
“v#Kd@0SufpDrHudef;”. ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; t}uHðycsufrsm;yifjzpfonf? a*yGefonf aemufxyfxnfhoGif; jznfhpGufxm;onf
rdwfqufv$mwapmifjzpfonfh tajccHtusqkH; ESifh ta&;t}uD;qkH; awmif;qkdcsufjzpfonfh vlom;tm;vkH;wef;wlnDr#pGm
rJqENay;ykdifcGifhjzifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;onfh jynfol@ukd,fpm;ðyv$wfawmf wckukdvnf;wGJzufI Zmbk&ifxHokd@
ykd@vkdufavonf? u&Dviftkyfpk/ vpfb&,f0g'Drsm; ESifh aysmf&$if&ifzkd pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m ekdifiHa&; r+idrfroufjzpfr_tajctae
v$rf;rkd;r_rsm;atmufrS +yD;cJhaomESpfrsm;twGif;u a*yGef. pOf;pm;r_rsm;onf v_yf&Sm;r_tay: xif[yfvmavonf? xkd
ta=umif;t&mvkyfief;pOfrsm;onf vGwfajrmufa&; 0g'Drsm;. 'Drkdu&ufwpf EkdifiHa&;jzpfpOf. &nf&G,fcsufyef;wkdifwckESifh
rsm;pGm eD;pyfavonf?
&ufowWywf tv,fwGif v$wfawmf. &kH;rsm;onf oydwfwkdufyGJ. A[kdxdef;csKyfa&;pcef;rsm; jzpfvm avonf?

Akdifabmh*f &kH;cGJ (Vyborg branch) wGif Amema&S@Afonf &kH;tkyf t}uD;tuJjzpf+yD;/ &kH;cef;onf oydwfarSmufol
tkyfpkrsm;jzifh jynfh=uyfaeavonf? v$wfawmftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf xkdoydwfarSmufolrsm;twGuf
tvkyf&Sifrsm;xHokd@wifoGif;&ef awmif;qkdcsufrl=urf;rsm;ukd ulnDa&;ay;ae&avonf? =umoyaw;ae@wGif
ÏmecGJacgif;aqmifrsm;onf qENjyolrsm;tm; pDwef;vSnfhvnfqENjyyGJESifhywfoufI vlxktm; pwifajym=um;+yD;/
toem;cHv$mESifhtwl Zmbk&iftm;ay;&eftwGuf pm&Gufrsm;ay:wGif vufrSwfrsm;xkd;&ef olwkd@tm; apckdif;avonf?
&kH;rsm;. tjyifzuf vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif v$wfawmftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf vkyfief;cGiftajctae ykdrkd aumif;rGefa&;twGuf
wkdufyGJ0ifaer_rSonf EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfvmatmif jr‡ifhwif
csdwfqufay;&eftwGuf qENjyrnfholrsm;ESifh a&maESmaygif;pyfoGm;avonf? +yD;cJhonfh aEGOD;&moDuwnf;u Amema&S@AfESifh
tjcm;aom v$wfawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tzGJ@0ifrsm;t=um;wGif ydyd&d&djzifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m pnf;&kH;rJqG,faecJhr_rsm;rSm
,cktcg aumif;usKd;&vm'fjzpfxGef;ae+yDjzpfavonf?
vmrnfh&uftenf;i,ftwGif; òrd@}uD;rsm;tm;vkH;wGif ðyvkyfrnfh tcef;wGif;tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;twGuf

qENjyolrsm; ESifh v$wfawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf pdwfv_yf&Sm;wufºuGae=uavonf? “v#Kd@0SufeufeJr_ wrsKd;eJ@
bmoma&;wGif =unfEl;b0ifjzmr_rsKd;onf wcsdefvkH; }uD;pkd;v$rf;rkd;aeavonf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlwkd@[m
a=umufp&maumif;wJh tyl&SdefxJrSm em&Daygif;rsm;pGm wOD;ESifh wOD; xdvkeD;yg; ab;csif;,SOfrwfwyf&yf ae=u+yD; olwkd@&Jh
tm;tifukefcrf;aewJh a[majymol tvkyform;rsm;&Jh tEkynmrqeffwJh/ &ifoyf&_@armzG,f pGrf;yum;}uD;rm;wJh/ &kd;pif;wJh/
pdwftm;xufoefwJh rdef@cGef;rsm;ukd qmavmifrGwfodyfpGm tirf;r& em;axmif ae=uw,f” vkd@ tpnf;ta0;wckrS

qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufwa,mufu a&;om;cJhygonf? ÏmecGJwckwGifrl a[majymolwOD;onf vlxktm;
Tokd@ar;jref;vkdufavonf “&Jabmfwkd@æ tu,fI tkyfpkd;olt&Sif[m usaemfwkd@ukd vufrcHbl;/ +yD;awmh usaemfwkd@&Jh
toem;cHv$mukd rzwfcsifbl;qkdv#if &Jabmfwkd@ bmvkyfrvJ/ cifAsm;wkd@ 'Dtay:rSm b,fvkd ajz=um;rvJ”? “'gqkd&if
usaemfwkd@uvnf; Zmbk&iftvkdr&Sd æ æ Zmbk&iftvkdr&Sd æ æ Zmbk&iftvkdr&Sd”[laom wkef@jyefr_rSm em;uGJvkrwuf
us,favmifpGmay:xGufvm avonf?
eDukdvufpfonf Ak'<[l;ae@rwkdifrDtxd r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm;ukd r=um;odcJhacs? pDwef;vSnfhvnfqENjyyGJ ðyvkyf&ef

pDpOfxm;aom owif;onf tpkd;&xHokd@ =umoyaw;ae@wGifa&muf&SdoGm;avonf? a*yGefonf toem;cHv$mukd
tpkd;&t&m&Sd tawmfrsm;rsm;xHokd@ óudwifay;ykd@xm;cJhavonf? rnfokd@aomtajctaersKd; atmufwGifrS eDukdvufpfonf
toem;cHv$mukd ukd,fwkdif vufrcH& qkdonfukd Zmbk&if. 0ef}uD;rsm;u qkH;jzwfxm;cJh=uavonf? trSefwu,fwGifrl
Zmbk&ifonf Zmqukd; q,fvkd (Tsarskoe Selo) teD;&Sd ol. eef;awmftwGuf òrd@awmfrSxGufcGgoGm;cJh+yD;jzpfavonf?
b¾ma&;0ef}uD;onf ta&;w}uD; vkdtyfaeonfh acs;aiGrsm;twGuf jyifopf ESifh *smref b%fvkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh
aqG;aEG;aepOfuwnf;u/ tvm;tvm&Sdonfh aiG;acs;iSg;rnfholrsm; pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpfaprnfh
rnfonfht&mrsKd;ukdrqdk olwkd@taeESifh a&Smif&Sm;vkd onfhtwGuf/ olwkd@onf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'ukd ra=unm&efvnf;
qkH;jzwfvkduf=uonf? xkdtpm; tpkd;&onf aqmif;&moDeef;awmfokd@vm&m vrf;a=umif;rsm;ukd ppfwyfrsm;jzifh
ydwfqkd@xm;vkduf+yD;/ ppfwyftiftm;csxm;r_ wckudk jyo&ef pDpOfvkdufavonf? csDwufqENjyvmolrsm;onf ppfom;rsm;
vrf;ukd ydwfqkd@wm;qD;xm;onfhukd awG@&SdoGm;ygu aemufqkwfoGm;vdrfhrnf/ xkdtcg aoG;xGufoH,kdjzpfr_ESifh aphpyf
aqG;aEG;r_ ESpfckpvkH; rvkdawmh[k olwkd@onf olwkd@pdwfukd olwkd@ vSnfhpm;xm;=uavonf? paeae@wGif “vrf;rsm;ay:wGif
pka0;jcif;/ pDwef; vSnfhvnfjcif;wkd@ukd onf;cHvdrfhrnfr[kwf/ r+idrfroufjzpfr_}uD;rsm;ukd wm;qD;&eftwGuf Oya'u
jyÏmef; xm;onfhtwkdif; jywfjywfom;om; ta&;,loGm;&vdrfhrnf” [laom owday;a=unmcsufwck xGufay:
vmavonf?
paeae@nwGif a*yGef/ Amema&S@Af ESifh tjcm;aomolrsm;onf olwkd@óudwifjyifqifxm;onfhae&mokd@ oGm;&ef

awG@qkHcJh=uavnf? awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf csDwufqENjyyGJwGif tvHeDrsm;o,faqmifvmjcif;ESifh t=urf;zuf&ef
aoG;xkd;v_Haqmfjcif;rsm; óud;yrf;rnfukd a*yGefonf od&SdcJhavonf? xkd@a=umifh olwkd@onf
vufeufrsm;o,faqmifvmjcif;ukd wm;jrpfydwfyif&efESifh tm%mykdifwkd@rS t=urf;zufwkdufckdufr_ ðyvkyf&ef twGuf
rnfonfh ta=umif;jycsufr#&Sdrvmatmif umuG,fwm;qD;&ef wkd@ukd qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf? tu,fI Zmbk&ifonf
olukd,fwkdif vma&mufI toem;cHv$mukd vufcH,lygu ol. vkHòcHa&;twGuf pdwfcs&ef tmrcHonfh pmwapmifukd
a*yGefonf xkdnwGif Zmbk&ifxHokd@ qufo&ef a&;om;cJhavonf? xkd@jyif acgif;aqmifrsm;onf jzpfvmEkdifonfh
ta&;ay:tpDtpOfrsm;ukd ðyvkyfcJhavonf? tu,fI t=urf;zufr_ jzpfvmygu '%f&m&olrsm;tm;
ðypkapmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf v$wfawmf. trsKd;orD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ukd pnf;&kH;&ef u&Dvif.ZeD;ukd ckdif;apcJhavonf?
aemufqkH;wGif olwkd@onf "gwfykHq&mwa,mufxHokd@ oGm;a&mufI olwkd@. tkyfpk "gwfykHukd &kduf,lcJh=uavonf?
csDwufqENjyr_rsm;onf tmZmenfol&Jaumif;b0tjzpf tqkH;owfoGm;Ekdifonfukd oabmaygufxm;

cJh=uavonf? tpDtpOfðyvkyfolrsm;onf tu,fI olwkd@ towfcHcJh&ygu usef&pfol aqGrsKd;rdom;pkrsm;tm;
ta=umif;=um;Ekdif&eftwGuf aqGrsKd;rdom;pkrsm;. trnfpm&if;rsm;ukd vJvS,fxm;vkduf=uavonf? xkd@jyif
rdom;pkrsm;twGuf E_wfqufpmrsm;ukdvnf; a&;om;cJh=uavonf? v$wfawmf. OuUÏ tkdifAef AmqDvftdAf (Ivan
Vasil'ev) onf ol@ZeD;xHokd@ a&;xm;&pfcJhonfh E_wfqufpmwGif - “eD&l&Sm; (Niusha!) tu,fI igh taeeJ@ tdrfukd
jyefrvmEkdifcJhbl;qkdv#if/ (okd@) tu,fI ig towfcHcJh&w,fqkdv#if/ eD&l&Sm;&,f rikdygeJ@/ AmeD&l&m (Vaniura)
ukd}uD;jyif;vmatmif arG;jrLapmifha&Smufyg/ jynfolwkd@&Jh aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajrhr_eJ@/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ig[m
tmZmenfwa,muftjzpfeJ@ aoqkH;cJhwmyg qkdwmukd ol@ukd ajymjyygæ” [k pwifa&;xm;cJhavonf? olwkd@onf
tjcm;aom csDwufrnfholrsm;. toufqkH;&_H;r_rsm;twGufvnf; tm;wif;ay;cJh=uavonf? paeae@n
tpnf;ta0;ESifhywfoufI tm%mykdifawG[m t=urf;zufòzdcGif;enf;ukd tokH;ðyvdrfhrnfqkdonfukd Amema&S@AfrS
a&;om;cJhygonf? “vkyfaqmifaewJh pGef@v$wftepfemcHr_awGtwGuf olwkd@&Jh pdwf"gwfykdif;qkdif&m wm0ef,lr_awGudk
tm;vkH;[m &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabmaygufem;vnfxm;=uygw,f? bmjzpfvkd@vJqkdawmh oHo,&JhatmufrSm b,folrS
&Sdrae=uvkd@ygbJ”? aemufxyf tjcm;wa,mufrSvnf; “wkdufyGJrSm tcsdefwkd ,m,D a0'emcHpm;&wm[m/ &mpkESpf=um
emusifem&wmxufawmh ykdaumif;ygw,f” [k a&;om;cJhygonf?

“vlxk wkdufyGJ.tp”
we*FaEGae@ tm&k%frwufrD Amema&S@Afonf tdyf,mrS Ekd;vmcJhavonf? vufzuf&nfwcGufukd

aomuf+yD;aemuf ol.rdom;pktm; cGJcGm&ef E_wfqufvkdufygonf? xkd@aemuf Akdifabmh*f &kH;cGJ (Vyborg branch) ÏmecGJokd@
oGm;&eftwGuf tvGefat;pdrfhaeaom avxkxJokd@ pwifxGufcGmvmcJhygonf? xkdae&mokd@ ola&muf&Sd oGm;aomtcg
¹yGwfodyfaeaom vlwtkyfonf &kH;cGJY apmifhqkdif;ae=uavonf? olrS (11) em&Drxkd;rDuwnf;u a&mufae=uaom
olrsm;ukd eef;awmf&ifjyifokd@ ‚if;wkd@zmom xGufcGmoGm;ESifh=u&ef ajymvkdufygonf? xkdtcg olwkd@onf eDAmjrpf (Neva
River) ukd jzwfaqmufxm;aom wHwm;rsm;. a&S@wGif ppfwyfrsm;rS rydwfqkd@rD vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfjzpfonf?
aerGef;wnfhcsdefwGif ol ESifh (11) em&Daemufykdif;rSa&muf&Sdvm=uaom &maygif;rsm;pGm aom tvkyform;rsm;onf
eef;awmfqDokd@oGm;&m 'DAkd&D,efpuD,m;vrf; (Dvorianskaia Street) okd@ pwif pkefqif;vm=uavonf?
vrf;.tqkH;okd@ olwkd@ csOf;uyfvm=uaomtcg ajcvsipf pfom;rsm; ESifh jrif;wyfrsm; apmifhqkdif;ae onfukd

olwkd@awG@vkduf=u&onf? olwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@ESifh ajcvSrf; (500) twGif;okd@ a&muf&Sdaomtcg tcsufay; oHwck
xGufay:vmavonf? "m;tdrfc|wfxm;onfh ppfwyfokH;"m;&Snfrsm;onf aea&mifxJwGif wzswfzswf
awmufyae=uavonf? jrif;pD;wyfom;rsm;onf csDwufvmolrsm;twGif;okd@ w[kefxkd; pD;0ifvm+yD; vltkyf}uD;tm;
uef@vef@jzwfvrf;rsm;twGif;okd@ z&kdz&J jyef@usJoGm;apavonf? vltkyf}uD;onf +cHpnf;&kd;rsm;ukd
ukwfuwfausmfwufoGm;=u+yD; 0if;rsm;twGif;okd@0if&ef *dwfwHcg;rsm;ukd zGifhvkduf=uavonf? xkd 0if;rsm;onf
ckdv_H&m&SmazGaom tvkyform;rsm;ESifh jynfhESufoGm;avonf? jrif;pD;wyfom;rsm; jzwfausmfoGm;aomtcg vl (20)
cef@avmufonf vrf;ay:wGif vJusae+yD; OD;xkyfrsm;/ &SL;zdeyftkyf &mbmpGyf rsm;ukd aemufwGifcsefxm;cJh+yD;
vrf;ab;okd@a&mufatmif tv#iftjref wGm;oGm;aeonfukd Amema&S@Af owdðyrdavonf? r=umrD
jrif;pD;wyfom;rsm;onf qef@usifzuft&yfrSaeI jyefvSnfhvmum vrf;xJokd@ w[kefxkd;pD;0ifvm+yD; vrf;ay:wGif
usefaeolrsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@. "m;jym;jzifh &kdufESufxkaxmif;oGm;avonf? (10) rdepfcef@=umaomtcg/ ppfom;rsm; onf
tjcm;wae&mokd@ xGufoGm;a=umif;aocsmaomtcg/ 0if;twGif;rS vlrsm;vnf; tjyifokd@ jyefxGufvm =uavonf?
tawmfrsm;rsm;onf tdrrf sm;ok@d jyefomG ;=u+yD;/ Amema&S@Af ESifh tjcm;olrsm;onf &ifjyifawmf zufqDokd@
qufvufcsDwufaepOf/ tcsKd@onf aemufxyf wkdufckdufr_rsm;ukd a&Smifv$J&eftwGuf a&cJaeaom eDAmjrpfay:rSaeI
jzwfausmfae=uawmhonf?
xkdokd@jzpfaepOftwGif;Y a*yGefonf v$wfawmf. emAmÏmecGJ (Narva branch) rS t}uD;qkH;aom

csDwufrnfholrsm;tkyfpkukd OD;aqmifvmavonf? wm&mumaemhAfum jrpf (Tarakanovka River) ukd jzwfxm;onfh
wHwm;okd@ a&mufaomtcg olwkd@onf (93) tkdifuGwfpfuf ajcvsif wyf&if; (93rd Irkutsk Infantry Regiment) ESifh
&ifqkdifvkduf&avawmhonf? xkd wyfronf òrd@okd@ ,ckrSa&mufvmump jzpf+yD;/ olwkd@ukd awmfvSefa&;wckukd
v#Kd@0Suf}uHpnf ajcykef;ckwfae=uonf[k ajymxm;avonf? ppfom;rsm;onf pdwfv_yf&Sm;ae=u+yD;/ a&S@rS
OD;aqmifcsDwufvmolrsm;onf ykvdyfwkd@. aemufokd@ jyefvn S fh&ef arwWm&yfcHcsufukd vpfvsL&_vkduf+yD;/ xkdtpm;
vufrsm;ukdykdufI ppfwyfrsm;&Sd&mzufokd@ wkd;I 0ifvmaomtcg ppfom;rsm;onf ykdrkd pdwfv_yf&Sm;vm=uavonf?
“yxrawmh vltkyf}uD;onf &ifjyifzufokd@ OD;wnfa&G@vsm;oGm;avonf” [k qENjyolwa,mufrS aemufykdif;wGif
rSwfrdvmavonf? “xkd@aemuf/ &kdifz,faoewfrsm;ESifh toifhjzpfaeaom ppfom;rsm;ukd jrifaomtcg
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf xkdppfom;rsm;&Sd&mzufokd@ pwifajy;oGm;avawmhonf/ vltkyf}uD;rSvnf; aemufrS
vkdufygoGm;ygonf? c&m okH;}udrfr_wf+yD;aemuf/ ppfom;rsm;onf avxJokd@ ESpf}udrf aoewfaxmifypfvkdufygonf?
vltkyf}uD;onf qufvufajy;oGm;avonf? wwd,t}udrf teD;uyf w&yfpyf ypfvkdufaomtcg
tvHqdkif;ykwftxrf;orm;rsm; vJusoGm;avonf? atmf[pfoHrsm;/ ikdaºuG;oHrsm;ESifh emusif +iD;wGm;oHrsm;ukd
=um;ae&avonf? ppfom;rsm;onf Za0Z0gpdwf&_yfaxG;jzpfaejcif;a=umifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ (okd@) olwkd@.
txuftrdef@ay;t&m&Sd. &ufpuf=urf;ñuyfr_a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ wyfcGJ ESpfckpvkH;onf wvSnfhpDywfcwf&m/
‚if;wkd@. ,rf;uyfrsm;ukefoGm;onftxd vltkyfxJokd@ (7)}udrfxufykdI ypfcwfcJh=uav onf?” vltkyf}uD;onf
'gZifrsm;ESifhcsDI towfcH&olrsm; ESifh aoG;tkdifxJwGif vJavsmif;aeaom '%f&m& olrsm;ukd csefxm;cJh+yD;
tumtuG,f&&eftvkd@iSg teD;tem;&Sdvrf;rsm;ay:okd@ z&kdz&Jjyef@usJoGm;avonf? a*yGefonf rifoufawGa0oGm;+yD;/

ol@ukd,fol wwGwfwGwfajymqkda&&Gwfum/ ykef;atmif;&ef xGuo f Gm;avonf? xkdae@aemufykdif;wGif pma&;q&m rmhufZif
a*:uD . wkdufcef;Y ol. &Snfvsm;aom qHyif ESifh rkwfqdwfar$;rsm;ukd jzwfawmufypfvkdufavonf?
wòrd@vkH;&Sd vrf;qkHrsm;wGif csDwufolrsm;onf ppfwyfrsm; ESifh &ifqkdifwkd;rd+yD; tvm;wl tcif;jzpfyGm;r_ rsm;
jzpfay:cJhavonf? okd@aomf axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@onf eef;awmf&ifjyifokd@ rGef;vGJ (2) em&Drxkd;rDtxd
oGm;a&muf&efóud;yrf;cJh=uonf? xkdae&mw0kdufwGif olwkd@onf Zmbk&ifukdapmihfqkdif;aecJh=uavonf? tpkvdkuf
tòyHvkduf owfjzwfr_owif;rsm;onf jyef@ESH@oGm;+yD;/ a*yGefvnf; towfcHcJh&onf[laom aumv[v owif;rsm;ESifh
a&mpyfjyef@ESH@oGm;aomtcg vlxk. a'goonf ar#mfvifhxm;onfxuf ykdrkd }uD;xGm;vm avonf? (2)
em&Dxkd;oGm;aomfvnf; Zmbk&ifonf xGufay:rvmcJhacs? aemufqkH;wGif ppfwyfrsm;onf &ifjyifawmfukd
&Sif;vif;&eftwGuf qENjyolrsm;tm; aoewfrsm;jzifhypfcwfjcif; ESifh =umyGwfrsm;jzifh &kdufESufjcif;/ ‚if;wkd@. "m;jym;rsm;jzifh
&kdufESufjcif; wkd@jzifh pwif &Sif;vif;avawmhonf? t=urf;zuf wkdufckdufr_rsm;onf wae@vkH;ESifh wnaevkH;
jzpfyGm;cJhavonf? trsm;tm;jzifh aqmif;&moD eef;awmf teD;w0kdufESifh AmqDavhAfpuD u|ef; (Vasilevskii Island) rS
jrpfukdjzwful;onfh ae&mrsm;wGif trsm;qkH; jzpfyGm;cJhavonf?
awmfvSefa&; v_H@aqmfr_ ratmifjrifyJ/ tm%mykdifwkd@. aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEG xajrmufatmifjrif

oGm;aomtcg/ Zmbk&ifajymqkdaeonfh olonf ol. jynfom;rsm;tay: cspfcifjrwfEkd;r_&Sdonfqkdaom t&mrsm; rSm
tESpfom&ryg Avmoufoufom jzpfoGm;avonf? olwkd@. tkyfpkd;olrsm;onf w&m;r#wr_twGuf olwkd@.
atmf[pfawmif;qkdaeoHrsm;ukd =um;vdrfhrnf (okd@r[kwf) olwkd@. tusKd;twGuf vkyfaqmifvdrfhrnf [laom
pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;rsm;. ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;onf tzsufqD;cHvkduf&avonf? bkef;awmf}uD; a*yGefxuf ykdI
rnfolr# ,rf;ykHrD;us emusnf;a'goxGufrxGufEkdifcJh=uacs? we*FaEGnwGif a*:uDonf rkwfqdwf ar$; Avmjzpfaeaom
a*yGefukd pD;yGm;a&; vGwfvyfr_ tzGJ@tpnf; (Free Economic Society) &Sd tpnf;ta0; wckokd@
ac:aqmifoGm;avonf? xkdae&mokd@ ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm;onf wae@wm tjzpf tysufrsm;. tajctaersm;ukd
okH;oyf&eftwGuf oGm;=uavonf? a*:uDonf rwfwyf&yfvkduf+yD; a*yGef. xkwfjyef a=unmcsufukd a0iSvkduf+yD;/
Zmbk&ifESifh jynfolrsm;t=um;wGif olwkd@&Jabmfrsm;. aoG;rsm; pGef;ayvJavsmif;aeonfukdvnf; ajymvkdufavonf?
xkd@aemuf a*yGefukd,fwkdifxIatmf[pfvkdufonfrSm “+idrf;csrf;aom enf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Sif;a&;onf &_H;edrfhoGm;cJhav+yD æ
,ck u|Ekfyfwkd@ tjcm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh qufvufcsDwuf&awmhr,f”? tvkyform;rsm;. wkdufyGJtwGuf
&HykHaiGxnfh0if&ef arwWm&yfcH+yD;aemuf tpnf;ta0;onf tkwfatmfaomif;wif;jzpfvmonfukd a*yGefonf
owdðyrd+yD;aemuf aemufaz;aygufrSaeI xGufajy;oGm;avonf? xkd@aemuf jynfyEkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfokd@
qufvufxGufcGmoGm;+yD;/ ta&;awmfykHESifh ywfoufI ol. yg0ifulnDv_yf&Sm;r_ wpdwfwykdif;r# r&Sdawmhacs?
Zefe0g&D (9) &ufae@rwkdifrDtxd/ Zmbk&iftm; qef@usif twkduftcHðyjcif;onf EkdifiHa&;t&wufºuG vmaom

vlxktwGif;Y t"du ajymqkdaqG;aEG;aeaom ta=umif;t&mjzpfavonf? xdkae@rSpI tpkd;&ESifh ol. twkduftcH
ESpfzufpvkH;onf jzpfvmEkdifonfh óudwifwGufcsufrSef;qI r&Ekdifaom tiftm;wck/ ajymif;vJap Ekdifaom tiftm;wck/
vlxktkHºuGr_wckwkd@ukd pOf;pm;xm;&awmhrnfjzpfonf? aqmif;&moD eef;awmfokd@ csDwuf yGJonf t&m&mwkdif;ukd
ajymif;vJoGm;apcJhonf? jynfolwkd@. oufOD;qHykdifpepftay: rsufpdrSdwfacgif;ndwf vkdufavsmcJhr_rsm;onf
ysufpD;oGm;cJhav+yD? wkdif;jynfonf ol. orkdif;wGif t}uD;rm;qkH;aom taESmifht,Suf jzifh r=umrD
pwifawmhrnfjzpfavonf? pnf;&kH;olrsm;. tjrifwGif csDwufyGJonf atmifjrifcJhavonf? Zmbk&if.*k%foduQmESifh
w&m;0ifwnf&Sdr_wkd@onf olwkd@ óudwifwGufqxm;onfhtwkdif; aoG;tkdifxJwGif vJus epfrGef;oGm;cJhav+yD? xkd@tjyif
xkd@ae@ csDwufqENjyyGJwGif yg0ifcJhonf tvkyform; trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD; rsm;onf olwkd@. toufrsm;ESifh &if;I
wrifoufouf &nf&G,fzefwD;aom yËdyuQtjzpfr[kwfyJ/ w&m;r#wr_twGuf &kdusKd;ESdrfhcspGm awmif;qkdr_tjzpf
olwkd@v_yf&Sm;r_. wefzkd;&if;ukd jyef,loGm;avonf?
a*yGef. v$wfawmfonf aemufxyf wm&SnfcHaom tusKd;oufa&mufr_ wckvnf;&SdcJhavonf? odk@aomfvnf;

Ttcsufukd xifomjrifompGm &SmazGzkd@ cufvSonf? Zefe0g&D (9) &ufae@ tjzpftysufjzpfonfh &kdifz,faoewfrsm;jzifh
w&yfpyf ypfcwfr_rsm;ESifh jrif;pD;wyfom;rsm;. w[kefxkd;0ifa&mufwkdufckdufr_rsm;onf jynfolwkd@. em;xJwGif
yJhwifoHtjzpf usef&SdaecJhjcif;jzpfonf? pdef@yDwmpbwf&Sd axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;onf
rdrdwkd@zmomvGwfvyfpGm vkyfaqmifEkdifaom tawG@tóuH&&SdoGm;=uavonf?
oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfatmufwGifaexkdifcJhonfh aexkdifr_ykHpHa[mif;xuf wpkHw&m tav;omoGm;cJhavonf? usefaom

ESpfrsm;twGuf òrd@awmf ESifh wjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;onf xkdtajctaeay:wGif tjcm;aom
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukdvnf; zGH@òzd;vmatmif wnfaqmufEkdifcJh=uonf? wcgw&H EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_wkd@twGuf wkdufyGJ0if&ef tjcm;aom ykdrkdI ynmwufaom vlwef;pm; rsm;ESifh
ylaygif;aqmif&GufvmEkdifcJhonf? atvufqkdif u&Dvif (Aleksei Karelin) onf tvkyform; vlwef;pm;
EkdifiHa&;xJwGif aomhcsufusonfh tcef;u¾rS yg0ifvkyfaqmifvmovkdrsKd; v$wfawmfonfvnf; &nfrSef;csuftcsKd@ESifh
ykdrkd&Sif;vif;aom vuQ%mrsm;ukd a&S@okd@ o,faqmifvmEkdifcJhonf? v$wfawmfonf trSwfonmxJwGifom
usef&SdawmhonfhtcgwGif/ xGufay:vmcJhonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tavhtusifh jzpfcJh onfh pdwfxm;rsm;onf
&xm;oHvrf;cif; ausmufwkH;rsm;tjzpf vlxkwkdufyGJopfqDokd@ ay;qyfcJhavonf?
bk&if eDukdvufpfonf trsKd;om;a&;t=uyftwnf;ESifh ae@pOfyk*~dKvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd cGJjcm;jcif; rðyEkdif

aomtcg/ tm;vkH;ukd ae@pOfrSwfwrf;wGif wm0ef,l a&;oGif;vkdufavonf? “tvGefausuGJ 0rf;enf; zG,f&m
ae@wae@ygbJ/ bmjzpfvkd@vJqkdawmh tvkyform;awGu aqmif;&moDeef;awmfukd csDwufzdk@ óud;yrf;=uwJh twGuf
qkd;&Gm;vSwJh r+idrfrouf/ z&kdz&Jjzpfr_awG[m pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@rSm jzpfyGm;cJh&w,f? òrd@&J@ tpdwftykdif; tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm
ppfwyfawG[m rypf&ifrjzpfwJhtajctaeukd a&mufcJh&w,f? vlawGrsm;pGm aoqkH;/ '%f&m&&SdcJh=uw,f? bk&m;a& æ
b,favmufawmifrsm; ESvkH;a=uuGJ/ emusifzG,f&m aumif;vkdufygvdrfhæ? r,fawmf[mòrd@uae bk&m;ausmif;ukd
wkduf&kduf a&muf&SdvmcJhw,f/ tm;vkH;eJ@ ae@vnfpm twlwuGpm; aomufcJhw,f? +yD;awmh rD&Sm (Misha) eJ@
vrf;av#mufxGufoGm;w,f? r,fawmf[m wnwm 'DrSmaexkdifoGm; cJhw,f”? [k ae@pOfrSwfwrf;wGif a&;om;cJhonf?
&ufowWywf/ ae@&ufrsm;pGm ukefqkH;cJhavonf? Zmbk&ifonf olESifh ol@jynfolrsm;t=um;wGif csnfaESmif

qufoG,fxm;onfh opPmawmfcHr_ óud;r#ifonf jywfawmufoGm;cJh+yD qkdonfukd od&Sdem;vnf&ef EkdifiHa&;tod^m%f
csKd@wJhcJhavonf? omrefjynfolvlxk}uD;onf vlvdrf/ vlnpf/ vl,kwfrm tkyfpki,frsm;. aoG;aqmifr_a=umifh
aoGzDvrf;v$JcJh&avonf[k ol awG;xifaecJhonf? ol@tpkd;&. ckdifrmawmifhwif;aer_ a=umifh 0&kef;okef;um;jzpfr_ukd
a&Smifv$JEkdifcJhavonf? xkd@a=umifh eDukdvufpfonf ppfwyftwGif;Y pnf;urf;wif; =uyfr_jzifh emrnf&aeonfh
ppfwyft&m&SdwOD;jzpfonfh 'DrDw&D x&DayghAf (Dmitrii Trepov) tm; pdef@yDwmpbwf. bk&ifcHcsKyftjzpf cef@tyfvkduf+yD;/
‚if;tm; ppftkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'xkwfjyefEkdifonfh tcGifh tm%myg ay;tyfvkdufavonf? x&DayghAfonf oydwfwkdufyGJ
pnf;&kH;olrsm; ESifh v$wfawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;vkdufjcif;/ owif;pmrsm;tay: ESdyfuGyfjcif;/ ESifh
oydwfarSmufqENjyonfh puf&kHrsm;wGif ppfwyfrsm; csxm;jcif;jzifh òrd@awmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_ jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef
óud;yrf;cJhavonf? xkd t&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf tm%mcsKyfukdifolwkd@onf jynfolwkd@.vrf;ay:wGif
ydwfqkd@xm;onf[laom aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEGukd axmufultm;jznfhvkdufonfh tm;jznfhvkyf&yfrsm;yifjzpfawmhonf?
Zmbk&ifonf ol@zcif. apwemo'Ngw&m;rsm;tay: jynfolwkd@. ,kH=unfcJhr_wkd@ukd jyefvnf

wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf ajy&majyma=umif; trlt&m oabmxm;ukd wenf;wenf;jzifh teJqkH; urf;vSrf;&rnfqkdonfukd
eDukdvufpf. 0ef}uD;tcsKd@onf jzifh em;vnf oabmaygufxm;=uavonf? rD&fpuD (Mirskii) ESifh pkdufysKd;a&;0ef}uD; at
tufpf tmrkdavmhAf (A. S. Ermolov) wkd@onf Zmbk&iftm; tvkyform;rsm;. om,m0ajyma&;twGuf ol.
wm0ef&Sdr_wkd@ukd a=unm&ef wkdufwGef;cJhavonf? tu,fI Zmbk&ifonf tvkyform;rsm;. emusnf;csuf/
ra=ueyfcsufrsm;ukd todtrSwfðyr_ wpkHw&m rðyvkyfygu/ òrd@awmfwGif; &kwf&kwfoJoJjzpfr_/ yGufavm&kdufr_ukd
+idrfusoGm;atmif rðyvkyfEkdifygu/ EkdifiHjcm;+rD&Sifrsm;xHrS &k&SEkdifiH. aiGacs;iSg;r_tay: xdckdufepfemvdrfhrnf[k
b¾ma&;0ef}uD;rSvnf; xyfavmif;today;cJhavonf?
wpkHw&m t&dyft¹rGufjyo&ef eDukdvufpfonf oabmwlncD Jhavonf? olonf a&S;&kd;pGJtjrif t,ltq&Sdonfh

tvkyform; (34) a,mufukd rdrdzmoma&G;cs,fI Zmqukd; q,fvkd (Tsarskoe Selo) okd@ zdwfac:cJhavonf? Zmqukd;
q,fvkd wGif tvkyform;rsm;onf wef;pDI wukd,fvkH;c|wf &SmazGcH&+yD;/ Zmbk&if. qkH;roifcef;pm ay;jcif;ukd
cHcJh=u&avonf? olonf ‚if;wkd@tm; aemufaemif qENjyaESmifh,Sufr_rsm; wGif 0ifa&mufyg0ifjcif; rðy&ef
owday;cJhavonf? Zmbk&ifrS ta&;w,lvkyfI ajymonfrSm “tvkyform; jynfolawG&Jh &kd;om;wJh pdwfcHpm;r_awG eJ@
igukd,fawmfjrwftay:rSmxm;wJh olwkd@&Jh r,drf;,kdifEkdifwJh =unf!kd o'Ngw&m;awGukd igukd,fawmfjrwf
,kH=unfawmfrlw,f/ xkd@twGufa=umifh olwkd@&Jh tjypfawGukd igukd,fawmfjrwf cGifhv$wfawmfrlonf”? xkd
atmifhoD;atmifhouf tcH&cufonfhpum;rsm;ukd ausmfvGefI/ tpkd;&onf òrd@awmf&Sd tvkyform;rsm;. tajctaeukd

pkHprf;ppfaq;&eftwGuf tvkyform;rsm;rS a&G;cs,v
f kdufonfh tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifonfh
aumfr&Sifopfw&yfukd cef@tyfcJhavonf? azaz:0g&Dv (18) &ufae@wGif/ 0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh ol. rdom;pkrS
zdtm;ay;r_rsm;a=umifh/ eDukdvufpfonf pdwfrygh wygjzifh woD;yk*~vrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;aumifpDokd@
toem;cHyef=um;Ekdifonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wkd@ukd cGifhðyvkdufavonf? xkd@tjyif a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonfh v$wfawmfwcktwGuf
ra&r&m r_ef0g;0g; pDrHudef;rsm;udkvnf; a=unmcJhavonf?
xkd jyifqifajymif;vJr_rsm;ukd Zmbk&ifonf +yD;cJhonfh 'DZifbmv uwnf;u rD&fpuD t}uHay; wifjycJh

onfhtwkdif; a=unmcJhygu/ ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm;xHrS opPmawmfcHr_ wpkHw&mukd ol@taejzifh &&SdEkdif ayvdrhfrnf?
,cktcg azaz:0g&Dva&mufrS a=unmcJhonfhtwGuf tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;onfyifv#if xkd tajymif;tvJr#avmufESifh
rnfokd@r# auseyfr_ r&SdcJh=uacs? xkd@jyif olwkd@ zGJ@pnf;ay;xm;onfh tvkyform;a&;&m pkHprf;r_aumfr&SifrS
tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. awmif;qkdcsufrsm;onf tvGeftu|Hawmif;qkdcsufrsm;[k ,lq+yD;aemuf xkdaumfr&Sifukd
zsufodrf;vkdufjcif;onf tm%mykdifwkd@. tcsnf;ESD;tcsdefðzef;wD;r_yifjzpfavonf? xkd@a=umihf jynfolwkd@.
ta&;ay:jy\emwckonf tm%mykdifwkd@tm; jyefvnfwkH@jyef&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf qkdonfrSm xif&Sm;apcJhaomfvnf;/
trSefwu,f rsm;pGmvkyfaqmif&ef rvkHavmufcJhacs?
Zmbk&ifrS csDwkHcswkHESifh qkH;jzwfcsufray;Ekdifjzpfaeaomtcg/ &k&SEkdifiHorkdif;wGifjzpfyGm;cJhonfh tvkyform;

r+idrfrouf jzpfr_rsm;wGif t}uD;us,fqkH;aom tkHºuGr_ v_dif;wHykd;}uD;onf wkdif;jynfukd xdrSefvm avawmhonf?
pdef@yDwmpbwfESifh tjcm;aom òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm;onf vrf;rsm;ay:okd@ xGufvm=u+yD;/
vkyftm;cwkd;jr‡ifhay;a&;/ tvkyfcsdefav#mhcsay;a&;/ ESifh tvkyf=uyfrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;tay: aumif;rGefpGm
qufqHapa&;/ wkd@ukd awmif;qkd=uavonf? tvkyfcGiftwGif;Y qENjyoydwfarSmufr_rsm;ukd ydwfyifxm;onfh tpkd;&.
Oya'ukd raxrJhjrifðyjcif;jzifh/ olwkd@. tvkyf&Sifrsm;tay: pdefac:vkdufjcif; jzpfavonf? Toydwfrsm;onf tpkd;&ukd
apmfum;jcif;vnf; jzpfavonf? tm%mykdifrsm;rS xkwfjyefwm;jrpfxm;onfh vlpkvla0;jzifh rae&/
pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;jcif;rðy&[laom trdefukd tHwkonfhtaejzifh/ ,cifqENjyr_rsm;xuf e,fajr{&d,m ykdrkd us,fjyef@
}uD;rm;aom yrm%mjzifh/ olwkd@onf tm%m&Sifrsm;ukd tHwkpdefac:vkdufavonf? Zefe0g&DvwGif pkpkaygif; qENjy
tvkyform; (400 000) ausmf&Sd+yD;/ azaz:0g&DvwGif (300 000) eD;yg;&Sdavonf?
zdESdyfoltm%m&Sifrsm;tm; tHwkpdefac:jcif;onf (20) &mpkwGif vkyf&kd;vkyfpOfwck jzpfvmavonf?

rnfonhfae&mwGifrqkd vlwkdif;. rausreyfjzpfr_rsm;ESifh vufawG@b0tajctaersm;wGif/ yxrOD;pGm zdESdyfcH&rnf/ aemuf
ykdrkdus,fjyefaom EkdifiHa&;rD;awmuf wckjzpfvm&eftwGuf xkd zdESdyfr_onf avmifpmjzpfvm ayrnf? wkdif;jynfwjynftm;
rnfokd@ ðyjyifajymif;vJrnf[laom v_yf&Sm;r_wckonf tvkdtavsmufvnf; jzpfay:Ekdifonf (okd@r[kwf) txl;*&kpkdufpGm
pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzifhvnf; jzpfEkdifonf? okd@aomf w}udrfcsDwuf qENjyrdonfESifh ESdrfESif;r_rygbJESifh (okd@)
tav#mhay;ESpfodrfhac|;odyfr_ rygbJESifh xdkqENjyr_ukd xdef;csKyf&yfwef@&ef rjzpfEkdifoavmufyif/ (okd@r[kwf)
xkdt&mrsm;rwkdifrD aemufqkH;wGif atmifyGJ&&SdoGm;jcif;jzpfayrnf? (1905) ckESpf/ ZEM0g&DvwGif aqmif;&moDeef;awmfokd@
csDwufqENjycJhaom &k&Sm;rsm;onf &J&ifhaom yef;wkdifrsm;&Sdjcif;ESifh tm%mukd ckdif+rJpGm qkyfukdifxm;olrsm;xHokd@ vufeufrJh
qENjyjcif;wkd@onf EkdifiHawmf ESifh jynfolvlxkt=um;&Sd qufqHa&;udk ajymif;vJapcJhavonf? Zmbk&if ESifh ol.
0ef}uD;rsm;onf yifukd,ftpGrf;tprsm; r&Sd=uawmhay? ,cktcg jynfolvlxkonf ajymif;vJr_ ajcvSrf;ukd
pwifaerd+yDjzpfavonf?
“yËdyuQ jzpfaeaom tifykdif,m wck”
(1905) ckESpf./ aEGOD;&moD ESifh aEG&moD twGif;Y tifyg,mwckvkH;wGif/ jynfolwkd@onf olwkd@. edpP"l0
b0rsm;ukd xdef;csKyfaeonfh tm%mykdiftaqmufttkHrsm; ESifh pwif&ifqkdifavawmhonf? tqifhjrifonfh qENjyyGJrsm;ESifh
pdwf"gwfjrihfrm;onhf EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_azmfaqmif&ef awmif;qkdr_rsm;onf avsmhyg; roGm;cJh acs? xkd@tjyif
tjyif;xefqkH;aom yËdyuQrsm;onf oufODqHykdifpepf. txufykdif; tm%mykdifrsm; twGif;Y r[kwfyJ/

atmufajctm%mykdifrsm;twGif;Y jzpfay:cJhonf? ajr&Sifrsm;ESihf vkyif ef;&Sifrsm;/ a'otkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mykdif
t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh/ ppfbuft&m&Sdrsm;/ tm;vkH;wkd@onf ‚if;wkd@. txl;vkyfykdifcGifh tm%mrsm;ESifh ‚if;wkd@.
vkyfief;tqifhrsm;ukd atmufajcrSaeI wkdufckdufjcif;ukd cHae&avonf?
xkdumvrsm;twGif;Y/ tm%mykdifrsm;onf vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;wGif av;uefxkdif;r_dif; zifhaES;ae=u avonf?

Zmbk&if. ppfom;rsm;ESifh ykvdyfrsm;onf jynfolvlxktm; zdESdyfxm;&ef rpGrf;aqmifEkdifonfh tcsdefwGif/ bk&ifonf
t"duusonfh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd vkyfaqmifcGifhay;&ef tvkdqENr&Sday? ajrjyif&Sd rku'efwdkufyGJ (Battle of
Mukden) ESifh/ yifv,fjyif&Sd ql&SDrm a&vuf=um; (Tsushima Straits) wkdufyGJrsm;wGif/ *syefwkd@tay:
ppfa&;&_H;edrfhr_topf ESpfckonf ppfa&;pGrf;aqmifEkdifr_r&Sd[laom pdwf"gwfa&;&m usqif;r_rsm;ukdom jrifhwufvmapcJhonf?
txl;ojzihf ql&SDrm a&vuf=um;wkdufyGJonf &k&Swkd@tm; t&Suf wuGJtusKd;eJjzpfapcJhonf? &k&Swkd@. abmvfwpf
ppfoabFmtkyfpkonf a&vuf=um;tm; vaygif;rsm;pGm =umatmif jzwful;+yD;aemuf em&Dtenf;i,ftwGif; *syefwkd@.
vkH;0zsufqD;jcif;ukd cHvkduf&avonf? xkd@aemuf r=umcifyif +idrf;csrf;a&; ajymqkdaqG;aEG;r_ pwifcJhavonf?
xkd&_H;edrfhr_ &moDOwktwGif;Y ppfom;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@tm; ay;tyfxm;onfh tvkyfwm0efrsm;ukd

vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf pdwfyg0ifpm;r_ tenf;i,fukdom jyocJh=uavonf? txl;ojzifh/ puf&kHrsm;&Sd&ma'o twGif;Y
+idrf0yfydjym;r_rsm; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef trdef@ay;cH&aomtcg/ (okd@r[kwf)/ v,f,majrrsm;ay:wGif v,form;rsm;.
aESmifh,SufzsufqD;r_rsm;ESifh óuHawG@&aomtcgrsm;wGif jzpfavonf? tcsKd@wyfpdyfrsm;&Sd &Jabmfrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;
tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;okd@ oGm;a&mufjcif; ESifh awmfvSefa&; pmapmifrsm;ukd zwfjcif;/ ESifh wyfwGif;Y txufESifhatmuf
trdef@remcHr_rsm;wkd@jzifh v$rf;rkd;aeavonf? ajcvsifwyf&if;wckonf ppfom; wa,mufukd
zrf;qD;jcif;ukd[ef@wm;aeavonf? xkd@jyif &kdifz,fwyfcGJwckonf ‚if;wkd@. wyfzGJ@0if wa,muf axmifrS
rvGwfajrmufao;rDtcsdeftxd pufypfuGif;avhusifhcef;ukd qif;&ef jiif;qefaecJhavonf?
òrd@}uD;rsm; ESifh aus;&Gmrsm;Yvnf;aumif;/ &k&SEkdifiH. ESvkH;om;jzpfaom òrd@awmfwGifvnf;aumif;/

tifykdif,me,ferdwfcsif;xdpyf&ma'orsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ ppfwyftwGif;Y upOfhuvsm;/ z&kdz&Jjzpfaeonfh
twGufa=umihf rnfonfhppfom;r# wOD;wa,mufwnf;oD;oef@[lI r&Sdawmhacs? tkyfpkwkdif;onf ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif
rauseyfcsuf/ epfemcsuf/ emusnf;csuf ukd,fpD&Sdae=uavonf? ppfom;rsm;. vpmrSm tvGefeJyg; aeonfhtwGuf
tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm tjcm; vkdtyfonfrsm;ukd 0,f,l&eftwGuf ‚if;wkd@a0pk&&Sdonfh aygifrkef@ rsm;xJrS tcsKd@ukd
a&mif;cs=u&avonf? tvkyfwm0efryg&Sdaom ppfom;rsm;rSm yxrwef;ESifh 'kwd,wef; &xm;wGJrsm;wGif pD;eif;jcif;/
t&ufbm;aumifwmrsm; (okd@r[kwf) pm;aomufqkdifrsm;okd@ vnfywfjcif;/ txl;owfrSwfxm;aom vrf;rsm;
(okd@r[kwf) jynfol@yef;+cHrsm;wGif vrf;av#mufjcif;/ ponfwkd@ukd wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif;cH&avonf?
v,form;rsm;onfvnf; ‚if;wkd@ay;aqmif&onfh tcGeftwkwfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI rausreyfjzpfae=uavonf?
‚if;wkd@ESifh a'orif;pkd;&mZm tokdif;t0ef;rsm;t=um;&Sd v,f,majr ykdifqkdifr_yrm%mrSm }uD;rm;pGm
rnDr#r_jzpfaejcif;wkd@onf v,form;rsm; t=um;wGif rausreyfjzpfae=u avonf? xkd@tjyif tifykdif,mtwGif;&Sd &k&S
r[kwfaom jynfolrsm;onf rdrdwkd@. bmompum;rsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;ukd vufatmufcHtqifhxm;jcif;ukd
rauseyfuef@uGuf=uavonf? ukd,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh&&Sda&;udk tvkd&Sd=uavonf?
xkdrauseyfcsufrsm;tm;vkH;onf topfjzpfay:vmonfrsm;r[kwfay? okd@aomf xkdt&mrsm;tm;vkH;ukd

aygufuGJvmatmif ðyvkyfay;onfrSm/ ,ckvwfwavmwGifjzpfyGm;cJhonfh/ tpkd;&onf olESifh xdyfwkduf&ifqkdif
awG@vmonfh tjrifrwlol/ oabmxm;uGJvGJolrsm;ukd pdef@yDwmpbwfvrf;rsm;ay:wGif/ ukd,fhjynfolukd &uf&ufpufpuf
t=urf;zuf owfjzwfjcif;jzifh ukd,fh *k%foduQmukd !‡Kd;EGrf;atmif ðyvkyfjcif;a=umifhyifjzpfonf? Zmbk&ifonf
jynfolrsm;. ,kH=unfopPm&Sdr_ukd b,fvkdrS r&&Sdawmhacs/ ol. =unf;wyfppfAkdvfcsKyfrsm;ESifh a&wyfAkdvfcsKyfrsm;onf
ppfyGJ&_H;edrfhr_wGif *k%foduQm usqif;cJh=uavonf? EkdifiHawmf. yJhxdef;pifay:rSaeI tkdrif;aeaom yJheif;}uD;onf yËdyuQ
v_dif;wHykd;rsm;ESifh jynfhv$rf;aeaom yifv,fwckukd awG@vkduf&avonf?
tifykdif,m. pyg;usDwckjzpfonfh umhpfuf jynfe,f (Kursk province) wGif/ azaz:0g&Dv (8) &ufae@wGif
v,form;tkHºuGr_rsm; pwifjzpfyGm;cJhavonf? &maygif;rsm;pGmaom awmifolv,form;rsm;onf bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;
acgif;avmif;rsm;/ rD;ykHrsm;jzifh t&dyferdwfjy+yD; ‚if;wkd@. vSnf;rsm;jzifh wef;pDI a'o&Sd csrf;omaomtdrf}uD;rsm;qDokd@

xGufcGmvmcJh=uavonf? xkd@aemuf olwkd@onf *kda'gifrsm;/ ukefavSmif&kHrsm;ukd &kdufzsufcsKd;azmufI *sKH/ pyg; oD;ESH rsm;udk
vSnf;rsm;jzifh o,faqmifvm=u+yD;/ aemufykdif;wGif tdrfwtdrfpD wkdif;wGif&Sdaom rdom;pkta&twGuftvkduf
a0jcrf;vkduf=uavonf?
azaz:0g&Dv (18) &ufae@wGif/ tpkd;&onf a*smf*sD,mjynfe,fY ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'ukd a=unmvkduf+yD; ppfom;

(10000) ukd apv$wfvkdufavonf? (1903) ckESpfuwnf;rSpwifI a0;vHacgifoDonfh *l&D,ma'o&Sd v,form;rsm;onf
rnfonfh tpkd;&tm%mykdifrsm;. tav;*&kðyjcif;ukdr# r&&SdcJhay? olwkd@onf tcGeftwkwfrsm; ay;&efjiif;qef=u+yD;/
Zmbk&if. &kyfykHukd rD;&_d@cJh=uavonf? olwkd@onf tpkd;& t&m&Sd tcsKd@ukdvnf; owfypfcJh=u+yD;/ qENjyonfh
tpdwftykdif;w&yftaejzifh xkdtowfcH&ol tpkd;& t&m&Sdrsm;ukd p¾mvrsm;rS ajrjr‡Kyfray;cJh=uay? *l&D,m&Sd
tm%mrsm;tm;vkH;onf *l&D,ef; qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufwpf aumfrwD (Guriian Social Democratic Committee) .
vufxJwGif &Sdavonf? xkd aumfrwDonf tywfpOf tpnf;ta0;rsm;ac:,l+yD; vGwfvyfaom (xdef;rEkdifodrf;r&aom)
pum;&nfvkyGJ tpDtpOfrsm;ukd usif;yay;avonf? tusKd;oufa&mufr_tm;jzifh *l&D,monf
ukd,fhzmomukd,ftkyfcsKyfonfh v,form; orwEkdifiHwck jzpfvmavonf? }uD;us,fxif&Sm;onfh 0wˆKa&;q&m}uD; vD,kd
awmfvfpwGdKif;onf tpkd;&tm%mykdifrsm;ESifh ryl;aygif;/ raqmif&Gufa&;ukd =umjrifhpGm a[majymcJholjzpfonf? a*smf*sD,m
vlrsKd;rsm; onf oltESpf (20) ausmf=um pOf;pm;cJh/ a&;om;cJhonfrsm;ukd twdtus taumiftxnfazmfae=ujcif;
jzpfonf[k ol. a*smf*sD,mvlrsKd; wynfhwOD;xHokd@ pma&;ajymcJhavonf? awmfvfpwGdKif;rS xkdwynfhtm; ajymcJhonfrSm
tpkd;&u ‚if;wkd@tm; tultnDay;r_ukd vSrf;ar#mf=unfhaejcif;xuf/ (okd@) tm%mydkifrsm;tm; wkdufckdufjcif;onf/
olwkd@onf olwkd@tm; tkyfpkd;aeolrsm;xHrS olwkd@.vGwfvyfa&;ukd olwkd@zmomolwkd@ &kd;pif;pGm &,lvkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf?
cg&fqGef jynfe,f (Kherson province) &Sd/ wJvm&SDEkd (Talashino) aus;&GmwGif/ v,form;rsm;onf

awG@qkHpnf;a0;=u+yD;/ toem;cHv$mrl=urf;wapmifudka&;om;cJh+yD;/ pdef@yDwmpbwf&Sd tpkd;&xHokd@ qufocJh avonf?
“u|efawmfrsKd;wkd@. vkdtyfcsufrsm;rSm tvGefyif}uD;rm;vSygonf/ t&Sif- &mpkESpfrsm;pGm u|efawmfrsKd; v,form;rsm;onf
EkdifiHawmf. qkd;0g;aom trSm;rsm;/ tcuftcJ/ ab;'kuQ/ tEW&m,frsKd;pkHwkd@ukd cg;pnf;cHcJh=u &ygonf?
&k&SEkdifiHawmf}uD;csJ@xGif&eftwGuf u|eaf wmfrsKd;wkd@. bkd;ab;bDbifrsm;onf ol@wkd@. aoG;rsm;ukd ay;qyfcJh=uygonf?
&mpkESpfck ESifh w0ufausmf=um u|efawmfrsKd;wkd@onf ckdif;zwfu|efb0jzifh &SifoefcJh=u& ygonf? xkdokd@jzifh
txl;tcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm;rsm; csrf;om}uD;yGm; ZdrfusaeEkdif&eftwGuf vkyfuidk cf =hJ u&ygonf? &mpkESprf sm;pGm
u|efawmfrsKd;wkd@onf tqrwef av;vHaom tcGeftwkwfrsm;ukd xrf;aqmifaecJh=u&ygonf?” xkd@aemuf qufvufI
toem;cHv$mwGif 'Drkdua&pDenf;us a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH&onfh v$wfawmfwck/ jynfol jynfom; wkd@. vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/
ajr,m jyefvnfcGJa0ay;a&;/ a'oEW& tpkd;&rsm; jyifqifzGJ@pnf;ay;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;tm;
vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;a&; ponfwkd@ukd awmif;qkdcJhygonf?
t"du csnfr#if ESifh txnf,ufvkyfief; A[kdjzpfonfh tkdifAefEkdAkd-aAmhZeDqef;pfuf (Ivanovo-Voznesensk)

puf&kHwGif/ arv (12) &ufae@Y tvkyform; (30000) ausmf qENjyoydwfarSmufcJh=uonf? qENjyolrsm;ESifh
aphpyfaqG;aEG;&eftwGuf puf&kHcGJwckpDwkdif;rS tvkyform;rsm;onf ukd,fpm;ðyv$wfawmftwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd
a&G;aumufcJh=uygonf? xkdv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;rS wae@tvkyfcsdef (8) em&D owfrSwfay;a&;/
vkyftm;cwkd;jr‡ifhay;a&;/ rD;zGm;cGifh/ ESifh vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifh ESifh vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&kH;cGifh ponfwkd@ yg0ifonfh
awmif;qkdcsufrsm;twGuf pm&if;wckukd a&;qGJcJh=uygonf? t=urf;zufr_rsm;tm umuG,f&eftwGuf
ppf0efxrf;tzGJ@ukdvnf; zGJ@pnf;cJhavonf? arvaESmif;ykdif; tpnf;ta0;wckwGif tvkyform;rsm;tm; ppfwyfrS
=umyGwfrsm;jzifh &kdufESufjcif;/ tcsKd@tm; ypfowfjcif;wkd@ ðyvkyf+yD;aemuf qENjyr_onf t=urf;zufr_toGifokd@
ul;ajymif;oGm;avonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf &kef;&if;qefcwf t"du&k%f; rsm;jzpfyGm;jcif;/ vk,ufjcif;/ ESifh
vrf;rsm;ay:wGif ppfwyfrsm;/ ykvdyfrsm;ESifh vkH;axG;owfykwfjcif;wkd@/ (8) &uf =um=um jzpfoGm;avawmhonf?
qENjyoydwfonf ZGefvukefcgeD;txd jzpfoGm;avawmhonf? tvkyf&Sif rsm;onf tm%mykdifrsm;rSaeI zdtm;ay;r_rsm;
ðyvkyfvmaomtcg ta&;r}uD;onfh tav#mhay;r_ wcsKd@ukd urf;vSrf;vmjcif;ESifh/ tm;tifukefcrf;oGm;aom
qENjytvkyform;rsm;onf olwkd@. tvkyfcGifokd@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufoGm;aoma=umifh qENjyr_onf +yD;qkH;oGm;cJhavonf?
ZGefv (14) &ufae@wGif/ yifv,feufwGif&Sdaeaom wkdufoabFm ykdwrfuif (Potemkin) rS/ oabFmom; (14)
a,mufwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@tm; ykd;avmufvef;usaeonfhtom;rsm;au|;onf[laom rauseyf csufjzifh

t&m&Sdrsm;ESifhawG@qkH&eftwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;apv$wfcJh=uonf? &ufpuf&rf;um;aom t&m&Sdonf
oabFmom;rsm;. ukd,fpm;vS,fukd ypfowfvkdufavonf? oabFmom;rsm;onf wyfwGif; ykefuefr_ wckðyvkyf+yD;
t&m&Sdrsm;pGmtm;owfjzwfypfcJhavonf/ xkd@aemuf teDa&miftvHwckudkvnf; oabFm ay:wGif v$ifhxlvkdufavonf?
olwkd@ukd trdef@ay;&eftwGuf aumfrwDwckukd a&G;aumufvkdufavonf? xkdae@nwGif Potemkin onf t"du
qdyfurf;wckjzpfonfh tkd'ufqm (Odessa) okd@ ckwfarmif;oGm;avonf? xkd@aemuf a'grmefxaeaom
qENjyv_dif;wHykd;}uD;jzpfay:vmawmhavonf? oabFmurf;uyfr_onf qENjyyGJwckukd v_Haqmfvkduf+yD;/ xkdrS wqifh
vk,ufjcif; ESifh rD;&_d@r_rsm; jzpfyGg;+yD;/ ykdrkdqkd;&Gm;aom t"du&k%f;jzpf vmavonf? t&m&Sdrsm;onf
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'ukda=unmvkdufavonf/ xkdtcg Potemkin onf yifv,f0zufokd@ jyefvnfckwfarmif;oGm;+yD;
aemufqkH;wGif &kdar;eD;,m;Y urf;uyfI oabFmom;rsm; vufeufcs tnhHcHcJh avonf?
&k&Stifykdif,mwckvkH;wGif tajccHvlwef;pm;rS jynfolrsm;onf tm%mykdifrsm;. taqmufttkHrsm; ESifh

ypPnf;OpPmºuG,f0olrsm;. taqmufttkHrsm;ukd 0kdif;&Hxm;=uavonf? trsm;tm;jzifh tpkd;&t=urf;zufr_ rsm;a=umihf/
wkH@jyefr_rsm;jzpfvm&jcif;jzpfonf? rsm;pGmaom t"du&k%f;jzpfr_rsm;ukd tm%mykdifrsm;rS rqkdif;rwG csufjcif;
ESdrfESif;ypfvkdufavonf? okd@aomf *l&D,morwEkdifiHwnfaxmifjcif;uJhokd@aom tjzpftysufrsm;ESifh tkdifAefEkdAkd-
aAmhZeDqef;pfuf v$wfawmf(Ivanovo-Voznesensk Assembly) onfvnf; vlodrsm;aom v_yfv_yf&G&Gjzpfr_wckukd
twkdif;twmopfwckudk vSpf[azmfxkwfjyvkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf? tvkyf&Sifrsm;/ ajrykdif&Sifrsm;/ (okd@)
a'oqkdif&mt&m&Sdrsm;tm; qef@usifwkdufckdufonfh wkduf&kdufta&;,lr_ukd vkyfaqmif vkdufonf qkdaomfvnf;/
v,form;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf òrd@jyat;csrf;om,ma&;twGuf ‚if;wkd@. tcef;u¾ukdvnf;
awmif;qkdvkdufavonf?
tvkyform;or*~rsm; zGJ@pnf;ay;jcif;onf ‚if;wkd@. tcef;u¾twGuf taumif;qkH;aom enf;vrf;yif

jzpfavonf? rnfokd@yifqkdaomfvnf; xkdor*~rsm;rSm w&m;0ifr_r&SdyJ jzpfaeqJjzpfonf? or*~rsm;onf r=umc%qkdovkd
tvkdtavsmufqENjyoydwfrsm;t=um;xJrS xGufay:vmavonf? pdef@yDwmpbwf&Sd pmpDorm;rsm;onf aoG;v$rf;aom
we*FaEGae@+yD;aemuf vkyftm;copftwGuf oabmwlnD&ef tvkyf&Sifrsm;tm; oydwfarSmufcJh=uavonf? okd@aomf
oydwfarSmufr_rSm us&_H;oGm;cJhav onf? tb,fa=umifh qkdaomf puf&kHtwGif;&Sd tjcm;aom tvkyform;rsm;onf
olwkd@ESifhtwl vkdufygoydwf arSmuf&ef jiif;qefcJh=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xkdtcg pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfolrsm;onf
ykHESdyfpufvkyfief;twGif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;tm;vkH; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfoihfonf[k qkH;jzwfcJh=u+yD;/ ZGefvwGif or*~wckukd
pwifcJh=uav onf? trsm;pkonf ao;i,faomv_yf&Sm;r_tenf;i,fxufausmfvGefI rvkyfEkdifcJhaomfjim;vnf;/
ZEM0g&DvrS aeI pufwifbmv txd pkpkaygif; or*~ (40) xlaxmif&efóud;yrf;cJh=uavonf?
vlóudufrsm;onfh cGeftm;opfwckonfvnf; òrd@}uD;rsm;&Sd ynmwwf tokdif;t0kdif;rsm;rSwqifh pD;0if

vmcJhao;onf? (1905) ckESpf/ tapmykdif;vrsm;twGif;Y yxrOD;pGm a&S@aersm;/ xkd@aemuf q&m0efrsm;/ aemuf
ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ aq;azmfa&mif;csolrsm;/ oD;ESHpkdufysKd;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;/ tif*sif eD,mrsm;/
todynm&Sifrsm;/ ESifh wd&p>mefaq;ukq&m0efrsm;onf trsKd;om;or*~rsm;ukd wnfaxmifcJh=u avonf?
xkdor*~rsm;onf vpfb&,f EkdifiHa&; tpDtpOfrsm;ukd a&;qGJcJh=uavonf? armfpukdwGif jynfe,f (20) ausmfrS
a&G;cs,fcH&onfh v,form; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf pka0;vm=uaomtcg awmifolv,form; pnf;&kH;r_onf
aEG&moDwGif txGËftxdyfokd@ a&muf&SdcJhavonf? yxr aq;&kHw&kHwGif/ xkd@aemuf um;*kda'gifwckwGif v#Kd@0SufpGm
tpnf;ta0;rsm; ðyvkyf+yD;aemuf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf v,f,majray:wGif yk*~vduykdifypPnf;rsm; zsufodrf;a&;/
bk&m;ausmif;rsm;ESifh awmf0ifrdom;pkrsm; ykdifqkdifonfh v,fajrrsm;tm; jynfolykdifðyvkyfa&;ESifh
zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;nDvmcHwckukd wnfaxmifa&; ponfhqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfcJh=uavonf?
xkd twkduftcHðyr_rsm;tm;vkH;onf EkdifiHawmf. zdESdyfEkdifr_ tiftm;ukd 0efESifh tm; rr#jzpfapavonf?

Zmbk&if. wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh jynfe,fbk&ifcHrsm;onf qENjy&efpnf;&kH;olrsm;ESifh tjcm;aomwufºuGonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd
olwkd@ &SmazGawG@&SdEkdifonfhtcgwkdif; zrf;qD;&ef aESmifhaES;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;yJ/ olwkd@taejzifh tifykdif,mtwGif;&Sd
tpGeftzsm;a'orsm;ukd xdef;csKyfEkdif&eftwGuf wyfzGJ@vltiftm; tvGefyifeJyg;aeavonf? &k&SEkdifiHonf vlOD;a& ESifh
ykvdyftcsKd;tpm;onf +Adwdef/ jyifopfwkd@ESifh ,SOfv#if ykdrkdeJyg;avonf? Oyrm - aus;vufa'owGif ykvdyfwa,mufonf

vlOD;a& (50000) &Sdonfh/ {&d,mpwk&ef;rkdif (2000) twGuf wm0ef&Sdavonf? tm%mcsKyfukdifolwkd@onf t=uifemrJh
&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfEkdifaomfvnf;yJ ae&ma'o tm;vkH;ukd rðyvkyfEkdifay?
Zmbk&ifqef@usifolrsm;onf rdrdwkd@twGif;pnf;&kH;jcif;ESihf ykvdyfrsm;ukd a&Smifwdrf;jcif;tjyif

tvkdtavsmufqENjytkHºuGr_rsm;rjzpfEkdifaomae&mrsm;okd@ axmufcHtm;ay;&ef/ qENjy&eftwGuf uGif;qif; pnf;&kH;jcif;ESifh
qENjyoydwfjzpfyGm;aeaom ae&mrsm;wGif oGm;a&muftm;ay;jcif;/ tm;wif;xm;apjcif; ponfwkd@ukd
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfðyvkyfcJh=uavonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf tm;aumif;aom tiftm;wckjzpfvm avonf/ okd@aomf
EkdifiHa&;t& pepfwus zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh tiftm;rsKd;r[kwfay? qkd&S,fvpfrsm; ESifh vpfb&,f rsm;onf
tvkyform;rsm;tm; oifwefay;&efESifh xkd wufºuGru _ kd rSefuefpGmtokH;cs&eftwGuf vdktyfonf[k wlnDaom
oabmxm;tjrif&Sd=uavonf? ESpfrsm;pGm ajratmufvkyif ef;tawG@tóuHESifh tawG;tac:qkdif&m ckdifrmaom
pdwf"gwf&Sd=uonfh qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;onf pdwftm;xufoefpGm tqkdygwm0efukd ,laqmifvkduf =uavonf?
olwkd@onf puf&kHrsm;wGif vufurf;pmaqmifrsm;/ owif;pmrsm; jzef@a0jcif;/ ESifh or*~zGJ@pnf;jcif; rsm;twGif;okd@
‚if;wkd@ukd,fwkdif 0ifa&mufyg0ifjcif;rsm;ukd vkyfaqmif=uonf? okd@aomf qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;/ abmfvf&SDApfrsm;
(Bolsheviks) (okd@) rif&SDApfrsm; (Mensheviks) ponfh tkyfpkrsm;a=umifhr[kwfyJ/ tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
tawG;tac:rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;pGmwkd@ESifh tu|rf;w0ifjzpfvmcsdefwGif/ tvkyform;tzGJ@0ifrsm;
qGJaqmifpnf;&kH;&mwGif atmifjrifcJhavonf? txufyg rnfonfhtkyfpkr# eD;uyfpGm tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_xJokd@ yg0if
aqmif&Gufjcif;r&SdcJhacs?
vpfb&,frsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;ESifhtwl pnf;vkH;nD!GwfpGmaqmif&Gufrnf[k 0efcHuwdrsm;ðycJh

onfqkdaomfvnf;/ olwkd@onf emrnf}uD;xif&Sm;onfh trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfonfhtwkdif;/ olwkd@onf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. obm0tavsmufacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf/ ‚if;wkd@. acgif;aqmifr_aemufokd@
tvkyform;rsm;onf tvG,fwulyif aemufrS vkdufygvmvdrfhrnf[k tqifjcifrJhpGm ,lqxm;cJh=uavonf? &v'ftjzpf
olwkd@onf orkdif;q&mwOD;. pum;t& “t=uyfwyfom; r&Sdaom ppfAkdvfcsKyfwpk” rsm;tjzpf usefae&pfcJh=uavonf?
okd@aomf &k&StwkduftcHrsm;wGif aEGOD;&moDrsm;ESifh aEG&moDrsm;Y t=uyfwyfom;&Sm;yg;r_ r&SdcJhacs?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tv$mpkHjzpfonfh v,form;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ ppfom;rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ wwfodynm&Sifrsm;
tm;vkH;onf yg0ifcJh=uavonf? owif;pmrsm;onf wm;qD;ydwfyifxm;r_rsm;ukd tmcH ykefuef+yD;
qef@usifqENjyyGJrsm;ta=umif;a&;om;jcif;ESifh tpkd;&tm; &_H@csjcif;rsm;ukd ðyvkyf=uavonf? tpkd;& cGifhðycsufr&Sdaom
tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd usif;y=uonf/ tpkd;&cGifhðycsufr&Sdaom tkyfpkrsm; w[kefxkd; wkd;yGm;rsm; jym;vmavonf?
xkdtajctaersKd;atmufwGif omref &mZ0wfr_rsm; wkd;yGm;rsm;jym;vmaomtcg/ tpkd;&onf rnfumrwWr#omjzpfaom
trdef@tm%mrsm;ukdyif xdef;odrf;&ef rpGrf;aqmifEkdifawmhacs? xkdtcg vrf;o&J rsm;onf *sL;qef@usifa&;
tpDtrHrsm;tygt0if/ qkd;,kwfaom 'kp&kduf jypfr_rsm;ukd usL;vGef=uavawmhonf? tpkd;&onf ‚if;. qkyfukdifEkdifr_
vkHvkH; usqif;aeavawmhonf? xkdtajctaersKd;wGif tpkd;&tm; qufvufwnf&Sdaeao;atmif cGifhðyxm;onfrSm
twkduftcHrsm;t=um;wGif csKd@wJhtm;eJaeaom tcsif;csif; ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_yifjzpfonf? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; ESifh
vlwef;pm;tv$mtoD;oD;tm; ukd,fpm;ðyEkdifaom rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;r# ay:xGufrvmEkdifcJhacs? uGJjym;jcm;em;aom
tkyfpkrsm;ukd aygif;pnf;&ef aemufusaeonfh óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_ ukd taqmwvsifaqmif&GufEkdif+yD;/ oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd
jywfom;onfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;jzifh qef@usifv_yf&Sm;cJhv#if aemufqkH;wGif oufOD;qHykdifpepfusqkH;oGm;+yD;/ twkduftcHrsm;.
t}uD;us,fqkH;aom atmifyGJukd &&Sdvdrhfrnfomjzpfonf?

“tm%mtwGuf wkdufckdufjcif;”
“&Jabmfwkd@ æ tvkyfawGukd &yfvkduf=u”
vrsm;pGm ta&;,lvkyfaqmifr_ rðyvkyfyJae+yD;aemuf/ =o*kwfv (6) &ufae@wGif/ Zmbk&ifonf

twkdifyifcHv$wfawmfwck (okd@) 'l;rm; (Duma) ukd twnfðyvkdufavonf? oG,f0kdufaomenf;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJ
ðyvkyf+yD;aemuf xkdv$wfawmfukd (1906) ckESpf/ ZEM0g&DvwGif ac:,l&efjzpfonf? rnfokd@yif qkdapumrl/ rJqENay;ykdifcGifhukd
tvGeftrif;wif;=uyfuef@owfxm;ojzifh vlOD;a& woef;ausmf&Sdonfh pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@}uD;onf/ vl (7˜000) cef@om
qENrJay;ykdifcGifh&SdcJhavonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf tvkdtavsmufqENrJay;ykdifcGifh pm&if;xJrS z,fxkwfxm;cH&avonf?
'l;rm;v$wfawmfonfvnf; Oya'ðy&ef twGuf y%mrokH;oyfr_tqifhwGifom uef@owfxm;avonf? Zmbk&if.
xkwfjyefa=unmcsufwGif taqmufttkHopfonf “&k&Stifykdif,m. zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'jzpfonfh
oufOD;qHykdiftm%m&Sifpepf. tESpfom&ukd raysmufysuf&ef” apmifhxdef;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onfhtwGuf/ ppfrSefaom
'Drkdua&pDpepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;udk vufcH&ef/ ‚if;YqENr&Sda=umif;ukd taxmuftxm;topftjzpf
urf;vSrf;xm;onfh twGufa=umifh xdyfwkdufyËdyuQjzpfr_topfonfvnf; a&mufvm&ef ra0;uGmvSacs?
ZEM0g&Dvokd@a&mufaomtcg tvkyform;rsm;onf a&S@wef;okd@a&muf&Sdvmavonf? pufwifbmv (19)

&ufae@wGif/ armfpukd&Sd puf&kHw&kHrS pmykHESdyform;rsm;onf vrf;rrsm;ay:okd@ xGufvm=u+yD;/ awmif;qkdr_ pm&if;wckudk
wifjycJhavonf? &ufowWywfukefqkH;aomtcg oydwfrsm;onf òrd@&dS pmykEH dSypf uf&Hktrsm;pkudk ydwfypfEkdifcJh+yD;/
tvkyform;rsm;onfvnf; oydwfarSmufr_ukd yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf “qkdAD,uf” [kac:onfh aumifpDwcktwGuf
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd a&G;cs,fcJh=uavonf? r=umrDwGifyif/ aygifrkef@zkwform;rsm;/ vuform;rsm;/ ESifh
owˆKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;yg vrf;rrsm;ay:okd@ xGufvm=uavonf? atmufwkdbmvqef; ykdif;okd@a&mufaomtcg
qENjyoydwfrsm;onf pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@okd@ausmfvGefI tjcm; òrd@}uD;rsm;txd jyef@ESH@oGm; avawmhonf?
tpyxrY tvkyform;rsm;tm; wGef;tm;ay;v_H@aqmfcJhonfrSm aiGa=u;jzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&; ryg0if ao;acs?

olwkd@onf tvkyf&Sifrsm;tm; vkyftm;cwkd;jr‡ifhay;a&;/ tvkyfcsdefav#mhcsay;a&;/ a,mufsm;ESifh rdef;r
tvkyform;rsm;t=um; vkyftm;c wef;wl&nfwl tusKd;cHpm;cGifh&&Sda&;/ ESifh tvkyf&Sifrsm;u ,Ofaus;csKdompGm
qufqHr_wkd@twGufom jzpfonf? okd@aomf qENjyr_rsm;. t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;tm;/
ppfwyfrsm;ESifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqkdifawG@apcJhavonf? pufwifbmv (22) &ufae@wGi/f qENjyolrsm;onf ykHESdyfpuf wckrS
wHcg;rsm;ukd &kdufcsKd;vkduf=u+yD;/ +cdrf;ajcmufcH&onfh qENrjyaom olrsm;rSm emrnfausmf uAsmq&m}uD; qm*sD yGwf&Sfuif
(Sergei Pushkin) . &kyfwkwcka&S@Y &Jrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;. 0kdif;&Hxm;jcif;ukd cH&avonf? rsufjrifoufaowOD;rS
owif;ay;ykd@onfrSm “aumhqufrsm; wkdufckduf&ef 0kdif;vmavonf/ vltkyfzufrS &kwfw&uf ypfcwfoHrsm;xGufay:vm+yD;/
jyifopfjrif;pD;ykvdyf wa,mufonf jrif;ay:rS ,drf;,kdifoGm;+yD;aemuf ajray:okd@ ðywfusoGm;avonf? xkdtcg vltkyfonf
aemufjyefvSnfh+yD; xGufajy;oGm;=uavonf? pkòyHwkd;vmaom aumhqufrsm;onf ‚if;wk@d aemufrS ajy;vku d o f mG ;
=uavonf?” owˆKtvkyform;rsm;ESifh aygifrkef@zkwform;rsm;onfvnf; tvm;wl wkdufckdufr_rsKd;ESifh
&kwf,ufcwfjzpfoGm;+yD; '%f&m&ol 'gZifrsm;pGmESifh aoqkH;olrsm;pGmwkd@ukd csefxm;&pfcJh=u&avonf?
aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEGrSmuJhokd@yif/ tm%m&Siw f kd@. wkef@jyefr_onf tvkyform;yËdyuQrSonf
EkdifiHa&;toGiful;ajymif;oGm;avonf? ykHESdyfpufrsm;or*~rS xkwfa0onfh vufurf;pmapmifwckwGif - “usaemf wkd@.
+idrf;csrf;pGmjzifh pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf; ajz&Sif;r_wkdufyGJ[m/ ,cifuwnf;u tcsKd@vlawG a&Smifv$Jcsif=uwJh/
rvkdvm;tyfwJh jy\emawGeJ@ wnfhwnfh}uD;ukd &ifqkdifwkd;rdawmhwmygyJ/ tJ'D[mu usaemf wkd@ukd
oufOD;qHykdiftm%m&Sifpepfukd wkdufckdufzkd@/ EkdifiHa&; wkdufyGJqDokd@ OD;aqmifomG ;awmhygyJ”? atmufwkdbmv
tapmykdif;wGif ykHESdyfpufrsm;onf qkH;jzwfcsufwckudk twnfðy a=unmcJhavonf - “t&G,fa&mufolwkdif;/
wef;wl&nfwl/ wkduf&kdufv#Kd@0Suf qENrJay;enf;pepfjzifh jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;rS olwkd@. ukd,fpm;vS,fawGukd
qENrJay;Ekdif+yD;/ tJ'D a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&onfh jynfol@ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;rS aeI wkdif;jynfukd pDrHtkyfcsKyfrSom
u|Ekfyfwkd@ESifh tvkyf&Sifrsm;. wkdufyGJrsm;t=um;wGif ykvdyfwkd@. t=urf;zuf r_rsm;rS umuG,fEkdifrnfjzpfonf”[k
xdka=ujimcsufwGifazmfjyxm;onf?

okd@aomf aoGv$rf;aom we*FaEGrSmuJhokd@r[kwfyJ/ tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@csnf; r&yfwnfEkdifay? ,cktcg
olwkd@. wkdufyGJrsm;onf oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd qef@usifonfh us,fjyef@aom awmfvSefa&;twGif;okd@
0ifa&mufoGm;avawmhonf? tm%mcsKyfukdifolwkd@onf rnfokd@ wkef@jyef&rnfukd rodyJ +cdrf;ajcmuf&efom
em;vnf=uavonf? =o*kwfvukefykdif;wGif x&DayghAf onf Zmbk&iftm; vGefcJhonfh tESpf (20) ausmfu
&yfqdkif;xm;cJhonfh wuUokdvfrsm;Y ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhrsm; jyefvnfay;tyf&ef wkdufwGef;avonf? xkdokd@ vkyfjcif;onf
wuUokdvfÏmersm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;ycGifhðyEkdifonf[k qkdvkdjcif; jzpfonf? x&DayghAfrS
awG;xifonfrSm Tokd@vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf vrf;rrsm;ay:xGufvmjcif; ESifh EkdifiHa&;vkyfjcif;/
twkduftcHtiftm;pkwck. odrf;oGif;cH&jcif;wkd@rS a0;uGmvmap+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@tm; pmoifcef; taqmufttkHrsm;twGif;okd@
jyefvnfqGJoGif;vmEkdifrnfjzpfonf[k ,lqavonf? x&DayghAftm; ol. vkyfazmfukdifzufwOD;rS - “ol@b0wav#mufvkH;
pm}uD;ay}uD; wtkyfr# zwfzl;ykHray:bl;” [kajymygonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;onf bk&ifcHcsKyftm; ol. qkH;jzwfcsuftwGuf aemifw&apavonf? pufwifbmv

tapmykdif;wGif olwkd@onf ausmif;rsm;twGif;okd@ jyefa&mufvm=u+yD;/ xkdpmoifcef;rsm;twGif;Yyifv#if ae@vnf ykdif;rsm;Y
ausmif;oifcef;pm pmayrsm;/ oif=um;ykd@csjcif;rsm; ðyvkyf=u+yD;/ nykdif;rsm;wGif pmoifcef;rsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;/
ygwDv_yf&Sm;olrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;tpnf;ta0;cef;rsm; jzpfoGm;avonf? tvkyform;rsm;vnf;
wuUokdvfy&0k%frsm;twGif;okd@ a&muf&Sdvm=u+yD;/ }uD;rm;aom tpnf;ta0;}uD;rsm; ðyvkyf=u+yD;/ wcgw&HwGif
awmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;rS a[majymolrsm;. &,fp&mysufvkH;rsm;jzifh yGJpnfaeavonf? puf&kHa'orsm;twGif;&Sd
rnfonfhae&mwGifrqkd xkduJhokd@aom tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;ukd òzdcGif;&eftwGuf tcsdefrqkdif;yJ wyfzGJ@rsm;ukd
apv$wfavh&Sdaom t&m&Sdrsm;rSm/ wuUokdvfy&0k%rf sm;twGif;rS tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd onf;nnf;cHae=u&+yD;/
wufºuGr_rsm; avsmhyg;usqif;oGm;awmhrnf[kom ar#mfvifhae=u&awmhonf?
vrf;rrsm;ay:wGifrl/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ynmwwf&k&Sm;rsm;rSm nD&if;tukdtjzpfaygif;pnf;&ef pwifae

=uavonf? atmufwkdbmv (2) &ufae@wGif/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ wwfodynm&Sifrsm;/ ESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf
wuUokdvfygarmuQcsKyfwOD;. psmyeykd@aqmifr_tcrf;tem;ukd EkdifiHa&;csDwufr_tcrf;tem;tjzpfokd@ toGif
ajymif;vkduf=uavonf? òrd@v,facgif&Sd&mokd@ eDAfhpuD y&kdpyufwf (Nevskii Prospekt) vrf;twkdif; csDwufvm
aomtcg/ wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm vkH;axG;owfykwf=u+yD;/ trsm;pkonf teDa&miftvHrsm;ukd ,laqmifI/
awmfvSefa&;oDcsif;rsm;ukd oDqkdvm=uavonf? aqmif;&moDeef;awmfokd@ ra&mufrD/ a&wyfrawmfOD;pD;Ïme&ifjyifawmf
(Admiralty Square) Y/ olwkd@onf 'l;axmufvkduf=u+yD;/ OD;xkyfrsm;ukd c|wfum/ aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEGrS
tmZmenfrsm;twGuf &nfpl;I "rRaw;oDcsif;wyk'fukd oDqkdcJh=uavonf?
vlr_vlwef;pm;tv$mrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm; aygif;pyfvkdufjcif;onf twkduftcHrsm;tm; ykdrkd

tiftm;}uD;rm;avaponf? &k&Sr;D &xm;vrf; 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;or*~ (All-Russian Union of Railroad
Employees and Workers) onf erlemykHpHi,fwck jzpfcJhonf? or*~ukd (1905) ckESpf {+yDvY wnfaxmifcJh+yD;/
vlr_pD;yGg;a&;&mjy\emrsm;rS cyfa0;a0;ae+yD;/ aumfvmjzL/ aumfvmjympkpkaygif; rD;&xm; vrf;tvkyform; tiftm; (7)
odef; ukd pkpnf;I/ ckdifrmaom rD;&xm;vrf;tvkyform;tiftm;pkukd wnfaxmif&ef[laom EkdifiHa&;yef;wkdifukdom
t"duxm; OD;wnfcJhavonf? *sLvkdifvwGif/ or*~onf EkdifiHa&; oydwfwkdufyGJwckukd azmfaqmif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhavonf?
vrsm;pGmwGif óudwifjyifqifr_tenf;i,fukdom vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhonf? okd@aomf pufwifbmvwGif pwifvmcJhaom
qENjyoydwfv_dif;vkH;onf avsmhyg;arS;rSdefvm aomtcg/ atmufwkdbmv tapmykdif;wGif armfpukd&Sd
or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;onf atmufwkdbmv (4) &uf ae@wGif rD;&xm;vrf;a=umif;rsm; tm;vkH;wGif tvkyform;
v_yf&Sm;r_wckukdazmfaqmif&ef aemufqkH;wGif qkH;jzwfvkdufavonf?
atmufajcxkonf wkH@jyef&ef tvGefaES;auG;=uonf? okd@aomf atmufwkdbm (6) &ufae@wGif/ armfpukd-umZef

(Moscow-Kazan) vkdif;&Sd &xm;pufacgif;armif;orm;rsm;onf vkyfief;udpPrsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@. vuf0,fokd@
,laqmifvkdufavonf? ukefpnfykd@aqmifr_ukd jiif;qkd+yD;aemuf/ xkdae@naewGif rD;&xm; armif;orm;wpkonf
&xm;pufacgif;wGJ wwGJukd yg&kdAdk blwm&kH (Perovo station) okd@ jyefay;qGJoGm;avonf? xkdblwm&kHrSaeI olwkd@onf
wEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m &xm;oydwfwkdufyGJukd pwifa=umif; a=u;eef;wapmifykd@vkduf avonf? aemuf (2) &uft=umwGif/
pufacgif;armif;orm;rsm;/ pDrHcef@cGJa&; 0efxrf;rsm;/ ESifh vrf;a=umif; twGif;&Sd tvkyf&kHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;onf/

&xm;vrf;qkH;blwm&kHwckrS wckokd@ oGm;a&mufI/ armfpukdokd@ vrf;qkHvmonfh tjcm;aom vrf;a=umif;rsm;rS
tvkyform;rsm;tm; pnf;&kH;avawmhonf? blwm&kHrsm;wGif apmifh=uyfae=uonfh ppfom;rsm;rSm taESmifht,Suf
tenf;i,fukdom ay;=uavonf? tvkyform;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@taeESifh “EkdifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_” ukdvnf; r&&SdcJhygu/
‚if;wkd@ atmifjrif&&Sdvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;onfh rnfonfh pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf; jy\emrqkd
t"dy`g,fjynfh0vdrfhrnfr[kwf qkdonfukd tvkyform;rsm;tm; owday;xm;+yD;/ atmufwkdbmv (9) &ufae@wGif
or*~onf vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifh ESifh pnf;&kH;cGif/ or*~rsm; wnfaxmifcGifh/ vGwfvyfI w&m;r#wonfh
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ukd tajccHonfh zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' a&;qGJrnfh nDvmcHwck/ ESifh bmoma&; ESifh
EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm; vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;a&; - ponfwkd@ yg0ifonfh awmif;qkdcsufwapmifukd
xkwfjyefvkdufavonf?
oydwfwkdufyGJ. owif;pum;onf òrd@wòrd@rSae wòrd@&Sd &xm;tvkyform;rsm;xHokd@ a=u;eef;wkdifrsm;rS wqifh

a&muf&SdoGm;+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@. blwm&kHrsm;ukd ydwfypfvkduf+yD;/ &xm;rsm;tm;vnf; &yfxm;vkdufavonf? armfpukd
awmifykdif;&Sd/ uvl*g (Kaluga) blwmwGif/ armfpukdrSaeI uD,ufAf (Kiev) okd@ xGufvmonfh &xm;rsm;
ay:rvmawmhaomtcg oydwfwkdufyGJukd pwifcJhavonf? xkdnwGif wjcm;a=u;eef;vkdif;ay:rS a=u;eef;pufukdif
0efxrf;rsm;onf uvl*grSwqifh ay;ykd@vkdufonfh ‚if;wkd@. oydwfwkdufyGJowif;pum;rsm;ukd/ tjcm;aomòrd@rsm;okd@
qufvufay;ykd@+yD;aemuf/ vrf;rsm;ay:okd@xGufvmavonf? xkdvkyfaqmifr_onf qrm&m (Samara) òrd@&Sd pmykd@vkyfief;ukd
&yfwef@oGm;aponf? Tokd@jzifh oydwfwkdufyGJonf tjcm;aom a=u;eef;vkdif;wckqDokd@ ul;pufoGm;jyefavonf?
awmifykdif; pufr_ZkHwck jzpfonfh tDumw&DekdqavhAf (Ekaterinoslav) wGif &xm;vrf; tvkyf&kHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;
ESifh vufr_twwfynm&Sifrsm;onf/ atmufwkdbmv (10) &ufae@wGif vrf;rsm;ay:okd@xGufvm=u+yD;/
t"du&xm;vrf;qkHwGif pka0;vkduf=uav onf? ppfwyfrsm;a&mufvmaomtcg tvkyform;rsm; jzef@xGufoGm;avonf?
tcsKd@onf &xm;wpD; ay:okd@ wufoGm;+yD;/ &xm;ukd (Nizhnedneprovsk) òrd@av;okd@ ckwfarmif;oGm;+yD;/ oydwfwkdufyGJukd
xkdòrd@&Sd tvkyf&kHrsm;okd@ qufvufo,faqmifoGm;=uavonf? ESpfywfrjynhfrDyif/ xkd qifhuJ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umifh
tifykdif,m twGif;&Sd rD;&xm;vrf;a=umif;rsm;tm;vkH;./ &xm;vrf; (1) uDvkdrDwmtuGmta0;eD;yg;wkdif;wGif/ vkyfief;rsm;
&yfwef@oGm;avawmhonf?
wòrd@rSwòrd@okd@ysHES@HoGm;onfhtwGuf/ &xm;oydwfwkdufyGJonf taxGaxGoydwfwkdufyGJ}uD;wcktwGuf

"gwfulypPnf;wckjzpfoGm;+yD;/ &k&Stifykdif,mtwGif;&Sd òrd@jyvlaer_vkyfief;rsm;tm;vkH; &yfqkdif;oGm;cJhavonf? armfpukdòrd@wGif/
&xm;tvkyform;rsm;onf tpktzGJ@rsm;tjzpfzGJ@pnf;um/ pufr_ZkHrsm;okd@ cGJxGufoGm;=u+yD;/ puf&kHrsm;rS
tvkyform;rsm;tm;oGm;a&mufI/ wkdufyGJtwGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufyg0if=u&ef pnf;&kH;avonf? xkdpOftwGif; òrd@v,facgif&Sd
aumvmjzLtvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. &kH;rsm;rS pGef@cGgvm=u+yD;/ jrLeDpy,f tvkyform;rsm;ESifhtwl vrf;ay:okd@
xGufvm=uonf? "gwfaiG@v$wfay;onfh&kHrsm;/ a&v$wfay;onfh&kHrsm;/ v#yfppfv$wfay;onfh&kHrsm;/ om;owf&kHrsm;ESifh
òrd@.pDrHcef@cGJa&; vkyfief;rsm;onf csdeJ@&yfqkdif;oGm;avawmhonf? aq;qkdifpma&;rsm; ESifh w,fvDzkH;atmfya&wmrsm;vnf;
vrf;rsm;ay:okd@ xGufvmavonf?
,if;onf omref tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_wck r[kwfay/ puf&kHrsm;. jyifye,ferdwf&Sd tdrfeD;em;csif; csrf;omaom
vlukHxHrsm;onf tvG,fwul vpfvsL&_aeEkdifao;onf? ,if;onf oydwfwkdufyGJwGif ‚if;wkd@ukd,fwkdif
ryg0ifbl;qkdv#ifawmif/ rnfolwOD;wa,mufr# ae@pOfykHrSefpm;0wfaea&;twkdif; aeoGm;&ef rjzpfEkdifacs?
tom;aps;E_ef;rsm;onf w[kefxkd;ckefwufvmavonf? aumufyJoD;ESHaxmufyHh jznfhqnf;r_rsm;rSm wpwpESifh
avsmhyg;vmavonf? EGm;Ekd@rsm;vkH;0jywfvyfoGm;avonf? owif;pmwapmifrS tpD&ifcHonfrSm -
“"gwfaiG@ESifhv#yfppfrD;rsm; vkH;0 tvkyfrvkyfawmhacs? jrif;ESifhqGJonfh &xm;rsm; ESifh v#yfppf"gwf&xm;rsm;onf jyefvnf
rpwifEkdifawmhacs? a=u;eef;pepf/ w,fvDzkH; ESifh pmwkduf&kH;rsm;onf tvkyfrvkyfawmhacs? t"du ukefpkHqkdif}uD;rsm;rSm
ydwfxm;vkduf+yD;/ 0ifaygufrsm; ESifh jyLwif;aygufrsm;ukd ysOfcsyfrsm;jzifh um&Hxm;vkduf avonf”?
‚if;wkd@. ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;ukd vkyfaqmif&rnfhtpm;/ tv$mtoD;oD;rS armfpukdòrd@om;rsm;onf wuUokdvfESifh

enf;ynmtwwfoifausmif;rsm;wGif pk&kH;ae=uavonf? xkdae&mrsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm;/
qkd&S,fvpfaoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfolrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ ukefonfrsm; ESifh acgif;&GufAsufxkd;aps;onfrsm;/ ykvdyf olv#Krd sm;
ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;yg0ifavonf? avhvmapmifh=unfholwOD;rS owif;ay;ykd@onfrSm “tvGeftrif; pdwf"gwfwufºuG
ESpfaxmif;tm;& &$ifjrL;aeonfh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm wOD;wa,mufrS pwifatmf[pfvkdufrnfh ‘oufOD;qHykdifpepf

usqkH;ygap’[laom aºuG;a=umfoHukd aemufrSvkdufI aºuG;a=umf atmf[pf&ef tqifoifh jzpfaepOfwGif/ ZarmhpfufAkd&Da&S;
(Zamoskvorech'e) rS ukefonf}uD;rsm;onf tvm;wl wkef@jyefatmf[pfrnfh ‚if;wkd@. tvkyform;rsm;ukd
tuJcwfaeavonf?”
tifykdif,mwckvkH;rS oydwfwkdufyGJopfrsm;ESifh qlylv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; òrd@awmftwGif;okd@ tqufrjywf

pD;0ifvmonfrsm;ukd tpD&ifcHaeavonf? cgaumhAf (Kharkov) òrd@wGif/ vrf;rsm;ay:&Sd vlrsm;onf puf&kHrsm;ESifh
oD;ESH}udwfcGJpufrsm;ukd ydwfypf&efawmif;qkdaeavonf? aumhau;qyf (Caucasus) jynfe,f/ bmwGef (Batum) òrd@wGif/
qkdifrsm;tm;vkH;onf ydwfukef=u+yD;/ v#yfppfrD;rsm;tm;vkH;vnf; jywfawmufoGm;avonf? pkpkaygif; tvkyform;
woef;ausmf atmufwkdbmvwGif oydwfarSmuf=uavonf? &maxmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom rD;&xm;vrf;tvkyform;rsm;/
tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm;/ pma&;pmcsDrsm; ESifh ausmif;om;rsm yg0if=uonf?
aemufqkH;wGif/ atmufwkdbmv (11) &ufae@Y/ pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@&Sd &xm;vrf;tvkyform;rsm;onf/

oydwfwkdufyGJwGif 0ifa&mufyg0if&eftwGuf qENrJay;cJh=uavonf? aemufwae@wGif olwkd@onf òrd@awmfokd@ 0ifvmonfh
&xm;vrf;a=umif; (4) ckpvkH;ukd &yfwef@ypfvkdufavonf? }uD;rm;aom owˆKpuf&kHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;onfvnf;
aemufwae@wGif vrf;rsm;ay:okd@ xGufvm=u+yD;/ teD;tem;&Sd puf&kHi,frsm;okd@ vSnfhvnf pnf;&kH;=uonf? tkdblacghAf
(Obukhov) oHr%dvkyfief;puf&kHrS qENjyolrsm;onf/ &pwm&Da,hAf (Rasteriaev) puf&kHa&S@&Sd *dwfwHcg;rsm;okd@
oGm;a&muf+yD;/ xkdpuf&kHrS tvkyform;rsm;tm; oydwfwkdufyGJwGif 0ifa&mufylaygif;&ef pnf;&kH;=uonf? puf&kH0if;xJwGif/
tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. ud&d,m wefqmyvmrsm;ukd ypfcsvkduf=u+yD;/ puf&kHtEHS@oGm;a&mufI “&Jabmfwkd@ æ
tvkyfawGukd &yfvkduf=u” [lI vkdufvHaqmf=oavonf? rdepftenf;i,ftwGif;Yyif tif*sifpufrsm;/ armfwmrsm;.
toHonf wdwfqdwfoGm;avonf? xkd@aemuf tvkyform;rsm;onf olwkd@. vkyfief;cGif tusôrsm;ukd c|wfvkduf=u+yD;/
EkdifiHa&;awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ESifhtwl olwkd@. puf&kHtm%mykdifrsm;xHokd@ xGufoGm;=uavonf?
tvkyform;rsm;onf oydwfwkdufyGJukd pufr_vkyfief;wckrS tjcm;aom pufr_vkyfief;wckokd@

o,faqmifoGm;aepOfwGif/ tjcm;aomolrsm;onf oydwfwkdufyGJukd a&$òrd@awmfokd@ ykd@aqmifae=uavonf?
aemufqufwGJae@rsm;wGif ykHESdyfpuftvkyform;rsm;/ em&Djyifq&mrsm;/ pma&;pmcsDrsm;/ w,fvDzkH;atmfya&wm rsm;ESifh
&kyf&Sifrif;om;rsm; tygt0if/ rlvwef;ausmif;om;rsm;ygrusef ‚if;wkd@. vkyfief;cGifrsm;ukd pGef@cGmI yl;aygif;vm=uonf?
wuUokdvfonf xkdt&mrsm;tm;vkH;. qkH&m 0if&kd;yifjzpfavonf? wuUokdvfwGif tv$maygif;pkHrS
vlwef;pm;toD;oD;wkd@onf awG@qkH&efvm=u&onf? ‚if;wkd@. tjrifrsm;/ t,ltqrsm;/ vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd
tacstwifaqG;aEG;=uonf? xkd@aemuf oydwfv_yf&Sm;r_xJokd@ 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;&ef ðyvkyf/ rvkyfukd qkH;jzwf=uonf?
pma&;pmcsD tvkyform;rsm;or*~acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfonfh 'D qAmcsaumhAf (D. Sverchkov) onf/
atmufwkdbmv (12) &ufae@ naewGif wuUokdvfokd@ oGm;a&mufcJhavonf? tpnf;ta0;cef;r/
y&d\wfxkdif&mpifjrifhrsm;/ twuftqif;avSum;rsm;tm;vkH;onf vlrsm;ESifh jynfh=uyfaeonfukd awG@vkduf& avonf?
cef;rqDokd@ y&d\wfxJrSaeI wkd;0ifIoGm;+yD;aemuf/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@tm; oydwfarSmuf qENjy =u&ef
wkdufwGef;avonf? qufvufI olrS òrd@. v#yfppfvw $ fay;&m&kHrsm;onf ydwf=uawmhrnfjzpfonfh twGuf/
taqmuftOD;onf r=umcif arSmifusoGm;awmhrnfqkdonfukd ajymjyvkdufavonf? qAmcsaumhAf wGif
ausmif;om;rsm;ay;vkdufaom wykdif;usKd;aeonfh za,mif;wkdif wwkdif&Sdavonf? aemufykdif;wGif olu -
“wa,mufa,mufuae+yD;awmh za,mif;wkdifrD;nd‡vkdufw,f/ aemuf wa,muf/ tJ'Daemuf wwd, wa,muf æ æ/
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom rD;awmufi,fav;awG[m cef;rtEHS@ysH@ESH@vif;xdefoGm;awmhw,f? yvufazmif;
tjrifhwae&muae u|eaf wmf=unhfvkdufw,f/ wodrfhodrfh aysmf&$if=unfE_;cHpm;r_wrsKd;[m &ifxJrSm ay:vmw,f/
u|efawmfwkd@[m oufOD;qHykdif tm%m&Sifpepf usqkH;oGm;jcif;twGuf ol@&Jh 0d^m%fawmftm; c&pf,efbmomxkH;pHt&
0wfðyqkawmif;yGJtcrf;tem;wck ðyvkyfay;aeovkdrsKd;/ atmifyGJwckukd usif;yae ovkdrsKd; cHpm;ae&w,f?” [k
a&;om;cJhavonf? tpnf;ta0;+yD;qkH;oGm;onfESifh wòydifeuf cef;rtm; aemuftkyfpkwcktwGuf
oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfvkdufavonf? qAmcsaumhAfonf xGufcGmvm+yD;/ eDAmjrpfukd jzwfausmfI tdrfokd@ OD;wnfcJhavonf?
tcgwkdif;wGif ta&miftaoG;pkHjzifh ysm;yef;cyfr# v_yf&Sm;aeaom eDAfpuD y&kdyufvrf;onf [mvm[if;vif;
Avmusif;jzpfaeonf? tvif;a&mifrsm;ukd +idrf;owfxm;=uavonf/ ukefpkHqkdifrsm;rS jyLwif;aygufrsm;rS ysOfcsyfrsm;jzifh
ydwfqkd@um&Hxm;avonf? wdwfqdwfaeaom toHukd òzdcGJ onfrSm uif;vSnhf&mrS ay:xGufvmonf
jrif;cGmoHrsm;om&Sdavonf? ,if;onf ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom rkefwkdif;wck rvmrD +idrfoufaejcif;rsKd;jzpfonf?

“"m;rsm;ukdukdifpGJI”
olwkd@onf taxGaxG oydwfwkdufyGJ}uD;Y tjcm;aom EkdifiHom;rsm;ESifhtwl twlwuG yl;aygif;yg0if

vkyfaqmif=uaomfvnf;/ pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;rsm;rSm tpkd;&tm; ykefueftHwk&ef tiftm;pk wcktaejzifh
oD;jcm;&yfwnf aeavonf? qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;. rif&SDApf*kd%f;tkyfpkrsm;rSm tvkyform;rsm;tm;
atmufajctzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukd zGJ@pnf;&ef +yD;cJhonfh aEG&moDuwnf;u zdtm;ay;aecJhavonf? &mpkESpf. aemufykdif;wGif
xif&Sm;onfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm t=urf;rzufwkdufyGJtoGifjzifh v_yf&Sm;oGm;rnfjzpfonfhtwGuf/ tpkd;&. ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef
cGifhðycsufrsm;ukd apmifhqkdif;aernfhtpm;/ rif&SDApfrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;tm; ukd,fykdif taqmufttkH/
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukd zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_&Sdap&efESifh tpysKd;xm;&ef vkyfaqmifxm;ESifh apcsifonf? atmufwkdbm (10)
&ufae@wGif/ olwkd@onf òrd@awmf&Sdtvkyform;rsm;tm; yDwmpbwf taxGaxG tvkyform;rsm;
aumfrwDukdzGJ@pnf;&eftwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; a&G;aumuf&ef ac:cJhavonf? (3) &ufr#=um +yD;aemuf/
ukd,fpm;vS,fta,muf (40) wkd@onf aumfrwD. yxrqkH; tpnf;ta0;okd@ wufa&muf&ef oGm;cJh=uavonf? (2)
&ufr#=um+yD;aemuf wwd,ajrmuftpnf;ta0;wGif/ puf&kHaygif; (100) eD;yg;ESifh or*~ rsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,f (266)
a,muf&SdoGm;+yDjzpfavonf? atmufwkdbmv (17) &ufae@wGif/ aumfrwDonf/ aumfrwDtrnftm; tvkyform;
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. pdef@yDwmpbwf qkdAD,uftvkyform;v$wfawmf (St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers'
Deputies) tjzpftrnf ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf rJay;cJh=uavonf?
rif&SDApfESifh aAmvf&SDApfrsm;tygt0if/ awmfvSefa&;tkyfpkrsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf rnfol OuUÏ

jzpfoifhonf[lI/ tcsif;csif; &efjzpf xkdifckHvkae=ucsed fwGif/ qkdAD,ufonf rnfonfhygwDESifhr# rywfoufonfh/
vli,fa&S@aewOD;jzpfonfh a*sm*sD Ekdqm (Georgii Nosar) tm; a&G;aumufcJh=uavonf? olonf qkdufab;&D;,m;
(Siberia) okd@ (2) }udrfwkdifwkdif e,fESifh'%fykd@jcif;cH&avonf? olonf ypPnf;OpPm csrf;omaomolwa,muf
jzpfaomfvnf;/ r&Sdqif;&Jom;rsm;tay: tvGefyif oem;*&k%mjyooljzpfavonf? olonf tvkyform;rsm;tm;
Oya'qkdif&m t}uHay;r_rsm;ESifh awmif;qkdv$m rl=urf;rsm;twGuf rsm;pGm ulnDay; cJhavonf? qkdAD,ufonf t"du
awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; tvkyftr_aqmif aumfrwDwGifxm;&eftwGufvnf;
qkH;jzwfcJhavonf? xkdv_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ajratmufv_yf&Sm; r_rsm; ðyvkyfcJh=u+yD;/ w&m;r0if
vufurf;pmapmifrsm; ykHESdyfjcif;/ tvkyform; tðrawtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zGJ@pnf;&ef pnf;&kH;jcif;/ xkdumvrsm;twGif;
zrf;qD;r_rsm;/ axmifcscH&r_rsm;/ ESifh jynfESif'%fay;cH&r_rsm;ukd &ifqkdif jzwfausmf+yD; aemufqkH;wGif toD;tyGifhrsm;
jzpfxGef;vm[ef&Sdavonf? aemufqkH;wGif qkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf olwkd@ukd,fwkdifukd jynfol@v_yf&Sm;r_wck. a&S@wef;wGif
awG@&Sdvm&avonf?
xkdolrsm;tm;vkH;onf rif&SDApfwa,mufjzpfonfh vD,Gef xa&mhpuD (Leon Trotsky) uJhokd@

aemufcHorkdif;a=umif; jrifhrm;r_ r&Sd=uacs? xa&mhpuDonf &k&SEkdifiHawmifykdif;&Sd jrufcif;vGifjyifa'orS *sL;vlrsKd; rdom;pk
wckjzpfonfh vDAf b&Gef&Swdef; (Lev Bronshtein) rdom;pkwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? xa&mhpuDonf ol@ zcifrS ol@tm;
tif*sifeD,mwa,mufjzpfvmapcsifonfhtwGuf zciftay: pdwfysufcJh&avonf? xkdtpm; olonf
ajratmufawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;twGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufoGm;cJhavonf? xkdtwGuf ol. touf (20) jynfharG;ae@ukd
Zmbk&if. tusOf;axmiftwGif;Y tqkH;owfoGm;cJh&avonf? qkdufab;&D;,m;wGif e,fESif'%f cHae&+yD;aemuf/
taemufOa&myokd@ xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;avonf? taemufOa&mywGif vef'efESifh *seDAm&Sd &k&Sm;jynfajy;
rmhufpf0g'Drsm; tokdif;t0kdif; twGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufcJhavonf? aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEGae@ owif;
ol@xHa&muf&Sdvmaomtcg/ EkdifiHul;vufrSwftwkjzifh tifykdif,mtwGif;okd@ jyefvnf 0ifa&mufcJh avonf?
xkd@udpPrsm;+yD;aemuf olonf zifvefEkdifiHwGif ykef;atmif;ae+yD;/ atmufwkdbmoydwfwkdufyGJ t&Sdeft[kef
jrifhaeonfhtcsdeftwGif;Y òrd@awmf pdef@yDwmpbwfokd@ jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmcJhonf? olonf tvGef@ tvGef
xufjrufolwOD;jzpf+yD;/ =oZmwduUrESifh jynfhpkHol wa,mufvnf;jzpfonf? xa&mhpuDonf òrd@.
awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;t=um;wGif acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfvm+yD;/ qkdAD,uf. t"du r[mAsL[majrmuf awG;ac:
ajrmfjrifwwfol wa,mufvnf;jzpfonf?

wcgr#rcHpm;bl;ao;aom tm%m.txdtawG@ukd cHpm;&+yD;aemuf/ twkduftcHtiftm;pk. wyfOD; (qkdAD,uf
ol@ukd,fol jrifhonfhtjrif) onf tpkd;&ukd +cdrf;ajcmuf&kHomr[kwf/ ol@vrf;wGif twm;tqD;jzpf aeonfh/
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; rnfol@ukdrqkd +cdrf;ajcmufavawmhonf? ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf òrd@wGif&Sdaom puf&kH ESifh
qkdifykdif&Sifrsm;tm;/ ‚if;wkd@. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd ydwfI/ taxGaxGoydwfwkdufyGJ}uD; twGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufqifE$J&ef
wkdufwGef;avonf? xkd@tjyif wkdufwGef;awmif;qkdv$mESifhtwl “tu,fI oifonf tqkdyg awmif;qkdr_ukd rjznfhqnf;/
rvkdufavsmygu/ oif. ukefpkHqkdifonf &kdufzsufcH&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf/ oif. pufypPnf;rsm;onf
zsufqD;cH&vdrfhrnfjzpfonf æ puf&kHrsm;/ oD;ESH}udwfcGJpufrsm; ESifh ukefpkHqkdif rsm;ukd ydwfypfay;yg æ oifhukd,foif
jynfov l xl k trsuaf 'go. "m;pmcHrjzpfrD/ xkt d &mrsm;ukd tcsdefrvGefrD ydwfypfyg” [laom owday;xm;csufyg
yl;wGJay;ykd@vkdufavonf? ,if;onf oydwfwkdufyGJukd tvG,fwulyif }uD;xGm;apcJhavonf/ tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf/
‚if;onf t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzpf+yD;/ r=umrDyif tm%m&Sifonf ykdrkd rsm;jym;aom tawG@tóuHESifh
tiftm;&if;jrpfrsm;ukd t=urf;zufòzdcGJr_upm;uGif;okd@ ,laqmifvmawmhrnf qkdonfukd/ olwkd@ukd owday;awmhrnf/
v$wfawmfrsm;twGuf ra&&maom enf;vrf; wckomjzpfonf?
xkd@tjyif/ qkdAD,ufonf ta&;tcif;rsm;ukd xdef;csKyf&mwGif ykdrkdI tpGrf;tp&Sd xda&mufoGm;avonf? nwkdif;

nwkdif;wGif ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf ykHESdyfpufqkdifwckpDokd@ óudwifowday;jcif;rðyyJ oGm;a&mufcJh+yD;/
qkdiftm;odrf;ykdufvkdufum/ t=uifem*&k%m&Sdaom pmpDorm;rsm;. tultnDjzifh Izvestiia owif;pm wapmifukd
ykHESdyfxkwfa0avonf? atmufwkdbmv (19) &ufae@wGif/ oydwfwkdufyGJt&Sdeft[kefonf wpwp
tm;tifavsmheJvmaomtcg/ qkdAD,ufonf pdef@yDwmpbwfokd@oGm;I qifqmjzwfawmufjcif;rsm;ukd tqkH;
owfcJhavonf? tpkd;&rS wm;jrpfwif;=uyfonfh ykHESdyfOya'rsm;ESifh pmapmifwGif yg0ifonfrsm;ukd EkdifiHawmf
qifqmtzGJ@okd@ rxkwfa0rD wifjy&rnf [laomt&mrsm;ukd vkdufemonfhpmpD/ pm&kduo f rm;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom
tvkyform;rsm;onf awG@&Sdygu/ ykHESdyfxkwfa0ay;&ef jiif;qef&rnf[k ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;u owday;cJhavonf? rnfonfh
pmpDorm;rqkd tqkdyg owday;r_rsm;ukd zDqefygu tjcm;aom tvkyform;rsm;rSaeI ‚if;tm;
0kdif;y,fa&Smif=uOf&efjzpfonf?
v$wfawmfukd xdyfykdif;rSaeI bkefawmf}uD;a*yGefESifh ol.tzGJ@u vnfywfaepOf/ qkdAD,uftzGJ@0if rsm;onf

vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd 'Drkdua&pDenf;us vkyfaqmifae&onfukd pGJrufESpfoufae=uavonf?
enf;ynmtwwfoifausmif;Y yxrt}udrf pnf;a0;+yD;aomtcg/ olwkd@onf vGwfvyfaom pD;yGm;a&; tzGJ@tpnf;
(Free Economic Society) . taqmuftOD;teD;&Sd/ todynm&Sifrsm;twGufzGifhxm;onfh t"du& ausmf=um;aom
toif;wkdufwckokd@ a&$@ajymif;vkdufavonf? naecif;wkdif;wGif ukd,fpm;vS,f rsm;onf olwkd@.
vkyfief;cGif0wfpkHrsm;ESifhyif/ tkdrif;a[mif;EGrf;aomfvnf;yJ/ a&$csxm;onfh wkdifvkH;}uD;rsm;ESifh ykHckdif;a&;zGJ@xm;aom
yef;csDum;}uD;rsm;jzifh wefqmqifxm;onfh/ tqkdyg [dwf[efrsm;aom udef;}uD;cef;}uD; Ekdifonfh taqmuftOD;okd@
pka0;vmwwf=uavonf? 0ifaygufY ‚if;wkd@. &_;zdeyftkyf &mbmpGyfrsm;ukd c|wfxm;cJhI/ olwkd@onf AkdvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;/
*k%foduQm&Sd t"du& yk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;ESifh Zmbk&ifwkd@. &kyfykHum;csyf }uD;rsm; csdwfqGJxm;onfh/ t"dutpnf;ta0;crf;rokd@
wufoGm;=uonf? &Snfvsm;aom tpdrf;a&mifpm;yGJckH}uD; wckY tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ukd emaxmif=u+yD;aemuf/
tvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDonf wifjyvmonfhjy\emrsm;ukd qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;cs&eftwGuf tajzay:onftxdpOf;pm;&ef/
tay:xyf&Sd em;aecef; wckokd@ wufoGm;=uonf? xkd@aemuf t"ducef;rokd@ jyefqif;vm=u+yD;/ pOf;pm;&&Sdonfrsm;ukd
tajctwif aqG;aEG;&efESifh twnfðycsufrsm;&,l&eftwGuf jyefvnfwifjy=uavonf?
tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ ynm&Siftkyfpkrsm; ESifh twl &maygif; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom omrefjynfol rsm;.

qifuef;awmwkd; url&SL;xkd;vkyfaqmifr_rsm;wGif/ qkdAD,ufonf atmufwkdbmtaxGaxGoydwf wkdufyGJ}uD;ukd &mpkESpf.
yxrOD;qkH;aom wufwufºuGºuG tm;rmeftjynf&Sdonfh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; tjzpfokd@ a&muf&Sdatmif
tnDay;cJhavonf? tm%m&Siftpkd;&tm; xdyfwkduf rsufESmcsif;qkdifwkdufckdufr_wckukd ðyvkyfrnfhtpm;/ a*yGef.
Ttvkyform;rsm;onf Zmbk&iftm; ‚if;wkd@. arwWm&yfcHcsufrsm;tm; cGifhðy&ef toem;cHv$mwifoGif;jcif;ukd
ZEM0g&DvwGif óud;yrf;cJhonf? olwkd@onf olwkd@vkyfaqmifaeonfh tvkyfrsm;ukd &kd;pif;pGmyif &yfwef@vkduf+yD;/ tpkd;&rSaeI
olwkd@ awmif;qkdxm;onfh awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd rvkdufavsmor# umvywfvkH; vkyfief;cGifokd@ jyefr0if[k
a=unmcJhavonf? tpkd;&onf qENjyv_yf&Sm;r_tm; tvG,fwulyif ESdyfuGyfEkdifcJh+yD;/ olwkd@. acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd

zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJhavonf? trSefwu,fwGifrl xkdokd@ t}udrfrsm;pGm ESdyfuGyfaomfvnf;yJ/ vlxktm; vkyfief;cGifokd@
jyef0ifa&mufatmif rpGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhacs? tu,fI &xm; ykd@aqmifa&;/ a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;/ pmwkdufvkyfief;/
b%fvkyfief; ESifh v#yfppfvkyfief;wkd@vnf; tvkyfrvkyf awmhygu/ tpkd;&onf =umjrifhpGm &yfwnf&SifoefEkdifawmhrnf
r[kwfacs?
wkdif;jynf. tjcm;aom a'orsm;ESifh òrd@awmfukd qufoG,fxm;onfh qufoG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;

uGef,uf rv_yf&Sm;/ rvnfywfEkdifatmif ðyvkyfvkdufjcif;tm;jzifh/ taxGaxGoydwf}uD;onf tm%m&Siftpkd;&tm;
uarmufur/ tkd;eif;cGufeif; jzpfoGm;apcJhavonf? a'oEW& t&m&Sdrsm;onf oydwf wkdufyGJtm; rnfokd@
wkef@jyef&rnfqkdonfukd A[kdrS !$ef=um;csufrsm; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; r&&Sdawmhacs? txufykdif; t&m&Sdrsm;onfvnf;
jynfe,f/ c&kdifrsm;wGif jzpfysufaeonfrsm;ukd od&Sd&eftwGuf owif;tcsuf tvufrsm; csKdwJhaeonfhtwGuf/
wcgw&HwGif aumv[vrsm;tay:tajccHI vkyfaqmifae=u&avonf? oydwfwkdufyGJ. tusKd;oufa&mufr_onf
yDwma[mhzf (Peterhof) yifv,furf;ajcykdif;&Sd eef;awmfwGif aexkdifaeonfh Zmbk&if. ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;ukdyg
xdckdufoGm;avonf? &xm;vrf;rsm; tquftoG,f jywfawmufoGm;jcif;a=umifh/ Zmbk&if. t&m&Sdrsm;onf
òrd@awmfrSaeI bk&ifxHokd@ oGm;a&muf pum;ajym/ owif;ykd@&eftwGuf armfawmfbkwfrsm;ukd tokH;ðy&avawmhonf?
,if;onfteJqkH; w}udrfwGif ol. ae@vnfpmtm; aemufusoGm;cJhavonf[k Zmbk&ifrS ol.
ae@pOfrSwfwrf;pmtkyfwGif/ atmufwkdbmv (12) &ufae@Y a&;xm;cJhavonf?
jynfolvlxk tkHºuGv_yf&Sm;r_ ESifh ol. tpkd;&t=um;wGif jzpfay:aeonfh t&Sdefjrifhwufvmaeaom

yËdyuQtwGuf eDukdvufpfonf t}uH^m%f tenf;i,fom ay;EkdifcJhavonf? Zmbk&ifESifh eD;pyfaomol wOD;.
tqkdt&rl - “Zmbk&ifonf vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; tqifjcifr&Sd/ rkdufrJonfh aumif;uifbkHrmS aexkdifae+yD;/ ol@ukd,fol
ckdifrmtm;}uD;ol/ ,cifuuJhokd@yif pGrf;yum;}uD;rm;ol wa,muf[k txifa&mufaeoljzpfonf”? aemufqkH;wGif olonf
tEW&m,f owday;acgif;avmif;oH jrnfvmaomtcgrS/ xdwfvef@wkefv_yfvm+yD; ol yxrOD;qkH; pdwful;aygufvmonfrSm
tiftm;okH;ajz&Sif;&efomjzpfonf? okd@aomf oydwfwkdufyGJ. tvGef }uD;rm;aom yrm%twkdif;twmonf
vufeufukdifwyfrsm;. csKyfukdifxm;Ekdifr_tay: ausmfvGefoGm;+yD qkdonfukd ol. 0ef}uD;rsm;onf rD;&xm;vrf;trsm;pkwGif
vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnf vnfywf&eftwGuf tenf;i,fom vkyfaqmifEkdifcJh+yD;aemuf oabmaygufem;vnfcJh=uonf?
xkd@a=umifh Zmbk&ifonf x&DayghAftm; òrd@rsm;Y r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm;tm;vkH;ukd ESdrfESif;&ef ajymvkdufavonf?
atmufwkdbmv (12) &ufae@wGif/ bk&ifcHcsKyfonf zsufvkdzsufqD;vkyfaom/ taESmifht,Sufrsm;tm;vkH;tm ESdrfESif;&ef
&JcsKyfrsm;tm;/ !ïef=um; vkdufavonf? (2) &uft=umY vrf;rsm;ay:wGif owday;pmrsm;uyfxm;onfukd
owdðyrdcJhavonf/ “ppfwyfrsm;tm;vkH; ESifh ykvdyfwyfzGJ@rsm;tm;vkH;tm;/ EkdifiHawmf r+idrfrouf qlylr_jzpfap&ef rnfonfh
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsKd;ukdrqkd/ csufjcif;ESdrfESif;&ef ESifh jynfolvlxk. rnfonfhtpdwftykdif;wGifrqkd ta&;w}uD;
tqkH;tjzwfay;&rnfhae&mrsm;Y/ ckcHawmfvSefonfh trlt&m/ tajctaersm;awG@&Sd&ygu ypfcwfòzdcGif;ESdrfESif;&ef/
xkdtwGuf usnfqHukd rac|wm&ef u|Ekfyf trdef@xkwfjyefvkdufonf”[k trdef@xkwfjyefcJhonf?
jynfolwkd@onf +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;ukd rwkefv_yfcJh=uacs? x&DayghAf. trdef@xkwfjyef+yD; aemuf&ufrsm;Y/

pdef@yDwmpbwfwGif vrf;rsm;ay:Y/ qENjyol (40˜000) txd wkd;yGm;vmavonf? wuUokdvftwGif;&Sd
vlxkpnf;a0;crf;rrsm;rSm ykHrSefEkdifiHa&;pnf;a0;yGJrsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeavonf? x&DayghAf. +cdrf;ajcmufr_ukd
taumiftxnfazmf&ef ykvdyfwyfzGJ@rsm; ESifh ppfwyfrsm;rSm wcgr# ay:rvmcJhay? wkdif;jynfw0Srf;&Sd armfpukdESifh tjcm;aom
òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif t=urf;zufr_rsm;jzpfyGm;cJhaomfvnf;/ tm%mykdifrsm;rS t+rJwrf; rwkef@jyefcJhacs? xkd@tjyif zdESdyfr_rsm;onf
qENjyr_rsm;ukd &kwf&kwfoJoJjzpfatmif rvkyfEkdifcJhao;acs? aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEGrSm uJhokd@ tm%mykdifwkd@. t=urf;zufr_
vuQ%mrsm;rSm/ ‚if;wkd@. twkduftcHrsm;. rD;awmufukdom ykdrkd}uD;xGm; apcJhonf?
EkdifxufpD;eif;ðyvkyfr_rsm; atmifjrif[ef r&Sdaomtcg/ tpkd;&twGif;Y ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfaqmif&ef

toHrsm;onf us,fus,favmifavmif xGufay:vmavonf? =oZmwduUrt&SdqkH;rSm 0ef}uD;rsm;aumifpD OuUÏ qm*sD
0Spfwf (Sergei Witte) yifjzpfonf? olonf *syefwkd@ESifh aphpyf+idrf;csrf;a&;pum;ajym&mwGif atmifjrif
xif&Sm;vmoljzpfonf? olonf pl;&Sxufjrufaom/ rme}uD;aom vlwa,mufjzpf+yD;/ t&nftcsif;&SdI
u|rf;usifaomEdkifiHa&;orm;wa,mufvnf;jzpfonf? 0Spfwfonf oufOD;qHykdiftpkd;&. &efolwa,muf r[kwfacs/
trSefwGifrl olonf rD&fpuD. vGefcJhonfhESpfu ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;t}uHðycsufrsm; ratmifjrifr_wGif wpdwfwykdif;

wm0ef&SdolwOD;jzpfonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl/ ,cktcg/ 0Spfwfonf tpkd;&taejzifh tav;teuf tav#mhay;/
vkdufavsmr_rsm; urf;vSrf; ðyvkyfrSom jyefvnftzwfq,fEkdifvdrfhrnfukd jrifavonf? tpkd;&onf tajymif;tvJtwGuf
a=umif;usKd;qDavsmfaom/ vufcHEkdifonfh awmif;qkdr_rsm; ESifh EkdifiHawmftay: t=unf!kd ysufapaom
tpGef;a&muform;rsm;t=um;wGif uGJuGJjym;jym;cGJjcm;EkdifcJhjcif; r&SdcJhacs[k/ ‚if;rS Zmbk&iftm; tpD&ifcHonfh
pmwapmifxJwGif az:jyxm;cJhavonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tajccHðyjyifajymif;vJa&;0g'Drsm;/ tv,ftvwfrsm;onf
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfae=u&m/ tpkd;&onf ‚if;wkd@. vrf;a=umif;wGif ydwfqkd@r_ rðyvkyfoifhay? vmrnfh
'l;rm;v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf qENrJay;ykdifcGifhrsm;ukd vlr_ vlwef;pm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;okd@
wkd;csJ@cGifhðyjcif;ESihf/ zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'wcku tmrcHay;xm;onfh EkdifiHom;tm;vkH;wkd@. jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ukd
cGifhðyxm;ay;jcif;jzifh tpkd;&onf “vGwfvyfa&; ezl;pD; pmwef;. atmufwGif ‚if;ukd,fwkdif&Sdae&rnf” jzpfonf?
qufvufI ‚if;rS/ tm%m&Sifpepfonf wkdif;jynftm; aoG;tkdifxJwGifom a&csKd;ay;&ef qEN&Sdoljzpfonf[k
ckcHajymxm;avonf?
okd@aomf Zmbk&ifonf rnfonfhenf;vrf;ukdr# rESpfoufcJhacs? aemufykdif;wGif olrS ol. rdcifokd@

jyefajymjyonfrSm- “tiftm;okH;ajz&Sif;wwfwJh ppfom;wa,mufukd cef@tyf+yD;awmh/ &Sdor#tiftm; tukefokH; +yD;awmh
olykefawGukdacsr_ef;ESdrfESif;&ef” om olvkyfEkdifcJhonf? qufvufI “tJ'Dtcgus&if jyefvnftouf
&SLacsmifvmEkdifawmhrnfjzpfonf? vaygif;tawmf=um+yD;wJhaemufrSmawmh usaemfwkd@ tiftm;okH;+yD;/
jyefvnftwif;t=uyfapckdif;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf? okd@aomf tJ'DtwGuf aoG;jrpfawGpD;qif;onftxd wefzkd;}uD;rm; vdrhfr,f/
æ æ aemufxyftjcm;enf;vrf;uawmh jynfolawGukd EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;awGay;vkduf/ vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifh/
a&;om;xkwfa0cGifh/ pnf;&kH;cGifh ESifh toif;tyif;rsm;zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ ESifh woD;yk*~vtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd rcsKd;azmuf
rapmfum;Ekdifzkd@/ tJ'gawGtjyif Oya'ðyjcif;qkdif&mvkyfief;awGtm;vkH;rSm jynfol@v$wfawmf ('l;rm;) rSwqifhom
OD;aqmif&ef wm0ef&Sdjcif;/ qkdvkdwmuawmh/ zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' wcka&;qGJxm;jcif;ygyJ” [k ajymjycJhavonf?
Zmbk&ifonf &ufaygif;rsm;pGm rcHcsdrcHomjzpfaeavonf? olonf x&DayghAf ESifh wkdifyifaomtcg/ ‚if;rS

0Spfwfwifjyt}uHðyonfhtwkdif; vkyfaqmif&ef t}uHay;avonf? okd@aomf atmufwkdbmv (1&) &ufae@wGif/
eDukdvufpfonf acsr_ef;&ef qkH;jzwfvkduf+yD;/ olaumif;rsKd;EG,f&Sif e,fpm;}uD; eDudkvkdif (Grand Duke Nicolei) tm;
ppfwyf'g&kdufwm. wm0ef&Sdoltjzpf vufcH,l&ef ckdif;apvkdufavonf? e,fpm;}uD;rS tu,fI Zmbk&ifonf
xkdESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;a&;vrf;a=umif;twkdif; qufvufoGm;aeygu ol@taejzifh/ rdrd. OD;acgif;ukd aoewfjzifhawhI/
ukd,fhukdukd,f ypfowfvkdufrnf[lI trlt&mygygjzifh o&kyfaqmif+yD;/ Zmbk&iftm; +cdrf;ajcmufvkdufaomtcgrSom
eDukdvufpfonf pdwfajymif;oGm;+yD;/ ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;twGuf uwdðyonfh rl0g'a=unmcsufpmwrf;wGif vufrSwfxkd;&ef
qkH;jzwfvkdufavonf? xkd rl0g'a=unmcsufpmwrf;ukd csufjcif;xkwfjyefvkduf+yD;/ naeykdif;wGif eDukdvufpfonf ol.
ae@pOfrSwfwrf;pmtkyfY - “tJ'Dae@+yD;aemufykdif;Y u|Ekfyf. OD;acgif;onf av;vHvmcJh+yD;/ u|Ekfyf.
pOf;pm;awG;awmr_rsm;onfvnf; Za0Z0g pwif &_yfaxG;vmcJhavonf? bk&m;ocif/ u|efawmfrsKd;wkd@tm;
ulnDapmifrawmfrlyg/ u,fwifawmfrlyg/ &k&Sjynf}uD;tm; at;csrf;+idrfoufatmif ðyvkyfay;awmfrlyg”?
atmufwkdbma=unmcsufpmwrf;rSm tusOf;r#omjzpfonf? tpkd;&onf t"duusonfh ðyjyif ajymif;vJr_ (3)

ckukd wm0ef,lvkyfaqmifoGm;rnf? “woD;yk*~vtcGifhta&;rsm; xm0&wnf+rJcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:cGifh/ ajymqkdcGifh/
pnf;&kH;cGifh/ toif;tyif;rsm; zJG@pnf;cGifh/ ponfh oabmw&m;rsm;tay:tajccHI/ jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifh azmifa';&Sif;rsm;”
cGifhðyoGm;rnf? 'l;rm;v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf rJqENay;ykdifcGifhukd/ t&G,fa&mufolwkdif; qENrJ ay;ykdifcGifhESifhtnD
wkd;csJ@oGm;&ef/ ESifh 'l;rm;v$wfawmftm; Oya'ðycGifhtm%mESifh/ tpkd;&tay: t}uHay;}uD;=uyfcGifhukd cGifhðy&ef/
ponfwkd@jzpfonf? rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;ukd wkdufwGef;E_d;aqmfr_ ESifhtwl tqkH;owfxm;avonf - “&k&S
rsKd;cspfEkdifiHom;taygif;wkd@ æ róuHpzl; aESmifh,SufzsufqD;r_rsm; tqkH;owfap&ef twGuftultnDay;&ef/ ESifh u|Ekfyfwkd@.
trdajray:wGif +idrf;csrf;a&; ESifh at;csrf;om,ma&; jyefvnf wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf u|Ekfyfwkd@ESifhtwlwuG
0kdif;0ef;óud;yrf;aqmif&GufoGm; =uyg&ef”/ [lI jzpfavonf? Zmbk&ifonf ol. tav#mhay;r_rsm;ukd ðyvkyfay;+yD;aemuf/
ol@taejzifh ol. tifykdif,mtwGif;Y 0&kef;okef;um; z&kdz&Jjzpfr_rsm;ukd qufvufoD;nnf;cHawmhrnfr[kwfa=umif;/
ajymoGm;av onf?

x&DayghAf rS “tzbk&m;ociftm; aus;Zl;txl;wif&Sdygonf/ rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;um; vufrSwfxkd;+yD; av+yD/
,cktcg b0opfukd pwifygawmhrnf” [k a&;om;cJhavonf? olonf oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepftm; tumtuG,fay;ol
wa,muftjzpf emrnf&SdoljzpfcJhaomfjim;vnf;/ olonf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm; usqkH;cJh&+yD;/ ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;
atmifjrifvmcJhvdrfhrnf[k/ ,kH=unfol wa,mufjzpfvmonf? tpyxrY x&DayghAf. taumif;jrif0g'onf
ta=umif;ckdifvkH[ef&SdcJhavonf? armfpukd ESifh pdef@ yDwmpbwfòrd@rsm;wGif jynfolrsm;onf vrf;rsm;ay:wGif
atmifyGJusif;yaecJh=uonf? armfpukdòrd@aumifpDonf rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;tm; axmufcHonfh qkH;jzwfcswckukd
csrSwfcJhavonf? pdef@ yDwmpbwf òrd@awmfaumifpDonfvnf; bk&if eDukdvufpfxHokd@ “vGwfvyfaom EkdifiHwckukd
Zmbk&if” [lI aumif;csD;ay;onfh a=u;eef;wapmifukd ay;ykd@cJhavonf? owif;pm wapmifrSrl “vGwfvyfaom
jynfolrsm;tjzpf/ vGwfvyfr_. EkdifiHom;rsm;tjzpf/ zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESifh nD!Gwfaom &k&Stjzpf
vufcH,kH=unf=uygpkd@” [lI aysmf&$ifjrL;xl;aecJhavonf?
rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl/ xkdae@wm rukefqkH;rD/ tqkdyg rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;onf twkduftcHrsm;tm; tjynfht0

auseyfESpfodrfhr_ ray;onfh vuQ%mrsm;&Sdaeonfukd awG@&avonf? armfpukdwGif/ vpfb&,f au'uf ygwD (Kadet
Party) xlaxmifonfh uGef*&ufY/ ajymif;vJr_rsm;onf 'Drkdua&pDzGJ@pnf;ykHpepfqDokd@ a&mufatmif vkHavmufr_ r&Sdbl;[k
wufa&mufpum;ajymolrsm;u tckdiftrmajymqkdae=uavonf? qkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf Zmbk&if.
rl0g'a=unmcsufpmwrf;tm; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;. oydwfwkdufyGJrsm; tqkH;owf oGm;atmif Oyg,fwHrsOfjzifh
vSnhfuGufqifxm;onfh/ vSnhfpm;a&;qGJxm;csufrsm;omjzpfa=umif; ykdrkdjyif;xefpGm &efpG,faigaigjzifh pGyfpGJ&_H@cs=uavonf?
vD,Gef xa&mhpuDonf pka0;ae=uonfh tvkyform;rsm;ESifh teDa&mif acgif;pnf;rsm;a0S@&rf;aeonfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
wkdufyGJonf r+yD;qkH;ao;a=umif; wuUokdvf vomaqmif 0&HwmrSaeI tckdiftrmwkdufwGef;ajymqkdaeavonf -
“EkdifiHom;wkd@ - ,cktcg igwkd@. tkyfpkd;olvlwpk[m eH&HrSm acsmifydwfrdoGm;+yD/ olwkd@[m vGwfvyfcGifhawG ay;r,fvkd@
igwkd@ukd uwdu0wfawG ay;ae=u+yD” [k xa&mhpuDonf atmf[pfajymaeavonf? “vGwfvyfa&;qkdwJh uwdpum;[m
ol@zmomol vGwfvyfa&;qkdwJh pum;vkH;twkdif;yJ&SdaerSmvm;´ æ vufxJrSm "g;ukdifxm;&+yD;awmh u|efawmfwkd@&Jh
vGwfvyfa&;tay:rSm umuG,fapmifha&Smufae&vdrfhr,f? Zmbk&if&Jh rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;t&qkd&if/ 'DrSm=unhfprf;/ 'g[m
puULtykdif;pwpyJ? 'DrSm cifAsm;wkd@&Jh ta&S@rSmyJ/ 'DrSm u|efawmf&Jh vufxJrSm qkyfacsrGvkduf+yD? 'Dae@olwkd@ xkwfjyefw,f/
tck u|efawmf 'D vGwfvyfa&; a=unmpm&Gufukd cifAsm;wkd@&Jh rsufpda&S@arSmufrSmyJ qGJ+zJaeovkdrsKd;/ reufjzefus&if 'gukd
olwkd@ jyef,loGm;+yD;aemuf wppD qGJ+zJypfvdrfhr,f”?
wkdufcsifckdufcsifpdwf&Sdaeolrsm;rSm tajctjrpfrSpI vkH;0ðyjyifajymif;vJvkdolrsm;r[kwfyJ/ vuf,m0g'D rsm;vnf;

t=urf;zufr_rsm;ukd jyif;xefaom a&pD;t[kefuJhokd@ woDwwef;}uD; ðyvkyf=uavawmhonf? (Balck Hundreds)
[kac:onfh vuf,m0g'Drsm;tkyfpkrsm;onf armfpukd ESifh pdef@ yDwmpbwfòrd@rsm;wGif ae@&ufaygif;rsm;pGm
vSnhfvnfoGm;vm+yD; qkdifjyLwif;aygufrsm;tm; &kdufcsKd;jcif;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom
awmfvSefa&;orm;[k oHo,&Sdolrsm;tm; &kdufESufjcif; ESifh wcgw&H owfypf vkdufjcif;rsm;ukd ðyvkyf=uavonf?
ykvdyfrsm;onf vpfvsL&_xm;+yD;/ tcsKd@jy\emrsm;wGif ‚if;wkd@tm; tm;ay; tm;ajr‡mufðyvkdufao;onf? zsufqD;&rf;um;
0&kef;okef;um;vkyf=ujcif;onf/ t}uD;rm;qkH; òrd@}uD; ESpfòrd@. tjyifzufwGif tqkd;qkH;jzpfonf? &k&SvlrsKd;r[kwfolrsm; ESifh
c&pf,mefr[kwfolrsm;onf t"du ypfrSwfrsm; jzpfae=uavonf? uufpyD,ef yifv,f&Sd/ bmul (Baku)
a&eHòrd@av;wGif/ Black Hundreds rsm;onf tar&duefrsm;ukd armif;xkwf&ef ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;jzifh/ wkdufckdufr_rsm;
jzpfay:vmav&m/ tar&duef (60) ausmf towfcHcJh=u&avonf? tar&duefrsm;onf c&pf,mefrsm;jzpf=uaomfvnf;/
a&S;&kd;c&pf,mef (Orthodox) toif;awmf0if;rsm; r[kwf=uay? txl;ojzifh *sL;rsm;rSm tqkd;&Gm;qkH;
cH&olrsm;jzpf=uonf? udAfòrd@ (Keive) wGif (12) a,muf towf cHcJh&+yD;/ a&mhpawmhAf tGef 'Gef òrd@ (Rostov-on-Don)
wGif (34) a,muf towfcHcJh&onf/ rifhpf (Minsk) òrd@wGif (54) a,muftowfcHcJh&+yD;/ tkd'ufqmòrd@ (Odessa) wGif
(500) ausmf towfcHcJh=u&onf? pdef@ yDwmpbwf ESifh armfpukdrSmuJhokd@yif/ a'otm%mykdifrsm; ESifh ykvdyfwkd@.
yg0ifusL;vGefjcif;rsm; &Sdavonf?
awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf xkdae@rSpI ,kH=unfr_rsm;&&Sdvm+yD;/ oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd zsufqD;ypf&ef ESifh

orwEkdifiHawmfwckxlaxmif&ef xkd@xuf avsmhenf;aom taetxm;jzifh/ ausat; a&mifh&Jvkduf&ef qENr&Sd=uacs?
azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;rSmvnf; vrf;rrsm;ukd tm%m&Siftpkd;&tm; rkef;wD;aeaom &efolrsm;. vufxJwGif ypfxm;cJh&ef
qENr&Sday/ xkd@a=umifh &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfpGm jyefvnfwkdufckduf=uavonf? pdef@ yDwmpbwf. ZEM0g&Dv. a&cJ ESifh

ESif;xkrsm; zkH;v$rf;aeaom vrf;rsm;ay:wGif pwifcJhonfh yËdyuQonf tpkd;&. rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;a=umifh/
t=uifemuif;rJhonfh &uf&ufpufpuf wkdufckdufr_rsm;jzifh yËdyuQtopfukd pwifcJhavawmhonf?
“xdef;csKyfr_rsm; r&Sdoavmufyif”
atmufwkdbm (17) &ufae@/ ae@rsm;wGif/ Izvestiia owif;pmonf t,f'DwmhtmabmfwGif Zmbk&if. rl0g'

a=unmpmwrf;ESifh ywfoufI rnDr!Gwf/ 0da&m"d jzpfaeonfrsm;ukd xkwfE_wfjyavonf - “v$wfawmf. vGwfvyfr_ukd
u|Ekfyfwkd@tm; ay;xm;+yD;jzpfw,f/” owif;pmrS 0efcHxm;avonf? “'gayr,fh æ u|efawmfwkd@&J@
v$wfawmfpnf;a0;rsm;ukd ppfwyfawGeJ@0kdif;xm;w,f? vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdr_ukd u|efawmfwkd@tm; cGifhðyxm;w,f/ 'gayr,fh
aiGrSifokwfjcif;/ qkwf+zJjcif;/ jzwfawmufjcif;awGuawmh qufvuf&Sdaeao;w,f æ? 0Spfwf ukd u|efawmfwkd@tm;
ay;xm;w,f/ 'gayr,fh x&DayghAfuvnf; u|efawmfwkd@qDrSm &SdaeqJyJ? zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' wckukdvnf;
u|efawmfwkd@tm; ay;xm;w,f/ 'gayr,fh oufOD;qHykdiftm%m&Sifpepf uawmh qufvufwnf &SdaeqJyJ?”
Zmbk&if. rl0g'a=unmcsufpmwrf;onf EkdifiHukdtkyfcsKyfolvlwpk ESifh EkdifiHtkyfpkd;r_ ESpfckt=um;&Sd

qufqHa&;topfukd tmrcHay;cJhavonf? okd@aomf a=unmcsufpmwrf;ukd,fYyifv#if tpDtrHopfukd rzefwD; EkdifcJhacs?
Zmbk&if ESifh ol. 0ef}uD;rsm;onf tqkdyg a=unmcsufpmwrf;tm; rnfokd@ taumiftxnfazmfrnf [lonfESifh
ywfoufI jiif;ckH pum;rsm;ae=ucsdefwGif/ pdef@ yDwmpbwfjynfolrsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;topfrsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@zmom
oifhavsmfovkd vkyfaqmif=uavonf? owif;pm;rsm;onf tjzpftysufopfrsm;ukd pmvkH;rJopf }uD;rsm;ESifhtwl
tpD&ifcHa&;om;jcif;/ rSwfcsufay;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfae=uavonf? òrd@}uD;rsm;&Sd jynfoltrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;ESifhywfoufonfh
oabmxm;/ &_axmifhrsm;tm;vkH;ukd axmufcHtm;ay;I xkwfa0 or#ukd tukefvkH; odrf;óuH;0,f,l=uavonf?
pufaoeuf [k trnf&onfh Pulemet uJhokd@aom avSmifajymifoa&mfonfh *sme,frsm;rSm v_H@aqmfr_tay;qkH;/
tE_d;qGqkH;jzpfonf? xkd*sme,frsm;onf Zmbk&if ESifh ol. t&m&Sdrsm;. ykHrsm;ukd aoG;rsm;jzifh&$Jpkdaeonfh
&kdif;pkdif;=urf;ñuwfaom vl&kdif;rsm;ykHo¾mef &kyfajymifykHrsm;ukd ykHESdyf=uavonf? tm%mykdifrsm;onf owif;pm/
*sme,fxkwfa0onfhwkdufrsm;okd@ tcgtm;avsmfpGm 0ifa&mufpD;eif;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyf=uavonf? okd@aomf
w&m;0ifonfjzpfap/ w&m;r0ifonfjzpfap avmavmq,f topfa=unmxm; onfh vGwfvyfpGm ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifhukd
acsr_ef;okwfoif&ef pepfwuspD;eif;jcif;rsKd; r&Sdacs?
&mpwm&Da,hAf oH&nfóudpuf&kH (Rasteriaev) wGif/ tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. ajratmuf

owif;pmrsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@. pufrsm;atmufwGif qufvuf0Sux f m;jcif;rðyawmhacs? owif;pmrsm;wGif qkdAD,ufwkd@.
a=unmcsufrsm;ukd ajymifajymifwif;wif;/ ay:ay:wifwifyif zwfae=uav+yDjzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;rS
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukdvnf;/ pmwkdufrS ykd@aqmifaeav+yD? atmufwkdbmvaESmif;ydkif; ESifh Ekd0ifbmvtwGif;Y pdef@
yDwmpbwfwGif/ usif;yaeonfh jynfol@tpnf;ta0;rsm;onf &ufowWywfwkdif;wGif wkd;Iwkd;I rsm;jym;vmavonf?
jynfolvlxkonf Zmwf&kHrsm;/ crf;rrsm;wGif tpkd;&qkdonfESifh ESifh Oya'qkdif&m wkd@. tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;ta=umif;
ykd@csa[majymcsufrsm;ukd em;axmif&eftwGuf jynfh=uyfwef;pD ae=uavonf? (1905) ckESpf tukefykdif;wGif/
pufcsKyform;rsm; ESifh aygifrkef@zkwform;rsm; rSaeI rD;ckd;acgif;wkdif oef@&Sif;a&;orm;rsm;/ tdrfazmfvkyfief;rsm;/ ESifh
ykvdyfom;rsm;txd yg0ifonfh or*~topfrsm;onf toD;oD; tou/ tv#Kdv#Kd ay:xGuf zGJ@pnf;vm=uavawmhonf?
olwkd@em;vnfvufcHxm;=uonfhtwkdif;/ xkd “vGwfvyfaomae@&ufrsm;” onf òrd@}uD;rsm;wGifom

abmifcwfuef@owf xGufay:cJhjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ/ aus;&Gmrsm;wGifvnf; Zmbk&if. rl0g' a=unmpmwrf;tm;
ajymqkdaqG;aEG;&eftwGuf/ v,form;rsm;onf awG@qkH=u+yD;/ ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ oD;EHSpkdufysKd;a&; ynm&Sifrsm;/
(okd@r[kwf) aus;&Gm ynmwufvlwef;pm;rsm;twGif;&Sd/ ynmwwfrsm;tm; zdwfac:I ‚if;wkd@tm; a[majymykd@csay;&ef/
aus;&Gmvlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm; ðyvkyf=uavonf? armfpukd ESifh uDvkdrDwm (150)/ (okd@r[kwf) rkdiftm;jzifh (93) rkdif
omuGma0;onfh/ rmukdAkd (Markovo) wGif/ aus;&Gmv$wfawmf (Village Assembly) onf taumuftcGefrsm;
&kyfodrf;ay;&ef/ ppfom;pkaqmif;a&; xnfh0if&r_rsm;tm; &yfwef@ay;&ef/ ESifh 'Drkdua&pD pepftwGuf awmif;qkdxm;r_rsm;

r&&Sdao;rD umvtwGif;Y/ a'oEW& t&m&Sdrsm;. vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mrsm;tm; todtrSwfrðy/ vpfvsL&_xm;&ef/
urBmhtqifhtwef;rD yk*~vduynma&;/ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;twGuf vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhrsm;/ ESifh ajr,m
jyefvnfa0iSjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfay;a&;/ ponfwkd@twGuf rJqENay;cJh=u avonf? olwkd@onf “rmukdAdk orw EkdifiH
(Republic of Markovo)” tjzpf olwkd@ukd,f olwkd@ a=unmcJh+yD;/ orw wa,mufukd a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf
cJhavonf? xkd@aemuf ausmif;rsm; ESifh &mZ0wfr_ w&m;&kH;rsm;ukd xdef;csKyfvkdufavonf?
ppfom;rsm;ESifh oabFmom;rsm;onfvnf;/ atmufwkdbma=unmpmwrf;onf Oya'pnf;rsOf;/ pnf;urf;

ta[mif;rsm;tm; vkH;0touf0ifr_ r&Sdawmh[lonfh tcsufjy pmwrf;wcktjzpf owfrSwf,lqvkduf =uavonf?
abmvfwpf yifv,ftwGif;&Sd/ u|ef;wcktay:wGif&Sdonfh/ u&Gefpw'f (Kronstadt) a&wyf tajcpkdufpcef;wGif/
&mxl;tqifhedrfhusonfh t&mcHppfAkdvf/ ppfom;rsm;onf ppfr_xrf;oufav#mhcsay;a&;/ ppfr_xrf;vpm wkd;jr‡ifhay;a&;/
jynfol@tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif wufa&mufcGifhay;jcif;/ ESifh jynfol@tyef;ajz ae&mrsm;wGif vrf;av#mufcGifhay;jcif;/
jynfol@pm;aomufqkdifrsm;wGif t&ufaopmaomufpm;cGifhðyjcif;/ ESifh ppfpnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&; w&m;&kH;rsm;ukd
a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;jzifh a&G;aumuf&ef/ ponfwkd@ukd awmif;qkdcJh=u avonf? Zmbk&ifonf “‚if;wkd@.
vdktifqENrsm;ukd azmfjy&ef ESifh vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd xkwfazmf&ef” tvkd@iSm “vGwfvyfaom vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm; (open
assembly)” Y pka0;cGifhukd cGifhðyvkdufonf [k oabFmom;rsm;onf vufcH,kH=unfcJh=uavonf? xkd@a=umifh/
ajcvsifwyfcGJwckonf olwkd@. awmif;qkdcsuf rsm;ukd olwkd@. wyf&if;rSL;tm; wifjyaomtcg/ tzrf;cHcJh=u&+yD;aemuf/
olwkd@onf ,rf;ykHrD;us em=unf; a'goxGufcJh=uavonf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom a&wyfoabFmom;rsm;onf/
t"du&k%f;rsm;zefwD;jcif;/ ukefpkHqkdifrsm;tm; òzdcs zsufqD;jcif;/ avxJokd@ aoewfrsm;axmifypfjcif;/ ESifh t&m&Sdrsm; ESifh
t&yfom;rsm;tm; wkdufckdufjcif; wkd@ukdðyvkyf=uavonf? (26) a,muftowfcHcJh=u&+yD;/ (2000) ausmf
tzrf;cHcJh=u&avonf?
atmufwkdbm (17) &ufae@aemufykdif;/ &ufowWywf (6) ywftwGif;Y/ wyfwGif;ykefuefr_ w&mausmf

jzpfyGm;cJhavonf? u&Gefpw'f (Kronstadt) a&wyftajcpkdufpcef;uJhokd@r[kwfbJ/ t&m&Sdrsm;onf/ &mxl;
tqifhedrfhusonfh t&mcHppfAkdvf/ ppfom;rsm;. awmif;qkdcsufrsm;rS tcsKd@onf [kwfrSefa=umif;/ oihfavsmf a=umif;
0efcH+yD;aomtcg/ +idrf;csrf;pGm +yD;qkH;oGm;cJh=uavonf? Oyrm- omrefwyfwGif;tajctaersKd;wGif
wyfwGif;pnf;urf;rsm;jzpfonfh/ t&m&Sdrsm;trdef@ay;apckdif;onfhtcg ppfom;rsm;onf vkdufemvkyfaqmif&rnf [laom/
ppfpnf;urf;onf &Sdp&mrvkd[laom awmif;qkdcsufukd tjyeftvSefem;vnfr_rsKd;jzifh zGihf[0efcH&ef rvkdbJ
todtrSwfðyvkdufjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf? ,if;onf Zmbk&ifvkdvm;ol t&m&Sdrsm;twGuf raumif;aom/ qkd;&Gm;aom
owif;jzpfoGm;cJhavonf? ppf0ef}uD; AkdvfcsKyf atvufZef'g &'D*sm(Ministe of War Genenral Aleksandr Rediger)
rS jyefajymif;rSwfrdonfrSm - “wyfzGJ@trsKd;rsKd;rSaeI trdef@remcHr_ESifh ywfoufonfh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf 'gZifrsm;pGm/
ae@pOfESifhtr# vufcH&&Sdaeavonf? ,if;onf ppfwyftay:ukdyiftm;ukd;I rjzpfEkdifawmha=umif;
oufaojyvkdufaomtcg/ tcsdefonf eD;uyfvm+yDjzpfa=umif;xif&Sm;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tazmfrJhr_/ txD;usef&r_
tedÏm&kHonf usa&mufvmawmhrnfjzpfonf?
&k&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;onf xkduJhokd@ vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifh/ xkwfa0jzef@csdcGifh/ pka0;cGifh/ ESifh tzGJ@tpnf; zGJ@pnf;cGifh wkd@ukd
,cifu wcgr# r&&SdcJhzl;acs? xkdvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ukd olwkd@onf Oya'rS tmrcHay;xm;onfh twGufa=umifh r[kwfbJ/
,if;wkd@ukd olwkd@rS ,laqmifusifhokH;vkdufaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xkdtcg tm%mykdif rsm;onf xkdvGwfvyfcGifh
usifhokH;aer_wkd@ukd &yfwef@/ wm;qD;&eftwGuf tvGefyif acgif;&_wfaeapcJhavonf? “awmfvSefa&;avxk[m
jynfolvlxkukd 0kdift&ufvkdrsKd; rl;,pfapcJhonfhtwGu/f u|efawmfwkd@onf t&ufrl;ae onfh tajctaersKd;xJwGif
aexdkifaecJh=uonf” [k rif&SDApfuf acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonfh tufzf tkdif 'ef (F. I. Dan) rS *smref qkd&S,fvpf
wa,mufjzpfonfh um;vf aumhwfpukdif (Kaul Kautsky) xHokd@ ay;ykd@aom pmxJwGif a&;om;cJhavonf? qufvufI
pmxJwGif - “trSefwu,fwGifrl vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhrsm;tay:wGif/ xdef;csKyfr_rsm; vkH;0
r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfaecJhavonf? pdwfaepdwfxm; rsm;uawmh crf;em;xnf0gvGef;ayonf”[k a&;om;cJhonf?
okd@&mwGif “vGwfvyfaom ae@&ufrsm;”onf tEW&m,f&Sdaom ae@&ufrsm;vnf; jzpfcJhavonf? tpGef; a&muf

vuf,m0g'Drsm;. tqdk;&Gm;qkH;aom t=urf;zuf zsufqD; wkdufckdufr_rsm;/ atmufwkdbmwGif +yD;qkH;oGm; aomfvnf;/
tcgtm;avsmfpGm t=urf;zufr_rsm;onf qufvufI &Sd+rJ &SdaeqJjzpf+yD;/ rkefwkdif;opfwckonf +cdrf;ajcmufaecJhavonf?

Ekd0ifbmv tpykdif;wGif/ vuf,m0g'Drsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_onf/ &k&Sjynfolrsm;or*~ (Union of the Russian People -
URP) topfwckrSaeI/ zGJ@pnf;ykHay:vmcJhavonf? &k&Sjynfolrsm;or*~ onf tajctaewnfwnf+idrf+idrf &Sdr_ukd
vkdvm;aom ukefonf}uD;rsm;/ ,cif pepfa[mif;atmufwGif csrf;om }uD;yGm;ae=uaom twwfynm&Sifrsm;/ jynfe,f/
c&kdif t&m&Sdrsm;/ ESifh tcsKd@aom v,form;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;wkd@. pdwf0ifpm; pGJaqmifr_wkd@ukd &&SdcJhavonf?
oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepftm; ‚if;wkd@. ckHcHumuG,fay;r_tay:/ rsufESmvkdrsufESm& azmfvHzm;onfh/ vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_
oabmw&m;wckudkvnf;/ wjznf;jznf;csif; oGwfoGif;ay;cJhavonf? ‚if;wkd@. pdwful;rsm;ukd/ vkyf}uHZmwfcif;xm;onfh
ZD,Geftpfudkawmfrsm;.usifhxHk;rsm;pmtkyf (Protocols of the Elders of Zion) tay:wGif tajccHI/
&k&Sjynfolrsm;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf/ v#Kd@0Suf}uHpnfaeonfh EkdifiHwum *sL;vlrsKd;rsm; tzGJ@tpnf;wckrSaeI/
c&pf,mefe,fajrwckay:wGif/ r+idrfrouf qlyltkHºuGr_rsm;ukd zefwD;&eftwGuf ESifh *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;. v$rf;rkd;}uD;pkd;r_ukd
,laqmifvm&eftwGuf/ &k&SEkdifiHwGif jzpfay:aeom awmfvSefa&;ukd óud;ukdifpDrHaeygonf [k ,kH=unfaecJh=uonf?
&k&Sjynfolrsm;or*~onf zdESdyfr_rsm;ðyvkyf&ef twGuf/ ESifh twkduftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&eftwGuf
vlowfwyfzGJ@rsm;ukdyg zGJ@pnf;&ef wkdufwGef;cJhavonf?
vuf,m0g'Drsm;. arwWm&yfcHcsufrsm;ukd Zmbk&ifonf pdwfESvkH; ESpfòcduf/ oabmawG@cJhavonf?

atmufwkdbm (27) &ufae@wGif/ ol. r,fawmfxHokd@ pmwapmifa&;om;cJhavonf? “opPmawmf&Sdonfh
jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;”onf/ olwkd@tm; aoGzDvrf;vGJatmifvkyfaqmifaeonfh “the kikes” rsm;/ ESifh &k&S
todynm&Sifrsm;ESifh/ aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfolrsm;tygt0if/ vufwqkyfpm “qkd;oGrf;aom vlrsm;”tm; tjyif;txef
qef@usifae=uavonf? eDukdvufpfxHokd@ tajrmuftjrm;a&muf&Sdvmonfh a=u;eef;rsm;rSaeI/ a&yef;pm;aeonfh
txiftjrifrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tm; qef@usifaeonfqkdonfukd/ ol@tm; tckdiftrm,kH=unfapcJhonf?
0SpfwfrS ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;onf wnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;ukd ,laqmifvmvdrfhrnf[k ol@tm; tckdiftrmajymqkdcJhavonf?
olwkd@ r+idrfoufcJh=uay? ,cktcg tqkdyg tkef;tkef;u|ufu|uf 0&kef;okef;um; jzpfr_rsm; tqkH;owf&ef tcsdefwefav+yD?
eDukdvufpfrS ykdI v_yfv_yf&G&Gjzpfvmaomtcg 0Spfwf. t&Sdef=oZmrSm usqif;vmavonf? 0Spfwfonf

xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aom oufarG;r_ynm&Sifwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf;/ tifykdif,m. eef;wGif;Y olonf t+rJwrf;
tjyifvlwa,mufom jzpfaecJhavonf? *sL;vlrsKd;wa,mufjzpfonf[k aumv[vxGufaeonfh/ wvifuGmxm;onfh
trsKd;orD;wa,mufukd vyfxyfxm;jcif;twGufukdyifv#if wpdwfwykdif;tjzpf aus;Zl;wif& awmhayrnf? ,cktcg/
Zmbk&ifonf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_tay:wGif t,kHt=unfr&Sdawmhacs? eDukdvufpfonf x&DayghAftay:wGif ykdrkdI
tm;ukd;vmavonf? ,cktcg x&DayhgAfonf eef;wGif;wyfrSL;csKyfwa,mufjzpf vmavonf? eDukdvufpftwGufrl/
x&DayghAfonf jywfom;aom/ rqkwfrepfaom/ qkH;jzwfcsufckdifrmaom/
tºuGif;rJhopPm&Sdaomolwa,mufjzpf[ef&Sdavonf? okd@aomf ynmwwfvlwef;pm; tzGJtpnf;rsm;twGufrl/
x&DayghAfonf &k&Sppfwyf. &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfol/ tqiftjcifr&Sd rkdufrJaomol wa,muftjzpf oauFwðy avonf?
0Spfwf rS aemufykdif;wGif a&;om;onfrSm - “x&DayghAfukd,fwkdiftwGufrl/ tm;vkH;onf evydef;wkH;rsm; jzpf=uonf?
t&m&mwkdif;onf vG,fvG,fuav;yifjzpfonf? tu,fI jynfolvlxkonf qlyltkHºuGygu/ olwkd@tm; oif
&kdufESufvkdufyg” Tr#omjrifoljzpfonf?
vGwfvyfr_topfrsm;. rsufpdoli,ftdrfwck/ jyefvnfEkd;xvmaom t=urf;zufr_/ ESifh ðyjyif ajymif;vJr_ ESifh

jyefvnfvufwkef@jyefr_ ESpfckt=um; a&$@ajymif;aeaom tpkd;&wckwkd@onf twkduftcHrsm;tm; tvSnhftajymif;
ae&mwckokd@ a&muf&SdapcJhavonf? atmufwkdbm rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;tm; wGef;tm; ay;&mwGif/ Zmbk&if.
twkduftcHrsm;onf vtenf;i,frwkdifrDu olwkd@ tdyfruf rufxm;cJhonfrsm;xuf ykdI atmifjrifr_&&SdcJhonf?
okd@aomfvnf; vltawmfrsm;rsm;onf xkdxufykdrkdI zdtm;ay;&ef aoG;aqmif jzm;a,mif; cHcJh=u&avonf? tvGeftu|H
wGef;tm;ay;jcif;onf 0Spfwftm; *k%foduQm ykdrkdusqif;ap+yD;/ t,kHt=unf ykdrkd rJhvmap+yD;/ Zmbk&iftm; t=urf;zuf
òzdcGif;r_qDokd@ jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;atmif E_d;qGay;+yD;/ ,if;onf &&Sdxm;onfh atmifjrifr_rsm;tm;
acszsufypfapcJhavonf? okd@aomf/ Zmbk&ifonf óud;rsm;ESifh csnfaESmifcHae&csdefwGif/ tu,fI olwkd@taeESifh
qufvufwkdufckdufaer_rsm;ukd &yfwef@cJhygu/ olwkd@taejzifh ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom atmifjrifr_tcGifhtvrf;wckukdvnf;
vufv$wfqkH;&_H;oGm;&Ekdifavonf? rnfonfhvrf;a=umif; ukdyif olwkd@taejzifh vkdufav#mufapumrl/
atmufwkdbmoydwfwkdufyGJukd ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;apcJhonfh pkpnf;r_ tiftm;ukd qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;&ef/
aoa&;&Sifa&;tjzpf ta&;ygayvdrfhrnf?

“t=urf;zufyGJwck ² ² ² csOf;uyfvmaejcif;”
rnfonfhygwD/ or*~/ (okd@r[kwf) tjcm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;wckur# atmufwkdbmoydwfwkdufyGJukd

wGef;tm;ay;armif;ESifjcif; rðycJh=uay? rnfonfhyk*~dKvfwOD;wa,mufur# wpkHvkH;twkdif;twm. acgif;aqmif wOD;tjzpf
(odk@r[kwf) r[mAsL[mcsrSwfolwa,muftjzpf ay:rvmcJhacs? tkyfcsKyfol tpkd;&. òydifzuf &efolrsm;tm;/
atmufwkdbm ae@&ufrsm;twGif;Y twlwuG0kdif;0ef;vkyfaqmif&ef/ pGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhonfrSm/ t"duyef;wkdifrsm;jzpfonfh
jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; ESifh ukd,fpm;ðytpkd;&ay:aygufvm&ef &nf&G,fcsufrsm;. aemufuG,fwGif/ v#rf;v#rf;awmuf
xdwfxdwf}uJ tkyfpkrsm;rS/ tapmykdif;u vkyfaqmifxm;cJhr_rsm;a=umifhom jzpfavonf? ,if;wGif pmykHESdyfpufrsm;rS
tkyfpkuGJ owif;pmq&mrsm;/ (okd@r[kwf) owˆKtvkyform;rsm;rS tif*sifeD,m;rsm; rsm;pGm&SdcJhavonf/ xkd@tjyif
+yD;cJhonfh ESpftwGif;rS tjzpftysufrsm;onfvnf; ‚if;wkd@tm; tm;vkH;. wlnDaom yef;wkdifrsm;tay:wGif
twlwuGtm;vkH;0kdif;0ef;vkyfaqmif&ef oif=um;ay;cJhavonf? ,cktcg vGwfvyfa&; vufwurf;tuGmwGif&Sdae[ef
&Sd+yD;/ ,cifu w}udrfwcgr# r&SdcJhzl;onfh ‚if;wkd@. pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_ ckdifrmjcif; &Sd/ r&Sdukdvnf; prf;oyfcH&awmhrnfjzpfonf?
atmufwkdbmoydwfwkdufyGJtwGif;/ armfpukdY wnfaxmifcJhonfh au'wfygwDonf “vGwfvyfaom

ae@&ufrsm;” umvtwGif;/ vpfb&,frsm;.t=um;wGif t"du zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh tiftm;wckjzpfonf? olwdk@.
vkyfief;OD;wnfcsufrsm;rSm/ ,cktcg atmufwkdbmvtwGif;Y &ifhrSnhfvmcJhonfh t=urf;twrf;cHonfh oefrmaom
twkduftcHtzGJ@tpnf;ukd tm;tifjznfhqnf;ay;&efjzpfonf? tpkd;&. ‚if;wkd@. ay;xm;onfh uwdrsm;ukd apmifhxdef;&ef
pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;jcif;/ ESifh &&Sdxm;onfh tajctaeopfxw J Gifyif ykdrkdjrifhrm;onfh EkdifiHa&; ESifh vlr_a&;
ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ukd atmifjrifatmifvkyfaqmif&efwkd@jzpfonf? au'wfrsm; yg0if ywfoufaeor#umvywfvkH;
awmfvSefa&;onfum; tqkH;owfcJhav+yD/ vkyfaqmif&ef usef&Sdaeaomt&mrSm ckdifrm awmifhwif; uspfvspfvmap&ef ESifh
tajctaeykdrkdwkd;wufvmatmif wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf?
vGwfajrmufa&;or*~uJhokd@yif au'wfrsm;onf vlwef;pm; ESifh ygwD e,ferdwfrsm;ukd ausmfvGefI ta&;awmfykH

trnfjzifh ajymqkdcJh=uonf? olwkd@onf v,fykdif&Sifrsm; ESifh vpfb&,frsm;tm;/ tvkyform;rsm; ESifh qkd&S,fvpfrsm;tm;
wpkwpnf;wnf; twlwuGukdifaqmifxm;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;cJh=uonfh/ 'Drdkua&pD ESifh
zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya't&jzpfaomtpkd;&uJhokd@aom pepfrsm;. wefbkd;rsm;ukd az:jycJh=uonf? okd@&mwGif au'wfrsm;onf/
vGwfvyfa&;0g'Drsm;uJhokd@yif/ vufawG@trSefwu,fwGifrl vlOD;a&. usOf;ajrmif;aom tv$mwckukdom
ukd,fpm;ðycJhavonf? trsm;tm;jzifh ajrykdif&Sifrsm; ESifh òrd@jy txufwef;v$mrsm;omjzpfonf? ygwDukd OD;aqmifae=uonfh
a&S@aersm;ESifh ygarmuQ ya&mfzufqmrsm;onf tv#iftjrefyif tvkyform;rsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;orm; qkd&S,fvpfrsm;.
z,fcGm a&SmifusOfjcif;ukd cH&avawmhonf? xkd tvkyform;rsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;orm; qkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf tqkdyg
a&S@aersm;ESifh ya&mfzufqmrsm;.OD;aqmifr_ aemufokd@ vkdufyg&ef qENr&Sd=uacs?
atmufwkdbm (17) &uf. wywftwGif;wGifyif/ pdef@yDwmpbwftvkyform;rsm;onf/ olwkd@wGif

EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;tjyif/ tjcm;aom t&mrsm;vnf; olwkd@. pdwfxJY &Sdaea=umif;ukd jyocJhavonf?
atmufwkdbm (24) &ufae@wGif/ ae@AfpuD oabFm ESifh pufypPn;f vkyif ef; (Nevskii Ship and Machine Works) rS
tvkyform;rsm;onf/ ‚if;wkd@. tvkyfcsdefrsm; av#mhcsa&;twGuf qENrJxnfhcJh=uavnf? qENrJ xnhf0ifykHenf;pepfrSm/
tvkyfcsdef (8) em&D jynfhaomtcg vkyfief;cGifukd odrf;qnf;vkdufonfh/ &kd;pif;aom enf;vrf;yifjzpfonf?
xkdenf;twkdif;yif/ wòrd@vkH;&Sd tjcm;aompuf&kHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;onfvnf; vkdufyg vkyfaqmif=uavawmhonf?
atmufwkdbmoydwfwkdufyGJtwGif;Y tpkd;&tm; wkdufckduf&ef &nf&G,fI oifwef; ay;xm;onfh ppfaoG;ºuGaeolrsm;ukdrl/
,cktcg puf&kHykdif&Sifrsm; ESifh olaÏ;rsm;tm;wkdufckduf&ef oifwef;ay;ae cJhavonf?
atmufwkdbm oydwfwkdufyGJtwGif;Y/ tvkyf&Sifrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;. qef@usifqENjyr_rsm;tm;

onf;nnf;cHcJhonfhtjyif/ trsm;pkrSm qENjytvkyform;rsm;. vkyftm;c wpdwfwydkif;ukdyif qufvufI ay;aecJh
avonf? okd@aomf tvkyf&Sifrsm;. tvkyfcsdef (8) em&D v_yf&Sm;r_wGifrl wkef@jyefr_ rwlnDawmhacs? Ekd0ifbmv (10)

&ufae@wGifrl/ puf&kHykdif&Sifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. puf&kH*dwfwHcg;rsm;ukd aomhcwfvkduf=u+yD;/ aemuf
&uftenf;i,ftwGif;Yyifv#if axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;rSm armif;xkwfcHvkduf=u&avonf?
yk*~vduykdifpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;tcsKd@wGif tvkyform;rsm;onf tvkyf&SifolaÏ;rsm;ESifh aphpyfajy+idrf;vkduf=u+yD; tvkyfcGifxJokd@
jyef0ifoGm;=uavonf? tjcm;aom ae&mrsm;Yrl wae@tvkyfcsdef (8) em&Dtxd av#mhcsay;a&; twGuf/
aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_rsm;ukd jiif;qkd=u+yD; vrf;rsm;ay:wGif qufvuf aexkdifae=uavonf?
wae@tvkyfcsdef (8)em&D v_yf&Sm;r_onf/ tvkyf&Sifrsm;. &efrlqef@usifr_cH&&kHomru/ vpfb&,frsm;.

a0zefr_rsm;ukdvnf; &&SdoGm;avonf? ,cktcg tvkyform;rsm;. ‚if;wkd@.tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuf twif;t=uyf
awmif;qkdaer_rsm;onf/ vGefcJhonfh &ufowWywfrsm;u wpkHvkH; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf ‚if;wkd@ESifhtwl yg0ifaqmif&Guf/
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhonfh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;. z,fcGma&SmifusOfr_ukd &&SdoGm;avonf? tjcm; wzufwGifvnf;/
tvkyform;rsm;onf qkdAD,ufxHrS oem;*&k%mukd &&Sdavonf? qkdAD,ufwkd@onf xkd v_yf&Sm;r_tm;
ausmaxmufaemufcHay;&eftwGuf qkH;jzwfcsufw&yfukd atmufwkdbmv (29) &ufae@wGif csrSwfcJhavonf? okd@aomf
awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ vpfb&,frsm;. t,ltqESifh oabmxm;csif; wlnD+yD;/
vlr_pD;yGg;a&;tusKd;oufoufvkyfaqmifjcif;onf/ tiftm;rsm;ukd qkwf,kwfavsmhyg;ap+yD;/ xkdtiftm; rsm;ukd
EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJwGif tokH;ðyygu ykdrkdaumif;rGefrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymqkd=uavonf? “oufOD;qHykdif
tm%m&SifpepfukdawmifrS u|efawmfwkd@ rðzwfcsEkdifao;bl;/ cifAsm;wkd@uawmh blZGmawGeJ@yg ,SOfòydifcsifae=u+yD” [k
qkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifwa,mufrS/ (8) em&Dv_yf&Sm;r_ukd axmufcHtm;ay;aom qkdAD,uf ukd,fpm;vS,f rsm;tm;
owday; E_d;aqmfavonf? v_yf&Sm;r_onf pdwfr&SnfzG,f &Sn=f umvmaomtcg/ tvkyfydwfxm;onfh puf&kHykdif&Sifrsm;onf
tvkyform;rsm;. pdwf"gwfay:wGif tav#mah y;vkdufjcif;jzifh/ Ekd0ifbmv (13) &ufae@wGif ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf
tvkyform;rsm;tm;&yfqkdif;&ef awmif;qkdvkdufavonf?
awmfvSefa&;0g'Drsm;onf ‚if;wkd@.pdwfxJwGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGuf wjcm;aom vkyfief; wm0efvnf;

&Sdaeao;onf? ,if;rSm tm%m&Siftpkd;&tm; rD;&_d@zsufqD; jymcsypf&ef tqkH;tjzwfwkdufyGJwckwGif
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tm; ajcvsifwyftjzpfwnf&Sdaeap&efjzpfonf? vGefcJhaom vrsm;twGif;u/ qENjy
oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;/ csDwufqENjyjcif;rsm;/ ajratmuf ykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif;vkyfief;rsm;/ ponfh ykHo¾meftrsKd;rsKd;aom
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif;Y qkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf yl;aygif;yg0if wkdufyGJ0ifcJh=uavonf? okd@aomf olwkd@onf/
t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_onf awmfvSefa&;. tqkH;pGefaom '%fcwfta&;,ljcif;jzpfonf qkdaom olwkd@. ckdifrmaom
cH,lcsufrsm;ukd b,fwkef;ur# rpGef@v$wfcJh=uacs? Zmbk&ifonf zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'wckjzifh
xdef;csKyfxm;aeEkdifpOfumvrsm;Y vpfb&,frsm;onf Zmbk&ifESifhtwl &SdaeEkdifcJh=upOfwGif/ qkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf
tm%m&Siftpkd;&tm; ydwfqkd@/ avSmifydwf ðzwfcs&eftwGuf awmifhwae=uavonf? jyif;xefaom/ xda&mufaom/
}uD;av;aom enf;vrf;rsm;onfom }uD;rm;aom &vm'fukd azmfaqmifay;onf qkdonfh/ orkdif;0iftjzpftysufrsm;
&SdaecJhavonf? jyifopfawmfvSefa&;onf taumif;qkH;aom erlemyifjzpfonf? t}uHtenf;i,f ay;&ef&SdonfrSm/
tpkd;&w&yfonf t=urf;zufòzdcGif;r_ukd tokH;ðy&ef tqifoifhjzpfaeygu/ t=urf;zufr_ rygbJðzwfcsEkdifonf
qkdjcif;yifjzpfonf?
xkd@tjyif/ i,f&G,faom &k&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;pGmtwGuf a&yef;pm;aeaom vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;. ykH&dyf rsm;onf

vli,frsm;. pdwftwGif;Y }uD;rm;pGm =oZmv$rf;rkd;aeavonf? Oya'ausmif;om; wa,mufjzpfonfh/ Avm'Drm
AGdKifwifpuD (Vladimir Voitinskii) q,fpkESpfrsm; =um+yD;aemuf a&;om;cJhonfrSm “jynfolvlxk ESifh tpkd;&.
t=um;wGif t=urf;zufwkdufckdufr_ yËdyuQwckonf csOf;uyfvmae+yDjzpfonfukd u|efawmf,kH=unf aecJhonf?” “+yD;awmh
v_H@aqmfwkdufwGef;r_wckudkvnf; u|efawmfcHpm;ae&w,f ² ² ² wkdufyGJtqkH;tjzwf ay;&rnfh tcsdefem&DawGrSm
jynfolvlxkeJ@twl&Sdae&r,ffqkdwm/ vlwkdif;apmifhxdef;&r,fh ukdf,fusihfw&m;qdkif&m wm0efr[kwfbl;qkd&if ² ² ²” olonf
t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_onf vufawG@tvkyfjzpfvdrhfrnf[k ,lqum abmf&SDApfxJokd@0ifcJhavonf? olwkd@onf
tpkd;&ppfwyfrsm;. &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfjcif;ukd cH&vdrhf[k aoao csmcsm}uD;odxm;aepOfwGif/ tjcm;wzufYvnf;
ppfom;rsm;onf ypfcwf&eftrdef@ay;vmaomtcg/ trdef@ukd zDqefvdrfhrnf[k olwkd@,kH=unfae=uavonf? xa&mhpuDrS
owdðyrdonfrSm tcsKd@aom ppfom;rsm;onf t&yfom;jynfolrsm;xHokd@ rypfyJ avxJokd@ ypfcwfvdkufonfukd
owdxm;rdavonf? “rae@u ol@&J@aoewfukd avxJypfcwfvkdufwJh xkdppfom;onfyifv#if/ reufjzefusv#if ol@&Jh
vufeufukd tvkyform;awGvufxJukd v$Jtyfvdrfhr,f” [k xa&mhpDrS tckdiftrmajymavonf?

aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEG aemufykdif;Y xa&mhpuD. rmufhpf0g'Drsm;twGif;Yyif xa&mhpuD. cg;oD;aom
&efolwOD;jzpfonfh AD tkdif vDeif (V. I. Lenin) onf xa&mhpuDtwkdif;yif wlnaD om aumufcsufukd qGJcJhavonf?
“a&yef;pm;aeonfh vGwfvyfr_. tumtuG,fwHwkdif; tppftrSefrSm vufeufwyfqif xm;onfh
jynfolvlxkomv#ifjzpfonf” [k vDeifonf *seDAmrSaeI a&;om;cJhavonf? “tvkyform; vlwef;pm;tm;
vufeufwyfqifay;vkdufEkdifonfESifh wòydifeuf/ olwkd@onf qENjyoydwform;rsm;taeESifha&m
awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;taeESifhyg olwkd@. wkdufckdufr_ykHpHrsm;ukd &Snf=umpGm ukdifaqmifxm;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf? ppfwyfonf
wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;,drf;,kdifr_pwifvmonfESifhwòydifeuf/ aemufqkH;wGif ykdI ykdIrsm;jym;aom ppfom;rsm;onf
‚if;wkd@vkyfukdifaeonfrsm;ukd em;vnfoabmaygufvmrnfjzpf+yD;/ jynfolvlxk.bufokd@ yl;aygif;vmrnfjzpfonf”?
aEG&moDtwGif; ESifh aqmif;OD;&moDY jzpfyGm;cJhaom wyfwGif;ykefuefr_rsm;onf/ wyfzGJ@rsm;t=um;Y z&kdz&Jjzpfaeonfh
pnf;urf;rsm;udk xif&Sm;jyoaeavonf? xkdta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd jyefvnftm;jznfhvkduf&kHr#jzifh/
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_topf. pGJaqmifr_tm;ukd av#mhcsoGm;rnfjzpfonf?
abmvf&SDApfrsm;onf wESpfywfvkH; tvkyform;rsm;tm; vufeufukdifaqmif&ef em;ylem;qm

wusDusDawmif;qkdae=uavonf? ZEM0g&DvwGif/ awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf/ aqmif;&moD eef;awmfokd@ csDwufonfh
bkef;awmf}uD; a*yGef. aemufokd@rvkdufyg&ef tEl;t!Gwfawmif;yefonfh vufurf;pmapmifrsm;ukd pdef@yDwmpbwf
qENjyoydwform;rsm; t=um;wGif jzef@a0cJh=uonf? “vGwfvyfa&;qkdwm aoG;eJ@twl ,laqmifvmw,f/
vGwfvyfa&;qkdwm jyif;jyif;xefxefwkdufckdufwJh vufeufukdifwkdufyGJrSomv#if atmifjrifr_&&SdrSm jzpfw,f/” [k
vufurf;pmapmifwckwGif a&;om;xm;avonf? ZEM0g&DvtwGif;Y tvkyform;rsm;onf xkdwkdufwGef;csufrsm;ukd
em;ydwfxm;=uavonf? xkd@tjyiff aEGOD;&moDESifh aEG&moDtwGif;Y tvm;wl wkdufwGef;arwWm&yfcHr_rsm;ukdvnf;
tvkyform;rsm;onf vpfvsL&_xm;vkduf =uavonf? atmufwkdbmvwGif/ wuUokdvftpnf;ta0;rsm;Y abmvf&SDApf
a[majymolrsm;onf taxGaxG oydwfwkdufyGJ}uD;tm;/ tjynfht0 tkHºuG ykefuefr_wck tjzpfokd@vkyfaqmif&ef
wkdufwGef;awmif;qkdcJh=u+yD;/ olwkd@onf tvkyform;rsm;tm;/ atmufwkdbmv (16) &ufae@wGif wuUokdvfokd@
vufeufrsm; ,laqmifvm =u&ef ckdif;apcJhavonf? vl (200) avmufom/ "g;rsm;a0S@&rf;Ivnf;aumif;/
oHvufoD;rsm;ESifh ajcmufvkH;jyL; aoewfi,frsm;ukdom o,faqmifvm=uojzifh/ pnf;&kH;v_Haqmfolrsm;rS
ykdrkdaumif;rGefaom vufeufrsm; wyfqifxm;onfh ppfwyfukd xkdrjzpfpavmuf vufeufrsm; ESifh
,SOfòydifwkdufckdufjcif;xuf/ ‚if;wkd@tm; tdrfokd@ jyefv$wfvkdufjcif;onf ykdrkdaumif;rGefrnf[k qkH;jzwf=u+yD;/
tdrfjyefckdif;vkduf=uavonf?
atmufwkdbm rl0g'a=unmcsufpmwrf; xkwfjyef+yD;aemuf/ awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf qkdAD,ufwkd@tm;

vufeufudkiftkHºuGr_ðyvkyf&ef óud;pm;cJh=uao;onf? aemufwae@wGif/ “aemufqkH;wkdufyGJ” twGuf olwkd@ukd,f olwkd@
vufeufwyfqif&ef t}uHðyxm;onfh tvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwD. qkH;jzwfcsuf rsm;ukd Ekdqm (Nosar) onf
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; zwf=um;jyavonf? xa&mhpuDrS ‚if;wkd@tm; jyifqifxm;&eftwGuf wyfvSef@xm;onfrSm “
',D;',dkifjzpfaeonfh oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepftm; crf;em;}uD; us,fI/ ykdrkd txif}uD;avmufaom wkdufckdufr_wckukd
jyifqifxm;=uyg/ 'D oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfukd atmifyGJcHrnfh jynfol@tkHºuGr_wckjzifhom t+yD;wkdif
vSnf;usif;okwfoifEkdifrSmjzpfw,f”? qdkAD,ufonf Ekdqm ESifh xa&mhpuDwkd@ xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf (2) ckpvkH;ukd
axmufcHtwnfðyay;avonf? okd@aomfZmbk&if. usqkH;r_onf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@. r[mrdwfa[mif;
vpfb&,frsm;ESifh a&SmifvGJIr&/ {ueftrSef uGJxGufoGm;rnfvm; qkdonfukd ar;avonf? vpfb&,frsm;onf
tpkd;&tm; ðzwfcs&ef rnfonfhqENukdrqkd jiif;qkdxm;avonf? vpfb&,frsm;. qkH;&_H;r_onf/ abmvf&SDApfrsm;
0rf;yef;wom ay;0,fvkdaom aps;E_ef; wefzkd; wckjzpfcJhavonf? xa&mhpuDonf atmufwkdbm oydwfwkdufyGJwGif ‚if;wkd@
yg0ifupm;cJhaom tcef;u¾ukd *k%fðycsD;rGrf;&ef jiif;qkdcJhavonf? atmufwkdbmwGif oufOD;qHykdifrsm;tm; tav#mhay;
urf;vSrf;vmatmif wGef;tm;ay; vkyfaqmifcJhonfrSm tvkyform;rsm;yifjzpfonf[k ‚if;rS a=unmcJhavonf? xkd@tjyif
aemufqkH;ydwftvJxkd;r_ukd vkyfaqmifrnfholrsm;rSmvnf; vufeufwyfqifxm;onfh tqkdyg tvkyform;rsm;yif
jzpfcJhonf?
wkdufckduf&eftwGufjyifqifxm;onfh tvkyform;rsm;rSm/ ‚if;wkd@ukd,fukd ‚if;wkd@ Black Hundreds rsm;.

tEW&m,frS umuG,f&ef qEN&Sdjcif;xuf/ awmfvSefa&;pdwftm;xufoefr_ avsmheJjcif;a=umifh/ wkH@aES;qkdif;iHhoGm;&jcif;

jzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf? vuf,m0g'Dtkyfpkrsm;onf/ *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;tm; tjyif;txef wkdufckduf&ef vkyfief;opfwck ESifh
tjcm;aom tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;rsm;ukd pDrHvkyfaqmifaeonfqkdaom aumv[v owif;rsm;vnf; atmufwkdbmv
aemufqkH;ywfwGif pdef@yDwmpbwfwòrd@vkH; jyef@ESH@aeavonf? &pwm&Da,hAf (Rasteriaev) puf&kHY tvkyform;rsm;onf
aoewfrsm;ukd ,laqmifvm+yD;/ vrf;rsm;teD;wGif uif;vSnfhaecJh=uavonf? wòrd@vkH;wGif/ olwkd@onf ypPwkdvfrsm;
(okd@r[kwf) &kdifz,frsm;ukd udkifaqmifaecJh=u+yD;/ "g;rsm; ESifh wif;ykwfrsm;ukd ðyvkyf=uavonf? atmufwkdbmv (29)
&ufae@/ qkdAD,uf tpnf;ta0;wckwGif axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vufeufrsm;ukd cif;usif;jyoxm;cJh=uonf?
tpnf;ta0;qkH;aomtcg rnfonfh tpDtpOfr# jzpfay:rvmcJhaomfvnf;/ vufeufrsm; ESifh
vufeufukdifwyfzGJ@i,frsm;rSm qufvuf&SdaecJhavonf?
Ekd0ifbmvwav#mufvkH;wGif qkdAD,ufwkd@onf vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;wck vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf/

wkdufpnfwkdufarmif;ukd qufwkdufxkESufae=uavonf? okd@aomf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf/ tvkyform;rsm; tm;
vufeufrsm; tqifoifh&Sdaeap&efom owday;aeaomfvnf;/ xkdtwGuf jyifqifr_ tenf;i,fukdom
vkyfaqmifcJh=uavonf? tpkd;& rodatmif okdokdodyfodyf v#Kd@0Sufrxm;aom/ }uD;xGm;rsm;jym;vmonfh
vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;onf/ tpkd;&. òzdcGif;ESdrf;ESif;r_ ae@&ufukdom ykdrkd eD;uyfvmapcJhonf? xkd@tjyif/ tvkyform;rsm;rSm
tpkd;&tm; vufeufukdifwkdufyGJwck qifEGJ&efxuf/ puf&kHykdif&Sifrsm;tm; qef@usifwkdufyGJ&ef twGufukdom ykdrkdI
pdwf0ifwpm;&Sdae=uavonf? 'Drkdua&pDenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh/ yGifhyGifhvif;vif;/ pOf;pOf;pm;pm; E_dif;E_dif;csdefcsdefvkyfaom
qkdAD,uftzGJ@rSm/ ppfqifr_pDrHudef;wcktm; pDrHa&;qGJ&eftwGuf tjynfht0 vkyfaqmifEkdifaom tzGJ@r[kwfacs? ‚if;.
&J&Jawmuf wufºuGaom tm0Z…ef;&$ifolrsm;. z,f=uOfxm;jcif;ukd cHae&+yD;/ Zmbk&if. usm;twGuf
óud;jzifhvSefxm;onfh qdwfwaumifuJhokd@ ‚if;rSm apmifhqkdif;ae&avonf?
Ekd0ifbmv (26) &ufae@wGif/ ykvdyfrsm;onf qdkAD,uf. OuUÏ Ekdqm tm; zrf;qD;vkdufavonf? usef&Sdaeaom
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf qufvufawG@qkH=u+yD;aemuf/ tm%mcsKyfukdifrnfholtopfwa,mufukd a&G;cs,f+yD;
xa&mhpuDtm; OuUÏtjzpfwifajr‡mufcJhavonf? okd@aomf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm tpk;d &. aemufxyf v_yf&mS ;r_rsm;ukd
olwkd@apmifhqkdif;aecJh&onfhtay:/ ar#mfvifhcsufukef/ pdwrf csrf;rajrhjzpfum/ aerxdxkdifrom jzpfr_rsm; wkd;I wkd;I
vmavonf? ‚if;wkd@. jyif;jyaeaomqENrSm vlxktkHºuGr_wckukd v_H@aqmfE_d;qG&ef omjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh olwkd@onf
tpkd;&.zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;ukdom csJ@xGifajymqkdae=uavonf? ykvdyfrsm;onf &k&Sm;v,form;rsm;or*~ (All-Russian
Peasants' Union) acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh/ pmwkdufESifh a=u;eef;tvkyform;rsm;or*~ (Union of Postal and Telegraph
Employees) rS acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; zrf;qD;xm;+yD;jzpfavonf? xkd@tjyif eDukdvufpfonf ol. vpfb&,f
w&m;a&;0ef}uD;tm;vnf; &mxl;rS ðzwfcs+yD;jzpfavonf? xkd@aemuf ppftkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'rsm;ukd v,form;
r+idrfroufr_topfrsm; xyfrHjzpfyGm; aeonfh jynfe,f/ c&kdiftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif xkwfjyefa=unmvkdufavonf?
Ekd0ifbmvaESmif;ykdif; ESifh 'DZifbmv tapmykdif;wGif/ a'oEW& t&m&Sdrsm;tm; ta&;ay: txl;tm%mrsm;ukd
ay;tyfvkdufavonf? xkd@aemuf rD;&xm;/ pmwkduf ESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&; oydwfarSmufr_rsm;tm;vnf;
ydwfyifvkdufavonf? armfpudkòrd@wGif ykvdyfrsm;onf/ &xm;vrf;a=umif; wa=umif;&Sd/
&xm;vufrSwfodrf;qnf;olrsm;or*~ (Union of Ticket Collectors) rS acgif;aqmifrsm; ðyvkyfaeonfh/
tvkyform;pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;rsm;twGuf tpnf;ta0;wckukd 0ifa&mufpD;eif;vkduf+yD;/ acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;
zrf;qD;vkdufavonf? “vGwfvyfaomae@&ufrsm;” onf bkZywfyifrS t&Gufrsm;twGif;Y aysmufuG,foGm;ouJhokd@
aysmufuG,foGm;avawmhonf?
'DZifbmv (2) &ufae@wGif/ qkdAD,ufonf t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ukd tuGufqifI/

aemufqkH;enf;vrf;wcktjzpf azmfaqmifvkdufavonf? aqmif;OD;&moD ukefqkH;aomtcg/ tpkd;&onf tvGef@tvGef
b¾ma&; tcuftcJ t=uyftwnf;ESifh óuHawG@&avawmhonf? aumufyJoD;ESHtxGufnhHzsif;r_ ESifh r&yfrpJ
oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;onf wkdif;jynf pD;yGm;a&;tm; ykdrkdysufpD;aeap+yD;/ tpkd;&. 0ifaiGukd avsmhyg;aepOfwGif/ *syefESifh
jzpfyGm;&aom ppfyGJqifEGJr_p&dwf ESifh jynfwGif;Y tkwfatmfaomif;wif; ajAmif;qefaejcif;rsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;
&jcif;rsm;onf tvGef}uD;rm;aom ukefusp&dwfrsm;jzpfcJhavonf? bwf*sufvkdaiGjyr_onf }uD;xGm;vm+yD;/
t&Hpkaqmif;xm;onfh a&$rsm;rSmvnf; wwdwdESifh ukefoGm;avawmhonf? 0Spfwf rS jyifopfb%fvkyfief;pk rsm;ESifh
aphpyfaqG;aEG;aecJhonfh/ }uD;rm;aom EkdifiHjcm;acs;aiGwckomv#if b¾ma&;tysuftpD;}uD;ukd a&SmifvGJEkdifcJhavnf?
qkdAD,uf. acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tcGifhtvrf;wckukd zsufueJ awG@jrifoGm;=uavonf? tu,fI olwkd@onf

ðywfvkwJwJav;om&Sdawmhaom tpkd;&. b¾ma&;tajctaeY &kwfw&uf xkd;ESuf wkdufckdufr_wckudk
ðyvkyfEkdifcJhygv#if[laom tcGifhtvrf;jzpfonf? ‚if;rSm &k&Stifykdif,monf acs;aiGtaºuG;ukd jyefvnf;ay;qyfEkdif&ef
rjzpfpavmuf tvGefenf;yg;aecJhonf qkdonfhta=umif;ukd/ jyifopf b%fvkyfief;&Sif rsm;tm;
jzm;a,mif;pnf;&kH;&efEkdifcJhygu/ 0Spfwf. acs;aiGtpDtpOfonf ysufjym;oGm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ tpkd;&tm; c|wfòcHusr_
a'0gvDcH&jcif;xJokd@ u|r;f xkd;arSmufckH/ 'vdrfhacgufauG;usoGm;apEkdifonf?
qkdAD,ufonf v,form;rsm;or*~ ESifh vuf0JygwDtrsm;tjym;wkd@ESifhyg yg0ifonfh b¾ma&;qkdif&m

a=unmcsufpmwrf;wapmifukd xkwfjyefcJhavonf? a=unmcsufwiG f tifykdif,mtwGif;&Sd EkdifiHom;rsm;tm;vkH; tm;
‚if;wkd@. b%frsm;Y pkaqmif;xm;aiGrsm;ukd xkwf,l&ef ESihf ay;aqmif&ef&Sdonfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd a&$jzifh ay;aqmif=u&ef
wkdufwGef;cJhavonf? pmwrf;rS a=unmxm;onfrSm “tpkd;&tm; ‚if;. &Sifoefaeonfh aemufqkH; &if;jrpfjzpfonfh
b¾ma&;tcGefawmfaiGukd jzwfawmuf&eftwGuf/ 'g[m rjzpfraevkyfzkd@ vkdtyfw,f”? okd@aomf ykdrkdus,fjyef@onf
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rS qef@usifaeonfrSm/ tpkd;&. &Sifoefaejcif;ukd r[kwfay/ oufOD;qHykdif bk&ifpepfukdjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh
Tenf;tm;jzifh jr‡ifhwifcJhonfh ydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_rSm/ tajrmuftrsm; b%faiGtyfESHxm;olrsm;rS/ eufeuf&_dif;&_dif;
jzwfawmufatmif/ vkdufygvkyfaqmif&ef rjzpfEkdifcJhacs? aemufxyf &ufowWywftenf;i,ftwGif;txd/ b%fpkaiGrsm;rS
&lb,f oef; (90)avmufom xkwf,lcJh=uavonf?
b¾ma&;qkdif&m a=unmcsufpmwrf;onf tpkd;&rS tv#iftjrefwkef@jyefr_wckukd v_H@aqmfay;cJhav onf?

xkwfjyefa=unmonfhae@wGifyif/ tpkd;&onf pdef@ yDwmpbwfwGif xkda=unmcsuftm; ykHESdyfonfh owif;pmwkduf (8)
cktm; odrf;qnf;cJh+yD;/ xkd owif;pmt,f'Dwmrsm;tm; zrf;qD;cJhavonf? aemufwae@ nae/ 'DZifbm (3) &ufae@wGif/
qkdAD,uf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf vGwfvyfaom pD;yGm;a&; vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taqmuftOD;okd@/ cgwkdif;uJhokd@yif
a&muf&SdvmcJh=uavonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;. ta=umif;t&maygif;rsm;pGmudk aqG;aEG;=u+yD;aemuf/
tvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDonf taqmuftOD;tm; ajcvsifppfom;rsm;/ jrif;pD;aumhquf rsm;ESifh ykvdyfrsm;rS
0kdif;xm;onfukd owdðyrdavawmhonf? xa&mhpuDonf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; vufwkef@jyef ckcHr_ rðy&ef
!ïef=um;vkdufavonf? xkd@tjyif ppfom;rsm;tcef;xJokd@ 0ifvmaomtcg aumfrwD onf
tvkyfqufvufvkyfukdifaecJhavonf? aemufqkH;wGif olonf tpnf;ta0;&kwfodrf;vkdufa=umif;
a=unmvkdufavonf? tvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDESifh ukd,fpm;vS,f (200)wkd@ tm;vkH;tzrf;cHcJh=u&avonf?
vufeufukdifolykefx&eftwGuf aºuG;a=umfatmf[pfaeaom pdef@ yDwmpbwf qkdAD,ufonf/ aoewf wcsufr#
razmufvkduf&yJ/ vufeufcs tnHhcHvkduf=u&avonf?
“t=uifemuif;rJhpGm vkyfaqmifyg”
armfpudk&Sd awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onfvnf;/ òrd@awmf&Sd ‚if;wkd@. awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;uJhokd@yif/

atmufwkdbmvuwnf;u/ tpkd;&ESifh zufòydif&efjzpf&ef wkdufyGJwcktwGuf &efapmifae=uavonf? “vufeufpGJukdif=u
æ vufeufpGJukdif=u æ ,if;onf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tm;vkH;. aºuG;a=umfoH yifjzpfonf” [k
qkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonfh ADG trf ZefZDaemhAf (V. M. Zenzinov) u jyefajymif; ajymjyjcif;jzpfygonf?
vlrsm;pGmwkd@onf vufwavmav;wGifyif wyfwGif;ykefuefr_'Da&v_dif;vkH;rsm; wufvmcJhonfh armfpukdòrd@apmifhwyfrS
wyfzGJ@rsm;rSaeI ‚if;wkd@tm; ulnDaxmufyHhay;vdrfhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;ukd ,kH=unfxm; ae=uavonf? okd@aomf
tcsKd@onf xkdòrd@apmifhwyfzGJ@rsm;rSaeI r[mrdwftul tnDukd &&Sdvdrfhrnfqkdonfukd oHo,&Sdae=uavonf?
tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf ppfom;rsm;. r=unfjzLr_ rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh/ tm%m&Siftpkd;&tay: &efvkdjcif;rS
jzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwfyJ/ ‚if;wkd@tay: rSm;,Gif;aom qufqHr_rsm;rSaeI aygufzGm;vmjcif;jzpfonf qkdonfukd
em;vnfoabmaygufxm;=uaom a=umifhjzpfonf? tjcm;aomolrsm;onf vkdtyfvmcJhv#if ‚if;wkd@csnf;om
vkyfaqmifoGm;&vdrfhrnf[k em;vnf xm;cJh=uonf? ZefZDaemhAfrS olrSwfrdor#ukd jyefajymjyonfrSm -

“wkdufyGJwcktwGif;Y 0ifa&mufyg0if&jcif; rðy&yJ/ ajc vufrsm;ukd wkyfaESmifcHxm;&jcif;xuf ²aoa=uysupf ;D oGm;jcif;onf
ykdaumif;ayonf”?
‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif t=urf;zufavvkH;rsm;ESifh b0ifjrihfae=uaom/ acgif;rm*dk%f;om; a&'Du,ftkyfpk (3) ck

pvkH;jzpfonfh abmvf&SDApf/ rif&SDApfESifh qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tkyfpkrS tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;
usif;y=u+yD;/ qlyltkHºuGr_}uD;wck. a&S@ajy;tjzpf/ taxGaxGoydwfwkdufyGJ wckqifEGJ&ef qENrJ xnfh0ifae=uavonf?
'DZifbmv (7) &ufae@wGif/ ESpfywftausmfu wnfaxmifcJhonfh armfpukd qkdAD,uf oydwfwkdufyGJ azmfaqmif&ef
twnfðyaxmufcHcJhavonf? wkef@jyefr_rSm txif}uD;avmufayonf? (2) &uf twGif;wGifyif/ tvkyform;
(80000)onf tvkyfcGifrsm;rS xGufcGmoGm;=uavonf? pwkd;qkdifrsm;rSm ysOfcsyfrsm; jzifh um&Hxm; vkduf=uavonf?
ae@pOfvnfywfaer_rsm;rSm xyfrHI vkH;0O\kH&yfwef@oGm;jyefavawmhonf?
vufeuf ukdifaqmifxm;onfh vlta,muf (100)wkd@ odrf;ykdufxm;onfh taqmuftOD;wckukd

ppfwyfrsm;rSaeI vufeuf}uD;jzifh ypfcwfaomtcg/ taxGaxGwkdufckdufr_}uD;onf/ 'DZifbmv (9) &ufae@n
rwkdifrDtxd &kef;rxGufEkdifcJhay? ‚if;wkd@. ta&twGufrsm;ukd pkpnf;xm;r_rS a&Smif&Sm;&ef/ awmfvSefa&;orm; rsm;onf
'&lZifeduD (druzhinniki) [k ac:onfh vufeufukdif wyfzGJ@i,frsm;ukd òrd@tESH@vSnhfywfoGm;vmae apav+yD;/
rnfonfhae&murSef;roday:xGufvm=uum ppfom;rsm;ESifh ykvdyftkyfpki,fav;rsm;ukd vufeufcs apavonf?
(druzhinniki) rsm;rS ppfwyfrsm;tm; ypfcwfaomtcg/ ppfwyfrS vltkyfxJokd@ jyefvnfypfcwfjcif; jzifh
vufwkef@jyef=uavonf? y&yfpeD;,m; c&kdifwGif (Presnia district)/ tdrfrSaeI txnf,ufvkyfonfh puf&kHrsm;txd/
ta,mufpDwkdif;onf twm;tqD;/ t[ef@twm;rsm;ukd aqmufvkyfae=u[ef&Sdavonf? trsKd;orD;}uD;rsm;onf
ukwifabmifrsm;/ {nfhóudol pmyGJ&Snfrsm;ESifh w,fvDzkH;wkdifrsm;ESifh vrf;ab;rD;wkdifrsm;ukd vrf;rsm;ay:okd@
qGJ,lvm=uavonf? “wòrd@vkH;tESH@&Sd twm;tqD;acGrsm;ukd wif;=uyfaeap&ef qufxm;=uonf”/ òrd@. bk&ifcHcsKyfonf
pdef@ yDwmpbwfokd@ óud;rJha=u;eef;jzifh/ wyfulrsm; tiftm;jznfhwif;&ef awmif;cHavonf?
puf&kHa'orsm;ukd awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf xdef;csKyfxm;aomfvnf;/ òrd@v,f&Sd ta&;}uD;aom

tcsuftjcmusonfhae&mrsm;udk odrf;ykdufxm;Ekdif&ef wcgr# róud;pm;cJh=uacs? tu,fI ppfom;rsm;onf
trdef@tm%mrsm;ukdzDqef&ef ar#mfvifhxm;cJh+yD;/ olykefrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vmcJhv#if/ ‚if;onf t"dyg` ,&f adS om
vkyf&yfjzpfayrnf? yxrae@rsm;wGif ppfom;rsm;onf qENjyolrsm;ESifh ta&mw0ifqufqHvkdufaomtcg ESifh
‚if;wkd@.ta&;udpPESifh wef;wloabmxm;[ef &Sdaeaomtcg/ xkdar#mfvifhcsufrsm;onf rSeu f efae[ef &SdcJh avonf?
okd@aomf xkd yg0ifywfoufjcif;ukd ydkrkdawmifhwif;vmatmif/ (okd@r[kwf) tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rS ppfom;rsm;t=um;ESifh
ppf,leDazmif;0wfI tr_xrf;ae&onfh v,form;rsm;tm; trSefwu,f bufawmfom; rsm;jzpfvmatmif
awmfvSefa&;ajymufusm;rsm;tjzpf yg0iftm;ay;&eftwGuf pnf;&kH;jcif;ukd tenf;i,fom vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhavonf?
tusKd;&v'fwcktwGuf ar#mfvifhaejcif; ESifh atmifjrifr_&&Sd&eftwGuf pnf;&kH;jcif; wkd@onf rwluGJjym; jcm;em;aomt&m
ESpfckjzpfavonf? ypfcwfr_rsm;pwifv#if pwifjcif; ppfom;rsm;. pdwfrsm;onf ododomom ajymif;oGm;avonf?
vDeif. óudwifcef@rSef;xm;csufrsm;um; ysufpD;oGm;avonf? ppfom;rsm;onf olwkd@tm; aoewfrsm;jzifh csdefxm;onfh
tvkyform;rsm;tm; ypfcwf&eftwGuf pdwfrokd;roef@jzpfr_ rcHpm;&awmhacs?
'DZifbmv (15) &ufae@wGif/ òrd@awmfrS ppfwyftulrsm; armfpukdokd@ a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg/ 'Da&onf

jyefvnfusoGm;avawmhonf? tvkyform;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. rdom;pkrsm;ESifhtwl/ aus;vufa'o rsm;okd@
c&pfprwfyGJawmf qifE$J&eftwGuf xGufcGmoGm;=uaomtcg/ ykefuefolrsm;onf òrd@tESH@toD;oD;okd@ pwif
jyef@ESH@uGJxGufoGm;=uavawmhonf? ckcHtHwkaeonfonfh ae&mwckrSm usef&Sdaeao;onf/ y&yfpeD;,m; c&kdifjzpf+yD;/
xkdae&mwGif ppfwyfrsm; ESifh ykvdyfrsm;rSm twm;tqD;rsm;jzifh ydwfqkd@cHxm;&qJjzpfavonf? xkdtcg pdef@ yDwmpbwfrS
wyfom; (1500) &Sdonfh qDrDaemhAfpuD wyf&if; (Semenovskii Regiment) onf usef&Sdaeonfh awmifhcHaeolrsm;ukd
xGufoGm;ap&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&avonf? xkd wyf. wyfrSL;rSm “tn‡m twmuif;rJhpGm vkyfaqmif&ef”/
“ykefuefolrsm;. *kd%f;rsm;ukd rsKd;ðzwf&ef ESifh qlyltkHºuGolrsm;. acgif;aqmif rsm;ukd zrf;qD&ef” trdef@ay;jcif;ukd
cHxm;&oljzpfavonf? aemufwae@reufwGif tvkyform;rsm; odrf;ykduf xm;aom puf&kHrsm;rSm
tajr‡mufusnfqHrsm;jzifh w&pyfypfcwfjcif;udk cH&avawmhonf? tvkyform; rsm;rS tenf;tusOf;

jyefvnfypfcwfaomfvnf;/ wyf&if;}uD;onf w&pyfypfcwfr_udk (2) &ufvkH;vkH;/ tqufrjywf qufwkdufypfcwfaeav&m/
&maygif;rsm;pGmaom ckcHolrsm;ESifh omreft&yfom;rsm;yg aoqkH;=uavonf?
(18) &ufae@a&mufaomtcg/ abmvf&SDApfrsm; ESifh armfpukd qkdAD,uf wkd@yg ta&;&_H;edrfhoGm;=u avonf?

xkd@aemuf ykefueftkHºuGr_rSmvnf; wzkwfzkwfjrnfI &yfwef@oGm;avawmhonf? 700 (okd@r[kwf) ‚if;xufykdaom
awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; ESifh t&yfom;rsm; towfcHcJh=u&onf? okd@aomf ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;rSm ta,muf
(70) om&Sdavonf? armfpudk&Sd typftcwftkyfpkrsm;rSm/ tpuwnf;uyif olwkd@ taejzifh awmfvSefa&;ukd
wEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmjzifh rvkyfaqmifEkdifygu/ olwkd@. ta&;tcif; =urRmiifvdrfhrnfqkdonfudk
em;vnfoabmaygufxm;cJh=uavonf? okd@aomf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ }uD;rm;onfh avmifu|rf;r_wck. tpjzpfonfh
xif;pi,fonf 'DZifbmvtv,fwGif pkdpGwfaecJhavonf? pdef@ yDwmpbwf tvkyform;rsm;onf
taxGaxGoydwfwkdufyGJukd tusOf;r#om vkyfaqmifcJhavonf? xkd@tjyif olwkd@onf wcgr#yif
vufeufrsm;ukdifaqmifr_ukd rðyvkyfchJ=uay? tjcm;aom òrd@}uD;rsm;tcsKd@wGifvnf; ao;i,faom olykefxr_rsm;om
&SdcJhavonf? ,if;wkd@rSm ppfwyfrsm;tm; jyefvnf&kwfodrf;/ qkwfcGmoGm;atmif trdef@ay;&ef rvkHavmufcJhacs?
armfpukdwGif tpkd;&rS xºuGaomif;usef;r_rsm;ukd tjyif;txef&kdufcsaepOfwGif/ wEkdifiHvkH;wGif xda&mufaom

ESdrfESif;òzdcGif;r_rsm;ukd Ekd0ifbmvukefwGif +yD;qkH;&efvnf; t&Sdefjr‡ifhvkyfaqmifaeavonf? 0Spfukd,fwkdifonfyifv#if
vufeufukdifaqmifxm;onfh &efolrsm;tm;/ ppfwyfrS “jywfjywfom;om;ESifh t=uifemuif;rJhpGm” acsr_ef;ESdrfESif;&ef/
tcsufjyaecJhavonf? eDukdvufpfonf ol. t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh wyfrSL;rsm;rS wqifh/ &efvkdr_t&dyfvuQ%mrsm;tm;vkH;ukd
t=urf;zuf òzdcGif;ESdrfESif;&ef pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh axmufcHtm;ay;aecJhavonf? “t=urf;zufr_ukd
t=urf;zufr_jzifhomv#if tajzay;&rnf”[k ol ,kH=unf aecJhavonf? trdef@ay; t&m&Sdrsm;rSm twkduftcHrsm;tm;
ESdrfESif;&mwGif rnfonfhvkdtyfcsufrsKd;ukdrqkd vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf vGwfvyfpGm tkyfcsKyfcGifhay;xm;avonf? ud,ufAf
(Kieve) bk&ifcHcsKyfonf “ykefuefol rsm;ukd tjrpfjzwfokwfoifacsr_ef;&ef ESifh ckcHygu ‚if;wkd@. tdrfrsm;ukdyg
rD;&_d@ypfvkduf&ef” trdef@rsm;ukd &&Sdxm;cJhavonf? &xm;vrf;oydwfwck tqkH;owf&eftwGuf qkdufab;&D;,m;okd@
apv$wfvkdufaom wyfzGJ@rsm;rSm jynfolrsm;tm; óud;jzifh csdwfqGJxm;+yD;/ jrif;=umyGwfjzifh y,fy,fe,fe,f
&kdufESufcJhavonf? abmvfwpf jynfe,f/ c&kdifrsm;okd@ qif;oGm;aom ppfwyfrsm;rSm jynfolrsm;ukd tusOf;enf;jzifh
owfjzwfuGyfrsufjcif;rsm;/ jynfolvlxktm; pk&kH;I &kdufESufjcif;rsm;/ ESifh rD;&_d@r_rsm;ukd ðyvkyf=uavawmhonf?
(1905) ckESpf aESmif;ykdif;wGif/ tpkd;&rS zdESdyfr_ajracG;rsm;udk avSmiftdrfzGifhIv$wfvkduf+yD;/ jynfolvlxk}uD; tm;

0yfusoGm;atmif csKd;ESdrfI/ tusOf;axmifrsm;tm; awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh jznfhwif;vkdufonf? (1906)
ckESpftapmykdif;okd@ a&mufaomtcg tpkd;&onf awmfvSefykefuefr_rsm;udk a=umufp&m ta=umif;r&Sdawmhacs?
awmfvSefa&;onf ‚if;. ukd,fykdifaoG;rsm;xGufapjcif;jzifh/ aoG;xGufoH,kd ykefuefr_wckonf qdwfa¹cGcH cJh&avonf?
zdESdyfr_rsm;wav#mufwGif 0Spfwfonfvnf; ZGJeyJ}uD;pGmjzifh t&_H;ray;yJ/ b¾ma&;qkdif&m }uD;rm;aom uyfab;}uD;ukd
vGwfajrmufatmif vkyfaqmifcJhavonf? tjyif;txef nd‡E_dif;r_rsm; vrsm;pGm =um+yD;aemuf/ olonf z&ef@aiG (5)
bDvD,Hausmf acs;aiGukd/ {+yDv (16) &ufae@wGif/ EkdifiHjcm;b%ftkyfpkwckESifh jynfwGif;b%frsm;rS acs;,lEkdifcJhonf?
Zmbk&ifrS 0Spfwf. tvkyfoufwrf;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ ,if;onf taumif;qkH;aom atmifjrifr_wckjzpfonf[k
ajymqkdcJhonf? tvGef@tvGef ta&;t}uD;qkH;aom udpPwcktay:wGif Zmbk&if. ajymqkdr_onf w}udrfwcgtwGuf
rSefuefcJhavonf?
armfpukd/ pdef@yDwmpbwfESifh tjcm;aomòrd@rsm;rS awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf/ wefbkd;}uD;rm;pGm

rSm;,Gif;wGufcsufr_wckukd ðyvkyfcJhrdavonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_.ae&mY/ vufeufukdifpGJonfhenf;vrf;ukd
tokH;cscJhvkdufjcif;jzifh/ olwkd@onf tpkd;&tm; tajcrckdif,drf;,dkifaeatmif vkyfaqmifaer_rsm;ukd &yfwef@ypfcJh avonf?
xkd@tjyif tpkd;&tm; &efolukd rnfuJhokd@ tjywftowftEkdif&&Sdatmif vkyfaqmif&rnfukd odoGm;apcJhavonf?
awmfvSefa&;. EkdifiHa&;t& atmifjrifr_rsm;ukd vD,kd awmfvpwdGKif;onf aysmf&$if0rf;ajrmufcJh+yD;aemuf/ cyfwkdwkdyif
a&;om;cJhonfrSm - “olwkd@ EkdifiHa&;ukd vkyfaqmifaeygonf[k pOf;pm;pdwful;,Ofaeolrsm;onf xkdEkdifiHa&;ukd
zsufqD;cJh=uonf? xkdolrsm;twGuf ol@taejzifh 0rf;enf;a=uuGJ cJh&onf? tpkd;&pepfa[mif;. t=urf;zufr_udk/
xkdt=urf;zufr_wGif 0ifa&mufyl;aygif; ryg0ifjcif;jzifhomv#if zsufqD;EkdifcJhvdrfhrnf/ ,cktcg xkdusL;vGefcJh+yD;aom
rkdufrJonfh t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_topfrsm;jzifh vkH;0 atmifjrifEkdifvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs?” [ka&;cJhonf?

ckcHykefuefr_rsm;tm; t+yD;owf&Sif;vif;okwfoifI r+yD;ao;rDyif/ tpkd;&onf rl0g'vkyfief;pOftopf
ukdabmifcwfxm;onfh Oya'rsm;ukd xkwfjyefcJhavonf? 'DZifbm (11) &ufae@wGif 'l;rm;v$wfawmftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJ
vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd xkwfjyefcJhavonf? twkduftcHrsm;. t"du awmif;qkdcsuf ESpfckjzpfonfh qENrJxnhfEkdifcGifhrsm;onf
urBmwv$m;usifhokH;aeonfh ykHpHrsKd;vnf;r[kwf/ tm;vkH;wef;wlnDr#vnf;r[kwfacs? trsKd;orD;rsm;/ ajrykdifr&Sdonfh
v,form;rsm;/ ppfom;rsm;/ tcsKd@aom vufr_twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;ukd qENrJay;ykdifcGifhrS
xkwfy,fxm;avonf? wqifhcHa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif/ ajrykdif&SifwOD;. rJwjym;onf/ v,form; (15) a,mufESifh
tvkyform; (45) a,mufwkd@. rJjym;rsm;ESifh nDr#onfh ta&twGufukd ,lrnfjzpfavonf? tvkyform;or*~rsm;ukd
aemufykdif;wGif w&m;0ifcGifhðyvkdufcsdefwGif/ ‚if;wkd@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm uef@owfxdef;csKyfxm;+yD;jzpfavonf/
EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm;vkH;ukd wm;jrpfydwfyif xm;+yD;jzpfavonf?
(1906) ckESpf/ {+yDv (23) &ufae@wGif/ 'l;rm;v$wfawmf. vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mrsm;tm; t"dy`g,f zGifhqkdxm;onfh/

&k&Sm; tifykdif,m. tajccHOya'topfrsm;ukd xkwfjyefa=unmcJhavonf? atmufwkdbm a=unmpmwrf;wGif
uwdðyxm;cJhonfhtwkdif;/ Oya'wck jzpfvm&eftwGuf/ rnfonfh Oya'ðyr_rsKd;ukdrqkd/ 'l;rm; v$wfawmfrS
twnfðy+yD;jzpf&rnf? okd@aomf 'l;rm;v$wfawmfonf EkdifiHawmfbwf*suf. (60μ) ukdom xdef;csKyf &rnf?
ppfzufa&;&mudpPrsm;/ (okd@r[kwf) EkdifiHjcm;a&;0g' qkdif&mudpPrsm; wGif aqG;aEG;ykdifcGifhr&Sday? 0ef}uD;rsm;onf
Zmbk&ifukdom ajz=um;&vdrfhrnf? Oya'ðycGifhtm%mukd EkdifiHawmfaumifpDokd@vnf; ay;xm;onf? EkdifiHawmfaumifpDwGif
Zmbk&ifrS cef@tyfxm;olrsm;ESifh/ usOf;ajrmif;aom rJqENxnfhykdifcGifhwck. atmufrS a&G;aumufcH&onfholrsm;
wkd@yg0ifrnf? 'l;rm;onf v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;usif;ycsdefr[kwfygu/ Zmbk&ifonf
Oya'uJhokd@tm%mwnfaomtrdef@rsm;xkwfjyef+yD; Oya'ðyrnfjzpfonf?
rl0g'vkyif ef;pOftopfonf tpk;d &. twku d t

f cHrsm;/ vpfb&,frsm; ESifh awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/
aoG;ºuGaecJh=uaom atmufwkdbm ESifh Ekd0ifbmvrsm;twGif;Y atmifjrif&efar#mfvifhxm;cJhonfxuf rsm;pGm
tvSrf;uGmaeavonf? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSm 'Drkdua&pDESifh ta0;}uD;wGif&Sdaeavonf/ xkd@tjyif/ eDukdvufpf onf
ol@ukd,fol oufOD;qHykdiftjzpfajymaeqJjzpfonf? tpkd;&onf atmufwkdbm a=unmpmwrf;wGifygaom
ta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd ykdrkd us,fjyef@pGm rvkyfaqmifcJhaomfvnf; jznfhpGrfay;cJhavonf? tm;vkH;onf twlwlyifjzpfonf?
&k&Sm;tifykdif,monf pnf;rsOf;cHbk&ifpepfwck r[kwfao;aomfvnf;/ tuef@towfrJh oufOD;qHykdif bk&ifpepfvnf;
r[kwfawmhay? EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ tvkyform; or*~rsm;/ ykdrkd vGwfvyfaom xkwfa0cGifhESifh
wu,fhtuef@towfrsm;onf rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl tkypf kd;ol. tm%may:wGif toifhtwifh &Sdaeavonf?
xkdt&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf &Sdaeao;onf? v_yf&Sm;r_wck. atmifjrifr_rsm;onf ‚if;. t}uD;rm;qkH;aom cGeftm;ukd
vrf;rsm;ay:&Sd vufeufukdif ppf0g'Drsm;xHrS r[kwfyJ/ *k%foduQmr&Sdaom tpkd;&w&yfEiS fh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef jynfolwkd@rS
jiif;qkdjcif;a=umifhom &&SdcJhjcif; jzpfavonf?
á á á
&mpkESpu f ek q
f ;Hk cge;D vmaomtcg &k&mS ;rsm;onf rwluGJjym;aom oufOD;qHykdifrl0g'aemufwrsKd;ukd
pdefac:cJh=uavonf? jyefvnfouf0ifv_yf&Sm;vmaom tm%m&SifygwDwck jzpfonf? xkd@aemuf urBmhtm&kHpl;pkdufr_udk
t=urf;rzuf awmfvSefa&;ESifhtwl pGJaqmifodrf;oGif;vkdufjyefonf? (1991) ckESpfwGif jynfolwdk@. atmifyGJonf
tvGefv#ifjref+yD;/ tHhrcef;zG,f&myifjzpfavonf? &k&Sorw abm&pf,vfqifonf/ tm%modrf;&efóud;pm;onfh
ppfzuft&m&Sdtkyfpk wpkudk rqkdif;rwG csufjcif;yif qef@usifcJhavonf? xkd@aemuf olonf jynfoljynfom;rsm;ESihf
ppfom;rsm;tm; jywfjywfom;om; a&G;cs,fr_wckudk urf;vSrf;cJhavonf? olwkd@taejzifh olwkd@
a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;aomtpkd;&ukd axmufcHEkdifonf/ (okd@r[kwf) olwkd@taejzifh uGefjrLepf pepfa[mif;ukd
tumtuG,fay;olrsm;ukd axmufcHEkdifonf? vlxktkHºuGr_wckESifhawG@vkdufaomtcg rusufwusuf ppftm%m&Sifwkd@rSm
wyfacgufoGm;&avonf? t=urf;rzuftiftm;ESifh ppfwyfaxmufcHr_ jiif;qkdjcif;wkd@onf ‚if;wkd@. =urRmukd
wHqyd cf yfEdSyef d*;kH csKyfoGm;apcJhavonf?

(1905) ckESpfwGif/ Zmbk&if. tkyfpkd;r_udk qef@usifawmfvSefcJh=uonfh rwluGJjym;aom tkyfpkrsm;onf ykdrkdI
yËdyuQESifh óuHawG@cJh&avonf? &k&Sm;jynftm; &mpkESpfrsm;pGm tkyfpkd;vmcJhaom rif;qufwqufonf &kd;&mtpOf
tvmjzpfonfh tºuGif;rJhtm%m&SifpepfwckxJwGif }uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfonf rdrdukd,fukd
rdrdcef@tyfxm;aom tm%mvk,lxm;olrsm; tkyfpkr[kwfay? oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfwGif rrSm;oifhaom
qkd;0g;aomtrSm;rsm;ESifh aysmhuGuftm;enf;csufrsm; &SdaepOfwGif/ bk&ifonf ol. touf twGuf wkdufckdufrnfom
jzpfavonf? bk&ifonf &dk;&mtpOftvmpGJ}uD;olrsm;ESifh bmoma&;wGif tm%m&Sdolrsm;tm; bk&ifpepfukd
qufvufumuG,f&ef arwWm&yfcHrnfomjzpfavonf? bk&ifonf enf;y&d,m,fqkdif&m tav#mhay;r_rsm;ukd
ðyvkyfcJhvdrhfrnf/ ol. ppfom;rsm; ESifh ykvdyfrsm;tm; apv$wfvdrfhrnf/ ol. vuftwGif;Y tm%m&Sdaeap&eftwGuf
tifykdif,mtwGif;t&Sd t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd tokH;csrnfomjzpfavonf? tjyif;txef wif;rmaom zdtm;rsm;ukd/
trsKd;rsKd;aom rsufESmjyifaygif;rsm;pGmwGif/ &Snfvsm;aom umvwcktxd zdtm;ay;EkdifcJhrSomv#if Zmbk&if.tpkd;&tm;
òyduGJoGm;atmif ðyvkyfEkdifcJhvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?
Zmbk&if. twkduftcHrsm;onf a'gojzpfatmif v_H@aqmfE_d;qG=u+yD;/ ol. rSwf,lxm;rl vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mukdk

vGwfatmifa&SmifcJh=ujcif;jzifh/ tm;vkH;udk &kwfw&uf thHtm;oifh =uufaoao oGm;cJhaponf?
wrif&nf&G,fpDrHxm;jcif;rsKd;xuf/ ol@zmomol tvdktavsmufoabmrsKd;jzifh/ olwkd@onf tpkd;&. b¾mawmfaiGukd
qkwf,kwfukefcrf;apcJhonf/ ‚if;. ykvdyfrsm;tm; a0cGJr& ajcrukdifrd vufrudkifrdjzpfapcJhonf/ ‚if;.
qufoG,fa&;rsm;tm; aESmifh,Suf&yfwef@apcJhonf/ ‚if;. tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;tm; pm&dwWysufjym;apcJhonf/ ‚if;.
qifqmwnf;jzwfr_rsm;tm; xkwfazmfa&;om;&ef tcGifhtvrf;&&Sdwkdif; tmcH tHwkcJh=uonf? twkduftcH rsm;onf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. atmufqkH;tqifhrSaeIvnf;aumif;/ ‚if;wkd@twGif;&Sd tkyfpkrsm;twGif;rSaeI vnf;aumif;/
xdyfykdif;ae&mrsm;okd@ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? v,form;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif “orwEkdifiH” i,frsm;ukd
wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@.tvkyfcGifrsm;rS xGufvm=u+yD;/ vrf;rsm;ay:okd@
csDwufvmcJh=uonf? ppfom;rsm;onf olwkd@. txuft&m&Sd. trdef@rsm;ukd remcH/ zDqefvmcJh=uonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;onf wuUokdvfrsm;tm; EkdifiHa&;ckdv_H&mae&mrsm;tjzpf toGifajymif;vkduf=uavonf?
owif;pmq&mrsm;onf tpkd;&. tpGrf;tpr&Sdr_/ nhHzsif;r_rsm;udk xkwfazmfa&;om;=u+yD;/ ,if;wkd@.
w&m;vGeftðytrlrsm;ukd &_H@cs=uavonf? a&S@aersm;/ q&m0efrsm;ESifh tif*sifeD,mrsm;onf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef
awmif;qkd=uavonf?
t}udrf}udrf txyfxyf/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf Zmbk&if. 0ef}uD;rsm;tm; qkd;&Gm;aom a&G;cs,fp&m

vrf;rsm;ukdomay;cJhavonf? tm%mykdifrsm;onf qENjyolrsm;tm; ESdrfESif;&ef tiftm; tokH;ðyaomtcg/ (okd@r[kwf)
owif;pmrsm;ukd ydwfypfvkdufaomtcg/ jynfolwkd@tm; tvGefa'goxGuf pdwfqkd;apavonf? tpkd;&rS jynfolwkd@.
a'gotm; wjcm;vrf;a=umif;okd@ v$Jay;vkduf+yD;/ tenf;i,f tav#mhay;r_rsm; ðyvkyfvmaomtcg/ twkduftcHrsm;onf
cGifhðyay;vkdufonfh tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm;ukdtokH;ðyI pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;jcif;rsm;/ ‚if;wkd@. tjrift,ltqrsm;ukd
xkwfazmfajymqkdjcif;rsm;jzifh ykdrkdðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; ðyvky&f ef zdtm;rsm;ykrd kdI ay;=uavonf? xkd@aemuf vaygif;rsm;pGm
pGef@v$wf&if;ESD;ay;qyfr_rsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ðyvky+f yD;aomtcg tvkyform;rsm;/ aumfvmjzL0efxrf;rsm;ESifh
twwfynm&Sifrsm;onfonf wm;jrpf ydwfqdk@r_ukd ðyvky=f uavonf? xkdwm;jrpfydwfqkd@r_onf ‚if;wkd@ukd,fwkdif
Zmbk&if. wyfzGJ@rsm;tm; wkdufckduf&efay:xGufvmjcif;rsKd; r&SdyJ/ EkdifiHawmf. toufaoG;a=umjzpfonfh tusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;udk
tjyif;txef xdckdufapavonf? ,if;onf tm%m&Sifwkd@. OD;acgif;ukd w&=urf;0ifa&mufwkdufckdufjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ/
tifykdif,mw0Srf;&Sd jynfolrsm;onf &kd;&Sif;pGmyif ‚if;wkd@. vkyfief;rsm;ukd&yfwef@vkdufI tdrfokd@jyefoGm;=ujcif;jzifh/
tm%mykdifwkd@tm; tajctae,drf;,kdifoGm;apr_onf/ wpkHw&m tkHºuGqlylr_ðyvkyfjcif;xuf ykdrkdqkd;&Gm;oGm; apavonf?
okd@aomf tcGifhta&;opfrsm;udk &&Sdatmifjrif&ef ESifh EkdifiHawmftm%mukd jynfolwkd@ESifh cGJa0,l&ef

óud;yrf;&kef;uef=uaom tiftm;pkrsm;onf/ pkpnf;nD!GwfI pnf;urf;&Sdaom v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wcktjzpfokd@ a&muf&Sdatmif
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tm;vkH;ukd ukd,fpm;ðy pkpnf;Ekdifaom oauFwrsm; csKd@wJhcJh=uonf? tm;vkH;rS
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;onfhacgif;aqmifrsKd; r&SdyJ/ jzpfcsifawmh &k&SvlrsKd;wkd@. okH;a&mifjc,ftvH jzpfaeavonf?
olwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@. ydwfqkd@wm;jrpfta&;,lr_udk [efcsufnDnDpnf;0g;&kduf vkyfaqmif&ef twGuf/
acgif;aqmifr_rsKd;ukdvnf; tm;vkH;rS vufcHjcif;rsKd;r&SdcJhacs? (1905) ckESpf ,SOfòydiftHwkr_wGif/ twkduftcH rsm;tm;

OD;aqmif&eftwGuf/ tzGJ@tpnf; csKd@wJhr_rsKd;r&SdcJhacs? awmfvSefa&;qkd&S,fvpfrsm;/ vpfb&,f 'Drkdu&ufrsm;ESifh
tv,ftvwf0g'D zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOay'0g'Drsm;/ tm;vkH;wkd@onf olwkd@. qkdif&mtzGJ@tpnf;. awmif;qkdr_rsm;udkom
ðyvkyf=uonf? olwkd@onf wkdufyGJukdtqkH;tjzwfay;Ekdifonfh jywfjywfom;om; vlxk.
axmufcHyHhykd;r_&&SdatmifpDrH}uD;=uyf&eftwGuf/ olwkd@. EdkifiHa&;t,ltqrwluGJjym;r_ukd/ vkHavmufaom
&Snf=umonfhtcsdefumvtxd/ wcgr#ab;z,frxm;cJh=uay?
xkdokd@ uGJjym;xm;r_rSm EkdifiHa&;t,ltq wckwnf;a=umifhr[kwfay? awmfvSefa&;onfvnf;

vlwef;pm;uGJjym;r_rsm;ESifh vlrsKd; rkef;wD;r_rsm;tay: xGufayguf&Smvmavonf? v,form;rsm;rS v,fykdif&Sif rsm;tm;
zufòydiftHwk=unhfjcif;/ tvkyform;rsm;rS tvkyf&Sifrsm;tm; qef@usif=ujcif;/ c&pf,mefrsm;rS *sL;vlrsKd; rsm;tm;
&efvkyfjcif; ponfh ukvm;rEkdif&ckdifrJonfhvkyf&yfrsm;ukd ðyvkyf=uavonf? Zmbk&if. twkduftcHrsm;onf tpDtrHrsm;
a&;qGJ&ef ESifh atmifjrifcJhonfh ydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_rsm;tay: xyfrH wnfaqmuf &eftwGuf r=umc%qkdovkd twlwuG
0kdif;0efvkyfaqmif&ef rpGrf;aqmifEkdifcJh=uay? olwkd@onf tpkd;&. tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd tjrwfxkwf&eftwGuf
ratmifjrifcJh=uay? tpkd;&rS vufOD;r_&,lI t=urf;zufr_rsm;ukd ðyvkyf+yD;/ vGwfvyfaomae@&ufrsm;ukd
av#mhcsjzwfawmufvkdufaomtcgwGifvnf;/ olwdk@onf jym,m cwfae=uavonf? (1905) ckESpfwGif ay:aygufvmaom
t=urf;rzufvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ESifhtwl Ekd;xvmaom EdkifiHa&; tajymif;tvJonf tppftrSefwckjzpfcJhayonf? okd@aomf
tu,fI xkdv_yf&Sm;r_onf wpnf;wvkH; wnf;&Sdaom v_yf&Sm;r_wcktjzpf/ tajrmftjrif&Sdaom/ xkd;xGif;odjrifaom
r[mAsL[mrsm;jzifh yJhukdifxdef;ausmif; EkdifcJhv#if/ &k&Sm;wkd@. &mpkopfonf tjcm;aomvrf;a=umif;opfwckwGif
pwifav#mufaevdrfhrnfjzpfonf?
tjzpftysufrsm;jzifhjynfhaeonfh a&pDa=umif;xJwGif jzpfay:cJhonfh/ (1905) ckESpf t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ onf

}uD;rm;aomt=urf;zufr_rsm;pGm&SdcJhavonf? +idrf;csrf;aom enf;jzifh csDwufqENjyr_wcktjzpf pwifcJhr_ rsm;onf/
r=umc%qkdovkd t"du&k%f;wcktjzpf (okd@r[kwf) qENjyolrsm;ESifh ykvdyfrsm;t=um; vrf;ay: wkdufckdufr_wcktjzpf/
toGifajymif;oGm;wwf=uavonf? jzpfyGm;cJhaom t=urf;zuf t"du&k%f; trsm;pkrSm/ r=umc%qkdovkd
tm%mykdifwkd@. &ufpufpGmòzdcGif;r_rsm;a=umifh/ tzGJ@tpnf;wckck. tjynfht0xdef;csKyfr_rsm;udk ausmfvGef+yD;/
t=urf;zuf&ef r&nf&G,fyJ jzpfoGm;wwf=uavonf? rnfokd@yif qkdapumrl/ tkyfpkwckonf Zmbk&iftm;
ðzwfcs&eftwGuf t=urf;zufenf;vrf;ukd tokH;ðy&ef txl;*&kpkdufI pDrHaecJhavonf? olwkd@onf olwkd@.
aemufvkdufrsm;ukd vufeufrsm;ukdifaqmif&ef vaygif;rsm;pGm awmif;qkdwkdufwGef;aecJh=uavonf? olwkd@onf tpkd;&.
vufeufrsm;ukd a=umufvef@p&mrvkd/ tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf ppfom;rsm;onfvnf; qlyltkHºuGr_twGif;Y ‚if;wkd@ESifhtwl
0ifa&mufyl;aygif;vm =uvdrfhrnf a=unmcJh=uavonf? xkd@aemuf/ tpkd;&onf ol. tajc,kdifoGm;r_
jyefvnfwnfhrwfvmaom tcsdefwGif/ awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf qlyltkHºuGr_ wckudk pwifcJhavonf? wywfausmf&kHom
=umjrifhonfh wkdufckdufESdrfESif;r_rsm; ðyvkyf+yD;aomtcg/ armfpukdòrd@&Sd v_yf&Sm;r_wckvkH;onf òydusysufpD;oGm;cJh&avonf?
xkd@aemuf tm%m&Sifwkd@onf atmifjrifr_ &&SdoGm;&kHomru/ ykdrkd zdESdyfr_rsm;twGufyg tajccHaumif;oGm; avonf?
(1905) ckESpfwGif/ ppfwyfrsm;tm;/ armfpukdtvkyform;rsm;rS vrf;rsm;ay:wGif ydwfqkd@wm;qD;xm; aom

twm;tqD;rsm;onf/ (1991) ckESpf &k&Sm; tdrfjzLawmfwnf&Sdaomae&mESifh &yfuGuf tenf;i,fom uGmvSrf;avonf?
xkdae&mwGif vufeufrJh t&yfom;rsm;onf/ AkdvfrSL; tDAf'kduDarmhAf ‚if;wkd@. awmif;qkdcsuf rsm;ukd
0ifa&mufyl;aygif;ouJhokd@/ ppfom;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@ESifh yl;aygif;yg0if&ef acsmharmh ajr‡mufyifh em;cscJh=uavonf? xkdv_yf&Sm;r_
ESpfckukd E_dif;,SOf=unfhv#if tusKd;&v'f ESpfckrSmvnf; }uD;rm;pGm uGmjcm;avonf? rsm;pGmaom ppfom;rsm;. tjrifwGif/
(1991) ckESpf. t=urf;rzufjynfolrsm;. tiftm; onf/ tm%modrf;ppftkyfpkxuf rsm;pGmomvGefayonf? ‚if;onf
ppfom;rsm;tm; yGJ=unfhy&d\wftjzpf =um;ae rnfavm/ okd@r[kwf tdrfjzLawmfbufrS ckcHumuG,fay;rnfavm
qkdonfhbufokd@ ajymif;oGm;ap avonf? (1905) ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif/ Zmbk&if. ppfwyfrsm;tm; qef@usifI avxJwGif
a0S@&rf;aeaom aoewfrsm;onf/ t+rJwrf;ppfwyfwwyfrS &efoltay: a'goaygufuGJaeaom ypfcwfr_rsKd;jzifh tajzay;cHcJh
&avonf?
xkdtcsdefu xa&mhpuDESifh vDeifwkd@onf tppftrSefajymif;vJr_wcktwGuf awmfvSefa&;onf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyf+yD;/

xkd vkdtyfonfhawmfvSefa&;rSmvnf; t=urf;zufenf;jzifhom atmifjrifEkdifrnf[k ,kH=unf aecJh=uavonf?
bmawGjzpfoifhonfqkdonfh tjrifrsm;jzifh rsufpduef;aecJh=uavonf? jzpfvmatmif

bmawGjyifqifvkyfaqmifxm;oifhonfqkdonfh jzpfEkdifacsrsm;ukd olwkd@ rjrifcJh=uacs? &mpkESpfopfrS t}udrfrsm;pGm/
ae&mrsm;pGmwGif o&kyfjycJhonfhtwkdif;/ igwaumaum+yD; pdwful;ayguf&m xif&mvkyfwwfaom tm%m&Sif tay:
tajccHxm;onfh pepfwckrSonf/ jynfolwkd@. qENtay:tajccHonf pepfopfqDokd@/ jynfolvlxk. tiftm;ukdqGJ,l+yD;/
wkdif;jynfwjynfukdajymif;vJjcif;rsKd;onf/ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; wnfhwnfhrwfrwf axmifwwfoGm; aom
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ESifh tv#iftjref vufwkef@jyef pm&if;&Sifjcif; rðyvkyf&efrsm; od&Sdxm;&efvkdtyfouJhokd@/ atmifjrifr_ukd &,l&ef
rnfonfhtcsdefwGif ckdifrmawmifhwif;uspfvspfaom wvkH;wpnf;wnf;&Sdr_ukd &,l&rnf/ yËdyuQ.
aemufykdif;umvrsm;twGuf rnfokd@ jyefvnfpkzGJ@&rnf ponfwkd@ukd od&Sdxm;&rnfh u|rf;usifr_ t&nf
tcsif;rsKd;vnf;&Sd&efvkdtyfonf?
tu,fI Zmbk&iftm; qef@usifonfh v_yf&Sm;r_onf/ aomhcsufusonf aocsmaom tcGifhtvrf;

rsm;tay:wGif tjrwfxkwf,lEkdifcJhv#if/ eDukdvufpfonf ol.ðyjyifajymif;vJr_yrm%ukd wkd;csJ@I a=unm&awmh
rnfjzpfonf? xkdtcg aemif (12) ESpft=umY abmvf&SDApf awmfvSefa&;ukd OD;wnfvmaponfh qufwkduf
jzpfysufvmaom tjzpftysufrsm;ukd a&SmifvGJEkdifoGm;rnfjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh/ tu,fI tm%m&Siftpkd;&.
twkduftcHwkd@onf/ Zmbk&if. atmufwkdbm a=unmcsufpmwrf;tm;/ tzufrwef rxDrJhjrif[k oabmxm;&rnfh
w0ufwysuf pDrHaqmif&Gufcsuf wcktjzpf oabmrxm;yJ/ jynfolvlxkwGif arG;&myg woD;yk*~vtcGifhta&;rsm; ESifh
tm%mrsm; ykdifqkdifonf qkdaom cGifhðycsufwckay;tyfvkdufonfh atmifjrifpGm xkd;azmufausmv f $m;EkdifcJhr_wcktjzpf
0rf;yef;wom vufcHayG@zuf,lEkdifcJhrnfqkdv#if/ t=urf;zufzdEySd fòzdcGif;&ef rvkdtyfawmha=umif;ukd/ rdrdwkd@zufwGif&Sdaom
eef;awmftwGif;&Sd ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rdwfaqGrsm;onf Zmbk&iftm; zsm;a,mif;odrf;oGif;pnf;&kH;EkdifcJhvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?
okd@aomf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;twGif;&Sd xkd tay:wGif xm;&Sdaom tylcsdef'D*&Donf tvGefjrifhrm;ae+yD;/
vuf,mtpGef;a&muf0g'Drsm;. t=urf;zufr_ rsm;ESifh/ vuf0JtpGef;a&muf0g'Drsm;. tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;rsm;tay:
tvGeftu|H ,kH=unfr_vGefuJjcif;wkd@onf/ &ufpufpGm t=urf;zufzdESdyfòzdcGif;r_rsm;ukd jzpfay:vmapcJhavonf?
(1905) ckESpfY/ tu,fI ppfom;rsm;ESifh oabFmom;rsm;tm; twkduftcHrsm;twGif;okd@ pepfwus

pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;EkdifcJhv#if/ tpkd;&. tusyfukdifr_ enf;vrf;rsm;onf/ t=urf;zuf òzdcGif;&eftwGuf a&G;cs,faomtcg/ ‚if;.
ppfwyftay: ,kH=unftm;xm;&r_ avsmheJoGm;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf? tu,fI b¾ma&; qkdif&m rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;ukd
ykdrkdus,fjyef@pGm jyifyokd@ wufºuGxufoefpGm jr‡ifhwifEkdifcJhrnfqkdv#if/ tm%m&Sif wkd@. b¾a&;qkdif&m
toufaoG;a=umonf tav;teuf pkd;&drfzG,f&m tm;enf;oGm;rnfjzpfonf? tpkd;&onf t}uD;tus,f
ab;'kuQawG@aepOfY/ jynfwGif;/ jynfy axmufcHulnDr_rsm;jzifh tpkd;&onf jyefvnfpkzGJ@&ef rpGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhacs? xkd@tjyif
‚if;. zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdif&m ajymif;vJr_ðyvkyf&ef uwday;xm;r_ukdvnf; csdeJ@tm;enf;aeapavonf?
tu,fI qkdAD,uf ESifh ‚if;. aemufvkdufrsm;onf vufeufukdifpGJ&ef ac:aqmifr_ukd *&krpkduf

ta&;rvkyfcJhv#if/ tu,fI v_yf&Sm;r_ta&;awmfykH}uD;onf/ TuJhokd@aom ta&;w}uD;tcsdefY/ t=urf;zufr_ vkyfief;ukd
ayG@ykdufvufcH,lrnfhtpm; ypfy,fjiif;qefcJhv#if/ ESifh tu,fI v_yf&Sm;r_ ta&;a;wmfykH}uD;onf tm%m&Siftpkd;&wkd@rS
rnfuJhokd@ wefjyefta&;,laqmif&Guf&rnfukdrodcJhaomtcsed fwGif/ wm;jrpfydwfqkd@ ta&; ,lr_rsm;ukd vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhv#if/
tpkd;&. aemufqkH;prf;oyfr_ cGeftm;rSm jyefvnfay;qyf&efacs;aiGrsm;ukd/ ay;qyf&efysufuGufjcif;jzifh wkdif;wmoGm;Ekdif+yD;/
aoG;xGufoH,kdjzpfr_rsm; ESifh toufqkH;&_H;r_rsm;jzpfvmrnfhtpm; 0yfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm&Sdonfh rD;awmufrsm;rSmvnf;
+idrf;owfoGm;cJhrnfjzpfavonf? tpkd;&onf aºuG;qyfEkdi&f ef ESifh ae@pOfjy\emrsm;ukd xdef;csKyfEkdif&eftwGuf
tiftm;vkdavonf? v_yf&Sm;r_ta&;awmfykHonf xkdESpfckpvkH;ukd ysufpD;oGm;atmif vkyfaqmifEkdifpGrf;&Sdavonf?
jynfolvlxk. v_yf&Sm;r_onf ta&;ygaomaxmufcHr_rsm;ukd wnfwHhaeap&efESifh aocsmI xifomjrifom&Sdaom
yef;wkdifrsm;udk jzef@jzL;ay;&efvkdtyfonf? okd@&mwGif ‚if;wkd@. aemufvkduf&Jabmfrsm;onf vrf;rsm;ay:wGif
towfjzwfcHae&aomtcg/ ESifh ‚if;wkd@ atmifjrif&&Sd aeonfh tpkd;&rS tav#mhay;r_rsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@. acgif;aqmifrsm;rS
vufrcHyJjiif;y,faecJhaomtcg xkdESpfrsKd;pvkH; ukd ‚if;wkd@taeESifh rvkyfaqmifEkdifcJhay?
Zmbk&iftm;qef@usifonfh v_yf&Sm;r_ta&;awmfykH. tquftpyftqDtai:rwnfhaom obm0

tajctaeay:wGif/ tm;vkH;r[kwfawmif txufyg a&G;cs,fjzpfay:vmEkdifonfhtajctaersm;xJrS wckckrSm
qkyfukdifvkyfaqmifEkdif[ef&SdaecJhavonf? &mpkESpf. tpY t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd pwifcJhaom olrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@
pwifrD;&_d@cJhonfh yËdyuQtrsKd;tpm;wkd@. ta=umif;ukd/ v_yf&Sm;r_. aemufykdif;wGif a&muf&Sdvmaom olrsm;xuf/

tvGefeJyg;pGmom odem;vnfcJh=uavonf? okd@aomf/ ‚if;wkd@ vkyfaqmifcJhonfrsm;ESifh/ rvkyfaqmif cJhonfrsm;twGuf/
‚if;wkd@ vkdufav#mufcJhaom vrf;a=umif;. tusKd;quf&v'frsm;rSm tpGef;a&mufr_rsm; a=umifh =urRmiifcJh&avonf?
atmufwkdbm rl0g'a=unmcsufpmwrf;tm; xa&mhpuDrS “bmrS r[kwfbl;”[lI/ rw&m;ojzifh &_wfcsa0zef+yD;/

jynfol@orwEkdifiHwckukd awmif;qkdcJhaomtcg/ v_yf&Sm;r_ta&;awmfykH}uD;rS +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifcJh onfrsm;tay:wGif
olonf r=um;onfhtwkdif;/ em;yif;aecJhavonf? Tokd@jzifh/ aemufqkH;wGif atmifyGJcH,l vkdufaom &efoltm;
tm;&auseyfESpfodrfhoGm;apcJhavonf? aqmif;&moDeef;awmfokd@ csDwufqENjyr_rwkdifrD/ *seDAmrS aeI
vDeifa&;om;vkdufaompmxJwGif jynfolvlxk. vGwfvyfr_ vkHòcHpdwfcspGm&Sdaeap&eftwGuf jynfolvltm;
vufeufwyfqifay;xm;&rnf[lI a&;om;xm;avonf? r=umrDyif vDeif. t,ltq
rSm;,Gif;oGm;a=umif;xif&Sm;apcJhavonf? qENjyoydwaf rSmufolrsm;ESifh t=urf;rzuf tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_onf
tm%m&Siftpkd;&tm; ae&mwkdif;/ tcsdefwkdif;Y uzsuf,zsuf taESmifht,Sufay;cJhaomtcg/ tpkd;&onf zGJ@pnf;ykHqkdif&m
tajccHOya'ajymif;vJa&;twGuf vrf;a=umif;ukd zGifhay;cJh&avonf? okd@aomf olESifh ol. ygwDonf
xkdvufeufukdifaqmifr_ukdom pdwftm;wufºuG ,kH=unfaecJh=uavonf?
trSefwu,fyif/ rmuhfpf0g'Drsm;rSm rSm;,Gif;cJh=uavonf? (1905) ckESpfwGif t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd

uruxðyvkdufjcif;onf/ &k&Sm;jynfolwkd@. ‚if;wkd@.orkdif;wGif 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;. yxrOD;qkH;aom tppf trSef
tckdiftrm xkwfazmfajymqkdEkdifr_vrf;a=umif;rS aoGznfoGm;cJhavonf? xkd@tjyif (1905) ckESpf/ t=urf; zufr_onf/
(1917) ckESpft=urf;zufr_twGufyg rsKd;aphcsay;cJhovkd jzpfoGm;cJhavonf? EkdifiHawmf tm%mukd xdef;odrf;xm;&eftwGuf
tajccHvkdtyfcsuftjzpf Zmbk&if. t=urf;zufr_xuff ykdIqkd;&Gm;aom pepfwus t=urf;zufr_ukd vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf
tm%m&Siftopfwcktm;arG;zGm;ay;cJhavonf? t=urf;zufr_onf &k&Sm;jynfolwkd@tm; vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd
raqmif=uOf;cJhacs? ,if;onf ‚if;wkd@tm; aemufxyf (8) ESpf=um/ EkdifiHa&;wGif txD;usef tazmfrJh
nd‡K;i,faeapcJhavonf? tqkdyg EkdifiHa&;txD;usefr_onf t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_. tcef;opfwckonf/
'Drkdua&pDpepfokd@ajymif;vJ&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_wckukd atmifjrifausmfv$m;Ekdifaom tcgusrSyif
tqkH;owfcJhavawmhonf?
(1991) ckESpfwGif bmawGjzpfvmawmhrnfqkdonfukd awmfvpwGdKif;onfodjrifaecJhavonf? olonf aysmf&$if

jrL;wl;aecJhavonf/ tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf xkdt&mukdvkyfaqmif&eftwGuf rnfonfht&monf
jzpfEkdifacs&Sdonfqkdonfukd olodxm;cJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? orkdif;em&DvufwHtm; vSnhf&eftwGuf/ t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_
rvkdtyfyg/ jynfolvlxk. qENukd azmfxkwf&efomjzpfonf/ ,if;rSm “jynfolrsm; ESifh EkdifiHrsm;tm; a&G@&Sm;apcJhaom
tajccHtusqkH;tiftm;” jzpfonf[k (1905) ckESpfwGif ol ajymqkdcJhavonf? Zmbk&iftm; qef@usifcJhaom
v_yf&Sm;r_ta&;awmfykHonf vkyfxkH; vkyfenf;/ enf;vrf;rsm;ukd od&Sdxm;+yD; jzpfcJh ygv#if/ ‚if;. t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf/
óuHovkd v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ/ r[mAsL[m csrSwfxm;r_ rsm;&SdcJhygv#if/ &k&Sm;EkdifiHESifh urBmw0Srf;vkH;wGif
&mpkESpfopfonf taotcsmyif tjcm;aomykHo¾mefwrsKd;jzifh jzpfvmcJhvdrhfrnfjzpfonf? okd@&mwGif/
oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfukd z,f&Sm;&efóud;yrf;cJhonfh (1905) ckESpf v_yf&Sm;r_ ta&;awmfykHonf/ urBm}uD;tm;
a&G@vsm;Ekdifap&eftwGuf vkHavmufpGm &Snfvsm;onf ukwfwHwckjzpfcJh aomfvnf;/ (1905) ckESpf&Sd &k&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;onf
‚if;wkd@ w}udrfwcgr# tdyfrufyif rrufcJhzl;onfh vrf;a=umif;jzifh &mpkESpftm; a&G@vsm;apcJhavonf?

tdENd,
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_
ydkrdktpGrf;xufonfh aq;enf;
(1905) ckESpf ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;jzpfpOfudk a&;om;xm;onfh owif;pmrsm;udk a0;vHaomt&yfrS urBmvloef;ESifhcsD+yD;

apmifhzwfaeonfhtxJY awmiftmz&durS rxifr&Sm;tdEdN,EG,f a&S@aewOD;. wwfºuGxufoefr_rsKd; rnfonfh pm
zwfy&dowfxHrSmrS &dScJhrnfr[kwfay? oHk;q,fajcmufESpft&G,f rdk[rf;'wfpf *EDN (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi)
twGuf ±k&Sm;tjzpftysufrSm urBmopf.a&S@ajy;edrdwfvdkjzpfcJhonf? ±k&Sm;wdk@taejzifh tkyfpdk;olwOD;OD;udk
vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;jzifh oufOD;qHydkifpepfudk tqHk;owf&ef ,cifuóud;yrf;cJhzl;onfhudk olodxm;.? tckawmhjzifh
ykefuefxºuGr_ESifhowfjzwfr_xuf ydkrdktpGrf;=oZmxufjrwfaom odk@jim;vnf; tvGef&dk;&Sif;onfh enf;vrf;opfwckudk ±k&Sm;wdk@
awG@&dSxm;+yD[k ol,Hk=unfvdkufonf? “tvkyftm;vHk;&yfypf+yD; taxGaxGoydwf}uD;qifeJG&ef &k&Sm;wdk@ a=u nmvdkufonf” [k
*ENDu a&;om;cJh.? “olwdk@wawG vkyfief;cGifawGu xGufcGmoGm;w,f/ w&m;r#wr_awG r&bl; qdk&if tvkyfjyefrqif;bl;vdk@
Zmbk&ifudk ta=umif;=um;cJhw,f? onfudpPudk Zmbk&ifu qef@usifw,fqkdwmawmif rS bmvkyfEdkifrSmvJ?
vHSpGyfawGaxmuf+yD; qENjyolawGudk vSnfhjyefoGm;zdk@&ef Zmbk&ifudk,fwdkifyifv#if =oZmanmif;r_ r&SdEdkif?”[k *EDNu
rSwfwrf;xm;onf?
tpdk;&w&yfudk qef@usifzdk@twGuf vlxkzufrS t=urf;rzufaom ydwfqdk@qENjyr_oHk;jcif;udk *ENDtaejzifh ,ckrS=um;jcif; r[kwf?

(1880) ckESpfrsm;twGif; vef'efY Oya'ausmif;wwfaepOfuvnf; ajriSm;&rf;cudk qef@usifonfhqENjyr_tyg t0if
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf tdkif,mvefwdk@.v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;tay: teD;uyfavhvmapmifh=unfhcJhzl; onf?
awmifz&durS tmz&duefrsm;ESifhtdE,
Nd EG,fzGm;wdk@taejzifh tkyfcsKyfolvljzLrsm;u jyXmef;xm;onfh uef@owf
csufrsm;eSifhtcGeftaumufrsm;tay: qef@usiv f #uf&dSonfudkvnf; olodxm;onf? &k&Sm;ta=umif;ola&;om;aepOf rSmyif
b*FvD[dENdLwdk@rS olwdk@.jynfe,fudk cJGxkwf&ef +Adwdo#wdk@.tpDtpOfudk qENjyonfhtaejzifh t*Fvdyft0wf
txnfrsm;udkoydwfarSmufonfudkvnf; olzwfvdkuf&onf?
xkdjzpf&yfwckcsif;wdkif;wGif jynfolvlxktaejzifh wdkufcdkuf&efrljcif;r[kwfyJ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk jiif;qdkjcif;jzifh tpdk; &wdk@udk

pdefac:cJh=uonf? “tm;t}uD;qHk;qdkolrsm;yifv#if tkyfcsKyfpdk;rdk;xm;&ef ttkyfcsKyfcHrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ r&ygu rjzpfEdkif”
[k *ENDu a&;rSwfcJhonf? ±k&Sm;jynfrSatmifyJGonf +Adwdo#wdk@tkyfcsKyfr_atmufrS &kef;uefaeonfh
ol@.ZmwdajrtdENd,twGufvnf; oifcef;pmjzpfvmcJhonf? “olwdk@udk t&mxrf;aewJholawG&dSvdk@om tdEdN,rSm olwdk@
tpdk;&Edkifwmjzpfw,f” [k *EDNu rSwfcsuðf ycJhonf? “±k&Sm;vlxkrSm&dSwJh cGeftm;rsKd;udkvnf; igwdk@jyEdkifw,f”[k *ENDu
a&;xm;.? ±k&Sm;jynfrSmjzpfcJhonfrsm;udk ol@.rdcifajr tdENd,wGif rnfodk@rnfzHktoHk;ðyEkdifrnfenf;[k xdkvl&G,f a&S@aeuav;.
pdwftpOfwGif ajy;v$m;aepOf (1905) ckESpfrSmyif awmiftmz&du. tjzpftysuftpdwftydkif;umv wckwGif ol&dSaecJhonf?
awmiftmz&dua&muf *END
“rdrdudk,fudkav;pm;wefzdk;xm;onfh tdENd,vlrsKd;wOD;twGuf ae&mr&Sd”
rdk[rf;'wfpf *EDNudk tdENd,EdkifiHtaemufydkif;urf;&dk;wrf;&dS om;em;x,f0gonfhjynfe,fi,fav;wck. *k*s&wD pum;

ajymrdom;pkrS zGm;jrifvmcJhonf? bHkabESifh umvuwWm;òrd@uJhodk@ òrd@}uD;rsm;ESifhE_dif;,SOfv#if acwfa&pD;a=umif;ESifh
twefi,fuGmvSrf;aeonfh òrd@wòrd@[k qdkEdkifonf? ol.rdom;pktaejzifh *EDNudk tazhajc&mtwdkif;vdkufrnfholtjzpf
a'otkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&dSwOD;jzpfvmap&ef ar#mfrSef;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; ol@udk vef'efudkapv$wfI Oya'ynm&yf
oif=um;apcJh.? odk@aomfvnf; *EDN. +Adwdo#oGm; ynmavhvmr_onf tdEdN,EdkifiHtwGif; Oay'ynmtoHk;cs&ef jyif qifcGifh
tenf;i,fomjzpfapcJhonf? (1891) ckESpf oljyefvm+yD;aemuf w&m;cGifxJ0ifa&mufonfhtcg wGef@qkwfr_ a=umifh
r±_rvSjzpfcJh&onf? ol.yxrOD;qHk;tr_wGif tmap;xnfhxm;ovdkjzpfcJh&+yD; =um;emr_tv,ffacgifY tav#mh ay;cJh&onf?
r=umrDrSmyif ol.arG;&yfajr &wfcsaumh (Rajkot) udk jyefoGm;+yD; Oay'qdkif&mpm=urf;rsm; a&;om; ðypkjcif;jzifh

toufarG;aexdkifcJh&onf? awmiftmz&du&dS tdEdN,ukefoG,fa&;ukr`%Dwck. vkyfief;udk,fpm;vS,f tjzpf
urf;vSrf;cHcJh&onfhtcg xdktvkyfudk vufcH,lcJhonf? ratmifjrifaomtwwfynmqdkif&mvkyfief;udk tdENd,Y xm;&pf+yD;
tjcm;urBmopfwckudk tpðycJhonf?
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tdENd,jynfom;wdk@rSm ,cifuwnf;u awmiftmz&duoGm;I tvkyfvkyf=uonfh Tvrf; a=umif;udk

a&G;jc,fcJh=uonf? trsm;pkrSm aºuG;+rDjyefqyfEdkif&ef }uH&dwfjcif; odk@r[kwf aumfzDaphcl;jcif;wdk@jzifh ay:yif usyef;vkyfief;rsm;Y
vkyfudkif=u&onf? xdkaºuG;+rDrsm; ta=uqyfEdkif+yDqdkonfESifh ukefoG,fvkyfief;/ rmvD odk@r[kwf tapcHtjzpf
yifyifyef;yef;vkyfudkif=u&onf? *EDN.arG;&yfajr *l*s&wfa'orS tdENd,ukefonftrsm;pkvnf; a&G@ajymif; aexdkifcJh=uonf?
xdk&mpkESpfqef;ydkif;wGifaew,fvf (Natal) wckwnf;Yyif tdEdN,vlrsKd; (5) aomif;&dScJhonf? xdkta& twGufrSm tmz&duef (5)
odef;vlOD;&nfxufpmv#if enf;yg;aomfvnf; t=urf;zsOf;tm;jzifh vljzLvlOD;a&ESifh twl wljzpfonf?
tdENd,vlOD;&nfyrm%enf;onf[kqdkEdkifaomfvnf; ae&mwdkif;wGif tdEdN,tEG,frsm; tv#iftjrefwdk; wufI
jyef@usJwnf&dSaecJhonf?
awmiftmz&du&dS tdENd,tEG,frsm;wGif [dENL/ rGwfqvif/ c&pf,efbmom0ifrsm;&dSovdk/ csrf;omol qif;&Jol/ ynm

wwfESifhynmrJh/ ZmwfjrifhESifhZmwfedrhf pojzifh &dSae=uonf? vljzLrsm;. tjrifwGifrl xdkoltm;vHk;udk ulvD odk@r[kwf
rsKd;EG,fedrfhonfh ta&S@wdkif;om;tjzpf &dSaeonf? xdkodk@ tajctjrpfr&dSonfhtpJGtvef;rsm;jzifh xdkolrsm;tay: Oya' rsm;udk
trsKd;rsKd;txyfxyf pkpnf;jyXmef;xm;.? +Adwdo#tifyg,mwvHk;Y bmoma&;t&vGwfvyfcGifh&dS&efESifh vlrsKd;
a&;cJGjcm;r_rsm;r&dSap&ef tmrcHxm;onfh (1858) ckESpfApfwdk&D;,m; bk&ifr.a=unmcsufudk qef@usifazmufzsufxm;
jcif;jzpfonf? rJay;cGifh/ wdkif;jynfwGif;0ifa&mufcGifh/ wdkif;jynfwGif;c&D;oGm;vmcGifh/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkifcGifh/
aexdkifrnfhae&ma&G;jc,fcGifhtm;vHk;udk wif;=uyfcHxm;&onf?
xdkodk@ uef@owfwif;=uyfrsm;tay: *EDNtaejzifh tcsdef=um=um csKyfwnf;raeEdkifcJhay? 'gbef (Durban) a&muf+yD;

wywftwGif;rSmyif tr_wckpum;ajym&eftwGuf *k%foa&&dS 0wfvHkawmf&wOD;taejzifh y&Dwdk&D;,m;oGm;&xm;
yxrwef;xdkifcHkvufrSwfudk 0,f,lcJhonf? yxrwef;xdkifcHkwGif ol&dSaeonfudk vljzLwa,mufu wdkif=um;onfhtcg
yxrwef;cHkrS armif;xkwfcH&onf? olujiif;qdkaoma=umifh &xm;ay:rS uefcscH&zl;.? aemufw}udrf xdkc&D;pOfrSmyif
Oa&mywdkufom;c&D;oGm;rsm;ESifhtwl &xm;vHk;xJwGif vdkufygxdkifcGifhr&yJ &xm;vHk;tjyif armif;olESifhtwl vdkufygcJh &zl;onf?
“rdrdudk,fudk wefbdk;xm;wJh tdENd,vlrsKd;awGtzdk@awmh awmiftmz&durSmae&mr&dSbl;vdk@ usaemfjrifw,f” [k *EDNu
aemufydkif;Y a&;om;cJhonf?
'gbefòrd@Y Oya'ynmtoHk;ðyI &yfwnf&SifoefcJhonf? usifh0wfqdkif&mwGifomru tay;t,loabm r#r#ww vkyf

aqmifvdkpdwf&dSonfhtwGuf vlodrsm;cJhonf? xdktawmtwGif; cJGjcm;qufqHonfh Oya'rsm; qufwdkufxkwfjyefvm
onfhatmufwGif tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;tzdk@ cHpm;epfemr_rsm;jzpfvmcJhonf? xdkolrsm; rJay;cGifhtay: ydwfyif&ef aew,fvftpdk;&rS
tqdkðywifjyvmonfhtcg xdkOya'udk qef@usif&eftwGuf *ENDrS tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;cJh onf?
,cifusyef;vkyfom;rsm;tay: acgif;cHGaumufcHr_/ a&G@ajymif;aexdkifr_tay: tuef@towfrsm;/ tdEdN, ukefonfrsm;
vkyfief;cGifhðycsuf &,lr_vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;/ tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm; vkyfief;vkyfudkifcGifhESifhaexdkifr_tay:
wif;=uyfr_pnf;rsOf;rsm;tay: qef@usifonfh wdkufyGJopfrsm;udk *EDNtaejzifh r=umcifESpfrsm;twGif; 'gbefrStpðyI aemufydkif;
*sdK[ef;empbwfòrd@rsm;wdkif w&m;pJGqdkjcif; pkaygif;vufrSwfxdk;awmif;qdkwdkufyJG0ifjcif;ESifh owif;pmrS wqifh
wdkufyJG0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhonf? tcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif ,m,Dtm;jzifh atmifjrifr_rsm;&&dSaomfvnf; tdEdN,EG,fzGm; qef@usifa&;'Dvd_if;udk
ol@taejzifh vHk;0 &dkufcsdK;EdkifpGrf;r&dScJhay?
*EDN txif}uD;cJhonfh &k&Sm;tjzpftysuf wESpf=um+yD;onfhaemuf *EDNaexdkif&m x&ef@pfAJvf (Transvaal) Y tdEdN,

EG,fzGm;a&G@ajymif;aexdkifolrsm;tay: wm;jrpfuef@owfonfh aemufxyfOya'rsm;ESifh tdENd,EG,fzGm;rsm;taejzifh
rSwfyHkwifu'fudkifaqmif&ef Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;cJhonf? tvGeftrif;a'goxGufaeonfh *EDNtaejzifh aemufxyf
v_yf&Sm;r_yHkpHwrsKd; vkyfaqmif&rnf[k cHpm;cJh&onf? xdkOya'opfudk rvdkufem&eftwGuf (1906) ckESpf *sdK[efem

pbwftifyg,mcef;rxJ&dS tpnf;ta0;wckY *EDNu tm;vHk;udk awmif;qdkcJhonf? xdkaemuf oydwfarSmufrnfholrsm; udk
rSwfyHkwifapI tEkenf;jzifh tmcHa&;tzJG@ (Passive Resistance Association) udk zJG@pnf;cJhonf? onfaemuf
rSwfyHkwifu'frsm;udk bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif;rsm;a&S@ pkyHkrD;&d_@yJGrsm;/ tpktðyHvdkuf w&m;r0ife,fpyfjzwfI x&ef@pfAJvfudk 0if
a&mufjcif;ESifh rdkif;vkyfom;rsm; qENjyoydwfwckwdk@jzpfyGm;cJhonf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGm zrf;qD;cH&ovdk *EDNudk,fwdkif vnf;
oHk;}udrfwdkifwdkif tzrf;cH&onf? (1914) ckESpfY tpdk;&u aemufqHk; vdkufav#may;cJh+yD;/ tdENd,EG,fzGm;rsm; pdwf
roufromjzpfcJh&onfh tqifhtwef;owfrSwfr_tygt0if rSwfyHkwifOya'rsm;udk jyefvnf &kwfodrf;cJh&onf? *EDN.
OD;aqmifr_aemufY [dENL rGwfqvif rdkif;vkyfom; ukefonf tm;vHk; vdkufygcJh=uovdk/ rw&m;onfh Oya'rsm;udk azmufzsuf+yD;
tzrf;qD;cH=ujcif;jzifh ajymif;vJr_rsm; jzpfapcJhonf?
tEkenf;jzifh tmcHa&; (Passive Resistance)
xdkESpfrsm;&dS awmiftmz&du v_yf&Sm;r_onf tdENd,EdkifiHwGif;atmifjrifr&onfha&S@aeaygufpav;tjzpfrS &_wfaxG;+yD;

tuJGuJGtjym;jym;&dSaeonfh vl@tzJG@tpnf;wcktwGif;v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufaeonfh EdkifiHa&;t&ifhtrmwOD;tjzpf *ENDudk *ENDtm;
yHkoGif;ay;cJhonf? xdktdENd,vli,fuav;udk ajymif;vJay;Edkifonfh tvm;wl 'kwd,tcsufwck&dSygao;onf?
awmiftmz&duudk a&mufa&mufcsif; *EDNtaejzifh ol@.aemufydkif;b0twGuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&m,Hk=unfr_twGuf &SmazG
pl;prf;cJhonf? [dENLbmom0ifwOD;taejzifh &dSaeapumrl tjcm;rGwfqvif c&pf,mef/ ygqpf/ *sdef; pojzifh bmom0if rsm;ESifh
ol@.rdbtdrfYvnf;aumif;/ vef'efYvnf;aumif;/ awmiftmz&duYvnf;aumif;/ &if;&if;ESD;ESD;awG@qHkcJhzl; onf?
txl;ojzifhqdkv#if *sdef;bmom0if ausmufrsufukefonfvnf;jzpf uAsmq&mvnf;jzpfol &wfcsfcsef'&m &Af *spf[dkif rmwm
(Rajchandra Ravjibhai Mehta) . =oZmv$rfrdk;r_&dS+yD; tjyeftvSefpma&;om;cJh=uonf? rnf onfhwOD;wa,mufjzpfap
bmomw&m;t&jzpfap jynfhpHkpGmrodEdkifonfh zufaygif;pHk&dSonfhtrSefw&m;qdkonfESifh ywfouf+yD; *EDNudk olu
tav;xm;ajymqdka&;om;cJhonf? “bmomw&m;qdkwmawG[m wlnDwJhae&mwck a&muf zdk@twGuf vrf;toG,foG,fygyJ”
[k (1909) ckESpfY *EDNa&;om;cJhzl;onf? “igwdk@wawG wlnDwJhyef;wdkifa&mufzdk@ vrf;toG,foG,fa&G;=uwmbmjy\em&SdovJ”
[k *EDNu qdkonf?
tpktpnf;wckwnf;urS b0tm;vHk; jzpfvmonf[k ,lqonfh *EDNtaejzifh ,Hk=unfr_qdkif&mESifh vufawG@qdkif&m

vkyfaqmifr_rsm; uJGjym;jcm;em;csufr&dSovdk/ xdkenf;twdkif; touf&SifaexdkifoGm;&ef óud;yrf;cJhonf? oltwGuf
vufawG@qdkif&m wefbdk;w&m;tjzpf ,Hk=unfr_qdkif&m tajccHrlw&yfrSm t[d Ho (Ahimsa) ac: t=urf;rzufa&; jzpfonf?
t[d Ho onf *sdef;bmom/ Ak'<bmomESifh [dENL tawG;tac:wGif eufeuf±d_if; ±d_if; wnf&dSaeovdk/ c&pf
,meftawG;tjrifYvnf; tvm;wlazmfjycsufrsKd;udk *ENDrS tcdkiftrmawG@&dSxm;onf? txl;ojzifh vD,dkawmfpwGdKif; .
a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh a'\emusrf;tcsKd@ (Sermon on the Mount) wGifawG@&dS&onf? (1894) ckESpfu vD,dkawmf pwdGKif;.
bk&m;ocifwdkif;jynfonf oifhudk,fwGif;Y&dSonf (The Kingdom of God Is Within You) [lonfh pmtkyfudk zwf±_+yD;/
t=urf;zufr_udk qef@usifonfh ±k&Sm;wdk@.tqdkrSm ol@udk v$rf;rdk;xm;cJh.?
t[d HorSm EdkifiHa&;yËdyuQrsm;ESifhvnf; ywfoufqufEG,fcsufrsm;&dSonf? zdESdyfr_udkqef@usifonfh t=urf;zufr_onf

vrf;vJGae±Hkru trSm;w&yfvnf;jzpfonf[k *ENDu ,Hk=unfcJh.? xdkodk@t=urf;zufr_onf zdESdyfr_udktm;ay;onfh
rSm;,Gif;onfht,ltqESifhta=umufw&m;rsm;udk jzpfapaoma=umifh/ xdkt=urf;zufr_jzifh rw&m;rr#wr_rsm;udk
rnfonfhtcgrS tqHk;owfaprnfr[kwfay? *ENDtwGufrl rw&m;onfhenf;vrf;jzifh w&m;onfhtajzrsm;b,fawmhrS
xGufvmrnfr[kwf[k ,Hk=unfxm;onf? (1909) ckESpfY *END. a&;om;csufY “enf;vrf;onf opfaphESifhtvm;wl +yD;/
tajzvrf;qHkrSm opfyifjzpfonf/ opfyifESifhopfaphuJhodk@yif enf;vrf;ESifhvdkvm;csufvrf;qHk;rSm rcsKd;azmufaumif; onfh
qufpyfr_jzpfonf/ rdrdwdk@ pdkufysdK;xm;or# rdrdwdk@ jyef&dwfodrf;&rnfrSm taotcsmyif” [k qdkxm;onf?
odkaomfvnf; *ENDtaejzifh xda&mufEdkifrnfh EdkifiHa&;vkyf&Sm;r_enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmcJh&onf? awmiftmz&duwGif &dSae pOftwGif;

tdENd,EG,fzGm;acgif;aqmifwOD;taejzifh ol@.v_yf&Sm;r_rSm t=urf;rzufa&;jzpfaomfvnf;/ rdef@cGef;rsm;
pkaygif;vufrSwfxdk;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ay;pmrsm; tm%mydkifrsm;ESifhtpnf;ta0;rsm;jzifh vlrsKd;a&;cJGjcm;r_t,ltq Oya' rsm;udk

twdtvif;zGifhcsjycJhonf? tdENd,EG,fzGm;rsm;udk wef;wl&nfwlqufqHoihfonf[lawmh t,ltqtrSef w&m;udk vljzLrsm;
jrifvmatmif vH_aqmfonfh enf;vrf;jzpfonf? tifyg,mcef;rtpnf;ta0; usrf;usdefyJG +yD;onfh aemufydkif;
qENjyv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif Tenf;vrf;udk olawG@&dSvmcJhonf?
yxrydkifwGif xdkenf;vrf;udk t=urf;rzuftmcHa&;[k ol ac:qdkcJhonf (aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif TtoHk;tE_ef;udk oHk;E_ef;&ef

oljiif;qdkcJhonf)? enf;vrf;rSm tvGef&Sif;vif;onf - rr#wonfh Oya'rsm;udk qef@usifa=umif; a=unm onf (
Oyrmtm;jzifh - vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmcGifhudk uef@owfcsufOya'rsm;)/ xdkOya'rsm;udk csdK;azmufonf (owfrSwfe,fajrpnf;udk
w&m;r0ifjzwful;onf)/ xdk@aemuf jzpfay:vmonfhtusKd;qufudk cHpm;onf (zrf;qD;jcif;/ !Sif;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;/ axmifcsjcif;)?
qENjytmcHolrsm;. wnfwnf+idrf+idrf&dSr_/ tusKd;qufqif;&J'kuQtay: oduQm&dS&dS cH,l cHpm;jcif;wdk@jzifh zdESdyfolrsm;.
tjrift,ltqudk yGifhvifap+yD; zdESdyfr_rsm;jzpfapaom &efvdkrkef;wD;r_rsm; av#mhyg; oGm;aponf[k *EDN ,Hk=unfcJhonf?
xdkolrsm;taejzifh twdkuftcHrsm;udk tEdkif&&ef Edkifvdkrif;xuf &efðycsufxuf pmv#if trSefw&m;udkodjrifI
vdkufav#mvm&onf/ xdkenf;vrf;onf zdESdyfolwdk@. pdwfoabmESifhvkyfaqmifcsuf tay: ajymif;vJaponf[k
*END,Hk=unfxm;onf? xdkodk@v_yf&Sm;r_t,ltqudk o=u*[ (Satyagraha) (trSef w&m;ESifh cdkifcdkif+rJ+rJqkyfudkifjcif;qdkonfh
[dENLpum;udk aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf)[k *ENDu trnfay;cJhonf?
odk@aomfvnf; r=umrDrSmyif o=u*[ ESifywfoufI }uD;rm;onfhtjrifw&yf&dSvmonf? xdkenf;vrf;onf ol.

jzpfEdkifacsxuf pdwf"gwfydkif;qdkif&mZpfjrpftoHk;0ifr_enf;vmonfhtcsufjzpfonf? yk*~dKvfa&;t& pHerlejywefbdk;rSm
tuef@towf&dSonf[k *EDN todtrSwfðycJhonf? tcdkiftrmqHk; tmcHa&;orm;rsm;yifv#if qif;&J'kuQrsm;pGmudkom
cHpm;Edkifaomfvnf; axmifv$m;+yD; tpJGtrSwf}uD;onfh cdkifrmaeonfhtpdk;&trsKd;tpm;rSm v#ifv#ifjrefjref ðywfus
roGm;Edkifay? o=u*[udk EdkifiHa&;vufeufwcktjzpf toHk;ðyrnfqdkygu wzuftpdk;&udk zdtm;jzpfapEdkifrnf[k *END u
oabmaygufcJhonf? “pdwfydkif;t&jzpfap &kyfydkif;t&jzpfap aemufrSmtiftm;r&dSbl;qdk&if onfvdk awmif;qdk& wmudk
igr,Hk=unfygbl;” [k *EDN a&;om;cJhonf?
zdESdyfr_rsm;udk vdkufemrvm; jiif;qefrvm;qdkonfudk ttkyfcsKyfcHrsm;rS a&G;jc,f&avh&dS&m tkyfcsKyfolrsm;taejzifh

xdktajctaetay: rSDwnfae&onf? xdka=umifhvnf; o=u*[rSm wzufvl. taetxm;w&yfudk ajymif;vJrnfh
pGrf;tm;jzpfonf[k *EDN ,Hk=unfxm;onf? o=u*[ jzifh wzufzdESdyfoludk trSefw&m;udkod&dSapI tEdkif,ljcif;[k *EDNu
ajymxm;aomfvnf; ppfa&;oabmaqmifjcif;&dSonfudkvnf; *EDNu r=umc%xkwfajymcJhonf? tkyfcsKyfol rsm;zufu
t±H_;ay;jcif;r&dSu vkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;&dS+yD;/ xdkvkyfief;pOfonf tvGef@tvGef &efzufyHko¿mef tjzpfodk@
ajymif;vJypf&ef r&nf&G,faomfvnf;/ wzufzdESdyfolwdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkufap&ef &nfrSef;xm;onf? Tenf;a=umifh
trSm;trSefcJGjcm;&efxuf ajymif;vJr_jzpfap&efvdkvm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;twGuf *EDNtaejzifh o=u*[ . vufawG@usonfh
tjcm;a&G;jc,fpOf;pm;p&mudk zefwD;ay;cJhonf?
t[d Ho onf vHk;0tºuGif;rJhrSefuefonfh t,l0g'jzpfonf[k *EDNu qdkvdkxm;jcif;r&dSay? oljyif;jyif;xefxefa0zefcJh onfh

tm%mydkifrsm;. tpDtpOfwus t=urf;zufr_ESifh zdESdyfcHeif;jym;wdk@. tvdktav#mufjzpfvmonfh t=urf; zufr_ESpfckudk *EDNu
cJGjcm;jrifcJhonf? eif;jym;wdk@.t=urf;zufr_tay: ol@taejzifh cGifhvGwfcJhonfr[kwfaomfvnf; xdkodk@jzpf&yfrsm;udk ol@taejzifh
em;vnfEdkif+yD;/ *k%foduQmqdkif&mxdrf;odrf;r_twGuf jzpfaumif;jzpfvmEdkifonf[k olu qdkonf?
oduQmrJhonfhol&Jabma=umifr_twGuf t=urf;zufr_udk tm;udk;tm;xm;ðyoifhonf[k ol. b0 wav#mufvHk;Y
pJGudkif,Hk=unfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh *EDN. t[d HoESifh o=u*[ usifhpOfrsm;rSm ajymif;vJr_rsm;jzpfay: vmap&ef
w&m;r#wr_twGuf arwWmw&m;a&S@&_oifhonf[k ,lqxm;onfh olawmfpOfrsm;twGufawmh r[kwfay?
(1909) ckESpfaEGOD;umv t*Fvefc&D;pOfonf tdEdN,EdkifiHwGif;Y o=u*[ enf;udk rnfodk@usifhoHk;oifhonfqdkonfh tawG;udk

jzpfay:apcJhonf? awmiftmz&du&dS tdENd,EG,fzGm;wdk@twGuf pnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;&ef vef'efoGm;onfhc&D;pOf jzpfaomfvnf; ol.
arG;&yfajrESifhywfoufI jiif;cHk tr_tcif;jzpfcJh&onf? *EDN ra&mufcif&ufydkif;twGif;u vef'ef wGifaexdkifonfh
tdENd,vli,fwOD;rS +Adwdo#t&m&dS qm0DvD,H cgZGef 0if;vD (Sir William Curzon-Wyllie) udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhonf?

jynfya&muf tdEdN,EG,fzGm;wdk@tjrifY xdkodk@t=urf;zufr_onf vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf taocsmqHk;vrf;
jzpfonf[ktjrif&dSonfhtwGuf xdktjzpftysufonf *EDNudk wkefv_yfoGm;apcJhonf? xdk,Hk=unfr_udk wefjyefonfhtaejzifh
tjyefc&D; (10) &ufwm oabFmay:wGifyif aqmif;yg;wapmif a&;om;cJhonf? nmzufvuf
anmif;onfESifhb,fzufvufESifha&;um ta&;w}uD; tv#iftjref aqmif;yg; a&;om;cJh&onf?
xdk@aemuf *END. awmiftmz&duef tywfpOfjzpfonfh tdEdN,wdk@tjrif (Indian Opinion) Y xdkaqmif;yg;udk azmfjycJh onf?
tdENd,EG,fzGm; t=urf;zuform;rsm;. tjrifudk udk,fpm;ðyonfh pmzwfol ESifh *EDN.tjrifudk udk,fpm;ðyonfh t,f'Dwm
t=um; tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;onfhta&;tom;[efjzpf.? trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_. enf;emw&yftae jzifh
t=urf;zufr_toHk;ðyjcif;udk &_wfcsa0zefxm;+yD;/ t=urf;rzufonfh o=u*[enf;vrf;udk tom;ay;azmfjyxm; onf?
xdku¾onf aemufydkif;tdENd,trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;olwdk@ pOf;pm;=uonfh t=urf;zufr_ESifhywfoufI a0zef aqG;aEG;r_xuf
omvGefaumif;rGefcJh.? tdEdN,trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;olwdk@u olwdk@.vdkvm;csufrSm qGm&wf (Swaraj) jzpfonf[k
tcdkiftrmajymcJhonf - EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifh odk@r[kwf [kef;r&l;tjzpf t*Fvdyfpum; t,l tqESifh twlwljzpfonfh
toHk;tE_ef;jzpfonf (0HomEkv_yf&Sm;r_[kvnf; ac:onf)? tdENd,jynftwGuf qGm&wfudk ol@taeESifhvdkvm;a=umif; *EDNu
ajymcJhaomfvnf; xdkpum;udk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; tjzpf t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcJhonf? “usaemfwdk@udk,fwdkifudk,fus tkyfcsKyfr_udk
avhvmr,fqdk&if 'g[m qGm&wfyJ” [k *ENDu a&;om;cJh.?
t=urf;zufr_rSm +Adwdo#wdk@ oGwfoGif;ay;cJhonfh bmomw&m;uif;rJhonfh t&dkif;tpdkif;wdk@. b0aexdkifr_[k *ENDu qdkcJhonf?

xdkt=urf;zufonfh tawG;tjrifrS wrsKd;om;vHk;rvGwfajrmufEdkifyJ/ xdkt=urf;zufr_jzifh tdENd,rS +Adwdo# vlrsKd;wdk@udk
armif;xkwfrnfhtjriftay: *EDNu ar;cGef;xkwfcJhonf? tdENd,vlrsKd;wdk@taejzifh tdENd,. rlvZpfjrpf tppftrSefudk jyefvnf
usifhoHk;vdkufem=u&ef *EDNu wdkufwGef;cJhonf? qGm&wfudk vdkufemusifhoHk;Edkifygu EdkifiHa&; vGwfvyfr_twGuf tajzudk
&SmawG@rnf[k *EDNu pJGpJG+rJ+rJ vufcH,Hk=unfcJhonf? “usaemfwdk@tdrfudk tpDtpOfwus xdef;odrf;xm;r,fqdk&if
onftdrfeJ@vdkufav#mnDaxGjzpfr,fholawGyJ usefvdrfhr,f/ usefolawGtm;vHk; udk,fhtpDtpOf eJ@udk,f xGufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f” [k
*EDNu a&;om;cJh.?
odk@aomfvnf; qGm&wf. t"dy`g,frSm taemufwdkif;usifhpOfudk vufrcHjiif;y,fcsufxuf ydkygonf? tdEdN,vlrsKd;wdk@ wGifvnf;

qdk;0g;onfh tjypftemtqmrsm; &dSonf[k olu 0efcHcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh uav;oli,frsm;udk
vufxyfxdef;jrm;jcif;qdkonfhtcsufjzpf+yD;/ xdktcsufrSm wdkif;jynfudkvma&muftkyfpkd;onfh wdkif;wyg;om;wdk@udk wky
vkyfaqmifjcif;[k tjypfwifIr&ay? qGm&uf onf tdEdN.vlrsKd;wdk@.b0aexdkifr_udkyif ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef &nf&G,f onf[k
*EDNu &Sif;jycJhonf? +Adwdo#wdk@udk armif;xkwf&efqdkonfh EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufoufoufr[kwfay? raumif; qdk;0g;
ewfrdp>mwdk@. usifhpOfrSefor#udk ESdrfeif;&ef &nf&G,fonfh/ vlr_a&;ESifh wOD;csif;qdkif&m &nfrSef;csufvnf;yg&dS ayonf?
awmiftmz&duY&dSaepOf q,fpkESpfESpfcktwGif; xdkqGm&uf usifhpOfudk *ENDusifhoHk;cJh.? taemufwdkif;. trSwf oauF w

"avhrsm;pGmudk c0gcs+yD; &dk;&Sif;onfh tdENd,v,form;0wfpHkudk 0wfqifcJhonf? ol@uav;rsm;udk Oa&myyHkpHausmif; rsm;xuf
tdrfYyif ynmoifapcJhonf? oltygt0if ol@rdom;pkwdk@ usef;rma&;t&wpHkwckjzpfvmwdkif; taemuf wdkif;aq;0g;rsm;udk
oHk;pJG&ef jiif;y,fcJhonf? ZmwfpepfESifhywfoufonfh tjrpfwG,faeonfh tdEdN,tavhtxtcsKd@ udkvnf; ypfy,fcJh.?
oltygt0if ol@.tdrfom;vHk;rSm npfnrf;onfhtvkyftudkif[k,lqxm;+yD; Zmwfedrfhrsm;om vkyfaqmif&onfh
t0wfav#mfzGwfjcif;/ qHyif!‡yfjcif;/ qD;tdk;oGefjcif; ponfh tdrfr_tvkyfrsm;udk udk,fwdkifvkyfaqmif =uonf? *EDN
aexdkifusifh}uHcJhonfh txl;0daoorsm;rSm vufr_vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkifjcif;/ &dk;&Sif;pGmaexdkifjcif;/ oef@&Sif;
pif=u,fpGmaexdkif;jcif;jzpfonf? txif&Sm;qHk;rSm pm;aomufr_udk csKd;jcHac|wm+yD; (1906) ckESpfrSpI umr*k%ftm&HkrS
apmifhxdef;a&SmifusOfjcif;jzpfonf?
xdkodk@ &v'fygonfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzifh tdENd,EkdifiHodk@ oljyefa&mufvmcJhonf? awmiftmz&dutpdk;&taejzifh

rSwfyHkwifOya'udk y,fzsufay;vdkufonfhtcg ol@.EdkifiHa&;ESifhpdwf"gwft,ltqqdkif&m vufawG@prf;oyfr_udk T ae&mwGif
&yfqdkif;&efESifh tdENd,odk@jyefI prf;oyfawG@&dSr_todrsm;udk toHk;cs&ef *EDN qHk;jzwfcJh.? wkEd_if;r&dSonfh

t&nftcsif;rsm;ydkufvmonfh tdrftjyefvrf;vnf; jzpf.? jynfyYaexdkifcJh&onfh b0onf ol@twGuf tdENd,wck vHk;udk
v$rf;ðcHtjrif&&dScJhonf? xdkodk@ rdcifajrrS cJGae&onfhtwGufvnf; zefw&mawaeonfh EdkifiHa&;jiif;cHkr_avxkESifh uif;a0;apcJh+yD;
ol@.udk,fydkiftawG;tjrifrsm;vnf; &&dSapcJhonf? udk,fajcudk,f &yfwnfa&; (trSDtcdkuif;a&;) ESifh
tdEdN,jynfvGwfajrmufa&;tjrifrsm;jzifh (1914) ckESpfwGif arG;&yfajrodk@ *END jyefvnf a&muf&dSvmawmhonf?
&wf*sf tkyfcsKyfa&; (The Raj) odk@r[kwf

e,f&Sify,f&Sifrsm; (Overlords)
+Adwdo#wdk@ taejzifh ueOD;ydkif;u ppfatmifEdkifolrsm;taejzifh r[kwfyJ ukefonfrsm;taejzifh tdEdN,odk@ a&muf&dSvm

jcif;jzpfonf? tdEdN,urf;&dk;wef;wav#mufY tcdkiftrmwyfpJGae&m,l+yD;/ twGif;ydkif; rGwfqvif r*dk (Muslim Mughal)
tifyg,modk@ 0ifa&mufcJh=uonf? ,cifa&S;bdk;ab;vufxufuwnf;u tm&Stv,fydkif;rSaeI tdEdN, twGif;odk@
0ifa&mufusL;ausmfe,fcsJ@cJhonfh tifyg,me,fajrjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; r*dkwdk@rSm A[dktpdk;&ozG,f
zJG@pnf;wnfaqmufjcif;r&dScJhyJ/ olwdk@twGuf tcGefaiGESifhppfom;rsm;pkaqmif;ay;rnfh a'ocH tkyfcsyfolrsm;ESifhqufpyf
xm;onf? (18) &mpktwGif;Y òydifzuftdENd,tm%m&Sifrsm;t=um; yËdyuQrsm;ay:xGufvm+yD; xdkpepfrSm ysufpD;òyduJG
vm&onf?
xkdokd@ EdkifiHa&;t&rwnf+idrfr_rsm;rSm ukefoG,fr_udk xdcdkufvmonfhtav#muf tdENd,&dS+Adwdo#ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;udk

vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;onfh ta&S@tdENd,ukr`%DrSm (1765) ckESpfY ppfwyfwwyfac:,l+yD; umvuwWm; ukr`%DXmecsKyf
teD;w0dkuf bifa*g (Bengal) a'oudk odrf;ydkufxdrf;csKyfcJh.? ukr`%D. trdef@pmc|ef (=oZmoufa&mufr_)onf wkduf
wwdkufvHk;eD;yg;v$rf;ðcH&ef aemufydkif; tESpf (50) twGif;Y awmifydkif;ESifh taemufjcrf;udkyg jzef@usufcJhonf? ukr`%D .
wyfudkvnf; (2) odef; (5) aomif;ausmftxd wdk;csJ@vmcJhonf? ukr`%D. }uD;=uyfuGyfuJa&;Xmeudk umvuwWm;/
ta&S@awmifzufurf;&dk;wef;&dS r'&pfESifh taemufzufjcrf; bHkabòrd@wdk@Y cJGjcm;zGifhvSpfcJh.? +Adwdo#wdk@. wdkufi,f
tpdk;&rSmvnf; tcdkiftrmjzpfvmonf? odk@aomfvnf; Oa&mywdkuf (&k&Sryg twdkif;twm)ESifh t&G,ftpm;wl tdENd,udk
tkyfcsKyf&efrSm }uD;rm;av;vHonfh wm0efw&yfjzpfonf? ukr`%Dtaejzifh }uD;rm;onfh e,fajrtay: =oZm oufa&mufol
tkyfcsKyfolbk&ifrsKd;EG,frsm;ESifh pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;ðyvkyfcJhonf? xdktxJwGif tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh ppf a&;t&
tumtuG,fay;r_rsm;yg0ifcJhonf?
+Adwdo#wdk@taejzifh tdENd,vlrsKd; rdwfaqGrsm;tay: rDScdkae&onfudk t+rJowdrlxm;onf? (1917) ckESpfY r'&pf&dS

ukr`%Dwm0ef&dSolwOD;jzpfol aomrwfrGef;&dk (Thomas Munro) a&;om;csufwckY “usaemfwdk@YtawG@tóuHr&dSr_
vlxktaetxm;udk ypfy,fxm;r_rsm;&dScJhonf? Ttcsuft& wdkif;jynfjynfwGif;a&;udkpDpOf!$ef=um;&ef yHkrSef txdkif rsm;.
tultnDrsm; &SmazG&ef ydkrdkvdktyfaeonf? u|Ekfwdk@. 'dkareD,HudkaxmufcH&ef pdwyf g0ifpm;ol aus;&Gmacgif; aqmifrsm;.
tzJG@tpnf;w&yf&dSaeoifhonfrSm u|Ekfyfwdk@. vHkðcHa&;qdkif&m vdktyfcsufjzpf.” [k qdkxm;onf? +Adwdo#wdk@udk
tvkyftaºuG;ðyonfh tdENd,vlrsKd;wdk@twGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;rSm tyHktyifjzpf.? vpmaiG/ tqifh twef;&ydkifcGifh/
=oZmoufa&mufr_/ ae&mxdkifcif;rsm;/ tjcm; &kyf0wˆKrsm;ESifh qkcsD;ajr‡mufr_wdk@jzpfonf?
oabmwlnDr_rsm;udk w&m;r0ifenf;jzifh qJGaqmifpnf;&Hk;&ef rwwfEdkifonfhtcg +Adwdo#wdk@taejzifh rv$Jra&Smifom

tiftm;oHk;cJh&onf? (1857) ckESpfY tdENd,ajrmufydkif;wav#muf&dS tdENd,ppfom;ESifht&yfom;wdk@ ykefuefr_ay:ayguf cJhonf?
xdkv_yf&Sm;r_udk ESdrfeif;&ef wESpfausmftcsdef,lcJh&ovdk wyftiftm;rsm;udk jynfyrS ac:,ljznfhwif;cJh&.? +Adwdo#wdk@.
&wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;tay: a'oqdkif&moufOD;qHydkifbk&ifwdk@rS ra=ueyfr_rsm; a&&Snf&dSaeonfhae&mwdk@Y jy\emrsm;&dSvmcJhonf?
odk@aomfvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@tay: olwdk@.vkyfydkifcGifhae&mESifh csrf;omºuG,f0r_rsm; rDSae&onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tzdk@
+Adwdo#&wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;udk vdkufem+yD; qlyltHkºuGr_rsm;r&dSay?
ta&S@tdEdN,ukr`%Dudk zsufodrf;+yD; tdEdN,EdkifiHtzdk@ udkvdkeDvufatmufcHEdkifiHjzpfvmonfhaemuf aiGa=u; ajr,m

*k%fxl;aqmifrsm;jzifh =oZm&dS tdEdN,awmf0ifEG,frsm;udk tpdk;&rS qufvufaxmufyHhay;xm;ovdk/ twdkifyifcH v$wf

awmfrsmtwGuf tdENd,ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; cef@xm;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;vnf;ay;cJhonf? ,cifueOD;toHk;ðycJh onfh
enf;emrsm;udk ajymif;vJvdkufaomfvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@. r[mAsL[mrSmrl ,ciftwdkif;jzpf.? tdEdN,EdkifiHom; opPmcHrsm;udk
tumtuG,fay;jcif;/ qka=u;axmufyHhjcif;rsm;jzifh tdENd,udk xdef;csKyfxm;cJhonf? “+Adwdo#wdk@u tdENd,udk
,loGm;wmr[kwfbl;/ igwdk@om tdENd,udk olwdk@udk ay;cJhwm” [k (1906) ckESpfY *EDNu a&;cJhonf? “olwdk@ &J@tiftm;a=umifh
tdENd,rSm olwdk@&dSaewmr[kwfbl;/ igwdk@uay;xm;vdk@ae&wm” [k a&;cJhonf?
trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;
+Adwdo#wdk@. &wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tdEdN,vlrsKd;tcsKd@u tpOftwdkuftcHvkyfcJh=u+yD;/ (19) &mpkaESmif;ydkif;Y xdktwdkuf

tcHvkyfr_udk wEkdifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzpfvmatmif vlwcsKd@u óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? xdkoltrsm;pkrSm twwfynm&Sif
rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ tdENd,EdkifiH&dS tvGefw&mrsm;jym;aygºuG,faom bmompum;toHk;tE_ef;rsm;udk xdkolwdk@. t*Fvdyf
pmynm&yfjzifh ausmfv$m;EdkifcJhonf? owif;axmufrsm;uJhodk@yif a&S@aersm; odk@wnf;r[kwf tpdk;&0efxrf;wdk@rSm
&wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;u wnfaqmufay;xm;onfh &xm;vrf;rsm;rSwqifh aps;E_ef;oufomjrefqefpGm wEkdifiHvHk; jzef@ usuf
oGm;vmcJh=uonf? xdkolwdk@tzdk@ tdEdN,EdkifiHrSm rwluJGjym;csufrsm; pDjc,foxm;onft h &mwckvkd jzpf&o kH m ru
wckvHk;twdkif;twmaqmif em;vnfr_&dScJhonf? wdkufe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;. pum;toHk;tE_ef;rsm;ESifh &xm;vrf;rsm; udk
toHk;ðyonfh enf;vrf;wlpGm (19) &mpk Oa&my. EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:rsm;udkvnf; pum;vHk;opfESifh trsKd;om;
a&;t,ltqrsm;jzifh avhvmtoHk;csvmcJh=uonf?
trsKd;om;a&;t,ltq EdkifiHa&;. t"duqHkcsufrSm tdENd,trsKd;om;uGef*&ufygwD (Indian National Congress) jzpf+yD;/

(1885) ckESpfwGif pwifzJG@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpf./ 'DZifbmvwdkif;Y òrd@wòrd@Y udk,fpm;vS,frsm; oHk;&uf=umqHkawG@+yD; tpnf;ta0;rsm;
a[majymyJGrsm;ESifh vlr_a&;tcrf;tem;rsm;udkusif;ycJh=uonf? aemufqHk;Y qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf +yD; +Adwdo#t&m&dSrsm;xH
ay;ydk@+yD;aemuf wESpfwmtwGuf +yD;pD;oGm;onf? yxrqHk;t}udrfuGef*&ufonf tpdk;& tay: t,Hkt=unfysufjym;aponfh
tpktzJG@wckjzpfcJh+yD;/ tpdk;&udk ðzwfcsa&;r[kwfyJ jyefvnfðyjyifvdkonfh oabm xm;aysmhajymif;olrsm;u v$rf;rdk;cJhonf?
&wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;rSm qif;&JrJGawr_ ydkrdkqkd;qdk;0g;0g;jzpfaponf[k xdkolwdk@u a0zefcJh=uovdk/ tdEdN,. t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk
tifyg,mrS oHk;pJG,lr_rsm;udk av#mhusatmif aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; olwdk@.enf;emrSm qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;/
vufrSwfxdk;apm'uwwfjcif;ESifh owif;rD'D,mv_yf&Sm;r_vdkrsKd; aysmhajymif;nifomonfh aqmif&Gufrsm;jzpf+yD;/
olwdk@udk,folwdk@vnf; opPm&dStwdkuftcHrsm; (Loyal Opposition) tjzpf &yfwnfcJh=uonf? +Adwdo#wdk@taejzifh olwdk@udk
+cdrf;ajcmufr_[k r,lqyJ pdwfuoduatmifjzpf&Hkavmufom oabm&dScJhonf?
trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;twGufrl EdkifiHa&;rSSm wckwnf;aom xGufaygufr[kwfcJhay? onf;nnf;cHEdkifpGrf;enf;yg;vm ovdk

+Adwdo#wdk@. &wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;udk vHk;0tqHk;owf&ef ydkrdkydkif;jzwfvm=u+yD;/ ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGufyg qEN
oabmxm;&dSvmonf? yxrqHk;t}udrftjzpf v#Kd@0Suft=urf;zuftkyfpkrsm; (1890) 0ef;usifwGif ay:aygufvmonf?
&wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;udk zsufqD;ypf&ef xdktkyfcsKyfa&;!$ef=um;ol +Adwdo#t&m&dSrsm;udk owfjzwfypf&rnf[k olwdk@ ,Hk
=unfcJh=uonf? aemufydkif; (20) &mpkawmfvSefa&;rsm;. tm%mudkt=urf;zuf,ljcif;rsm;ESifh xifa,mifrSm;r_jzpfcJh =uonf?
odk@aomfvnf; ydwfqdk@zdtm;ay;r_tay: oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olrsm;ESiu fh JGjym;onfhtcsufrSm xdkolrsm;rSm
tajccHususawmfvSefajymif;vJvdkolrsm;ESifh wlnDonfh r[mAsL[mtawG;tac:&dS=uonf? ,if;rSm tdENd,udk
txufrSatmuf vHk;0 ajymif;vJypf&efjzpf.?
tdEdN, trsKd;om;a&;0g'. us,fjyef@aompD;a=umif;xJY trsm;vufcHonfh tjcm;tjrifESpfckvnf;&dSaeonf? wckrSm

&dk;&mvufr_ypPnf;ESifh ynma&;udk jr‡ifhwifjcif;jzifh “tðyoabmaqmif vkyfief;” rsm; vkyf=u&ef wdkufwGef;jcif; jzpf onf?
aemufwckrSm EdkifiHa&;oabmygonf? +Adwdo#wdk@ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ &yfwef@ap&ef vlxkudk vH_aqmfvdk onfh
uGef*&uftwGif;&dS tpGef;a&mufrsm;rS xdkv_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmifonf? “tzdESdyfcHeif;jym;awG - *&krpdkufz,fxm; cH&olawG -
jzpfygap/ cifAsm;wdk@vkyfr,fqdk&if onftkyfcsKyfr_rjzpfEdkifatmif cifAsm;wdk@rSm pGrf;tm;awG&dSw,fqdkwm owd&=uprf;yg ” [k
tpGef;a&mufacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol ab;vf *ef*[m (Bal Gangadhar) u (1902) ckESpfY ajymqdkcJh.? “onf&xm;vrf;awG

onfa=u;eef;&HkawGudk pDrHwmcifAsm;wdk@ygyJ/ ESpfpOftcGefawGaumuf+yD; tqifajy acsmarGatmif vkyfaewm cifAsm;wdk@ygyJ” [k
olu ajymcJhonf?
rsm;jym;xlajymvSonfh bmoma&;ESifhbmompum;aygif;pHkwdk@t=um; tdENd,trsKd;om;wdk@udk trsKd;om;v_yf&Sm;r_xJ

yg0ifvmatmif pnf;&Hk;&onfh acgif;aqmifwdkif;tzdk@ olwdk@enf;olwdk@[ef óud;pm;aqmif&Gu=f u&.? [dENLbmom0if rsm;rSm
tdENd,. trsm;pk}uD;jzpfovdk/ uGef*&ufwGifvnf; trsm;pkacgif;aqmifrSm [dENLbmom0ifwdk@jzpf.? odk@aomf vnf; (19)
&mpkaemufydkif;umv tdENd,. t=urf;zsOf;tm;jzifh av;yHkwyHkrSm rGwfqvifbmom0ifwdk@jzpf.? tcsKd@rSm vGefcJhwJh
&mpkESpfrsm;u tdENd,odk@usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmol rsKd;qufrsm;jzpfovdk/ tcsKd@rSm [dENLbmomrS ul;ajymif; vmolrsm;jzpf.?
tdENd,ajrmufydkif;a'orsm;ESifh bef*gvf;t&yfY rGwfqvifbmom0iftrsm;pkvdkjzpfaeonf? tdENd, .
t&nftwGuftenf;pkrSm qpfvlrsKd;rsm;jzpf+yD; tdEdN,ajrmufydkif; ajrjyef@yef*syfa'owGif trsm;pkaexdkif=uonf? xdkae&mwGif
tawmftwef pkpnf;rdonfh vlenf;pktjzpf &dSae=uonf?
uGef*&ufudk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;tjym;ESifh tdENd,ynmwwftrsm;pkrSm t*Fvdyfpum;udk aumif;rGefpGm wwfu|rf;ovdk/ udk,fydkif

a'oEW& wdkif;&if;bmomrsm;udkvnf; vlwdkif; ajymqdk=uonf? tdEdN,wGif t"du bmompum;tkyfpk ESpfpk &dS+yD;/
xdktkyfpk}uD;wckcsif;pDYvnf; ajrmufrsm;pGmaom bmompum;rsm;&dSae+yD; xdkrSwqifh a'otoHk;tE_ef;pum; rsm;
uJGoGm;jyefonf? tif'dk-tD&ef bmompum;tEG,f ( [dENL/ tl'l/ b*FvD/ *l*s&wDtygt0if) onf tdENd,ajrmuf ydkif;Y t"du
v$rf;rdk;xm;+yD;/ '&mAD'D,ef bmompum;tEG,f (wrDvf;/ awv*l pojzifh)udk awmifydkif;wGif awG@& onf? xdkodk@
aomif;ajymif;a&m,Sufaeonfh bmompum;rsm;a=umifhvnf; EdkifiHa&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_Y odomuJGjym;r_ rsm;jzpfvm&onf?
xdkodk@rwluJGjym;r_rsm; txyfxyfjzpfae&jcif;tjyif aemufxyf &_yfaxG;ayGvDr_&dScJhjyefonf? vlwdkif;onf Zmwfwckck

ESifhywfoufarG;zGm;cJh&onf? xdktcsufu xdkolwdk@. vlr_tqifh *k%fowfrSwfcsufudk azmfjyovdk/ rnfoludkom
vufxyfEdkifonf rnfonfhtvkyftrsKd;tpm;vkyf&rnfqdkonfh udk;uG,fr_qdkif&mxHk;wrf;"avhrsm;udk owfrSwfxm; onf?
trsm;tm;jzifh jArRmuJhodk@ Zmwfjrifhrsm;udk atmufajctvkyfrsm; rvkyfap&ojzifh/ xdkolwdk@rSm ajrydkif&Sifrsm;/
tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&dSrsm; odk@r[kwf pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;jzpfvm=uonf? atmufajctqifhwGif “Zmwfedrfhrsm;”[lI&dS+yD;
xdkolrsm;rSm om;a&e,fonfhtvkyf odk@r[kwf vl@tnpfta=u;rsm;oef@pifonfhtvkyfrsm;udk vkyf=u&onf? xdkpepf rSm
wif;=uyfvSonfr[kwf/ arG;&mrSmtcGifhtvrf;w&yftaejzifh b0aexdkifr_udk vHk;0owfrSwfxm;onfr[kwfaomf vnf;/
xdkpepfa=umifh tdEdN,vlrsKd; wOD;ESifhwOD;t=um; twm;tqD;vdkjzpfcJhonf?
+Adwdo#wdk@onf tdENd,vlrsKd;wdk@t=um; xdkodk@uJGjym;csufrsm;tay: aumif;rGefpmG toHk;cscJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh (1840)

tv,fydkif;umvY qpfvlrsKd;wdk@tkyfcsKyf&m yef*syfjynfe,fwGif ta&S@tdENd,&Hk;zGifhvSpfonfhtcg aoG;pGef; onfh tvkyfrsm;wGif
b*FvDppfwyfudk trsm;tm;jzifh toHk;ðycJh.? q,fpkESpfwck=um+yD;aemuf ajrmufydkif;tdENd,Y b*FvDppfwyfrsm;
ykefukefr_jzpfonfhtcg qpfvlrsKd;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk; qJGaqmif tcGifhta&;ay;+yD; ykefuefr_udk ESdrfeif;ap onf? xdkodk@
aoG;cJGtkyfcsKyfa&;AsL[ma=umifh &dSae+yD;om; wif;rmr_rsm;udk }uD;rm;aponf tqdk;qHk;rSm bmoma&; udpP jzpf.?
[dENLbmom0ifwdk@ESifh rGwfqvifbmom0ifrsm;t=um; &efzufjzpfyGm;r_rSm r=umc%qdkovdk tkyfpkvdkuf
t=urf;zufr_rsm;tjzpf avmif+rdKufapcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh rGwfqvifyJGawmfrsm;Y EGm;owfjcif;rsm;udk qef@usif onfh
[dENLbmom0ifwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_rSm (1893) ckESpfwGif taotaysmufrsm;onfh qlylaomif;usef;r_wckjzpfvmcJh onf?
tdENd,EdkifiH. tuJqwfr_rsm;udk rnfodk@ pkpnf;nD!Gwfatmifvkyfrnfenf;qdkonfh ar;cGef;rSm ESpfq,f&mpk tpydkif;

trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;twGuf &ifqdkif&onfh t=uyftwnf;wckr#omjzpfonf? olwdk@.tqHk;pGef&nfrSef;csufrSm &wf*sf
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;vm;/ vHk;0tqHk;owfa&;vm;? uGef*&uftwGif;&dS ynmwwfa=u;&nfwwfrsm;.
todkif;t0dkif;udkausmfvGef+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_udk rnfodk@ csJ@xiG frnfenf;? v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;vkyf&mwGif Oya'a=umif;t&ESifh
tysufoabmr[kwfonfh enf;emrsm;udk usifhoHk;rnfvm;/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ðyvkyfrnfvm;/ odk@r[kwf t=urf;zuf
r_ðyvkyfrnfvm;? (1914) ckESpfwGif xdkar;cGef;rsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ajzqdkEkdifjcif;r&dScJhay? xdkar;cGef;rsm;ajzqdk&ef
wpHkwOD;urSvnf; aqmif&GufcJhjcif;r&dS? odk@aomfvnf; xdktajctaeuyif ajymif;vJzdk@twGuf pwifjzpfvm&onf?

*ENDESifhol.EdkifiH
trSefwu,f jyefvnfEdk;=um;vmjcif;
yxrurBmppf+yD;+yD;csif; tdEdN,EdkifiHodk@ *EDN jyefa&mufvmcJh.? ppfyJGrsm;rSm tvSrf;uGmonfh Oa&mywGifom jzpfcJhaomf vnf;

+Adwdo#wdk@taejzifh tdEdN,om;rsm;udkac:,lI tifyg,mudk,fpm; taocH wdkufcdkufapouJhodk@ tdEdN,EkdifiH twGif;Yvnf;
tcGeftaumufwdk;jr‡ifhcJhonf? tdENd,trsKd;om;a&;0g'Dtrsm;pk ppfudk axmufcHcJh=uovdk xkdodk@ay; qyfr_rSm
olwdk@.tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf tcdkiftrmawmif;qdkp&mtcsuf[k qifjcifðy=u.? vGwfvyfonfhwdkif;jynf rsm;r[mrdwftzJG@
(An alliance of free nations) wGif olwdk@yg0ifcJhonfhtwGuf olwdk@.udk,fydkiftcGifhta&;udk vnf;
av;pm;todtrSwfcHoifhonf[k xdkolwdk@u qdkcJh=u.? (1916) ckESpfwGif uGefu&ufESifhrGwfqviftzJG@csKyfwdk@ yl;wJG+yD;
zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'jyifqifa&;qJGum udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tjynfht0&&a&;tqdkðycJh=u.?
wdkif;jynf. zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'qdkif&m tqifhtwef;rSm *EDNtwGufrl t"du udpP&yf[k r,lqcJhay? qGm&wf trsKd;

om;a&;udpPrSm xdyfydkif;EdkifiHa&;t&ajymif;vJ&Hkr#jzifh jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k awmiftmz&du&dSpOfuyif olr,lqcJhay? vl@
tzJG@tpnf;tajccHrsm;ESifh t=urf;rzufa&;vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfonf[k ol,Hk=unfcJh onf?
ol@.wifjycsufrSm tjcm;tdENd,acgif;aqmiftm;vHk;wdk@u ta&;r}uD;[k xifjrif,lq=uaomfvnf;/ tdEdN,odk@
a&mufa&mufcsif;rSmyif *EDNtaejzifh xdkudpPudkom wpdkufrwfrwfvkyfcJh.? *EDN}uD;taejzifh trsm;tm&Hkxm;&m vrf; a=umif;rS
xkdodk@ a&SmifcGmaejcif;uyifv#if/ trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_.t"duae&modk@ ol@udk a&muf&dSapcJhonf?
*EDNonf wESpfwmumvtwGif; wdkif;jynftESH &xm;jzifh vSnfhvnfcJhonf? wwdwwef;udkpD;+yD; tdENd,. tajcrSpI

avhvmcJhonf? xdkrSwqifh tdENd,jynfwGif udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfEdkifrnfh ajymif;vJr_yHkpHudk ESHESHpyfpyfpOf;pm;awG;ac: cJh.?
qGm&wf trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf vlr_b0tm;vHk;udk Ed_;=um;ap+yD; wOD;csif;.todw&m;udkjzpfaponf[k (1917) ckESpfY
ola&;om;cJhonf? tdENd,&dSt&m tm;vHk;udk cspfjrwfEkd;ap+yD;/ ZmwfuJGrsm;ESifh rwlnDonfh bmomudk; uG,fr_rsm;t=um;
nD!Gwfr_jzpfaponf? a'otkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;/ ynma&;/ vlxkusef;rma&;ESifh ywf0ef;usifoef@&Sif; a&;udpPrsm;Yvnf;
vufawG@b0ESifheD;pyfonfh wdk;wufr_rsm;jzpfapcJhonf? “igwdk@&J@ tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf tpdk;&udk pkaygif;awmif;qdkEdkifw,f/
vH_@aqmfEdkifw,f - 'gayr,fh vlawG wu,fwrf; Edk;=um;vmapzdk@ ydkta&;}uD;wJhtcsufu pdwfo¿mefwGif;uvmwJh
v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_jzpfzdk@yJ” [k oluqdkcJhonf?
xdkta=umif;&yfrSm *EDN}uD;. aemufydkif;b0wav#mufwGif pdwftm;xufoefr_ jzpfapcJhonf? *EDNtaejzifh bmom a&;t&

tjrifao;odrfr_ csKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk a0zef&_wfcscJh+yD;/ [dENLESifhrGwfqvifbmom0ifrsm;t=um; nD!Gwfa&;udk vnf;
yef=um;cJhonf? trsm;rjrifzG,fjzpfatmif twif;t=uyfpDrHonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: w&m;rJh qufqHr_rsm; ESifh "rRwm
oGm;aeonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh xdpyf&ef a&Smif&Sm;r_rsm;tay: +iD;jiLa0zefajymqdkcJhonf? qif;&Jom;wdk@ twGuf wm0ef,l=u&ef
ajrydkif&Sifrsm;ESifh vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk awmif;yefcJhonf (v,f,majr jyefvnfa0jcrf;a&;uJhodk@ aom pD;yGm;cJaG 0jzef@usufa&;
awmif;qdkr_rsm;rS aoGzDonf[lIawmh qdkEkdifygonf)? xdk@tjyif Zmwfedrfhonfh tavh tusifhrsm;twGufvnf; vGefcJhonfh
&mpkESpf0ufcef@u tar&duef&dS u|efpepfESifhywfoufI tDb&m[ifvifuGef;. ajymqdkcJhovdk ykwfcwfa0zefr_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf?
*EDN. “tðyoabmtpDtpOf ”rSm tjcm;olrsm;udk rnfodk@aexdkifusifh}uHoifhonf[laom tEl;t!Gwfyef=um;wdkuf

wGef;csufwckr#om r[kwfay? ol@.udk,fydkifb0Yvnf; tdENd,vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;udk cJGjcmxm;onfh t[ef@twm;rsm; udk
zsufypfvdkuf+yD;/ rGwfqvifrsm; Zmwfedrf@rsm;jzifh vltrsm;a&S@ twlwuGaejyjcif;/ qif;&Jom;rsm;ESifhzufvJSwuif;
aexdkifjcif;rsm; &dScJhonf? xdkenf;wlpGm tdENd, vufvkyfcsnfxnfrsm;udk t+rJ0wfqifcJhonf? udk,fwdkif&ufvkyfcsnf iif=u&ef
tm;ay;onfh tzJG@tpnf;wckudkvnf; zJG@pnf;cJhonf? wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmt& v_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmifae cJh&onfhwdkif
ol@.ae@pOfvkyfief;aqmifwmwcktaejzifhvnf; csnfiifr_udk tcsdefay;vkyfudkifcJhonf?

ol@. qGm&wftrsKd;om;a&;tjrift& usifh}uHaexdkifol pdwfwloabmwlolrsm;ESifhvnf; tpktzJG@rsm;udk zJG@pnf;cJh onf?
xdktxJrS txif&Sm;qHk;rSm trfrm'gbwf/ *l*s&ufòrd@&dS qbmrwd t&S&rf (Sabarmati ashram) [dENL0wf ausmif;
tzJG@tpnf;jzpf+yD;/ xdktzJG@0ifrsm;taejzifh jA[Rmp&d,tusifhtwdkif; trSefw&m;ESifh t[d Horludk pJGpJG+rJ+rJ ESvHk;oGif;rnf[k
cH,lxm;=uonf? ZmwfuJGjym;r_rsm;udk arhazsmuf+yD; qkawmif;jcif;/ tdrfwGif;r_tvkyf udk,fwdkifvkyf udkifjcif;rsm;udk tm&Hkðyum
&dk;&Sif;pGmaexdkifcJh=uonf? 0wfðyausmif;tzJG@zGifhvSpf+yD; r=umcifvydkif;twGif; Zmwfedrfh rdom;pkrsm;udk
toif;0ifa&mufcGifhay;cJhojzifh tcsKd@tzJG@0ifrsm; E_wfxu G fukef=uonf? xdktpktzJG@uav; qufvuf wnf&dSa&;twGuf
*EDNtaejzifh a'ocHukefonfrsm;xHrS vHkavmufonfh aiGa=u;udk tvSLcHcJh&onf?
vlr_jyefvnfzHGòzd;tm;aumif;a&;rSm *EDNtwGufrl tqHk;owfr[kwfao;acs? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tajccH

omjzpfacsonf? rGwfqvifESifh [d¹ENLbmom0ifrsm;t=um; &ef+idK;xm;r_/ vlr_todkif;t0dkif;twGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh
Zmwfedrfhrsm;udk z,fusOfxm;r_/ tdENd,vlOD;&nftawmfrsm;rsm;t=um; jzpfaeonfh qif;&JrJGawr_ESifh tod^m%fedrhfyg; r_rsm;rSm
trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_. nD!Gwfr_ESifhpnf;urf;&dSr_twGuf taESmuft,Sufrsm;jzpfaeI jzpfonf?
tdENd,EdkifiHtwGif; ol@.yxrqHk;t}udrf o=u*[ tEkenf;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm wudk,fawmfqENjyr_jzpfonf? bD[m jynf e,f/

csefyg&efc&dkiftwGif;rS xGufcGm&ef a'ocHt&m&dSrsm;. trdef@udk jiif;qefvdkufjcif;jzpf.? xdka'otwGif; pdkufysKd;
a&;orm;wdk@taejzifh olwdk@.v,f,mvkyftm;rsm; *kwfaoG;pkwftjrwfxkwfcHae&onfudpPudk vma&muf=unfh&_&ef
*ENDtaejzifh xdka'oodk@ (1917) ckESpfuwnf;u a&muf&dScJhonf? tusKd;quftm;jzifh xdktajctaersm;udk pHkprf;ppf aq;&ef
tpdk;&rS tzJG@wzJG@ zJG@pnf;cJhonf? aemufwESpftapmydkif;a&mufonfhtcg vpmaiGjzwfawmufcH&r_twGuf
txnfcsKyfvkyfom;rsm;qENjyaeonfh trfrm'gbwf&dS tvkyform;a&;jy\emY olyg0ifywfoufcJhjyefonf? tay;
t,lvkyfnd‡Ed_if;&ef yxrOD;tm;jzifh olu wdkufwGef;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf oydwfac:I aemufqHk;tm;jzifh tpmrpm;yJ aeonf[k
a=unmvdkufonf? Todk@jzifh tqHk;wGif ajyvnfr_w&yf&&dScJhonf?
tvkyform; v,form;rsm;. udk,fpm; 0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;jcif;jzifh tdENd,trsKd;om;a&;0g'D EdkifiHa&;orm; rsm;.

a&S;&dk;yHkpHrS cJGxGufvmcJhonf? qGm&wf trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm pum;vHk;oufoufr#omr[kwfyJ tcsKd@ae&m rsm;wGif
tzdESdyfcHeif;jym;rsm;twGuf vufqkyfvufudkifaqmif&Gufay;Edkifr_rsm;&dScJh.? v_yf&Sm;r_.yif&if;a'owdkif;wGif ausmif;aqmuf&ef
vkyftm;ay;rsm;ac:,ljcif;/ ywf0ef;usifoef@&Sif;pif=u,fap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh &dk;&mvufr_ ypPnf;rsm;udk
tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyjcif;wdk@udk vkyfcJhonf? xkdodk@jzifh ausmif;q&m/ a&S@ae/ ukefonfrsm;ESifh ajr,mydkif
qdkifolv,form;rsm;ESifh tquftoG,fvkyfcJh&onf? xdkolrsm;rSm aemufydkif;wGif ol. =oZmcH tcdkiftrm r[m
rdwfrsm;jzpfvmcJhonf? aemufqHk;Y o=u*[ tEkenf;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. xifay:vmjcif;a=umifh trsKd;om;a&;udk tm;
opfavmif;EdkifrnfholwOD;taejzifh tdENd,jynfw0Srf; *EDN.trnf ausmf=um;vmcJh.?
usnfqHawG&J@trSwftom;ae&mawGudk usrudkjycJhw,f?
vlr_ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh a'otvdkuf t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk *EDN OD;aqmifóud;yrf;aecsdefwGif [krR&l;tkyf

csKyfa&;twGuf uGef*&ufrS qufvufvH_aqmfv#ufyif&dSonf? (1920) tukefydkif;Y *EDN. òydifzufuif; vlodxif&Sm; vmr_/
pnf;&Hk;a&;r_;ESifhAsL[mr_;taejzifh vkyfudkifEkdifpGrf;wdk@a=umifh v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf vdktyfvm+yD[k uGef*&uf acgif; aqmifrsm;u
vufcHtodtrSwfðyvm&onf? txufydkif;tqifhrsm;wGif qGm&yf 0HomEkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tEdkif&vmjcif; onf
atmufajcvlxktqifhrsm;Y qGm&yf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; wnfaqmufEdkifjcif;a=umifh[k *EDN. cH,lcJhonf?
+Adwdo#wdk@a=umifhvnf; tajymif;tvJjzpfap&ef t"du taxmuftyHhjzpfchJygonf? (1919) ckESpfY ppfyJGtwGuf

ta&;ay:aqmif&Gufcsuftaejzifh &dkvwf (Rowlatt Act) Oya' jzifh uef@owfwm;jrpfr_rsm; wdk;jr‡ifhcJh.? xdktxJwGif
EkdifiHawmft=unf!dkysufjym;apaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;twGuf *sL&D cHkorm"dvl}uD;rsm;tpm; w&m;ol}uD;rSaeI
zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;ESifh w&m;pDa&;qdkif&m pDrHcef@cJGr_rsm;yg0ifonf? “Oya'ðya&;tpdwftydkif;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifwJh
tm%mydkifawG&J@ Oya'pnf;rsOf;awGudk +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; vdkufem&dk;usKd;zdk@udpPudk usaemf quf+yD; rvkyfEdkifawmhbl; qdkwJh

cHpm;csufjzpfvmw,f ” [k *EDNu pdwfysuftm;av#mhpGm ajymqdkcJhonf? yxrqHk;t}udrftjzpf tdEdN,wEdkifiH
vHk;twdkif;twmaqmifonfh rw&m;onfhOya'tmcHa&; (o=u*[) ESifhywfoufI ol@taejzifh pOf;pm;vm&onf?
t=urf;zufr_rygyJ Oya't&tmcHrnf[k usrf;usdefxm;onfh pnf;urf;useonfh v_yf&Sm;olrsm;jzifh tuef@towf aqmifonfh

vH_aqmfv_yf&Sm;r_ w&yfðyvkyf&ef *EDNtaejzifh yxrtm;jzifh pDpOfcJhonf? tpmrrpm;yJ qkawmif;yJG ðyvkyf rnfh ae&ufudk {+yDv
(6) &ufae@tjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf? [mw,f (Hartal) [k vlodrsm;+yD;/ 0rf;enf;a=uuJGzG,f tpOftvmae@+yD;onfhaemufudk
pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpf.? uef@owfcHxm;&onfh pmayvuf&mrsm; a&mif;csjcif;jzifh qENjy v_yf&Sm;r_rsKd;udk tusOf;csHK;pcJhonf?
xdkenf;tm;jzifh &wfcsf tkyfcsKyfa&;udk qef@usifr_rsm;ESifh oabmxm;aysmhajymif;ol EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk t=ur;zufrS
cJGxkwfcJhonf? “ vufrSwfxdk;yef=um;wmudk aemufydkif;rsKd;qufawGu a=ueyf vufcHEdkifawmhrSr[kwfbl;” [k
oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olacgif;aqmifwOD;xH *EDNu a&;om;cJh.? “usaemfhtjrift& qdk&ifawmh o=u*[ (tmcHa&;)
v_yf&Sm;r_uom t=urf;zufr_awGudk wm;qD;Edkifvdrfhr,f”[k olu qdkonf?
pDpOfxm;onfhtwdkif;yif tenf;ESifhtrsm;qdkovdk [mw,f v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzpfvmcJhonf? wEdkifiHvHk;&dS jynfolvlxk taejzifh

tvkyfrsm;udk &yfem;/ qdkifrsm;udk ydwfI tpnf;ta0;rsm; wufa&mufcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; [mw,f
v_yf&Sm;r_+yD;onfhaemufydkif;Y *EDN.csKyfudkifr_rS uif;vGwo f nfh tjzpftysufrsm; xGufay:cJhonf? oltzrf;qD;cH&onf [laom
aumv[mvowif;rsm;a=umifh trD'bwf&dS }udwfcJG&Hkvkyfom;rsm; qlylaomif;usef;r_jzpfapcJh+yD;/ taqmuf tOD; (50) ausmf
rD;&d_@zsufqD;cH&I vlaygif; (28) OD; aoqHk;cJh&onf? tdENd,ajrmufydkif; yef*syfjynfe,fY qENjyr_rsm; ESifh
vlxkpnf;a0;yJGrsm;rSaeI qENjyolrsm;ESifh&JwyfzJG@wdk@t=um; vrf;ay: wdkufcdkufr_rsm;jzpfyGm;cJhonf? xdkodk@jzifh yef*syfjynfe,f
trf&pfqmòrd@ Y &Hk;xdkifonfh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&D*sifevf'f 'dkif,m (General Reginald Dyer) taejzifh xdk qlylr_rsm;udk ESdrfeif;&efESifh
vlxkudk rSwfavmufom;avmufatmif oifcef;pmwckay;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf?
(13) &ufae@ajrmufY (4) OD;xufydkI vlpkval 0;vkyfjcif;rSefor#udk 'dkif,mtrdef@jzifh wm;jzpfcJhonf? trsKd;om;a&; 0g'D wdk@u
'dkif,mtrdef@udk vpfv#KðyI a*svD,ef a0:vmbwf (Jallianwallabagh) Y ae@cif;tcsdef tpnf;ta0;w&yf ac:,lcJhonf?
xdkae&mrSm xGufayguftenf;tusOf;om&dS+yD; tkwfeH&Hrsm;jzifh um&Hxm;onfh us,fjyefonfh av[m jyifuGif; jzpf.? vlaygif;
axmifESifhcsDI pk&Hk;a&muf&dSvmonfudk 'dkif,mtrdef@u rwm;EdkifcJhay? odk@aomfvnf; nae (4) em&Dxdk;+yD;aemufydkif;wGif
ppfom; ig;q,fcef@ oHcsyfumum; ESpfpD;jzifh 'dkif,ma&muf&dSvmonf? owday;jcif; vHk;0rvkyfyJ ypfcwfESdrfeif;&ef
trdef@ay;cJhonf? (10) rdepfcef@=um+yD;aemuf vltkyf}uD; òyduJGoGm;+yD;/ '%f&m&olrsm; aoqHk;oltavmif;rsm;om
usef&dSawmhonf? +Adwdo#aumfr&Sif t&m&dSwOD;. tqdkt& (379) OD;aoqHk;onfqdk aomfvnf;/ tdEdN,wdk@.cef@rSef;csurf Sm
aoqHk;ol (1500) cef@&dSonf? aoG;xGufoH,dkr_r&dSyJ xdktpnf;ta0;udk tqHk; owfypfEkdifonf[k aemifw&yHkray:onfh
'dkif,mu 0efcHajym=um;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; vHkavmufonfh oifcef;pm tjzpfESifh us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ xda&mufEdkfifr_twGuf
twwfEkdifqHk;av#mhI ypfcwfr_ toHk;ðycH&onf[k oluqdkonf? ppfa&;tjrift&qdkv#if xdkypfcwfr_rSm
xdktpnfta0;yJGwGif&dSaeolrsm;udkom &nf&G,fonfr[kwfyJ yef*syfjynfe,f wckvHk;udk taotcsm
&nf&G,fxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k oluqdkonf?
aemufydkif; &ufowWywfrsm;wGifvnf; +Adwdo#taejzifh tvm;wl oifcef;pmay;r_rsm;vkyfcJhonf? +Adwdo#t&m&dSwdk@rS

umzsL;trdef@xkwfjcif;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk ydwfyifjcif;/ tusOf;csHK;w&m;pD&ifr_rsm;ðyvkyfjcif;/ tusOf;om;rsm;udk ESdyf pufjcif;/
vljrifuGif;Y }udrf'%fay;jcif; owfjzwfjcif;rsm;udk ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? ppfoHk;av,mOfrsm;jzifh tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm; udk
AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufjcif;/ pufaoeufrsm;jzifhypfcwfjcif;rsm;ðyvkyfcJhonf? +Adwdo#trsKd;orD;wOD;OD;udk vrf;ay:Y pGef@pm;
wdkufcdkufonfh rnfonfhtdENd,vlrsKd;rqdk rdrdajcav;zufatmuf 0yfwGm;oGm;&rnf[k 'dkif,mu ajymqdkcJh.?
trf&pfqmESifh aemufydkif;tjzpftysufrsm;tay: usef&dSolrsm;taejzifh rnfodk@rS arhazsmufEdkifjcif;r&dSawmhay? vm[dk;

wuUodkvfrS ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;ol &DSA 'l,m (Shiva Dua) rSm oli,fpOfb0uwnf;u a*svD,ef a0:vmbwf ae&mudk
rdom;pk ac:,ljyor_udk cHcJh&oljzpfonf? xdkpOfu tjzpftysufudk olru jyefajymif;ajymjy&mwGif “ usrudk ac:oGm;+yD;
tJonfheH&Hay:u usnfqH&mawGudk jyygw,f/ tJonfhu aoG;pawGeJ@ ajreDawGudk jyefo,foGm;ygw,f? 'g[m

txGwftjrwfxm;&mr,fh t&mjzpfw,f aiG=uKwfxJrSm xnfhxm;&r,fvdk@ usr tr u ajymygw,f? 'gudk ae@wdkif; yef;uyfzdk@
wm0efay;ygw,f? reufapmapmydkif;rSm rif;&J@ yxrOD;qHk;wm0efyJvdk@ ajymygw,f”[k qdkcJhonf? yef*syfjynfe,fY xdk
aoG;pGef;r_rSm udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf jyif;jyvdkvm;r_udk tm;jzpfap&Hkoufouf jzpfapcJhonf?
ol@. (Rowlatt) Oya' qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh rawmfwqqdkovdk xdkodk@ t=urf;zufr_jzpfay:vmonfhtay: *EDNrSm

wkefv_yfoGm;cJh&onf? oHk;&uf=um tpmrpm;yJ aecJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@. tkyfcsKyfa&;tay: ol. oabmxm;rSm
ydkrdkcufxefrmausmvmonf? xdktjzpftysuftay: +Adwdo#wdk@t&m&dSwOD;. tpD&ifcHpmrSm “qif aoudk qdwfom;a&ESifh
tkyfjcif;”r#om[lI wkef@jyefcJhonf? xdk@tjyif AdkvfcsKyf}uD; 'dkif,mrSm xdktjzpftysufa=umifh +Adwdo#vlxktcsKd@t=um;
vlpGrf;aumif;wOD;vdkjzpfvmonfudk od&dSIvnf; tvGeftrif;pdwfqdk;cJhonf? +Adwdo#. zJG@pnf;yHktwGif;uyif qGm&wf
(t=urf;rzuf)v_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrifEdkifonfqdkonfh ,cif ar#mfvifcsuf&dSaomfvnf; &wfcsf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm
“raumif;qdk;0g;0ifpm;r_” “uvdrfuuspfusr_”[k &_jrifvmonf? xdkodk@aom tpdk;&rsKd;udk pdwf &Snfonf;nnf;cHxm;jcif;tay:
&yfqdkif;ypf&rnf[k tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;udk *EDNrS wdkufwGef;cJh.?
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rðya&;
tdEdN,vlrsKd;wdk@udk &wf*sftkyfcsKyfa&;qef@usifr_twGuf pk&Hk;&mwGif uGef*&ufygwDudk tzJG@tpnf;wcktjzpf *EDNu

tav;xm;ar#mfvifhcJhonf? ygwDEdkifiHa&;xJ ajcpHkypf0if+yD; a&ay:qDxdyfydkif;vlwpkavmufom aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkonfh
tzJG@tpnf;wckxuf ydkrdkvmatmif ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf ulnDcJhonf? uGef*&ufygwD. c&dkiftqifhESifha'oaumfrwD
uGef,ufrsm;udk wdk;csJ@+yD;/ tzJG@0ifopfrsm;udk ac:,lpkaqmif;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf a&S@aqmifOD;
&GufðyEd_;aqmfonfh vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJhonf? zJG@pnf;yHkjyify enf;vrf;rsm;ESifhywfouf+yD;/ oabmxm;aysmh
ajymif;olwdk@u 'Gd[ odk@avm jzpfcJh=u.? odk@aomf *EDN. *k%fowif;ausmfaZmr_u xdkolrsm;udk olzuf&yfwnfapcJh onf?
r=umrDSrSmyif tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;tay: yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rðya&; ESifh olyg0ifa&;qJGxm;onfh zJG@pnf;yHkopfwdk@udk ygwDu
twnfðyqHk;jzwfay;cJhonf? xdkzJG@pnf;yHkopft& xdxda&mufa&mufvkyfEdkifacsESifh udk,fpm;ðyr_ ydkrdk&&dScJh.? ajymif;vJr_rSm
tESpfom&t&jzpfovdk yHko¿mefpwdkift&vnf; ajymif;vJcJhonf? Oa&my0wfpHk qifwl0wfqifjcif; rðyawmhyJ/ *EDN
0wfqifae=uenf;wl &dk;&m0HomEkvufvkyfxnfrsm;udk qifwl0wfqifvm=uonf?
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rðya&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;udk tpDtpOfðyvkyfxm;onf? &HyHkaiG&SmazGjcif;ESifh tzJG@tpnf;wnf

aqmufjcif;udpPrsm;t+yD;aemuf ausmif;ESifhw&m;&Hk;rsm;tay: oydwfarSmufr_ðyvkyfcJhonf? xdkrSwqifh EdkifiHjcm;jzpf
txnftvdyfrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf+yD; t0wftxnfrsm; udk,fwdkif&ufvkyf=u&ef v_Haqmfpnf;&Hk;cJhonf? tdEdN,
tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm; &mxl;u EkwfxGufjcif;jzifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rðya&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk tqHk;owf+yD;/ tcsKd@
owfrSwfae&mrsm;Y tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mzDqefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef owd}uD;}uD;jzifh jyifqifxm;onf?
pepfwuspnf;&Hk;vkyfaqmifjcif;/ wqifh+yD;wqifh wajz;ajz;aqmif&Gufjcif;/ Oya'csdK;azmufr_rsm; csdefqvkyfudkif&mY
OD;pD;aqmif&Gufr_udk xdef;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh ,ckv_yf&Sm;r_topfrSm yef*syfjynfY &kwfcsnf;jzpfcJhovdk t=urf;zufr_rsKd; rjzpfEdkif[k
*EDN ar#mfvifhxm;onf?
w&m;&Hk;rsm;udk a&S@ae@tcsK@d uom uef@uGufoydwfarSmufr_ðyEdkifovdk/ tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;tenf;i,fom tvkyfrS

EkwfxGufcJh=uonf? ausmif;om;trsm;pkuvnf; r=umrDrSmyif pmoifcef;rsm;odk@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufoGm;=uonf?
odk@aomfvnf; uGef*&ufygwDtaejzifh tdEdN,wrsKd;om;vHk;xH trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;udpP Edk;=um;vmatmif
aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf? *EDNonf v_yf&Sm;r_. wyfOD; acgif;aqmifjzpfvmonf? &xm;wJGay:rSwqifh vSnf;aemufzufrS wzHk
ajcv#ifwrsKd; vlxkxHoGm;a&mufI wEdkifiHvHk;vSnfhvnfum pnf;&Hk;v_Haqmfco Jh nf? ynm&dS ynmrJh/ qif;&Jcsrf; om
òrd@aeawmae [d¹ENLrGwfqvif ae&mtESHrS vlxktm;vHk;wdk@onf ol@.vH_aqmfr_udk vufcHI EdkifiHjcm;jzpftxnf
rsm;a&mif;csonfh ukefonfrsm;udk oydwfwm;jcif;ðy=uonf? v_yf&Sm;r_ta&;twGuf wenf;wzHktaxmuftyHhjzpfap rnfh
enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazG+yD; olwdk@. oabmqENtav#muf yl;aygif;yg0ifr_ðy=uonf?

odk@aomfvnf; uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifwdk@taejzifh vlxkqENjyyJGrsm;udk zefwD;Edkifaomfvnf; xdktajctaeudk xdef;csKyf &ef
cufcJonfudk awG@vm=uonf? tmoHt&yf&dS uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifwdk@taejzifh vufzufpdkufcif;rsm;rS a&G@ajymif;
vkyfom;rsm;. qENjya=umifh wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;ukef=uonf? bef*gvf ESifh tef'&m jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o&dS acgif;aqmif
rsm;taejzifhvnf; v,form;rsm; tcGeftiSm;crsm;ray;yJaejcif;ESifh opfawmOya'ESifhywfoufI csdK;azmufr_rsm;
jzpfvmonfudk wm;jrpfEdkifjcif;r&dScJhay? *EDNtaejzifh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;qdkxm;onfrSm Tv_yf&Sm;r_udk e,fcsJ@tkyfcsKyfa&;
tqHk;owf&ef &nf&G,fjcif;om;jzpf+yD;/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtr#ifwef;aeonfh a'otwGif; rnDr#r_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef twGuf
r[kwfay? xdk@a=umifhvnf; ajr&Sifqef@usifa&; qENjyv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ol@.v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;rS y,fxkwfxm; onf?
odk@aomfvnf; ta&mifpHkonfh }uD;rm;onfhv_yf&Sm;r_twGif; tusKd;pD;yGm;tvdkufjzpfvmonfrsm;udkrl wm;jrpf jcif;r&dSay?
*EDN.tjrift&rl tqdk;qHk;udpPrSm qlylr+idrfoufr_&dSvmjcif;jzpfonf? ,leufwpfjynfe,f (,lyD aemufydkif;tac: Owm

y&ma'h&Sf) wGif v,form;rsm;rS aps;rsm; ajr&Siftdrfrsm;udk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;wdkufcdkufr_rsm;ðy=uonf? bHkabwGif vltkyf}uD;onf
Oa&myom;rsm; Oa&myEG,ftdEdN,om;rsm; ESifh zm&mpDvlrsKd;rsm;udk wdkufcdkuf=uonf? “ vlawG t=um;rSm
vHk;0t=urf;rzufa&;qdkwJh tawG;tac:t,ltq udef;0yfaewmr&dS&if tm%mzDqefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk atmifjrifatmif
vkyfEdkifrSr[kwfbl;vdk@ 0efcH&rSmyJ” [k *EDNu wkef@jyefa&;om;cJh.? “tpdk;&&J@ tpDtpOfwus t=urf; zufr_udk usaemftaeeJ@
bmrS vkyfEkdifrSmr[kwfbl;qkd&if pDpOfxm;wmr[kwfyJ aygufuJGvmwJh vlxk.t=urf;zufr_udk enf;oxufenf;atmif
vkyfay;Edkifygw,f”[k oluqdk.? (1922) ckESpf azaz:0g&DvY tm%mzDqefa&; aemufxyf tqifhwckwwf&ef uGef*&ufygwDrS
jyifqifaecsdefrSmyif ,leufwpfjynfe,f&dS &JwyfzJG@0if (22) OD; tpkvdkuf towfcHcJh &onfhtwGuf
yl;aygif;qef@usifr_rðya&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk vHk;0&yfqdkif;&ef *EDNu wdkufwGef;cJh&onf?
xdkodk@aom tajctaetcsufrsm;&dSaeonfhwdkif/ tdEdN,trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif &ifhusufr_topfESifh wwfºuG

touf0ifr_rsm; awG@vm&onf? *EDN. OD;aqmifr_jzifhouf0ifvm&Sm;vmr_/ uGef*&ufygwDtajymif;tvJrsm;jzifh aphhaqmfcsuf/
vlr_tajccHrsm;tm;aumif;vmjcif;wdk@a=umifhvnf; jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; *EDN.xifay:ausmf=um;r_ rSm vlaygif;pHk.
aumif;csD;ay;r_w&yfjzpfvmonf? rnfonfhae&modk@jzpfap *EDNa&mufonfESifh vlpkvla0;jzifha&muf&dS vm=u+yD;
olajymonfrSmudk vma&mufem;axmif;jcif; odk@ vma&muf=unfh&_jcif;ðy=uonf? *EDNudk jrifhjrwfonfh yk*~dKvf “r[wWr” tjzpf
rSwf,lxm;=uonf? “onfvl&J@ =oZmoufa&mufvmr_u awmfawmfudk tHtm;oifhzdk@ aumif;w,f”[k r'&yfjynfe,f
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;u a&;cJhonf? “ola&muf&dS&mae&mwdkif;wGif vltkyf}uD;rsm; tpk ta0;jzifh&dSae+yD; olwdk@l.
trdef@emcHpnf;urf;&dSr_ESifh olwdk@acgif;aqmiftay: tjynfht0ESpfvdkr_tay: tvGeftrif;
tHtm;oifhtxif}uD;p&mjzpf&onf”[k qdkcJhonf?
odk@aomfvnf; *END xifay:ausmf=um;r_a=umifh ol. t,ltqudk tvdktav#muf vufcHvdkufonfawmh r[kwfay? ol@tay:

,Hk=unfonfh aemufvdkufrsm;wdk;rsm;vmaomfvnf; rdrdwdk@. &nfrSef;csuf odk@r[kwf enf;vrf;twGuf *EDN .
yk*~dKvfa&;ausmf=um;r_udk oauFwwcktaejzifh toHk;ðy=uolu ydkrdkrsm;jym;cJhonf? ,lEdkufwufjynfe,f ae&m wcsKd@&dS
v,form;rsm;rSm *EDN. qGm&wfv_yf&Sm;r_udk ajrydkif&SifpepfrS vGwfajrmufa&;qdkonhf awmfvSefa&;tjriftjzpf
t"dy`g,fazmfcJh=uonf? vk,ufwdkufcdkufr_rsm;Yyif axmufcHr_&&ef *EDN.trnfudk toHk;ðycJh=uonf?
tdEdN,jynfolwdk@taejzifh ‚if;wdk@udk,fydkifpGrf;tm;tay: tjrifopf pdwful;opfrsm;&ap&ef *EDNtaejzifhjzifh/ óud;pm;ae csdefwGifyif

ol@.v_Haqmfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm qGm&wf t,ltqudk trSefwu,f oGyfoGif;Edkifjcif; r&dSao;ay? qGm&ufrSm
orm&dk;usEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;rS wifjyonfh udkf,fydkifEdkifiHa&;jyXmef;EkdifcGifhESifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf ausm&dk;jzpf onf[k *EDN
,lqxm;onfh trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;ESifh pnf;urf;&dSr_wdk@twGuf tajctaetvm;tvm r&dSay?
ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_rvkyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_+yD;onfhaemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif uGef*&ufygwDESifh *EDNwdk@taejzifh tjcm;enf;vrf;
rsm;&SmazG&ef t=urf;rzufvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS a&SmifxGufcJhonf? (1919) ckESpfwGif +Adwdo#wdk@. jyefvnfjyifqifxm; onfh
zJG@pnf;yHkt& uGef*&uftrwfrsm;taejzifh tuef@towftm%mrsm;&&dScJhonf? c&dkiftqifhY trSefwu,f tm%m&dS+yD;
yk*~dKvfa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; ay;xm;onf? xdkolwdk@taejzifh vuf&dSzJG@pnf;r_pepftwGif;/ vkyfudkif aqmif&Gufjcif;u
+Adwdo#wdk@taejzifh aemufxyf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ðy&ef tm;ay;aponf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf?

(1922) ckESpf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rvkyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_&yfem;t+yD; &ufowWywftcsKd@t=umwGif *EDN tzrf;cHcJh&+yD; axmiftwGif;
ESpfESpfeD;yg;aexdkifcJh&onf? xdktcsdefumvtwGif; ol@twGuf pmzwfcsdefESifh jyefvnfoHk;oyfpOf;pm;csdef &cJhonf?
vGwfajrmuf+yD;aemufydkif;wGif *EDNtaejzif uGef*&ufygwD. aemufuG,frS qufvuf&dSaecJhonf? odk@aomf vnf; t"dutm;jzifh
tdENd,odk@ oljyefa&mufvm+yD; ESpfrsm;twGif;u olvkyfaqmifcJhonfh “tðyoabmaqmif onfhvkyfief;rsm;”udk jyefvnfI
cGeftm;tjynfh vkyfaqmifcJhonf? xdkvkyfief;rsm;rSm csnfAdkif;iifjcif;/ [dENLESifh rGwf qvifbmom0ifrsm;t=um; wif;rmr_udk
av#mhyg;apjcif;ESifh Zmwfedrfhrsm;tay: ZmwfcJGqufqHjcif;rsm; qef@usifjcif; tp&dSojzifh jzpfonf? xdkodk@ tedrfhqHk;oabmjzifh
xdkvkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfvkyfaqmifaeaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&; OD;aqmifr_ESifh o=u*[ t=urf;rzufa&;vrf;pOfudkrl
pGef@vGwfvdkonfh oabmr&dSay?
vlxktm%mzDqefa&;
trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ac:,ljcif;
(1920) ckESpfrsm; tv,fydkif;umvonf trsKd;om;v_yf&Smr_rsm; ajcukefvufyrf;us+yD; upifhuvsm;jzpfae&onfh tcsdef jzpf.?

*EDNttaejzifh EdkifiHa&jrifuGif;rS tawmfaysmufae+yD;/ uGef*&ufygwD EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;taejzihfvnf; &wf*sf tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
rnfodk@rnfyHkqufpyf&rnfudk tjiif;yGm;tacstwifjzpfae=uonf? tpGef;a&mufawmfvSefvdkol rsm;taejzifh
vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_jyefpwif&efESifh c&dkiftqifhESifha'otqifhaumfrwDrsm; csdedap&ef awmif;qdkae+yD;/
jynfe,faumifpDrsm; ta&G;cHrnfholrsm;udkvnf; a0zef rmefrJaeonf? uGef*&ufygwDwGifvnf;
bmoma&;wif;rmr_rsm;&dSvmonf? rGwfqviftzJG@0ifta&twGuf usqif;vm+yD;/ [dENLbmoma&;jyif;xefolrsm;
wdk;rsm;vmonf?
,ciftwdkif;vdkyif atmufvGwfawmfudk jyefvnftoufoGif;vdkonfh +Adwdo#wdk@. Oay'w&yf&dSayonf? (1919) ckESpf

ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; &v'fudk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef qm *|ef qdkifrGef (Sir John Simon) OD;aqmifonfh/ aumfr&Sif w&yfudk
aemufxyfajymif;vJa&;twGuf ueOD;ajcvSrf;tjzpf (1927) ckESpfY yJGxkwfcJh.? odk@aomfvnf; xdkaumfr&Sif twGif;
tdENd,vlrsKd; wOD;rS ryg0ifacs? xdktcsuft& tem*wf wdkif;jynfzJG@pnf;yHka&;&m aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;Y +Adwdo# wdk@taejzifh
tdEdN,vlrsKd;wdk@udk ‚if;wdk@. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzuftjzpf rqufqHvdkonfh oabmoufa&mufaeonf? *EDNpum;t&qdkv#if
aumfr&SifzJG@pnf;r_rSm tdENd,vlxkw&yfvHk;udk pepfwusapmfum;armfum;vkyfjcif;jzpfonf? aumfr&Sif. =um;emr_rsm;udk
tdEdN,acgif;aqmifwdk@rS oydwfarSmuf+yD;/ aumfr&Sifemrsm; wdkif;jynfwcGifvSnfhvnf&mY vnf; [m;w,fvv f y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;
qENjyr_rsm;jzifh óudqdkcJh=uonf?
&wf*sftkyfcsKyfa&;udk qef@usifonfh nD!Gwfonfh wyfOD;wckjzpfvm&ef tdENd,EdkifiHa&;orm;wdk@u usm;ukwfusm;cJ

óud;yrf;vmonf? aumfr&Sifudk oydwfarSmufqef@usifonfh tkyfpkrsm;taejzifh ygwDpkHnDvmcHodk@ udk,fpm;vS,f ap
v$wfcJh=uonf/ vGwfvyfonfh tdENd,twGuf zJG@pnf;yHkOya'w&yfðypk&ef aqmif&Gufcsuftaejzifh ae&l;tpDt&ifcHpm
xGufvmonf? t&G,fa&mufolwdkif; rJay;ydkifcGifht& a&G;jc,fxm;onfh tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh tdENd,wjynfvHk;qdkif&m Oya'
ðya&;wdk@jzifh tdEdN,edkifiHudk +Adwdo#tifyg,mtwGif;&dS udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& 'dkareD,Hwcktaejzifh ar#mfrSef;xm;onf?
odk@aomfvnf; xdktpD&ifcHpmudk rGwfqvifacgif;aqmiftrsm;pku y,fcscJhonf? A[dktkyfcsKyfa&;av#mhcsxm;onfh
jynfe,frsm;ESifh c&dkiftqifh Oya'ðya&;tzJG@rsm;Y rGwfqvifbmom0ifae&mrsm;twGuf v#mxm;ay;&ef olwdk@.
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;r&Ijzpfonf? xdk@tjyif rdkawvft,f ae&l;. om;jzpfol *s0g[mvm ae&l;ESifh ol@. taygif;yg
uGef*&ufygwD0if ppfaoG;ºuGwdk@rSm vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkr_t&dSefwef@aponfhtay: tvGeftrif;a'gojzpf=u onf?
v_yf&Sm;r_jyefvnftouf0ifvmjcif;udk wkef@qdkif;atmif +cdrf;ajcmufaeonfh uJGjym;r_rsm;&dSaeonfh tajctaeudk

u,fwif&eftwGuf *EDNudk tEl;t!Gwfawmif;yefcJh=uonf? “trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_w&yfac:,lonfhtcg wEdkifiHvHk; taejzifh
ol. OD;aqmifr_udk cH,lonfhtcgrSomv#if acgif;aqmifr_ae&mudk jyefvnf,lrnf[k *EDNu wkef@jyefcJh.? odk@aomfvnf; (1928)
ckESpf 'DZifbmv umvuwWm;òrd@Yusif;yonfh uGef*&uftpnf;ta0;wckudk wwfa&muf&ef oabmwlcJh+yD;/ xdk@tpnf;ta0;Y

oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olrsm;ESifh ppfaoG;ºuGwdk@ ESpfzufpvHk;vufcHEdkifrnfh tajz wckudk r&rae óud;pm;cJhonf?
uGef*&uftaejzifh ae&l;tpD&ifcHpmudk vufcH&rnfjzpf+yD;/ +Adwdo#wdk@taejzifhvnf; (1929) ckESpftukefydkif;udk aemufqHk;xm;+yD;
xdktpD&ifcHpmudk vufcH&rnfjzpfonf? tu,fI vufcHjcif;r&dSygu vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;twGuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_w&yf
ac:,lðyvkyfrnfjzpfonf? xdktawmtwGif; uGef*&uftae jzifh ygwDjyefvnftm;aumif;a&;ESifh
tðyoabmaqmifvkyfief;pOfrsm;jyefvnfvkyfudkif&eftwGuf *EDNtaejzifh tjyif; txefawmif;qdkxm;onf?
ol.awmif;qdkr_udk vufrcHv#if uGef*&ufygwDta&;udpPrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufrnf r[kwf[k +cdrf;ajcmufcJhonf?
(1928) ckESpf *l*s&wfjynfe,f bm'dkvDa'o vH_@aqmfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wcka=umifh o=u*[v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfEdkifacs ,Hk=unfr_ topfrsm;

wdk;yGm;vmjyefonf? tðyoabmvkyfief;rsm;onf bm'dkvD&dS txl;ojzifh tawmftwifhcsrf;om ºuG,f0 onfh
v,form;rsKd;EG,fZmwfjzpfonfh ywd'g (Patidars) rsm;t=um; tjrpfwG,fcdkifrmpGm &dSvmcJhonf? *EDN. wdkufwGef;csuftwdkif;
ywd'grsm;taejzifh/ [dENLbmoma&;qdkif&m ausmif; t&S&rfuGef,ufrsm;zJG@pnf;=u+yD;/ t0wf txnfrsm; udk,fwdkif&ufvkyfjcif;
òcd;+cHaexdkifjcif;ESifh taxGaxGaumif;r_udpPrsm;vkyfaqmif&ef tm;ay;=uonf? +Adwdo#tpdk;&taejzifh
tcGeftaumufowfrSwfr_ (22) &mcdkifE_ef;wdk;jrifhvdkufonfhtcg ywd'gwdk@taejzifh/ xdktajc taeudk twdkuftcHqef@usif&ef
olwdk@. uGef,ufrsm;udk toHk;ðycJhonf? *EDNESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf qufpyfr_&dSonfh/ ywd'g a&S@aewOD;jzpfonfh A,fvyf[dkif yaw;
(Vallabhbhai Patel) u xdkv_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmif+yD; tpdk;&xHrS a=ueyf avmufonfhtajzr&rcsif;
tcGeftaumufrsm;ray;&ef qef@usifwdkufyJG0ifcJhonf?
bm'dkvD vlxku xdkv_yf&Sm;r_aemufuG,fwGif pk&Hk;&dSaejcif;a=umifh xdkv_yf&Sm;r_rSm atmifjrifcJh.? tcGefray;onfh twGuf

jypf'%ftm;jzifhodrf;,lxm;onfh xdkv,fajrrsm;udk tpdk;&u avvHwifa&mif;cs&m 0,f,lolrsm;udk oydwf
arSmufqef@usif=u.? yaw;taejzifh *EDNESifh yHkrSefrjywf aqG;aEG;wdkifyifovdk/ *EDNuvnf; olwnf;jzwf&onfh *sme,f ESpfckwGif
bm'dkvD. o=u*[v_yf&Sm;r_owif;udk azmfjyjzef@csDcJhonf? c&dkiftpdk;&taejzifh vufeufudkifwyfrsm; ap v$wf&ef
pOf;pm;cJhao;onf? odk@aomfvnf; xdkv_yf&Sm;r_ydkrdkus,fjyef@vmrnfudk &wf*sfwdk@rS pdk;&drfcJh+yD;/ yaw;ESifh n‡dEd_if; aqG;aEG;&ef
c&dkiftpdk;&udk zdtm;ay;cJh=u.? wajz;ajz;ESifh tcGeftaumufowfrSwfr_udk t}uD;tus,f av#mhcscJh& onf?
bm'dkvDv_yf&Sm;r_onf ywd'gwdk@.atmifyJGw&yfjzpfovdk *EDN. tcdkiftrmoufaojyp&mwckvnf;jzpfcJhonf?

t=urf;rzuftmcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk pepfwus pnf;urf;&dS&dSESifh nD!Gwfr_&dS&dSaqmif&Gufygu atmifjrifr_&onfudk
taumiftxnfjycJh+yD;/ +Adwdo#wdk@taejzifh tav#mhay;vm&onfudkvnf; jyocJhonf? “trSefwu,fawmh rdrd udk,fudk
xl;cwfcsKyfaESmifolrSm rdrdomjzpf+yD;/ xdkcsKyfaESmufr_udk &dkufzsufEdkifolrSmvnf; rdrdjzpfayonf”[k *EDNu ajym cJhonf? xdk@aemuf
}uD;rm;us,fjyef@+yD; &_wfaxG;ayGvDonfh a&mifpHkyefcsDum;vdkjzpfaeonfh tdEdN,EdkifiHY o=u*[
usifhpOfv_yf&Sm;r_ðyvkyf&eftwGuf *EDNtaejzifh ydkrdkjyifqifaqmif&Gufvmawmhonf?
b,fvdkOD;aqmif&r,fqdkwm usaemfodw,f
bm'dkvD. atmifjrifr_udk }uD;rm;us,fjyef@onfhtajctaejzpfatmif wdk;jr‡ihfyGm;rsm;&rnfjzpfonf? vdktyfonfh

tdEdN,wjynfvHk;aqmif twdkif;twmudk azmfaqmifEdkifonfrSmvnf; uGef*&ufygwDom &dSonf? odk@aomfvnf;
uGef*&ufygwD. c&dkifaumfrwDtrsm;tjym;rSm trnfcHr#om&dSae+yD;/ yHkrSef&HyHkaiG rSwfwrf;rSwf&mxdrf;odrf;r_ odk@r[kwf
oifhav#mo
f nfh &Hk;wdk@ r&dSay? *l*s&ufuJhodk@ tcsKd@aomfae&mrsm;wGifom aumfrwDzJG@pnf;r_ cdkifcdkifrmrm&dSaeonf?
ygwD,EW,m;udk yHkpHopfjyefjzpfvmatmif (1929) ckESpfY *EDN óud;yrf;aqmfi&GufcJh.? xdkodk@jzifh ygwDtzJG@0ifopftrsm;

tjym;&dSvm+yD; tcsKd@aomc&dkifrsm;Y tm;rmefwwfºuGr_rsm;awG@vm&onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ,lyD&dS uGef*&ufygwD trm
cHe,fajra[mif;rsm;wGif c&dkifXmecsKyfrsm;wGif v_yfcwfr_rsm;&dSvm+yD; tzJG@0ifopfpkaqmif;jcif;rsm; vkyftm;ay;olrsm;
udkaxmufyHh&eftwGuf &HyHkaiG&Smjcif;rsm; owif;Xmersm; vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;rSwqifh owif;rsm; jzef@xkwfjcif;rsm;
&dSvmonf? *s0g[vm; ae&l;ESifh *EDNwdk@ ,lyD c&D;pOfa=umifh tvGeftrif; pdwftm;xefoefEdk;=um;r_rsm;jzpfvm=u onf?

odk@aomfvnf; xdktajctaerSm ae&mwdkif;wGifawmh r[kwfay? vkyfaqmif&rnfvkyfief;rsm;rSm tvGeftrif; us,fjyef@vS+yD;/
uGef*&ufygwDtaejzifh wESpftwGif; tm;opfavmif;Edkifrnf r[kwfay?
atmufajctqifhrsm;Y tiftm;rnDr#r_rsm; aygif;pyfxm;&onfrSm ygwDxdyfydkif;. rnD!Gwfr_jzpfonf? vla[mif;ydkif; taejzifh

aESmuf,SufzsufqD;vdkaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Y yg0if&rnfudk wGef@qkwfae=uqJjzpfovdk/ +Adwdo#wdk@ESifh
wpHkw&majyvnfa&;udkom vdkvm;onf? vli,fydkif; wdkufcdkufr_ydkrdktm;oefonfhtzJG@0ifrsm;rSm aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_udk
qef@usif=u+yD;/ t=urf;zufenf;emrsm;ðyvkyf&ef pdwf0ifpm;=uonf? bifa*guGef*&ufaumfrwDESifh ‚if;.t}uD;tuJ jzpfol
qyf[wfpf csef'&mbdk@pf (Subhas Chandra Bose) yifv#if t=urf;zuform;rsm;ESifh eD;eD;pyfpyfqufpyfr_ &dScJh onf?
*EDNtaejzifh xdkoabmuJGvJGr_udk xdrf;odrf;cJhovdk uGef*&uf OuUXtjzpf *s0g[vm; ae&l;udk a&G;aumufwif ajr‡muf+yD;
oabmxm;wif;rmoltzJG@0ifrsm;. opPmcHr_udk &&dScJhonf?
*EDNtaejzifh vlrsKd;a&;oabmuJGvJGr_udkjzpfaprnfh a=umufrufzG,fpdefac:csufudkvnf; &ifqdkifcJh&onf? awmiftmz&d uYjzpfap

tdENd,Yjzpfap +yD;cJhonfh o=u*[v_yf&Sm;r_tm;vHk;wGif yg0if&ef ol@taejzifh/ rGwfqvifacgif;aqmifrsm; ESifhr[mrdwfðyum
rGwfqvifbmom0ifrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;EdkifcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; tckw}udrfY uGef*&ufygwDY vkyf aqmifae=uonfh
rGwfqvifacgif;aqmifrsm;yifv#if v_yf&Sm;r_udk [dENLv$rf;rdk;xm;onfhygwDu OD;aqmifoGm;rvm;[k pdk;&drfoHo,jzifh
=unfhae=uonf? +Adwdo#wdk@. &wf*sftkyfcsKyfa&;ae&mwGif [dENLwdk@. &wf*sftkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfrvmygu rGwfqvifrsm;udk *EDNu
ajzodrfhtmrcHcsufay;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf *EDN}uD;udk,fYu [dENLoauFwtay:wGif/ rDScdkae &jcif;a=umifh
ol@tay:,Hk=unfr_tjynfht0 &&dSjcif;rjzpfcJhay? rGwfqvifEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;óud;yrf;r_rSm atmifjrifjcif;r&dScJhay?
rGwfqviftrsKd;om;a&;0g'D[k ac:aom tcsKd@t&nftwGufomv#if uGef*&ufygwDESifh vufwJG aqmif&Gufvdk=uonf?
t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_topfrSm acsmacsmarG@arG@rjzpf&onfh aemufxyf tcsufrsm;&dScJhao;.? bk&ifcHudk vkyf}uH

owfjzwf&eftygt0if +Adwdo#t&m&dSrsm;udk wdkufcdkufjcif;rsm;udk t=urf;zuform;rsm;u (1929) ckESpfY ðyvkyfcJh=u onf?
ppfaoG;ºuG uGefjrLepfygwD=oZmcH tvkyform;or*~rsm;. OD;aqmifr_jzifh befa*vf;jynf bHkabtygt0if/
ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif }uD;rm;onfh qENjyv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzpfay:cJhonf? Ttcsuft& trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;ESifh qufEG,fI
vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_trnfcHjcif;u pufr_tvkyform;rsm;udk tvG,fwulpkpnf;&onf?
*EDNtaejzifh (1929) ckESpftwGif; EdkifiHa&;Y ydkrdkpdwf0ifwpm; yg0ifaeaomfjim;vnf; ol@ tðyoabmaqmifonfh vkyfief;rsm;rSm

,kwfav#mhoGm;onfr&dScJhay? ZmwfcJGjcm;qufqHr_ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: wzufowf cJGjcm;qufqHr_ rsm;udk
&_wfcsuef@uGufaev#uf&dSonf? EdkifiHjcm;jzpftxnftvdyfrsm;udk oydwfarSmufqef@usifv_yf&Smr_rsm;vkyf&ef
pnf;&Hk;vH_aqmfjcif;jzifh EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twdkif;tqudk csJ@xGifcJhonf? vl}uD; vli,f trsKd;orD; ra&G; tdrfwGif;Yyif
vlwdkif;vdkvdktaejzifh olwdk@.aexdkifr_yHkpHudk &dk;&dk;&Sif;&Sif;ajymif;vJ&Hkr#jzifh tdENd,vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifywf
oufvmEdkif=uonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_umvtwGif;u rdef;uav;i,fwOD;r#om&dSao;onfh t,fvl; 'gpfwmu vlwdkif;tm;vHk;
&xm;ay:Yyifv#if tao;pm; Adkif;iifwHrsm;jzifh Adkif;iifae=uonfudk jrifawG@cJh&onf[kqdkonf? tjzLa&mifbavmufpftusDESifh
rdk;jyma&mif *g0wf 0wfpHk 0wf&rnf[k olr. ausmif;u trdef@xkwfcJhonfhtcg 0,f,lxm;onfh tjyma&mifqdk;aq;jzifh
&dk;&mcg'D0wfpHkuav;udk olrtwGuf &ufazmufay;cJhonf?
*EDNtaejzifh EdkifiHtESH vSnfhvnf+yD; w&m;a[mjcif; &HyHkaiG&SmazGjcif;rsm; xyfrHðyvkyfjyefonf? xdkodk@jzifh vlxkESifhxdpyf +yD;

aemufw}udrft=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wcktwGuf vlxktaejzifh tqifhoihf&dSr&dSudk oludk,fhol jyefvnf ar;cGef; xkwfonf?
“usaemfpum;twdkif; vdkufvkyfzdk@ jyifqifcsuf&dSwJhvlxkudk tm%mzDqefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm b,fvdk OD; aqmif&r,fqdkwmudk
aumif;aumif;oabmaygufem;vnfygw,f”[k *EDNu a&;om;cJhonf? olajymqdkr_twdkif; vufcHrnfh
trmcHv_yf&Sm;olrsm;&dSrnfh ae&mwckudk *EDN&SmawG@cJhonf? TonfrmS pbmrwD [dELN bmom0iftzJG@ ae&mjzpfonf?
tuef@towfwpHkw&m&dSjim;vnf; o=u*[usifhpOfv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf/ tjcm;tajcpdkufae&mwck tjzpf
xdk[dENLbmoma&;ae&mrsm;udk olawG@xm;cJhonf? tdEdN,wjynfvHk;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_tqifhtwGuf jyifqifr_ rsm;vkyfcJhonf?
odk@aomf vkyfaqmifEdkifacs&dSr&dStay: oHo,rjywf xm;cJhonf?

txufydkif;rSaeI xdkodk@jzpfxGef;wdk;wufr_rsm;udk =unfhrnfqdkygu &wf*sf tkyfcsKyfolrSm ausmf=um;=oZm wduUr&dSol ESifh
^m%fpGrf;xufol aemufwOD;jzpfayonf? avmh'ftm0ifjzpfonfh tuf'f0yf z&wf'&pf vif'vD0k'frSm (1925) ckESpfuwnf;u
trnf& tpdk;&0efxrf;tjzpf +Adwdo#bk&ifcHtjzpf tdEdN,Y &dSaeonf? eDAJvfav csdefbmav. EdkifiHjcm;a&;twGif;0eftjzpf
tefaxmfeD tD'efae&mY tpm;xdk;cHcJh&onf? ol@taejzifh nd‡Ed_if;ajz&Sif;a&;udk/ OD;pm; ay;+yD; olESifhqef@usifzuf
+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm; - [pfwvm odk@r[kwf rlqdkvDeD- qdkolrsm;ESifyif/ twlwuGxdkifpum; ajymEkdifoljzpfonf?
tm0ifudk a&mh&dS,m;Y arG;zGm;+yD; rl;rwftEG,f ApfaumifhbJG@cH 'kwd,ajrmuf [mvDzufpf. om;jzpfonf? ol@.b0

wav#mufvHk;rSm jyif;xefonfhbmoma&;,Hk=unfcsufrsm;ESifh rdwfaqGrsm;twGuf r#a0cHpm;r_ESifh v$rf;rdk;aeonf?
ol.wljzpfol uG,fvGefonfhtay: *EDNxHodk@ 0rf;enf;a=umif;rSwfwrf;wckudk (1928) ckESpfY tm0if ydk@cJh&mwGif/
“cifAsm;twGufa&m ol&J@rdom;pktwGufyg qHk;&HH_;r_w&yfjzpfonf[k usaemf ,lqygw,f” [k a&;om;cJh.?
(1929) ckESpfonf *EDNtzdk@ rjynfhpHkonfh jzpfxGef;r_rsm;. ESpfwESpf[kqdk&rnfjzpfovdk tm0iftwGufvnf;/ xdkenf;

wljzpfonf? tdEdN,EdkifiHtwGuf 'dkareD,Htqifh ar#mfrSef;xm;onfh jyefvnfjyifqifa&;wifjycsuftopfudk tm0if
a&;om;cJhonf? tao;pdwftcsuftvufudk tdENd,udk,fpm;vS,fESifh +Adwdo#udk,fpm;vS,fwdk@yg0ifonfh vef'ef&dS
yHkrSefnDvmcHwckY qHk;jzwf&efjzpfonf? xdkay:vpDtay: ol. aumfqmaA;wpfygwDrS qef@usifr_&dSaomfjim;vnf;/ vef'ef&dS
avbmygwDtpdk;&. axmufcHr_&cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&. urf;vSrf;csufrSm +yD;cJhonfh'DZifbmvu csrSwfcJhonfh
tdEdN,uGef*&ufygwD.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;Edkifonfr[kwfay? uGef*&ufygwD&dS oabmxm;
aysmhajymif;olrsm;taejzifh rsufESmi,fp&mrvdkyJ xdktqdkðycsufudk vufcHzG,f&dSonf[k tm0ifu ,lqv#uf&dSonf?
xdkolwdk@rS ajyvnf&majyvnfa=umif; ta=umif;jyef=um;&ef zdtm;ay;ajymqdkcJh=uaomfvnf;/ tjcm;uGef*&ufygwD

0iftrsm;pkrSmrl aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef jiif;qdkaev#uf&dSonf? *EDNtwGufrl tm0if. tuGufqifr_tay: oifhawmfovdk
wkef@jyef&efrSm &Sif;vif;ae+yDjzpfonf? ueOD;tm;jzifh nd‡Ed_if;r_jzifh tajzwck&&ef olóud;yrf;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; &uf
owWywftcsKd@twGif; ol@.oHo,rsm;}uD;rm;vmcJhonf? zJG@pnf;yHkðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udp&P yfrsm;twGuf EdkifiHa&;t&
tm;enf;aeonfh avbmygwDESifh pum;ajymqdk&rnfhtay: jzpfEdkifacs pOf;pm;vm&onf? txl;ojzifhqdkv#if xdkrl0g' rSm
vef'efY a0zeftjypfwifcHae&onfhtwGufjzpf.? tm0ifudk vdkufav#mrnfqdkv#if bdkpD *s0g[vm;ae&l;ESifh qEN
apmaeonfhol@aemufvdkufrsm; vufrcHykefuef+yD; uGef*&ufrS xGufoGm;rnfudk olov d mcJhonf? 'DZifbmvtukef ydkif;cef@Y
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qdkwifjycsufrsm;udk olu jiif;y,fcJhonf? ESpfzufpvHk;u xdyfwdkufawG@a&;udk wmplv#uf&dS.?
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tmrcHr_ay;Ekdifavmufatmif rmausm&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif aexkdifvkdpdwf&Sdae=uaom
uGef*&ufjyify&Sd oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olwkd‹ukd pdrf;um;a&Smifz,foGm;atmif jyif;xef =urf;wrf;Ivnf; rjzpfEdkifyg?
“tpkd;&. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_tm; uef‹owfxdef;csKyfxm;jcif;udk xda&mufap&rnf’/ ‘okd‹&mwGif tajctae. vkdtyfcsufukd
ausmfvGefr_r&Sdapoifh’ [k a'oqkdif&m tpdk;&rsm;udk !¸ef=um;xm;+yD;jzpfygonf? ol.ajcvSrf; Oya' jyifyodk‹a&mufonfESifh
*ENDtm;zrf;qD;&efvnf; tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf? vdktyfonfhtcsdeftydkif;tjcm; xufykdI olŒtm;v$wfay;xm;jcif;onf
olŒtm;axmufcHolrsm;tm; tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðy&ma&mufrnfjzpf+yD; tpdk;&wyfzGJŒ rsm;udkvnf;
aomuyGm;a=umuf&GHŒapygvdrhfrnf?
‘aemufrqkwfwrf;’
rwfv (5) &ufae‹ qkawmif;yGJtwGif; pwif+yD;aemuf (7) &uft=um olwkd‹qm;csufvkyf&m yifv,fykdif;okd‹toGm; wGif
*ENDonf t&S&rf"rR&dyfomrS olŒvlrsm;udk csDwufvdkufyg&ef zdwfac:cJhygonf? csDwufjcif;onf *ENDESifh tu|rf; w0if&Sd+yD;om;
enf;y&d,m,fjzpfygonf? awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif tpdk;&tm%mykdifrsm;. tpOfwpdkuf pdwftaESmifh
t,Sufay;r_rsm;atmufrS &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifr_r&SdcJhaome,fajrudk jzwfoef;csDwufonfh (5) &uf=um csDwufyGJwGif vlrsKd;
pkHyg0ifaom }uD;rm;onfhvlpkvla0;}uD;udk ol OD;aqmifcJhzl;ygonf? ,ckw}udrfrSm csDwufolrsm;rSm ydkIenf;yg;+yD; &if;ESD;onfh
tusKd;wlvlpkrsm;jzpfI olwkd‹ ykdIa0;a0;oGm;=uygvdrhfrnf? *ENDtm; av;pm;pHðy&m *l*sm&wfaus;vuf a'oukd

jzwfoGm;=uygvdrhfrnf? olu csDwufyGJudk wu,fhvufawGŒ vlxk=um; ay:vGifpGm upm;&+yD; owif;pmrsm; tm;jzihf
wEkdifiHvkH;odk‹ ysHŒESH‹oGm;Ekdifonfh EkdifiHa&;upm;yGJ}uD;/ ZmwfcHkwcktjzpf xifjrif,lqxm;cJhygonf?
(70) ywf0ef;usif&Sdrnfh csDwufolrsm;rSm uGef*&ufxJrS tjcm;olrsm;ESifhrwlyJ ol.tajccHpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;tm;
pl;epf,kH=unfxm;olrsm;tjzpf *ENDu od&Sdxm;cJhygonf? olwkd‹onf udk,fcE<m yifyef;qif;&Jr_rsm;udk onf;cHEkdif=u/ "rR
&dyfomb0. rdrdudk,fwkdif òcd;+cHjiif;y,fEkdifr_&Sd=u+yD; olwkd‹.pnf;urf;onfvnf; tjcm; tdENd,om;rsm; erlem,l avmufp&m
awmufajymifaevdrhfrnf[k olu ,kH=unfxm;cJh+yD; jzpfygonf?
rwluGJjym;aom a'orsm;/ bmoma&;/ vlr_a&;todkuft0ef;rsm;ESifh rsKd;Zmwfrsm;rS yg0ifvm=uolrsm;jzpf+yD; trSef
w&m;ta=umif;&if;cHay:wGif &yfwnf=uolrsm;jzpfojzifh olwkd‹onf wkdif;jynftwGuf tE_dif;xyfwlðy pHerlem,lp&m
jzpfygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; *END. !¸ef=um;r_rsm;t& csDwufyGJwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifvdrhfrnf r[kwfyg? tcsKdŒaom trsKd;orD;
v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u uef‹uGufvmcJhaomtcsdefwGif olu trsKd;orD;rsm; csDwufyGJwGif yg0ifvmygu +Adwdo#wkd‹taejzifh
tdENd,trsKd;om;rsm;u ‚if;wkd‹ukd &Jtr_xrf;rsm; wkdufckdufvmygu 'dkif;tjzpf tumtuG,f&&ef trsKd;orD;rsm;udk tokH;ðy&ef
ac:aqmifvmonf[k pGyfpGJvmEkdifa=umif; olu &Sif;jycJhygonf? olu tdENd,trsKd;orD; rsm;tm; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
tvkyftau|;ðyapvkdaomfvnf; vufawGŒoabmt& +Adwdo#wkd‹ESifh &ifqkdif&efta&; u ykI d a&Sw
› ef;us OD;pm;ay;&rnf
jzpfygonf?
pwifrnfh&ufpGJrwkdifrD oDwif;ywfonf tjyif;txef jyifqifr_ðy&rnfhtcsdef jzpfygonf? ol. *l*s&wfr[mrdwf OD;pD; jzpfol
AvA[dkif; yaw; (Vallabhbhai Patel) .tultnDjzifh *ENDu tmruf'b'f (Ahmeddabad) rSonf 'if'D (Dandi)
urf;±dk;wef;&Gmtxd awmifbuf rkdif (240) vrf;a=umif;udk pDpOfcJhygonf? vrf;wav#mufwGif csDwufol rsm;onf
r=umcifESpfrsm;twGif;u tðyoabmvkyfaqmifr_rsm;ESifh o=u*[tmcHqef‹usifr_udpPrsm;udk vdkvm; axmufcH=uonfh/
toifhjzpfaeaomaus;&Gmrsm;wGif &yfem;=uygvdrhfrnf? ausmif;om;rsm;u vrf;a=umif;wGif uif; axmufI
xkd&Gmrsm;ESihfywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;+yD; &yfqkdif;rnfhae&mtpDtpOfrsm;ukd *END. *l*s&wDbmom
tywfpOfxkwf e0*sDAefowif;pm Navajivan wGif ykHESdyfazmfjycJh=uygonf? tdENd, bmom pum;jzifhomru
EkdifiHjcm;owif;Xmersm;odk‹yg csDwufyGJtm; vlxkodap&ef tpGrf;ukef tm;xkwfcJh=uygonf?
rwfv (12) &uf eD;uyfvmonfESifhtr# "rR&dyfomESifh tmruf'b'fòrd@wGif pdwfv_yf&Sm;xºuGp&m taetxm; }uD;
rm;vmcJhygonf? “'g[m t+yD;owfppfyGJyJ? usKyfwkd‹awG eH&HrSm ausmuyf+yD; usnfqHawGukd &ifqkdif=ur,f? b,fvkd enf;eJ‹rS
aemufrqkwfawmhbl;” [k *EDNu &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ajymcJhygonf? tm%mydkifrsm;uvnf; wif;rmr_udk ykdI jyif;xefvmatmif
axmufulay;cJh=uygonf? a'ow&m;ol}uD;wOD;u yaw;udk pwifzrf;qD;cJhygonf? rwfv (7) &ufae‹wGif csnfr#ifpufrsm;/
ausmif;rsm;/ aps;qkdifrsm;ESifh jrLeDpDy,f±kH;rsm; ydwfypfcJh&aom taxGaxGoydwfwck pwifjzpfyGm;cJhygonf? (12)
&ufae‹naeykdif;wGif vltkyf}uD;rsm;u wnvkH;Ekd;=um;pGmESihf &yfaecJh=uygonf? aemufykdif;wGif qkawmif;oHrsm;/
bk&m;&Sdckd;oDcsif;rsm; xGufay:vmcJhygonf? ‚if;aemufwGif *ENDu “'DwkdufyGJ[m vlxkjyyGJwck r[kwfygbl;? 'g[m
aemufqkH;±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_/ usKyf cifAsm;wkd‹udk tav;teufajymcsifwmu 'Dae&mudk vlaoawGtjzpfyJ jyefvm=uyg?
'grSr[kwf vGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJ&olawGtjzpf jyefvm=uyg” [k ajym =um;cJhygonf? *END.ZeD;jzpfol umpfwmb[dkif
(Kasturbhai) u olŒtm; tdrfwGif;,ufxnf cg'DESifh yef;ukH; pGyfay;cJh+yD; vrf;av#mufwkwfwacsmif;vnf; ay;tyfcJhygonf?
"rR&dyfomrS olvSrf;xGufcJhonfhtcsdefwGif tdENd, acgif;aqmifonf ylavmifv_yf&Sm;oGm;ap+yD;
olŒtm;apmihf=unfhae=uaomolrsm;=um;wGif qef‹usif uGJjym;aom cHpm;r_rsm; jzpfay:vmapcJhygonf? ol.twGif;a&;rSL;
r[m'ufpfa'qkdif; (Mahadev Desai) twGufrl *ENDudk =unfhjrif&onfrSm
oD&DvuFmudkatmifEdkifppfcsDcJhaomppfbk&if}uD;&mrESihf ylaqG;aomua&mufae=uaom/ 'kuQ a&mufaeaomvlxkrsm;udk
u,fwifrnfh Ak'<&Sifudk,fawmf ESpfOD;pvkH;ESifh wkE_dif;=unfhaecJhrdygonf?
csDwufolrsm; w&GmpD0ifa&muf=uonfhtcsdefwGif vltkyf}uD;u pka0;vm=u/ vif;uGif;rsm;/ AkHrsm;ESifh tjcm; wl&d,m
ypPnf;rsm;jzifh qlqlnHnHwD;r_wf=uygvdrhfrnf? *ENDu qm;cGeftm; vlrqefaomvkyf&yftjzpf wkdufckdufonfh rdef‹cGef;
pum;tusOf;ajym=um;+yD; qm;cGeftmcHqef‹usifr_onf ‘qif;&Jom;wkdufyGJ’ jzpfa=umif; a=unmygvdrhfrnf? &yfqkdif;
vkdufonfhtcgwkdif; aus;&Gmt&m&Sdrsm;tm; EkwfxGufay;&efvnf; tjyif;txef awmif;qkdygvdrhfrnf? EkwfxGuf&ef
jiif;qefonfholrsm;udk wOD;csif; qef‹usifoydwfarSmuf=u&ef !¸ef=um;r_rsm; ðyvkyfygvdrhf rnf? olwkd‹&Gmol}uD;tm;

E_wfxGufapcsifaom &Gmom;rsm;taejzifh ol.tdrfwGifusif;yaom r*Fvmaqmiftcrf;tem;rsm;ESifh tjcm;txdrf;
trSwfyGJrsm;ukd wufa&muf&ef jiif;qefEkdif=uygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; olŒtwGufvkdtyfaom vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; ukdrl
jiif;qefjcif;rðy&yg? “arwWm&yfcHcsuf[m OD;acgif;eJ‹ ESvkH;om;eJ‹ vkyf&rSmyg? tiftm;ukd a=umufvef‹oGm;atmif
vkyfzkd‹r[kwfygbl;” [k *ENDu qdkygonf?
*ENDu yifv,fbufokd‹ csDwufvkdcJhonfrSm omref&Gmom;rsm;udk vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ydkrkd}uD;rm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_wGif
yg0ifvmapcsifIjzpfygonf? olu qif;&Jom;rsm;ESifh }uH›ckdifawmifhwif;a&; pum;ajym±kHr#ESifh rvkHavmufa=umif;/
odcJh&ygonf? csDwuf=uolrsm;taejzifh ±kd;pif;r_ESifh wudk,faumif;rqefaom tðytrltm;jzihf olwkd‹.ajympum;ukd
ckdifrma=umif; jyoay;cJh=u&ygonf? npOfnwkdif; *ENDu olwkd‹tm; av[mjyifyifwGif tdyfpuf&efESifh &Gmol&Gmom; rsm;xHrS
tpm=urf;rsm;ESifh tem;,l&ef av#mfzGyfaq;a=um&efae&mrSvGJI tjcm; bmrSrawmif;qkd=u&ef trdef‹ay; !¸ef=um;cJhygonf?
okd‹aomfvnf; *ENDcsrSwfcJhaom pHE_ef;rsm;rSm tcsKdŒvlrsm;twGufrsm;pGm 0efxkyf0efykd;jzpfapcJhyg onf? tcsKdŒcsDwufolrsm;rSm
Ekd‹ESifh [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;tm; um;ESihfwif o,f,lcJh=u+yD; tcsKdŒu armfawmf,mOfrsm; ay:wGif pD;eif;vkdufygcJh=uojzihf
olt&Suf&cJh&a=umif; *ENDu ajymcJhygonf?
bwf*ef (Bhatgan) aus;&GmwGif olu olwdk‹. tykdðzef;wD;r_rsm;ESihfywfoufI ajym=um;cJhygonf? ‘vlwkdif;[m olŒ&JŒ
0rf;enf;a=uuGJaewJhtoHudk =um;&wJhtcsdefrSm vkH;0+idrfusoGm;cJh=uw,f’ [k avhvmolwOD;u a&;om;cJh ygonf?
‘olŒpum;vkH;awG[m usaemfwkd‹&JŒESvkH;om;udk xkd;azmufoGm;cJh=uw,f? wvkH;+yD;wvkH;/ atmufvif;rD;tm; vkH;
+idrf;ypfcJh=uw,f? *ENDem;rSmxGef;xm;wJh rSeftdrfuav;uvGJ+yD; tpnf;ta0;[m arSmifoGm;awmhw,f’?
c&D;vrf;wav#mufvkH;wGif tdENd,vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;. tckdiftrm&SdaecJhaom tufuGJa=umif;rsm; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ay:
vGifaecJhygonf? òrdŒ&Gmrsm;. tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;okd‹ rGwqf viftenf;tusOf;r#om wufa&mufcJh=u+yD;/ csDwufyGJwGif
ygvmaom Zmwfedrfhrsm;rSm tcsKdŒvlrsm;. rkef;wD;&GH&Smr_udk cHcJh=u&ygonf? xkdtajctaewGifyif c&D;yef;wkdiftqkH;okd‹
eD;uyfvmonfESifhtr# *END.pum;udk em;axmif&ef vma&muf=uaom vltkyf}uD;rsm;rSm ydkIrsm;jym;IvmcJhygonf? bm'kdvD
tmcHqef‹usifr_jrifuGif;rS ra0;uGmvSaom ql&wf (Surat) wGif vl (30000) cef‹u olwkd‹tm; óudqkd E_wfcGef;qufcJh=uygonf?
'gbDrD;&xm;vrf;qkHwGif vl (50000) cef‹ pka0; a&muf&SdcJh=uygonf? a'oqkdif&mt&m&Sd rsm; E_wfxGufr_vnf;
qufwkdufay:xGufvmcJhygonf? {+yDv yxrywfwGif ql&wfc±kdiftwGif;&Sd &Gmtm;vkH;rS &Gm ol}uD;oHk;ykHwykHcef‹
E_wfxGwfoGm;cJh=uygonf?
qm;csDwufr_onf *l*sm&wfa'oudk ausmfvGefIyif v_yfcwfoGm;apcJhygonf? vrf;wav#mufwGif *ENDu aqmif;yg;
rsm;a&;om;cJh+yD; tifwmAsL;rsm;udkvnf; ajz=um;ay;cJhygonf? tdENd,owif;pmrsm;u csDwufyGJowif;rsm;udk
owif;pmrsufESmzkH;pmrsufESmrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyay;cJh=u+yD; *END. &J&ifhaomvkyfaqmifr_rsm;ukd us,fus,f
jyef‹jyef‹azmfjycJh=uygonf? ‘bk&m;ocifudkwkdifwnf+yD; tJ'Dtcsdefu usKyf[m ausmif;om;av;wa,mufyJ jzpfao;
wmawmifrS usKyfcifAsm;wkd‹udkajymr,f? ol[m &nfrSef;csuyf ef;wkdifukd wjznf;jznf;csOf;uyfvmae+yDvkd‹ usKyfodjrif
vmwJhtcsdefrSm ajcmufjcm;oGm;cJhrdw,f’ [k ±kyf&Sifrif;om; tmvDuGD; yg'rfqD (Alyque Padamsee) u jyefajymjy cJhygonf?
bkHab±kyf&Sifukr`%DokH;ckrS tzGJŒom;rsm;apv$wfI owif;rSwfwrf; ±kduful;apcJh+yD; EkdifiHjcm; owif;pm q&m rsm;u *ENDtm;
Oa&myESifh tar&dutxd vlodrsm; xif&Sm;oGm;apcJhygonf? (1930 ESpfukefwGif wkdif;rfr*~Zif;u olŒtm;
ESpfwESpf.txl;c|eftajymifajrmufqHk;ol 'Man of the Year' tjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhygonf?)
vrf;ray:wGif okH;ywf=umt+yD; {+yDv (5) &ufae‹reufwGif csDwufolrsm;onf owfrSwf&ufxufw&ufapmI 'ef'D (Dandi)
okd‹ a&muf&SdcJh=uygonf? xkdae‹naewGif &Gmi,fuav;Y vl (12000) ausmf pka0;a&muf&SdcJh=uygonf? *ENDu tpd;k &tm;
olwkd‹.csDwufyGJtm; raESmuf,SufcJhonfhtwGuf csD;usL;ajymqkdcJh+yD; ‚if;aqmif&Gufr_onf urBmh tjrifwGif
vkHòcHpdwfcsaumif;rGefr_udk jzpfay:aponf[k qkdcJhygonf? *ENDonf tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;tm; olwkd‹onf vGwf
vyfjcif;ewfbk&m;rausmif;awmfodk‹ a&S›±_ae+yD; olwkd‹. c&D;yef;wkdiftqkH;okd‹ ra&mufrcsif; tpdk;&tm; +idrf;csrf;r_wpkH w&mudk
rodap&[k ajym=um;&if; tjynfjynfqkdif&m jynfolvlxk}uD;tm; tdENd,EkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGuf axmufcH r_jyo=u&ef
yef=um;cJhygonf? olu 'ef'Durf;ajctm; ‘jrifhjrwfaomajrjyif’[k qddkcJhygonf?
aemufwae‹reuf {+yDv (6) &ufae‹wGif *ENDonf urf;ajcwGif rwfwyf&yfae&mrS qm;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_csKd;zsufjcif; tpðy&ef
tcsufjyr_wckjzpfonfh ajrcJwcJtm; ukef;Iaumuf,lcJhygonf? csDwufolrsm;vnf; csufcsif;yif a&tkd;rsm; tm;

yifv,fa&tjynfh jznhfvdkuf=uygonf? tpDtpOfcsrSwf pepfwus&Sdaom vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_onf aemufqkH; wGif
pwifjzpfay:vmcJh+yDjzpfygonf?
‘*ENDOD;xkyfrsm; jynhfv#rf;aeonfhvrf;rsm;’
tmruf'bwfòrd@rS 'ef'Dokd‹csDwufyGJonf ydkrdk}uD;us,fcef;em;aomatmifyGJ rjzpfEkdifcJhyg? wkdif;jynftjrift& *ENDonf
vlxktwGuf rwkefrv_yfvkyfaeaom tpkd;&w&yftm; t=urf;rzufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_ tokH;ðyI qef‹usifwGef;vSefa&;
&nfrSef;csufoifcef;pmjyocJholjzpfygonf? ol. &Sif;vif;aompum;vkH;rsm;ESifh &J&ifhjywfom;aom erlemrsm;jzifh *END u
tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;tm; tpkd;&.Oya'rsm;ESihf tcGeftwkyfrsm;rS vGwfvyfa&;a=unm&ef/ wkdufwGef;ajym=um;cJhyg onf? olu
+Adwdo#wkd‹tm; olwkd‹.=oZmtm%mtm; emcHvdrhfrnfr[kwfa=umif; olŒtaejzifh v,f,majrrsm;udk &ufaygif;rsm;pGm
jzwfoef;+yD; r=umrwifay:aygufvmawmhrnfh &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk vlod&Sif=um; ajymqkdwifjycJh/ xkdokd‹
tvm;wlðyrlaqmif&Guf&efvnf; olwkd‹wGif wm0ef&Sda=umif; vlwkdif;tm; ajymjycJh+yD;jzpfygonf?
+Adwdo#tm%mykdifrsm;taejzifhrl rnfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_tpOfjzpfap *END.uZmwftwkdif; vkdufygaqmif&Guf=ujcif;yif jzpf ygonf?
tu,fI olwkd‹u qm;Oya'csKd;azmufolrsm;tm; zrf;qD;vkdufrnfqkdygu trsKd;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tmZmenfrsm;
zefwD;ay;rdovkdjzpfoGm;+yD;/ *ENDu olwkd‹. zdESdyfvkdaom&nf&G,fcsufudk axmufjyxm;onfukd twnfðyay;ouJhokd‹vnf;
jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? tu,fI qm;ckcHqef‹usifolrsm;tm; cGifhv$wfxm;vkdufrnf qkdygu vnf; tdENd, ckcHqef‹usifr_ESifh
&ifqkdifonfhtcsdefwGif olwkd‹tpdk;&. Oya'rsm;tm; awmifhwif;tm;aumif;&ef rvkyf aqmifEkdifawmh[k
xifjrifoGm;apEkdifrnfjzpfonf? rnfonfhenf;vrf;yifjzpfap olwkd‹taejzifh wpkHw&mqkH;±_H;&efom &Sdayawmhonf?
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;&efrSm vG,fulygonf? ta=umif;rSm yifv,fa&&Ekdifaomol rnfolrqkd qm;csufEkdifyg onf?
vkyf&rnfht&mrSm qm;iHa&udk tkd;wvkH;wGifxnhf+yD; ta&óudypf/ +yD;v#if usef&pfaomqm;rsm;udk jcpf,l±kHom jzpfyg onf?
qm;csufvkyf=ujcif;rSm urf;±kd;wef;a'orsm;jzpfaom b*Fvm;/ r'&wfpfESifh txl;ojzifh bkHabwGifom a,bl ,sv_yf&Sm;r_
jzpfvmcJhaomfvnf; TtjzpftysufESifhywfoufI owif;rsm;u wjynfvkH;eD;yg; ysHŒESH‹cJh+yD;jzpfygonf? bkHabòrdŒ}uD;wGif
ajAmifusus qm;csuf=uolrsm;tm; &J&efrS tumtuG,fay;&ef apwem0efxrf;vltrsm;u vufcsif;csdwfI
umuG,fay;xm;cJh=uygonf? ‘py&ifwckudk ±kwfw&uf v$wfvkdufovdk rsKd;yJ’ [k tlwmy&m'uf&Sf/ tvm[mbuf'f/ òrdŒwGif
zcifESifhtwl qm;a&mif;csaecJhaom *s0g[mv,fae±l;u ajymcJhygonf? ‘qm;aumif;wm raumif;wmu wu,fhudk
ta&;r}uD;ygbl;? t"duu pufqkyfp&mjzpfwJh qm;Oya'udk csKd;azmuf=uzkd‹ygyJ’olu ajymjyonf?
qm;csDwufyGJt+yD; oDwif;ywfrsm;twGif; *ENDu tm%mykdifrsm;u olŒudkzrf;qD;&ef qGay;&rnfhenf;vrf;wckudk &Sm=uHcJhygonf?
xkd‹a=umifhyif {+yDv (12) &ufae‹wGif olu txl;ojzifh pdwftaESmifht,Sufay;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ wckudk a=unmcJhygonf?
wyfrsm;ESifh xdyfwkduftaotcsm&ifqkdif&Ekdifaom 'g&moem (Dharasana) &Sd qm;vkyfief;tm; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;&ef olu
OD;aqmifrnfjzpfygonf? EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; 0uf*sf0k'f bif;u (Wedgewood Benn) u *ENDqifxm;aom axmifacsmufudk
em;vnfoabmaygufcJhygonf? olu ‘olwkd‹u olwkd‹ukd,fpm;ðyaqmif&Gufaejcif; onf rrSefuefvufoifhrcHEkdifaom
tm%m&Sifqefaom zdESdyfr_jzpfonf/ okd‹r[kwf olwkd‹awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk vkdufavsmr_wckckudkom a&G;cs,fap&ef pDpOfwus
u|Ekfyfwkd‹tm;jyo&ef tm;xkwfvmjcif;jzpfonf’ ‘olwkd‹onf u|Ekfyfwkd‹tm; onftwkdif;=unfhae&ef cGifhðyvdrhfrnfr[kwfay’
[k a&;om;cJhygonf?
qm;csDwufyGJpwifcJhaomtcsed fu tm0iftaejzifh olŒwGif t}uHtpnfwck&Sdonf[k xifxm;cJhygonf? ‚if;rSm *END tm;
Oya'udk csKd;azmufvmonftxd onftwkdif; =unfhaevkduf+yD; csKd;azmufvmonfESifh rqkdif;rwG zrf;qD;&ef jzpfygonf?
okd‹aomfvnf; xkdao;i,faomvluav; 'ifbD (Danbi) yifv,fjyifokd‹ csOf;eif; 0ifa&mufvmonfh tcsdefwGifrl bk&ifcHu
wGef‹qkwfaecJhygonf? aemufykdif;wGif *ENDtm; zrf;qD;vkdufjcif;onf qef‹usifuef‹uGufr_ rkefwkdif;tm;
pwifwkdufckdufapvkdufovkdjzpfoGm;+yD; tm0ifu pm;yGJ0kdif;awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;&mwGif yg0ifvmapcsifolrsm; jzpfaom
oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olrsm;ESifhvnf; yËdyuQjzpfvmaprnfjzpfygonf?
tjcm;t&m&Sdrsm;rSm Oya'twkdif;aqmif&Guf&ef ydkItm;oefcJh=uygonf? bkHabtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;u *ENDtm; vGwfvyf
cGihfay;xm;jcif;onf qef‹usifuef‹uGufolrsm;tm; tm;wufvmapovkdyif tpkd;&axmufcHolrsm;tm; tm;ysuf

oGm;apEkdifonf[k ta=umuftuef ajymqdkcJhygonf? tusyftwnf;rSvGwfajrmuf&ef vrf;r&Sdyg? ‘*ENDtm;zrf;qD; vkdufjcif;
tdENd,wjynfvkH;udk rD;±_dŒvkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf’ ‘olŒtm; rzrf;qD;yJxm;jcif;onf olŒvkyf&yftm; vlod &Sif=um;jzpfatmif
vkyfay;vkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf’ [k trsKd;om;a&;0g'D owif;pmwapmifu a&;om;cJhygonf? tm0ifrSm aemufqkH;wGif
ol.pdwfukd qkH;jzwfEkdifcJhygonf? olu arv (4) &ufae‹nwGif *EDNtm; (1827) ckESpf w&m;&ifqkdifajz&Sif;&efvkdtyfaom
(odk‹r[kwf) ykHaojypf'%fcsrSwfcH&Ekdifaom Oya'jyÏmef;owfrSwfcsufjzihf zrf;qD;ckdif;cJhygonf?
*ENDtm; zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;vdkufr_onf 'g&moemqm;usif;&Sd v_yf&Sm;r_udkr&yfwef@apcJhyg? touf (70) t&G,f t+idrf;
pm;w&m;ol}uD; tufbmhpf wdkifbm*sD (Abbas Tybaji) onf *END.ZeD;onf upfwmbm[dkifESifhtwl vma&muf
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufol (300) tm;OD;aqmifI arv (12) &ufae‹wGif qm;vkyfief;okd‹csDwufcJhygonf? *ENDbufrS
&yfwnfay;cJhygonf? olwkd‹onf vkyfief;cGifokd‹ra&mufrDyif tzrf;cHcJh&+yD; axmif'%fokH;v tjypfay;cHcJh&ygonf?
okd‹aomfvnf; 'g&moemqm;usif;tmcHqef‹usifr_onf ed*kH;csKyfIroGm;cJhyg? uAsmq&mESifh vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifjzpfol qm&dk*sDeD
Edkif'kl (Sarojini Naidu) u urf;ajca'ookd‹ tvsiftjrefa&muf&SdvmcJh+yD; qufvuf wm0ef,laqmif&Guf cJhygonf? olrESihf
vma&mufyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;onf qm;vkyfief;rsm;&Sd&modk‹ t}udrfrsm;pGm csOf;uyfvmcJh=u ygonf? t}udrfwkdif;vnf;
olwkd‹.vrf;a=umif;tm; &Jrsm;u ydwfqkd‹cJh=uygonf? xkd‹a=umifhyif olwkd‹u xkdifIom apmifhaecJh=u&m w}udrfv#if (28)
em&Dr# =umjrihfcJhygonf? aemufxyf &maygif;rsm;pGm tusOf;csxm;cHcJh&ygonf? Edkif'l; u 0ifa&mufpD;eif;r_onf
t=urf;zufr_jzpfonfudk odjrifcJh+yD; olraejzifh t=urf;zufr_onf 0ifa&mufpD;eif;ol rsm;xHrS r[kwfrnfudkom
pkd;&drfa=umifh=ucJhygonf? ‘b,fvkd tajctaersKd;rSmrqkd t=urf;rzuf&bl;? &Sifwkd‹ t±kduf tESufcH&rSmyJ/ 'gayr,fh &Sifwkd‹
rckcH&bl;? ±kdufcsufawGudk umuG,fzkd‹ vufwzufudkawmif rajr‡muf&bl;’? arv (21) &ufae‹wGif qENjyolrsm;u
qm;avSmifcef;rsm; ywfywfvnf&Sd oHql;óud;em;wGif&yfem;&ef óud;pm;cJh=uygonf? &Jom;rsm;u tv#iftjref
ydwfqkd‹wm;qD;xm;=u+yD;/ (Lathis) [kac:aom oHr%dacgif;wyf eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzifh olwkd‹tm; pwif±kdufESufcJh=uygonf?
‘csDwufvmolawG[m ±kdufcsufawGudkumuG,fzkd‹ vufudkawmifrajr‡muf cJh=uygbl;? olwkd‹[m abmvif;ypfwJh ykvif;awGvkdyJ
twkH;t±kef;vJusukef=uw,f? vJusroGm;ao;olawG[m vlwef;udk zsufrypfbJ +idrf+idrfoufoufacgif;rmrmeJ‹
vJusoGm;atmif t±kdufcH&wJhtcsdeftxd quf+yD;csDwufcJh=u w,f’ [k EkdifiHjcm;owif;axmufwOD;u owif;ay;ykd‹cJhygonf?
yxrvlwef; vJusoGm;cJhonfhtcsdefwGif '%f&m &olrsm;udko,f,l&ef xrf;pifrsm; a&muf&SdvmcJh=u+yD; ae‹pOfae‹wkdif;yif
ykdrdkrsm;jym;aom xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifr_rsm; qufIjzpfay:vmcJhygonf? ZGefv (6) &ufae‹txd 'g&moemqm;usif;rS v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
&yfqkdif;oGm;cJhjcif;r&Sdyg?
'ef'Dudk csDwufaepOftawmtwGif; *ENDrSm v_yf&Sm;r_.aemufwqifhESifhywfoufI pOf;pm;aecJhygonf? vlxk tmcH
qef‹usifr_onf qm;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_tay:Yom A[kdðyxm;oifhonf[k olu ,kH=unfxm;cJhygonf? tcGefray; aqmifjcif;
odk‹r[kwf opfawmOya'rsm; csKd;azmufjcif;rsm;udk tm;ray;=u&yg? ta=umif;rSm wqufpyfwnf; yg0ifywfoufaeaom
w&m;rr#wonfh qm;cGefawmfudkvnf; ypfrSwfxm;wkdufckdufcJhjcif;r[kwfI jzpfygonf? okd‹&mwGif v_yf&Sm;r_onf
EkdifiHjcm;t0wftxnfrsm;ESifh t&ufrsm;tm; oydwfarSmufa&;wkd‹uJhokd‹ aom w&m;Oya' jyify r[kwfaomfvnf;
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;udk tm;enf;oGm;apEkdifonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; yg0ifoihfonf[k olxifjrif ,lqcJhygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_onf
tm;oGefpdkufxkwfr_udk av#mhcs&ef roihfaomfvnf; oludk,fwkdif vkyfaqmifrSr[kwfyJ aumif;pGm pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;&Sd&ef
vkdtyfygonf? *ENDESifh ol.vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm; tm;vkH;u txl;ojzifh ‚if;wkd‹zrf; qD;jcif;cH&+yD;v#if òrdŒwkdif;&Gmwkdif;&Sd
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk olwkd‹taejzifh vrf;jy!¸ef=um;&ef rjzpfEkdifrSef; od&SdcJh=uygonf? olwkd‹u xkdudpPudk a'oqkdif&m
tajctaersm;tay: tcGifhaumif; &,lEkdifonfh enf;AsL[mrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Guf&ef ta&;}uD;aom vkdtyfcsufwckjzifh
jynfe,faumfrwDrsm;okd‹ wifjycJh=uygonf? v_yf&Sm;vkyfaqmifr_tm;vkH;onf xdef;csKyfr_tjynfht0jzifh t=urf;rzufa&;
jzpf&rnf[k !$ef=um;xm;cJh=uygonf?
qm;csufvkyfjcif;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;t0wftpm; oydwfarSmufr_wGif uHraumif; ta=umif;rvScJh=uaom vufuaemif;
(Lucknow) òrdŒrS uGef*&uftzGJ@0ifpnf;±kH;a&;orm;rsm;u tm%mydkifrsm;tm; zdESdyfr_ESifh aemufqkwfr_ESpfckteuf
wckudkoma&G;cs,f&ef/ aemufxyfta&;,laqmif&Gufr_wck ðyvkyfcJh=uygonf? (1857) ckESpf tmcHqef‹usifr_t+yD;wGif +Adwdo#
tkyfcsKyfa&;u wyfrsm; tvG,fwul 0ifa&mufEkdifa&;twGuf tdrfrsm;ESifh ocsKõif;rsm;udkyif òzdzsufjcif;tm;jzifh
a&S;tdENd,0ef;usiftm; jzwfoef;oGm;onfh vrf;r}uD;ESpfcktm; jzwfawmufypfcJh=uygonf? olwkd‹u +Adwdo# vlae
a'oopfwckudkvnf; cGJxkwfvkduf+yD; ‚if;.A[dkwGif [m&wf*ef@*sf (Hazratganj) [kod=uaom aps;vrf;wvrf;

xm;&SdcJhygonf? vlwkdif;uvufuaemif;. +Adwdo#xdef;csKyfr_rSm +Adwdo#wkd‹u òrdŒ. olwkd‹tpdwftydkif;[k oabmxm; aom
ae&mudk w&m;Oya'pdk;rkd;r_xm;&Sdjcif;jzihf trSwfoauFw jyovkdufjcif;jzpfonf[k em;vnfcJh=uygonf? [m&wf*ef@*sf
(Hazratganj) vrf;ay:wGif uGef*&uftzGJ@rS OD;aqmifvSnfhvnfcsDwufjcif;udk umvtawmf=um=um uyif ydwfyif
wm;qD;jcif; cHcJh&ygonf? ,cktcsdefwGif trsKd;om;a&;0g'D acgif;aqmifrsm;u pdefac:r_w&yfðyvkyf&ef qkH;jzwfcJh=uygonf? ‚if;rSm
vufuaemif;wGif tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;taejzifh rnfonfhae&mudkr# ra&Smif=u&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uygonf?
ar (14) &ufESifh (22) &uf ESpf}udrfwdwd uGef*&uftzGJ@ESifh yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u [m&wf*ef@*sf (Hazratganj)
vrf;ay:wGif csDwuf&ef óud;yrf;cJhonfudk &Jrsm;u ydwfqkd‹wm;qD;cJh=uygonf? okd‹&mwGif tacs twifjzpfae=ut+yD;wGif
&Jrsm;u 0ifa&mufcGifhðycJhygonf? acgif;aqmif (13) OD; tzrf;cHcJh&aomfvnf; tu,fI uGef*&uftzGJ@u
vkdifpifav#mufxm;ygu csDwufcGifh&rnf[k tm%mydkifrsm;u ajymvmcJhygonf? +Adwdo#wkd‹u +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;
tm%mydkiftzGJŒxH OD;pGmta=umif;=um; today;xm;rSomv#if tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd‹. t0ef;t0dkif; twGif;wGif
v_yf&Sm;cGihfðyrnf[k ajym=um;cJhygonf? vGwfaeqJjzpfaom uGef*&uftzGJ@ acgif;aqmifrsm;url +Adwdo#wdk‹tm; tcuftcJ
tusyftwnf;rS tvG,fwul vGwfajrmufcGihfray;cJh=uyg? arv (25) &ufae‹wGif trsKd;orD;tawmfrsm;rsm;OD;aqmifonfh
yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u cGifhðycsufvkdifpifrawmif;cH yJ [m&wf*ef@*sf (Hazratganj) vrf;qDokd‹ OD;wnf
csDwufcJh=uygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; &Jrsm;u ‚if;wkd‹r0ifa&mufEkdif atmif ydwfqkd‹xm;cJh=uygonf? w&m;ol}uD;u tu,fI
olwkd‹qkwfcGmray;cJhygu tiftm;okH;I òzdcGJ&vdrhfrnfjzpf a=umif; owday;t+yD;wGif olwkd‹u rdepftwef=um
apmifhaecJh=uygonf? aemuf &Jrsm;u a&S›qkH;rS trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd qGJI z,f&Sm;ypfcJh=uygonf? jrif;pD;&Jrsm;
a&muf&SdvmcJhonfhtcsdefwGif acgif;aqmifrsm;u uef‹uGufqef‹usifolrsm; tm; vSJcs=u&ef trdef‹ay;cJhygonf? ajcv#if&Jrsm;u
olwkd‹tm; '&GwfqGJI z,f&Sm;ypfcJh=uygonf? tcsKd‹u ckcHqef‹ usifvmonfhtcsdefwGif &Jrsm;u oHr%dacgif;wyf
eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzifh csDwufolrsm;ESifh =unfh±_ae=uolrsm;tm; ±kdufESufcJh=uygonf? vlw&mausmfcef‹ '%f&m&&SdcJh&m tcsKdŒrSm
jyif;xef+yD; uGef*&uftzGJ@u aoqkH;olrsm;vnf; &Sda=umif; ajym=um;cJhygonf?
[m&wf*ef@*sf (Hazratganj) . ta&;ygjrifhjrwfr_udk pdefac:cJhjcif;rSm tmcHqef‹usifr_jyÏmef;pmtkyfwcktjzpf wjznf;jznf;
ay:vGifvmcJhygonf? uGef*&uftzGJ@u vlrsm;twGuf wukd,fa&t"dy`m,f&dS+yD; +Adwdo#tkyfpkd;r_. taxGaxG w&m;rr#wr_.
oauFwwckvnf; jzpfonfh ta=umif;&if;wckudk owdðy odjrifem;vnfcJhygonf? xkdtcsdefu yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u
+Adwdo#wkd‹. trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk tmcHqef‹usifcJh=u+yD; aemufqkH;wGif olwkd‹udk,fE_duf t=urf;zufr_udk a&SmifusOfae=u&if;
vufeufrJhjynfolvlxktm; &Jrsm;u wkdufckdufr_tay: pdwfvy_ f&Sm;cJh=uygonf? qef‹usifuef‹uGufolrsm; cHcJh&onfh
±kyyf dik ;f qkid &f m '%f&mtemw&rsm;onf ol&owWd. trSwfwHqdyfwckjzpf+yD; +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;u p±kdufobm0t&
vkyfudkifaqmif&GufcJhaom t=urf;zufr_udk trSwf& ap&ef owday;aernfht&mrsm; jzpfygonf?
okd‹&mwGif yËdyuQrSm xkdae&mwGif &yfqkdif;roGm;cJhyg? aemufwae‹ uGef*&uftzGJ@u aemufxyfw}udrfóud;pm;&ef
pDpOfaea=umif; òrdŒtm%mykdifrsm; =um;odoGm;onfhtcsdefwGif (400) cef‹&Sdrnfh &JESifh ppfom;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@. XmecsKyfrsm;wGif
csxm;vmcJh+yD; vrf;rsm;ukd&Sif;vif;ypf/ uGef*&uftvHudk qGJcsypfcJh=uygonf? xdktcsdefwGif acgif;aqmifrsm;u csDwufyGJudk
&yfqkdif;ypfvkduf=u+yD; &Jrsm;vnf; qkwfcGmoGm;cJh=uygonf? a'gojzpfae=uaom òrdŒae vlxkrsm;u &Jom;rsm;aemuf pcef;txd
vkdufygoGm;cJh=u+yD; uGef*&uftzGJ@ESifh yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u tdrfjyef=u&ef awmif;yefaeonfh=um;rSyif tkwfcJrsm;/
ausmufwkH;rsm;ESihf ykvif;rsm;jzifh ypfaygufcJh=u&m aemufqkH; &Jpcef;udk rD;±_dŒypf&eftxd aºuG;ausmfawmif;qkdcJh=uygonf?
em&D0ufcef‹=umoGm;onfhtcsdefwGif &Jrsm;u pwif ypfcwfygawmhonf? wyfom;rsm;u tajctaeudk xdef;odrf;cJhaomfvnf;
vlav;a,muf aoqkH;oGm;cJh+yD;jzpfyg onf?
tm%mydkifrsm;u ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@ (curfew) xkwfjyefcJh+yD; vlpkvla0;ESifh csDwufjcif;udk ydwfyifypfcJh/ vlaygif;rsm; pGmudk
zrf;qD;cJhygonf? vufuaemif;òrd@vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_onf +Adwdo#wkd‹. tm%mudkjyqkdonfh vrf;rsm;ay: csDwufcGifh&a&;
atmifjrifr_r&&SdcJhyg? odk‹aomfvnf; trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;onf ykdrkd}uD;rm;onfhatmifyGJudk &&SdcJh yg onf? olwkd‹u
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;tm; tifyg,mtkyfcsKyfr_onf aoewfESifhtcsdefcHxm;&onfh tpkd;&ESifh wjcm;pD jzpfonf[laom
pdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;ukd pGef‹v$wf&ef wGef;tm;ay;EkdifcJhygonf? olwkd‹onf cufcJaom oifcef;pm wckudkvnf;
&&SdoGm;cJh=uygonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd Ekd;=um;qef‹usifvkdpdwf&SdcJhol tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm t=urf;rzuf aom

Oya'oe,fy,fukd em;rvnfcJh=uyJ/ tqkH;ed*kH;wGif ydkIjyif;xef=urf;wrf;aomzufokd‹ pGrf;tm;jyefvnfa&muf&Sd oGm;Ekdifa=umif;
awG@cJh=u&ygonf?
vufuaemif;onf qm;csDwufyGJ pwifjzpfay:vmonfhtcsdefwGif jzpfcJh&aom òrd@wckwnf;r[kwfyg? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyf
a&;tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh ae&mrsm;pGmwGif ‚if;wdk‹taejzifh xdef;csKyfr_udkpGef‹v$wfrnfavm/ jyif;xef=urf;wrf;
aomtiftm;udk tokH;ðyrnfavm[laom vrf;wckckudkom a&G;cs,f&ef acsmifydwfrdapcJh&ygonf? {+yDv (6) &ufae‹
aemufykdif;oDwif;ywfrsm;/ vrsm;twGif; a'vDòrd@awmfodk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhaom a=u;eeff;pmrsm;/ tpD&ifcHcsufrsm;u ‚if;wdk@
,cifawG;xifxm;csufudk ajymif;apcJh&ygonf? qm;csufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf t&Sdeft[kef}uD;rvmEkdifovkd/ pkd;&drf&avmufaom
+cdrf;ajcmufr_vnf; jzpfrvmEkdifqkdonfh +Adwdo#wkd‹. ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk ysufpD;oGm;apcJhygonf? *END. vlxk tmcHqef‹usif&ef
awmif;qkdr_rsm;onf wkdif;jynfw0ef;vkH;wGif ti,fpm;/ t}uD;pm; xdef;rEkdifodrf;r& jzpfr_rsm;udk jzpfay:vmapcJh+yD;
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;udk xdwfvef‹ajcmufjcm;oGm;apcJh&ygonf?
bkHabòrdŒwGif qm;tmcHqef‹usifr_ESifh t0wftpm; uef‹uGufr_rsm; ae&mwkdif;wGif jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; yg0ifyl;aygif; aqmif&Guf
olrsm;u }uD;rm;I pnf;pepfwus pkpnf;xm;aom csDwufyGJrsm;udk vrf;!¸efxdef;ausmif;ay;&ef vrf;rsm;ay:odk‹
a&muf&SdvmcJh=uygonf? ‘uGef*&ufonf awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ajymifajymifwif;wif;yif vrf;!¸efxdef;
ausmif;ay;cJhygonf?’ ‘*END.OD;xkyfrsm; vrf;rsm;ay:jynhfESufae+yD;/ apwemh0efxrf;rsm;uvnf; ,leDazmif;0wfum
yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;udk pepfwus uef‹uGufqef‹usifr_ðyvkyf&ef &JwyfzGJ@rsm;uJhokd‹yif pnf;urf;pepfwus
csxm;aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf’ [k e,l;a'vD òrd‹awmfjynfxJa&;0ef}uD; tdyfcsf-*sD-[dwf (H.G. Haig) u rSwfwrf;
wifxm;cJhygonf? bifa*gvftkyfcsKyf a&;e,f rpfemyl;&fa'owGif qm;csuform;yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;udk &Ju
wkdufckdufr_onf aus;vufykefuefxºuGr_wckudk jzpfyGm;apcJhygonf? v,form;rsm;u aus;&Gmrsm;udk cHwyftjzpf
ajymif;vJypfcJh=u+yD;/ 0g;/ opfom;rsm;jzifh t&Htwm;cHwyfrsm;udk wnfaqmufcJh=u+yD; v,fuGif;rsm;udkjzwfI uwkwf
rsm;wl;xm;cJh=uygonf? ‘u|Efkyftaejzifh aemufxyfypfcwfr_ tenf;i,f xyfvkyfcJh&onfhwdkif +idrf;csrf;r_jyefvnf
xdef;odrf;wnfaqmuf&ef ar#mfvihfcsuftvGefenf;yg;ygonf[k’ [k xdwfvef‹ajcmufjcm;aecJhaom c±kdifw&m; ol}uD;u
ZGefvwGif a&;om;xm;cJhygonf?
ta&;awmfykHwcktjzpf xºuGjzpfysufaeonfhtcsdefwGif/ *ENDcsrSwfv_yf&Sm;cJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. v_yf&Sm;yHk uGefwkdykH
azmfrsOf;rsm;rSm rxifrSwfEkdifavmufatmif ,uf,S,f±_wfaxG;cJh=uygonf? ppfwaumif; (Chittagong) ESifh bifa*gvf
(Bangal) wGif t=urf;zuform;rsm;uvnf; t[d Hopdwf"mwf jzifh pwifcJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_xJokd‹ twif; uma&m
0ifa&mufvmcJh=uygonf? {+yDv (18) &ufae‹wGif vlajcmufq,fcef‹u a'owGif; vufeufwkdufwcktm; wkdufckdufzsufqD;I
vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;pGmudk vk,lcJh=u ygonf? olwkd‹u atmifyGJtxdrf;trSwftjzpf ‘*ENDtkyfcsKyfa&; vm+yD’[k aºuG;a=umfcJh=u+yD;
&Jrsm;/ ppfom;rsm;ESifh wkdufckdufjcif;rðyrD vGwfvyfa&;a=unmcsufwapmifukd xkwfjyefcJh =uygonf?
tpkd;&twGuf ydkIqkd;0g;aomowif;rSm t"dutm;jzihf rGwfqvifyxefvlrsKd;rsm; trsm;pkaexkdi&f m awmifwef;a'o jzpfaom
taemufajrmufa&S›wef;a'orS a&muf&SdvmcJhjyefygonf? t"duacgif;aqmifrSm t=urf;rzuf a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ 0g'DwOD;jzpfvmcJhol
vlrsKd;pk*k%foduQmESifh vlr_ðyjyifa&; ckcHumuG,fa&;orm; tufbf'lvf*zm;cef (Abdul Ghaffar Khan) u OD;aqmifI
xyfrHqef@usifvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ol.aemufvkdufaemufygrsm;u yuf&S0g t&ufpwkd;qkdif rsm;udk
qef‹usifuef‹uGufcJh=uaomtcsdefwGif acgif;aqmifrsm; tzrf;cHcJh&+yD; vltkyfpkaygif;rsm;pGmu òrdŒwGif;okd‹ pnf;urf;pepfuspGm
jzwfoef;csDwuf uef‹uGufqENjycJh=uygonf? ppfom;rsm;u aoewfjzifhypfcwfcJh&m tenf;qkH; vl (65) OD;
aoqkH;oGm;cJhygonf? ‚if;aemufwGif [dENL±kdifz,fvfwyfpkESpfpku rGwfqviftrsm;pkyg0ifaom vltkyfpk }uD;ukd
ESdrfeif;&eftrdef‹ukd jiif;qefcJh=u&m wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;u ppfom;rsm;udk òrdŒawmfrS qkwfcGmckdif;cJh =uygonf? q,f&ufcef‹
+Adwdo#wkd‹ yuf&S0gòrd@udk rxdef;csKyfEkdifcJh=uawmhyJ wm0ef&Sdt&m&Sdrsm; EkwfxGufcJh+yD;/ tcGefaiGaumuf,l a&;ESihf w&m;±kH;rsm;
&yfwef‹oGm;cJh=uonftxd/ aus;vufa'orsm;txd r+idrfoufr_u ysHŒESH‹oGm;cJhygonf? jynfe,f
aumfr&SifemcsKyftm0iftaejzifh pdwf"mwfusqif;ysufjym;aeonfh tajctaewGif &Sdaeonf[k qkdcJh=uygonf?
a=umuf&GHŒajy;v$m;a&Smifwdrf;r_rsm;onf +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&; tjcifrsm;=um;rS tv#Kdtv#Kd xGufay:I vmcJh=uygonf?

‘òzdcGJESdrfeif;r_ESihf cHEkdif&nfpGrf;’
*ENDtzrf;rcH&rDtcsdeftxd/ tpdk;&taejzifh vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_udk udkifwG,fxdef;csKyf&ef r[mAsL[m[lI r&SdcJhyg? ol@tvdkvdk
+idrfoufat;csrf;oGm;onftxd apmihfae&efom pOf;pm;xm;cJhonf? aemufykdif;wGif a'oqkdif&m t&m&Sd rsm;tm;
txl;tm%mrsm; ay;tyfvmcJh+yD; vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&eftwGuf olwkd‹taejzifh tiftm;ukd
ajymifajymifwif;wif;tokH;ðyvmcJh=u&onf? *ENDtaejzifh 'ef'Dokd‹ rkdif (200) ausmfausmf taESmihf t,Suf t[ef‹twm;r&Sd
csDwufcGifh&&SdcJh+yD;aemufydkif;/ tjcm;tdENd,om;rsm;taejzifh +Adwdo#tpkd;&.Oya'tm; csKd;azmufv#if Tr#
nifnifomomqufqHcH&&ef ta=umif;r&Sdawmha=umif; odjrifem;vnfapcJhonf? arv tukefwGif a'oqkdif&m
tm%mydkifrsm;u oydwfarSmufuef‹uGufolrsm;/ tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm;tm; +cdrf;ajcmufolrsm;/
tcGefraqmifa&;v_H‹aqmfolrsm;tm; ta&;,ltjypfay;&ef tcGihftm%m ay;tyfcJh=uygonf?
ZGefv (3) &ufae‹wGif bk&ifcH.aumifpDrS jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;tm; ‘vlxktmcHqef‹usefa&; pnf;±kH;a&;tzGJŒrsm;tm;’
rw&m;toif;tzGJ@rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfa=ujim&ef cGifhðycJh+yD; aEG&moDtukefwGif vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;tm;/ ae&m trsm;pkwGif
w&m;r0if tjzpfa=unmcJhygonf? axmifrsm;wGifvnf; uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh jynfhv#HoGm;yg onf? ae±l;ESifh
yaw;wkd‹tygt0if uGef*&uf acgif;aqmifrsm; trsm;tjym;tzrf;cHcJh=u&ygonf? uGef*&uftzGJ@. pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk
qifqmjzwfawmuf&ef jyÏmef;owfrSwfvdkuf+yD; atmufwkdbmvwGif uef‹owfydwfyifcHxm;& aom
tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;ykdifypPnf;rsm;ESifh taqmuftODrsm;udk pwifodrf;,lcJhygonf? tpkd;&u jyif;xefonfh ab; tEœ&m,f
t=uyftwnf;wcktwGuf ta&;ay:tajctaetxl;Oya'wckudkvnf; jyifqifxm;&SdcJhygonf?
v_yf&Sm;r_tm; acsr_ef;&ef +Adwdo#wkd‹. r[mAsL[mrSm tay:&Htm;jzifh ykdI txif}uD;av;pGm;zG,fvnf; &SdcJhygonf?
pm;yGJ0kdif;awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;udk atmufwkdbmvwGif pwif&rnfjzpf+yD; tm0ifu uGef*&uftzGJ@tm; ‚if;aqG;aEG;yGJudk
wufa&muf&ef qEN&SdaeqJyif jzpfygonf? olŒtaejzifh uGef*&ufygwDrygyJ pm;yGJ0kdif;aqG;aEG;yGJxkdifjcif;onf olwkd‹tm;
ydkrkdqkd;0g;pGm txD;wnf; jzpfusef&pfcJhapvdrhfrnfukd odjrifaecJh=uaom +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;tay: opPmapmifhod ae=uqJjzpfonfh
tdENd,EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh twlwuG yg0ifaqG;aEG;Ekdif&ef ar#mfvihfxm;cJhygonf? xkd‹a=umifhyif olwkd‹xJrSESpfOD;onf *ENDESifh
ae±l;wkd‹tm; tusOf;axmifwGif oGm;a&mufawGŒqkHcJh+yD; uGef*&ufygwDyg0ifvmatmif rnfokd‹vkyfaqmif&rnfudk
oabmwlnDr_&&ef nd‡E_dif;cJh=uygonf? tjyefjyeftvSefvSef aqG;aEG;r_rsm;t+yD;wGif tusOf;om;ESpfOD;u tu,fI
tjcm;tajctaersm;=um;wGif vlxktmcHqef‹usifa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm;vkH;tm; v$wfay;v#if/ txl;Oya'rsm;
zsufodrf;ay;v#if/ odrf;,lxm;aomajrrsm;tm; jyefay;tyfv#if/ oydwfarSmuf qef‹usifjcif;ESifh qm;csufjcif;tm;cGifhðyv#if/
+Adwdo#tifyg,mrS tdENd,EkdifiH. cGJxGufcGifhtm; todtrSwfðyv#if vkdufavsmrnf[k oabmwlnDcJh=uygonf? tm0ifrSm
‚if;us,fjyef‹aom awmif;qkdcsufrsm;tm; rvkdufavsmEkdifcJhyJ pufwifbmv yxrywfwGif tay;t,lvkyfr_udk ESpfzufpvkH;rS
pGef‹v$wfvkdufcJh=uygonf?
tm0if. r[mAsL[mjzpfonhf tajctae ykHrSeftwkdif; jyefjzpfap&ef zdESdyfr_ESifh aphpyfnd‡E_dif;r_ ESpfckyl;wGJ tokH;ðya&; rSm
&yfwef@oGm;cJh&jyefygonf? okd‹&mwGif tpkd;&. udkifwG,faqmif&Gufr_rsm;jzpfonfh zrf;qD;jcif;rsm;/ txl;Oya'rsm;/
uef‹uGufqENjyolrsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm;u vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; ±_yfaxG;oGm;apcJhygonf? tu,fIom
uGef*&uftzGJ@taejzifh v_yf&Sm;r_udk qufvufv_yf&Sm;xm;apEkdifcJhrnf/ ‚if;&,lxm;cJh+yD;onfh t&Sdef t[keftwkdif; &Sdae
apEkdifcJhrnfqkdygu ydkrkdwif;wif;=uyf=uyfxdef;csKyf&ef tpkd;&.tm;xkwfr_tm;/ tm;aysmhcsdeJ@oGm;apEkdifcJhvdrhfrnf jzpfonf?
xkdodk‹vkyf&efrSm uGef*&uftzGJ@taejzifh v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;vkdolrsm;tm; t=urf;zufjcif;a=umifh
a=umuf&GHŒacsmufcsm;roGm;=uap&ef taotcsmvrf;!$ef vkyfaqmifEkdifcJh&ef vdktyfygonf? 'g&moemqm;usif; odk‹r[kwf
vufuaemif;tjzpftysufrSmuJhokd‹ qef‹usifuef‹uu G folrsm; trsm;tjym;ygvmaomtajctaeu vlxktm;
tvG,fwulwkdufckdufcH&r_ jzpfapEdkfifygonf? xkd‹a=umifh uGef*&ufonf vlrsm;tm; eHygwfwkwf okd‹r[kwf usnfqHESihf
&ifqkdifawGŒóuH&r_enf;onfh qm;csufjcif;/ t0wftpm;ESifh t&ufoydwfarSmufjcif;wkd‹uJhodk‹ ti,fpm;
wuGJwjym;pDaqmif&Guf&aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ydkI tav;ay;apcJhygonf?
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftaejzifh zdESdyfr_twGuf wefzkd;}uD;}uD;rm;rm; wpkHw&may;qyf&rnfudk uGef*&ufygwDu em;
vnfoabmaygufcJhygonf? *ENDtm; zrf;qD;vkdufjcif;u rsm;pGmaom òrdŒ}uD;òrdŒi,frsm;wGif qENjyyGJ}uD;rsm; taxGaxG
oydwfrsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhovkd +Adwdo#tpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;ukd &yfqkdif;ay;&ef awmif;qkdr_rsm;tm;

qef‹usifae=uqJjzpfonfh Oya'ðyaumifpDrsm;rS oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olwcsKdŒtm;vnf; EkwfxGufoGm;apEkdifcJhyg onf?
v_yf&Sm;r_tay: wdrf;!Gwfol owif;pmorm;rsm;u vufeufrJhqef‹usifolrsm;tm; &Jrsm;u udkifwG,f aqmif&GufcJh=uykH
xdwfvef‹wkefv_yfzG,f&m tjzpftysufrsm;udkvnf; tao;pdwf owif;ay;ydk‹cJh=u+yD;/ uGef*&uftzGJ@ uvnf;
'g&moemqm;usif;rS '%f&m&&Sdolrsm;. "mwfykHrsm;udkvnf; xkwfazmfjyocJh=uygonf? acsr_ef;ESdrfeif;&ef acsr_ef;&ef
vkyfaqmifr_wkdif;tm; uGef*&uftzGJ@u tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;xHrS ykdrkdtm;aumif;aom axmufcHr_&,lEkdif atmif
tokH;csEkdifcJh=uygonf?
,cktcsdefwGif olwkd‹taejzifh oEMdÏmefcsrSwfxm;+yD;jzpfaom &efolwOD;tm; &ifqkdifcJh&+yDjzpfa=umif; odoGm;onfh
+Adwdo#tpkd;&u vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; &yfqkdif;ypf&eftwGuf ‚if;v_yf&Sm;r_tm; armif;ESifr_ay;aeonfh tzGJŒ tpnf;tm;
csdeJ‹tm;enf;oGm;atmif vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfa=umif; odjrifem;vnfvmygonf? olwkd‹u ‚if; e,fy,f ESifh
qufoG,fae=uaom *sme,frsm;/ owif;pmrsm;udk wm;qD;&ef óud;pm;vmcJhaomtcsdefwGif uGef*&uftzGJ@u
vufurf;pmapmifrsm; ±kdyfESdyfjzef‹jzL;jcif;jzifh wkef@jyefcJh=u+yD; tpdk;&u ykHESdyfpufrsm;udk odrf;qnf;vkdufaomtcg/
a'oqkdif&macgif;aqmifrsm;qDodk‹ pmrsm;/ oHóud;pmrsm;/ qufom;rsm;apv$wfjcif;jzifh wkH‹jyefcJh=ujyefygonf? zdESdyfr_ESifh
&ifqkdif&mwGif tdENd,EkdifiH. yl;wGJaqmif&Gufr_tm;vkH; uef‹owfcHcJh&ygonf? jynfe,ftzGJŒ tpnf;rsm;twGuf
tao;pdwf!¸ef=um;csufrsm; rxkwfjyefEdkifawmhyJ/ qm;tmcHqef‹usifr_ESifh t0wftpm;oydwfarSmufjcif;ufdk
qufvufaqmif&Guf&ef/ t=urf;rzufrludk udkifpGJIa0zef±_wfcs&efom a,bl,sqefqef!$ef=um;awmif;qkdEdkifawmh ygonf?
‘wkdufyGJr[mAsL[monf a'oqkdif&mtajctae. jyÏmef;cHjzpf&rnf? ‚if;wdk‹ESifh tnD ae‹pOfajymif;vJae &rnf’ [k Zlvkdifv
xkwf *END. EkysKdopfvGifaom tdENd, (Young India) *sme,fwGif pma&; q&mwa,mufu a=unmcJhygonf? tpkd;&u
v_yf&Sm;r_udk tusOf;t=uyfawGŒapjcif;xuf wppDòyduGJoGm;ap&ef wkdufckdufcJhygonf? jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;
tusOf;axmifwGif; a&mufoGm;aomtcsed fwGif a'ocH wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf Oya'csKd;azmufonfhtqifhokd‹
a&muf&SdvmcJh=uygonf?
‘euf&_dif;us,fjyef‹aom ckcHawmfvSefa&;’
v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifwOD;taejzifh *END. &,latmifjrifr_rSm txufwef;v$mvlenf;pk tjrwfwEkd;xm;aom
jrihfrm;onfhyef;wkdifwckjzpfonfh trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;udk oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;tm;
tweftoifhwkd;wufr_rsm;ay;Ekdif+yD; tusKd;pD;yGm;&v'f xGufay:vmEkdifaom vufawGŒusonfh awmif;qkdcsuf rsm;ESifh
aygif;pyfay;EkdifcJhygonf? T&nfrSef;csufaygufajrmufatmif axmufcHtm;ay;r_udkvnf; qxufwefydk; jzpfvmatmif
aygif;pnf;&,lapEkdifcJhjcif;yif jzpfygonf? tdENd,EkdifiHom;wdk‹taejzifh qm;tay: tpkd;&. w&m; r#wr_r&Sdaom
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;r_rS vGwfajrmufatmif óud;pm;jcif;jzifh ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhtwGuf yxrOD;pGm wkdufyGJ0ifoihfonf[k olu
jrifygonf? aemufykdif;vrsm;wGif a'oqkdif&macgif;aqmifrsm;u qef‹usifuef‹uGufr_ rsm;udk pkpnf;Ekdifonfh
tvm;wlta=umif;t&mrsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufvmcJh=uygonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&; tdENd,EkdifiHom;wdk‹ .
toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_e,fy,fxJodk‹ csOf;eif;usL;ausmfvmonfh ae&mwkdif;onf ckcHawmfvSef a&;.
tvm;tvmaumif;aom ypfrSwfwckjzpfcJhygonf?
vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_. acgif;trmqkH;aom wpkdufrwfrwfaqmif&Gufolrsm;rSm bkHabajrmufykdif; ajr=oZm aumif; aom
vGifjyifrsm;wGif aexkdif=uaom ywD'g (Patidars) rsm; jzpf=uygonf? Tae&m&Sd v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;avmuf tdENd,EkdifiH.
tjcm;rnfonfhae&murS uGef*&ufygwD/ *END.v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh nD!Gwfaomtiftm;wcktjzpfacsmarGŒpGm
aygif;pnf;oGm;aomtajctae/ vltrsm;ESpfoufaxmufcHaom cHpm;r_ rðyvkyfEkdifcJh=uyg? *ENDESifhtwl a'ouGef*&uf
acgif;aqmif AvA[dkif yaw;onf *l*sm&wfudk tðyoabmvkyfief;rsm;aygufzGm;&m ae&mwcktjzpf (1920) ckESpfrsm; twGif;
ajymif;vJypfcJhygonf? olwkd‹onf jynfolvlxk. opPm&Sdr_udk t&,lEkdifcJhaom ti,fpm; o=u*[tmcHa&; vkyfief;
tawmfrsm;rsm;ukd OD;aqmifEkdifcJh=uygonf?
ywD'grsm;onf rma=um=urf;wrf;r_/ ukd,hftm;ukd,fukd;r_ESifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_rsm;twGuf us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹ ±kdao
av;pm;cHcJh&olrsm; jzpfygonf? olwkd‹onf urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif tqkd;jzpfap/ taumif;jzpfap wpkHw&mudk atmifjrif
+yD;qkH;atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifolrsm; jzpfygonf’ [k (1930) ckESpfu av;pm;cef‹nm;cJh&aom tcGefaumufolwOD;u rSwfwrf;

wifxm;cJhygonf? ‘olwkd‹. pGrf;aqmif&nfjynfh0r_ESifh &nf&G,fcsuftay: ckdifrm jywfom;r_wkd‹onf tvGef tHh=op&m
aumif;vSygonf?’ Todk‹tm;jzifh olwkd‹onf vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_twGuf obm0ESifh wom;wnf;&SdcJh =u+yD; 'ef'Durf;ajcokd‹
*ENDa&mufv#if a&mufjcif;yif *l*s&wfurf;±kd;wrf;a'owGif qm;csufvkyfief; pwifcJh=uygonf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom
vlrsm;onf qm;csufvkyf&ef a&mif;cs&eftwGuf zrf;qD;r_ESifh ±kdufESufr_rsm;udk &J&J&ifh&ifh &ifqkdifcJh=uygonf?
okd‹&mwGif ywD'gwkd‹twGufrl ajrcGefudpPonf toufjzpfygonf? +Adwdo#wkd‹u ywD'grsm; (ESihf tjcm;tdENd, EkdifiH om;rsm;)
xGef,ufpkdufysKd;cJh=uaom ajr,mrsm;tm;vkH;. ydkif&SiftppftrSefrsm;tjzpf olwkd‹udk,folwkd‹ oabmxm; cJhygonf? olwkd‹u
ajr,mwefzkd;jzwfiSm;&rf;c ,lcJh=uygonf? tcGefaiG rxrf;aqmifjcif;onf vGefcJhonfhumvrsm;u *l*sm&wf&Sd ywD'grsm;
vkyfaqmifcJhonfhtvkyfjzpf+yD;/ r&Sdrjzpfonfh &if;jrpfwcktwGuf +Adwdo#wkd‹. w&m;0ifjzpfr_udk jiif;qkdonfh
vGwfvyfa&;zGihf[csufwckvnf; jzpfcJhygonf? ‚if;onf tpdk;&. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;tm; trSef wu,fysufpD;atmif
vkyfEkdifcJhaom t=urf;rzufta&;,lydwfqkd‹r_ wckvnf; jzpfcJhygonf?
ajrcGefOya'tm; csKd;azmuf&ef aoG;xkd;v_H‹aqmfr_onf vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; w&m;0ifpwifrv_yf&Sm;rD vaygif; rsm;pGmuyif
pwifcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? tpyxrwGif v_yf&Sm;r_tm; qm;wckwnf;twGufom uef‹owfxm;vdkaom *ENDa=umifh
pdwfysufcJh&aom yaw;onf ac'gc±kdif (Kheda District) rS v,form;rsm;ESihf awGŒqkHcJh+yD; olwkd‹tm; tcGefaiGay;aqmifjcif;
&yfqkdif;&ef wkdufwGef;cJhygonf? c±kdiftcGefaumuf,la&;rSL;u &mhpf (Ras) &GmY yaw;tm; zrf;qD;cdkif;cJh+yD; zrf;qD;r_tm;
pdefac:onfhtaejzifh &Gmom;rsm;u tem;ywf0ef;usif&Gmrsm;rS ywD'grsm;tm; pm&if;wif oGif;I tcGefaiGay;aqmifjcif;udk
&yfqkdif;ypfcJh=uygonf? qm;v_yf&Sm;r_csDwufolrsm; rwfv (19) &ufae‹wGif &mhpf&Gm okd‹ a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg *ENDu
ywD'grsm;tm; aemufqkwfE_wfxGufapvkdcJhaomfvnf;/ aemufqkH;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_tm; axmufcHtm;ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k
cHpm;rdojzifh tpdk;&taejzifh wkef@jyefr_ aysmhaysmif;vdrfhrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ owday;+yD; qufvufvkyfaqmifapcJhygonf?
ajrcGefaumufcHolrsm;u tcGefawmfaiGtpm; olwkd‹.ykdifqkdifaomypPnf;rsm;tm; odrf;,laejcif;udk umuG,fwm;qD; &ef
ywD'gwkd‹u olwkd‹. tkd;cGufyef;uefrsm;/ vuf0wfvufpm;rsm;ESifh tjcm; wefzkd;&SdonfhypPnf;rsm;udk xkyfydk; odrf;qnf;I
olwdk‹aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;&Sdonfh bm±kd'g (Baroda) e,fpyfukd vSnf;rsm;jzifh jzwfoef; 0ifa&mufcJh=uyg onf? olwdk‹vl
ywD'grsm;. wkH‹jyefr_udk pOf;pm;rdcJh=uaom bm±kd'g wm0ef&Sdyk*~Kdvfrsm;u ‚if;ypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;,l&ef jiif;qefcJh=uygonf?
arvv,fwGif xkdtcsdefu zrf;qD;cHxm;&aom yaw;ESifh *ENDtm; tusOf;axmifrSv$wfay;&ef awmif;qkdr_ESihfcsdwfqufI
tcGefray;aqmifa&; v_yf&Sm;tm;xkwfr_onf *l*s&wf. tjcm;a'orsm;okd‹ jyef@ESH‹oGm;cJhyg onf? okd‹aomf wu,fhwkdufyGJrSm
aemufwywf tcGefaiGay;aqmif&rnfh tcsed f 'DZifbmvtxd vtawmf=um jzpf ay:rvmcJhao;yg? bkHabtm%mydkifwkd‹.
awmif;qkdr_a=umifh A[kdtpdk;&u tcGefaiGray;aqmifvkdI pGef‹v$wfcJhaom ajr,mrsm;udk ydkif&Sifrsm;tm; jyefray;&efESihf
tvkyfwm0efrsm;udkxm;cJhI xGufcGmoGm;cJh=uonfh wm0ef&Sdolrsm;tm; tvkyfjyefray;&ef trdef‹xkwfjyefcJhygonf?
*l*sm&wf&Sd uGef*&ufpnf;±kH;a&;orm;rsm;u olwkd‹tm; vkdvm;=uolrsm; t=urf;zufr_rðyvkyf&ef taumif;qkH;
óud;pm;cJh=uygonf? ac'gc±kdifwGif t=urf;zuf vufpm;acsvkdpdwf&Sd=uonfh bm±kdif& (Baraiya) rsKd;ZmwfEG,f0if
ajrykdif&Sifrsm;tm; ajrcGefray;aqmifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; yg0ifvmatmif qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;jcif;tm;jzifh/ xdkolwkd‹.
vufpm;acsv_yf&Sm;rnfh&efrS a&Smif&Sm;cJh=uygonf? atmh'f (Od) aus;&Gmacgif;aqmifrsm;uawmh ygwD'grsm;ESifh
b±kdif&tkyfpkwcku vltrsm;pk rkef;wD;aecJhaom &Jt&m&Sdwa,muftm; wkdufckduf&efðy+yD;csdefrSpI tcGefray;aqmif a&;udk
y,fcs&yfwef‹ypfcJh=uonftxd jzpfoGm;cJh=uygonf? óudwifowdxm;r_rsm;jzifh vufpm;racsa&;/ tcGefray;
aqmifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tm; t=urf;zufr_ uif;rJhaeap&ef óud;pm;cJh=uaomfvnf;/ vnf; ywD'grsm;v$rf;rkd;aom aus;&Gm rsm;txd
aygufa&mufr_tus,ftjyef@ r&SdEdkifcJh=uyg?
aqmif;&moD0ifvmcJhaomtcsed fwGif ywD'gwkd‹u oD;ESHrsm; &dyfodrf;a&mif;cs&ef vdktyfvm+yD; olwkd‹tm;wm;qD;
[ef‹wm;jcif;ðyrvmrD &&Sdxm;aomaiGa=u;rsm;udkvnf; bm±kd'ge,fpyfokd‹ ,laqmifoGm;vkdcJh=uygonf? okd‹aomf vnf;
tcGefaiGaumufcHolwkd‹u aumufESHrsm; v,fuGif;xJwGif &SdaeqJtcsdef ESpfcsKyftcGefaiGrsm;udk apmpD;pGm
vkdufvHaumufcHcJh=uygonf? wckaomreufcif;wGif x&yfum;wpD;wkduf&Sdaom &Jrsm; a&muf&SdvmcJh=u+yD;/ &Gmom;rsm;udk
0kdif;xm;cJh=u+yD; &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; ±kdufESufI olwkd‹0wfqifxm;cJh=uaom a&$xnfrsm;udk c|wf,lcJh=uygonf? wcsKdŒrSm
óud;jzifhwkyfaESmifI t±kdufcH=u&/ tcsKdŒrSm &Jrsm;u tdrfrsm;twGif; csKd;zsuf 0ifa&mufI tzkd;wefypPnf;rsm;tm;
qGJcsae=uonfhtcsdefwGif &GmvnfacgifY ukd,fvkH;wD;u|wfjzifh rwfwyf&yfae&ef twif; tusyf apckdif;jcif;cHcJh&ygonf?

okd‹&mwGif ywD'grsm;wGif aemufxyfupm;&ef zJwcsyf usef&Sdaeygao;onf? Tenf; rSm vlaygif; ESpfaomif;ausmfausmf
bm±kd'gEkdifiHxJodk‹ wòyHwr0ifa&mufI &GufzsifwJrsm;xkd;I aexdkifcJh=ujcif; jzpf ygonf? ‘&Gmaygif;rsm;pGmrSm
vkH;0pGef‹ypfxm;cHcJh&ygonf’ ‘ydkifqkdifor# ypPnf;tm;vkH; z,f&Sif;ypfjcif; cHae&onf ukd jywif;aygufrsm;rS u|EkfyfjrifawGŒcJh&+yD;
arsmufwaumifwavu tdrfacgifrkd;wckay:rS ckefqGckefqGjzifh vrf;uav;udk jzwful;oGm;csdefrsKd;rSvGJI vrf;rSm
+idrfoufwdwfqdwfaeygonf?’ [k +Adwdo#owif;pmq&mwOD;u Ta'otajc taeudk owif;ay;ykd‹cJhygonf?
ajrcGefawmf qef‹usifckcHr_onf Owmy&m'uf&Sf (U.P) wGifvnf; jzpfyGm;cJhygonf? urBmw0ef; pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_ a=umifh
(1930) ckESpf 'kwd,ESpf0ufwGif pdkufysKd;a&;xkwfukefrsm;. aps;E_ef;rsm; w[kefxkd;usqif;vmojzihf v,f orm;trsm;pktwGuf
ajrcGefonf onf;rcHEkdifp&m 0efxkyf0efykd;wck jzpfvmcJh+yD; aEG&moDumvwGif ajrcGefray; aqmifa&;
tmcHqef‹usifr_tkHºuGay:aygufvmap&ef zdtm;jzpfcJhygonf? atmufwkdbmvwGif Owmy&m'uf&Sf&Sd uGef*&ufygwDu
‚if;v_yf&Sm;r_udkvufcHóudqkdcJhygonf? pnf;±kH;v_HŒaqmfolrsm;u pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJrsm;/ pnf;a0;yGJrsm; ðyvkyf+yD;
wufa&mufvmolrsm;tm; ckcHqef‹usifr_wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifvkda=umif; tqkdðyv$mrsm; a&;om;wifoGif; apcJhygonf? &Jrsm;u
aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;tm; zsufqD;ypfjcif;/ arG;jrLxm;aom wd&p>mefrsm;tm; armif;xkwfypf jcif;rsm;jzifh jyif;jyif;xefxef
xkd;ESufwkef@jyefcJhygonf? tcsKdŒa'orsm;wGif v,form;rsm;u tcGefaumufcHolrsm; vufvSrf;rrDEkdifaomae&mrsm;okd‹
tpkvkduf tòyHvkduf a&$Œajymif;aexkdifr_rsm; ðyvkyfcJh=uygonf?
tdENd,EkdifiH. tjcm;tpdwftykdif;rsm;wGif tcGefqef‹usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. t"duypfrSwfrSm a'owGif; t0iftxGuf
toGm;tvmrsm;tm; &Judk owif;ay;ydk‹&aom csLuD'g;&D;pf (Chaukidaris) [k od=uaom apmifh=unfholrsm; twGuf
&Gmrsm;u ay;aqmif&aom tcGefaiGjzpfygonf? rpfemyl&fa'orS v,form;rsm;rSm aus;vufvlr_b0xJodk‹
xkdokd‹usL;ausmfxkd;azmufvmr_tay: a'gojzpfcJh=u+yD; xkdolrsm;twGufyg tcGefaiGxrf;aqmifay;cJh&jcif;u olwkd‹ tm;
ydkIcg;onf; emusnf;apcJhygonf? rkwfokef&moD0ifa&mufvmr_a=umihf qm; tmcHqef‹usifr_ &yfqkdif;xm;
vkduf&onfhtcsdefwGif csLuD'g&Dpfrsm;onf vlxkqef‹usiftmcHr_. OD;wnfwkdufckduf&mypfrSwfrsm; jzpfvmcJh=uygonf?
csLuD'g&Dpfrsm; tygt0if aus;&Gmwm0ef&Sdyk*~Kdvfrsm;rSm pdwftaESmifht,Suftay;cHcJh=u 0kdif;z,fusOfxm;cHcJh=u& ygonf?
csLuD'g&Dpf vlOD;a&waxmifcef‹ tvkyfrSE_wfxGufcJh=u+yD; tcsKdŒae&mrsm;wGif vlq,fa,mufwGif &Spfa,mufcef‹txd
tcGefaiGay;aqmif&ef jiif;qefcJh=uygonf?
ukef;wGif;usaom tv,fydkif;jynfe,frsm;wGif aexkdif=uaom *Gef; (Gond) ESifh aumhul; (Korku) vlrsKd;pkrsm;tzkd‹
qm;csufvkyf&ef rvG,fulvSyg? olwkd‹onf EkdifiHykdifopfawmrsm;udk tokH;ðyEkdifcGifh uef‹owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;ESifh xkdae&m rsm;wGif
arG;jrLxm;aom wd&p>mefrsm; pm;usufcscGifh&&Sda&;twGuf jrifhrm;aomtzdk;tcrsm; ay;&jcif;uJhodk‹ aom ydkIqkd;0g;onfh
rw&m; rr#wr_rsm;udk óuHawG@ae=u&ygonf? aEG&moDwGif wkwfrsm;/ ykqdefrsm; ukdifaqmifxm;=u aom vlaygif;rsm;pGm
opfawmrsm;okd‹ csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvmcJh=u+yD; opfyif0g;yifrsm; ckwf,lcJh=uygonf? olwkd‹.u|J EGm;rsm;udk Oya'udkqef@usifI
pm;usufcscJh=uygonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm EkdifiHykdifypPnf;rsm;tm; zsufqD;aejcif;udk &yfqkdif;ypf&ef t=urf;enf;tokH;ðyzkd‹
tqifoifh&SdaecJhygonf? ‘u|Ekfyftaejzifh jyif;jyif;xefxef ±kdufESuf+yD; tenf; tusOf; ypfcwf&aumif; ypfcwf&ygvdrhfrnf’ [k
ZlvkdifvtaESmif;ykdif;wGif tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;u tpD&ifcH wifjycJhygonf? atmufwkdbmvukefykdif;wGif
opfawmpD;eif;0ifa&mufr_rsm;tm; &Jujyif;xefpGm ESdrfeif;ta&;,lcJhygonf?
aus;vufvlxk tmcHqef‹usifr_wGif uGef*&uftzGJ@taejzifh vlxktrsm;vufcHESpfoufaom v_yf&Sm;r_.aemufwGif
usefaecJha=umif; r=umc%awGŒ&SdcJh&+yD; tcsKdŒaom!¸ef=um;csufrsm;udk azmfaqmif&efESifh t=urf;zufr_rsm; rjzpfay: ap&ef
apmifh=unfh ppfaq;&efom tm;pkdufcGefpkdufóud;pm;aqmif&GufcJh=u&ygonf? (t+rJwrf;ratmifjrifcJhyg) òrdŒ}uD; rsm;rS
qef‹usifuef‹uGufr_rsm;rSmrl qef‹usifbuftm;jzifh uGef*&uf. OD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;r_jzifh jzpfyGm;cJh&jcif;rsm;+yD;/
pHerlemtjzpftysufrsm;ESifhvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh wqufpyfwnf; &SdaecJhygonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ wDxGif }uHq
r_t&mwGif bkHabxufykdI tjcm;rnfonfhae&mrS romvGefEkdifcJhyg? qm;qef‹usifuef‹uGufr_ avsmhus oGm;onhftcg
uGef*&ufu uef‹uGufoydwfarSmufolrsm;tm; t0wftxnfESifh t&ufpwkd;qkdifrsm;a&S› vrf;rsm;ay:wGif uif;vSnfh &ef/
0g'jzef‹pmrsm;jzef‹a0&ef/ nbufwGif EkdifiHjcm;jzpft0wftxnfrsm;tm; rD;ykH±_dŒ&efESihf vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm wuf a&mufaom
pnf;a0;yGJ}uD;rsm;usif;y+yD; &J. rawmfrw&m;ðyr_rsm;/ zrf;qD;r_rsm;tm; qef‹usifuef‹uGufonfh tcsdef ydkif;
taxGaxGoydwfrsm;a=unm&ef/ vrf;rsm;ay: c&D;&Snfcsw D ufr_rsm;tm; OD;aqmifr_ay;&ef wm0efay;tyfcJhygonf?

tjrifhwufqkH; v_yf&Sm;r_rSm 'DZifbmv (12) &ufae‹Y bkHabwGif jzpfyGm;cJhygonf? uGef*&uftzGJ@rS xkwfjyefcsuft&
EkdifiHjcm;jzpfukefypPnf;rsm; o,faqmifvmaom x&yfum;rsm;tm; wm;qD;&ef uef‹uGufoydwfarSmufolrsm; vrf; ay:wGif
vSJcsvkdufonfhtcsdefwGif/ vli,fwOD;onf um;t}udwfcH&+yD;aoqkH;oGm; cJh&ygonf? owif;onf wòrdŒvkH;
jyef@ESH‹pD;qif;oGm;cJh+yD; nykdif;wGif xkda=uuGJ0rf;enf;p&mtjzpf jzpfysufcJhaom ae&modk‹ vlrsm;vma&muf0wfðy
qkawmif;cJh=uygonf? aemufwae‹wGif uGef*&uftzGJ@. v_yf&Sm;olrsm;u tjzpftysuf owif;vufurf;pmapmif rsm;
ay;a0cJh=u+yD; aoqkH;ol.tavmif;tm; o,faqmifvmonfhvlwef;}uD;tm; acsmifywWD (Chowpatty) urf;ajc&Sd&modk‹
OD;aqmifoGm;cJh=uygonf? &Jrsm;u olwkd‹oGm;rnfhvrf;tm; vSHpGyfrsm;jzifh ydwfqkd‹wm;qD;cJh=u+yD; teD;tem; vrf;rsm;ay:rS
apmifh=unfhaeolrsm;tm;vnf; zrf;qD;w&m;pGJqkdcJhygonf? wae‹wmvkH; ESpfzuftcsif;rsm; cJh=uygonf? +yD;onfESifh
aoqkH;cJh&mae&monf yef;rsm;zkH;v$rf;aeaom bk&m;pifwckjzpfoGm;+yD; a&S@ucsESifhcJhaom yef;pnf;wcktm; &Ju
z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;vkdufonfhae&modk‹ yef;pnf;topfrsm; csufcsif;a&muf&SdvmcJhygonf? ‘+Adwdo#tpdk;&udkqef‹usifwJh
a'go"mwfudk od&SdcHpm;zdk‹qdk&if cifAsm;wkd‹ bkHabrSm &SdaecJh=uzdk@aumif;w,f’ [k tmvl; 'wfpfwm (Aloo Dastur) u
jyefajymjycJhygonf?
r'&yfòrdŒawmf/ umvuwWm;òrdŒawmfESihf tjcm;ae&mrsm;rS uGef*&ufpnf;±kH;a&;rSL;rsm;u tvm;wl enf;y&d,m,f rsm;ukd
cH,lusifhokH;cJh=u+yD; +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;tm; ajAmifqef‹usiftmcH=uygonf? odk‹r[kwf vlxkESifhqkdifaomae&m rsm;udk
xdef;csKyfxm;cJh=uygonf? wcgw&H &Jrsm;u ‚if;wkd‹tm; onftwkdif;=unfhaecJh=u+yD; tjcm;tcsdefrsm;wGif eHygwfwkwfrsm;ESifh
òzdcGJcHcJh=u&ygonf? apmihf=unfh&ef a&muf&SdvmcJh=uaom &maygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm&Sdonfh omref jynfolvlxk}uD;.
tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf pDpOfpOf;pm;cJh=uonfh ‚if;xdyfwkduf&ifqdkifr_rsm;onf +Adwdo# tkyfcsKyfa&; twGuf jrifomxif&Sm;
xdckdufysufpD;r_tenf;tusOf;r#om vkyfaqmifEkdifcJh=uygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; t=urf;rzuf onfh trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;udk
&Jrsm;u wkdufckdufESdrfeif;onfhjrifuGif;u vlx.
k }uD;rm;aom pmemaxmufcHr_udk &&SdapcJhygonf?
wzufwGifvnf; twkduftckdufjzpfaprnfhbufokd‹ OD;wnfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_wGif toGm;ESpfzuf&Sdygonf? ‚if;. tpGef; wzufu
t=urf;zufr_vkdvm;olrsm;ukd qGJoGif;ovkdjzpfoGm;+yD; t=urf;zufr_twGuf wm0ef&Sdr_udk us,fjyef‹oGm;ap ygonf?
=unfh±_olrsm;udk a=umuf&GHŒoGm;apygonf? xkd‹tjyif v_yf&Sm;r_tm; aES;auG;oGm;apEkdifaom ydkIjyif;xef =urf;wrf;onfh
acsr_ef;r_ESifh &ifqkdif&p&m tEœ&m,fvnf; &Sdaeygao;onf?
vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_onf pkaygif;v_yf&Sm;r_ykHo¿mef jzpfygonf? okd‹&mwGif v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;vmol wOD; csif;taejzifh
yk*~KdvfwOD;csif;qkdif&m qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh eifheifheJeJ oufqkdifaeygonf? vm[kd; (Lahore) rS wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;u
wtdrfwufqif; EkdifiHjcm;t0wftpm;rsm;udk vkdufvHpkaqmif;=u+yD; }uD;rm;onfh rD;ykH}uD;ay: wifI ±_dŒypf=ujcif;jzifh
olwkd‹.wm0efudk &,lcJh=uygonf? &SDAm'l0 (Shiva Dua) .rdom;pkrSm um'D (Khadi) jynfwGif;jzpftxnfukd
ajymif;vJ0wfqif=u+yD; EkdifiHjcm;jzpft0wftxnftrsm;pkukd pGef‹v$wfcJh=uygonf? usef&Sd aeaomt&mrSm 'l0 (Dua)
aoqkH;oGm;olrdcifxHrS tarG&&SdcJhaom qm&Dwxnfygjzpfygonf? olrtaejzifh ‚if;ukd rD;ykHxJodk‹xnfhypfI r&EkdifcJhyg? okd‹aomf
olr.tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;u atmufzufvrf;ray:&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;qDokd‹ t0wftxnfrsm; ypfcsaeonfudk
jrifawGŒ&onfhtcg olrvnf; vkyf&awmhrnfukd od&SdoGm;cJhygonf? ‘tarh[m awmh tarygyJ’ ‘'gayr,fh trdEkdifiHu
tarhxufykd+yD; jrihfrm;w,fqkdawmh qm&Dvnf; oGm;awmhaygah v/ 'ga=umifh usr tJ'gukd ay;vdkufcJhwmyg’ [k olru
ydkif;ykdif;jzwfjzwf ajymcJhygonf?
+Adwdo#acgif;aqmifrsm;a&m uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifrsm;yg v_yf&Sm;r_xJodk‹ trsKd;orD;rsm; Tr# xufoeftm;aumif;pGm
yg0ifvm=uvdrhfrnf[k ar#mfvihfrxm;cJhyg? trsKd;orD;rsm;u urf;ajcokd‹ a&waumif;}uD;rsm;tm; o,f aqmifoGm;cJh =u+yD;
qm;csuf=uygonf? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif olwkd‹u odrf;qnf;ypPnf;rsm; avvHwifa&mif;csr_udk oydwfarSmufcJh=u +yD;
0,f,lolrsm;udkvnf; pdwftaESmifht,Sufay; t&Suf&apcJh=uygonf? olwkd‹onf &Jrsm;. ±kdufESufjcif;udk cHcJh& ovkd (1930)
ckESpftwGif;wGif trsKd;orD; (20˜000) cef‹ axmifcscHcJh=u&ygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;onf vlxktmcHqef‹ usifr_. jynfe,fESifh
tdENd,EkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m tm%m&Sifrsm; jzpfvmcJh=uygonf? ‘+Adwdo#tpdk;&tm; tdENd,trsKd;orD; rsm;u
xdwfvef‹tHh=ooGm;apcJhygonf?‘ ‘usrwkd‹[m usrwkd‹tdrfawG&JŒ eH&Hav;zufxJrSmyJ auseyfa&mihf&JaewwfwJh
&Suf&GHŒtm;i,fwwfwJh pmrwwf ayrwwf trsKd;orD;awGr[kwfbl;’ [k vm[kd ausmif;om;qef‹usifuef‹uGufr_rsm; udk pnf;
±kH;v_HŒaqmfcJholwOD;u a&;om;cJhygonf?

*ENDrSm tmcHqef‹usifr_twGuf pHðyv_yf&Sm;olrsm; jzpfvmapEkdifcJhonfh ydkI udk,fusihfoduQmoef‹pifr_ESifh temcHEkdifonfh
pGrf;&nfrsm; trsKd;orD;wkd‹wGif ykdifqkdifxm;a=umif; odjrifcJhaomfvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihfywfoufv#if tpOftvm "avhxkH;pH
0g'DwOD;om jzpfcJhygonf? olonf tpydkif;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; Adkif;iifjcif;ESifh rdom;pktwGuf jynfwGif; jzpftxnf
,ufvkyfay;jcif;wkd‹wGifom uef‹owfxm;vkdpdwf &SdcJhygonf? aemufykdif;rSom olwkd‹tm; Oya'csKd;azmuf onfhtvkyfudk
a,mufsm;rsm;omvkyfoifha=umif; ajymqkd+yD; t0wftpm;ESifh t&uf oydwfarSmufqef‹usifa&;wGif
yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhay;cJhygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;u xkdcGJjcm;z,f&Sm;xm;r_ESifh ywfouf+yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef rausreyf
jzpfvmcJhaom tcsdefa&mufrSom olaemifw&&SdcJhygonf? olŒtaejzifh trsKd;orD;tawmfrsm;rsm;tm; vlxktmcHqef‹
usifr_wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf&ef vkyfaqmifr_&SdcJhonfrSm aocsmaomfvnf; trsm;pkrSm olŒa=umihfr[kwfyJ olwkd‹.
udk,fykdifodjrifem;vnfr_ESifh yg0ifaqmif&Gufvmolrsm;jzpfygonf?
‘xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/ tajccHajrudk qkH;±_H;apjcif;’
+Adwdo#wkd‹u t+yD;wkdif acsr_ef;&Sif;vif;ypf&ef tn‡mtwmrJhaqmif&Gufr_rsm; vkycf Jhaomfvnf; vlxktmcH qef‹usifr_ onf
(1930) ckESpftawmtwGif; tdENd,EkdifiH. jynfe,fwkdif;okd‹ vufawGŒtajctaetm;jzifh aygufuGJ jzpfyGm;vmcJh ygonf?
t}udrf}udrfyif tvm;wltajctaetwkdif; +Adwdo#tpdk;&taejzifh xdef;csKyfr_ jyefvnf&&Sdap&ef &Jrsm;tay: wGif
rSDckdtm;ðycJh&ygonf? yuf&S0gwGif tcsdefwkdumvw}udrf/ *l*s&wfwGif vaygif;rsm;pGm eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzifh ±kdufESuf jcif;/
axmifcsjcif;rsm;jzifhyif xdef;csKyfIr&Ekdif jzpfcJhygonf? wm0ef&Sdtm%mydkifrsm;u olwkd‹taejzifh wcsKdŒae&mrsm; wGif
tkyfcsKyfIyifr&awmha=umif; 0efcHcJh=uygonf? a&S›wef;usonfhae&m tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ajrmufjrm;vSaom
ta&;,lydwfqkd‹r_rsm;a=umifh/ +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;. b¾ma&;ESifh pdwf"mwfa&;&m tajccHtaqmuftODydkif;wGif tjyif;txef
epfemqkH;±_H;r_rsm; jzpfapcJhygonf?
t&ufoydwf/ ajrcGefawmfray;aqmifa&;ESifh csufuD'g&Dpfwdk@twGuf 0efaqmifcay;aqmif&r_/ opfawmpD;eif;r_ tm;vkH;u
jynfe,ftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tcGefaiGrsm;pGm usqif;oGm;apcJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh bD[mESifh tv,fydkif; a'o (pD/ yD)
wkd‹onf t&uftcGefaiGay:wGif rsm;pGmtrSDðyae&ojzifh ‚if;ae&mrsm;rS t&ufoydwfarSmufqef‹usifjcif; onf
csufcsif;vufiif; xdckdufepfemapcJhygonf? t0wftxnf oydwfarSmufqef‹usifr_u A[kdtpdk;&u wkd;jr‡ifhowf rSwfxm;cJhaom
taumufcGefa=u;rsm;udk avsmhusoGm;apcJhygonf? (+AdwdefjynfwGifvnf; pufr_vkyfief;qkdif&m tusKd; pD;yGm;rsm;udk
xdckdufepfematmif xkd;ESufcHcJh&ygonf) t0wftxnf wifoGif;ukefwefzkd;rSm wESpfv#if xuf0ufr# usqif;vmcJhygonf?
pD;yGm;a&;ysufuyfrSm wpdwftykdif;tm;jzifh ‚if;a=umifh jzpfcJh&jcif;jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm ‚if;u tdENd,pm;okH;olrsm;.
0,fvkdtm;udk jzwfawmufypfcJhaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; t0wftxnf wifoGif;r_ usqif;r_u
tjcm;vlokH;ukefypPnf;rsm;xuf rsm;pGm}uD;rm;cJh+yD; oydwf.rwljcm;em; xda&mufr_udk ay:vGif apcJhygonf?
t=urf;rzuf ta&;,lydwfqkd‹r_rsm;a=umifh jzpfcJh&aom b¾ma&;tcuftcJrSm &Jvkyfief;rsm;. ukefusp&dwf }uD;rm;r_a=umifh
,dkpD;r_topfrsm;ESihf xyfrHusyfwnf;cufcJvmcJhygonf? ywD'grsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhaom qm;csDwufr_rS (1931 ckESpftxd
v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufqJ) ajcmufaomif;cef‹om jynfolvlxkrsm;rSm vlxktmcH qef‹usifr_a=umifh wcsdefr[kwfwcsdef
zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif; cHcJh&ygonf? bkHab/ b*Fvm;ESifh tv,fykdif;jynfe,f rsm;wGif tusOf;axmiftokH;p&dwfrsm;
jr‡ifhwifay;cJh&ovkd tusOf;om;rsm;udk xm;&efae&mtwGuf ,m,D tajz&Smonfhoabm wJrsm;wnfaqmufay;cJh&onf?
jy\em&Sdaomae&mrsm;wGif tykd&Jtiftm; csxm;ay;r_rsm; vkyfcJh&ygonf? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;rSm
a'oqkdif&m tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm; r&yfrem; tvkH; t&if;ESifh EkwfxGufaer_a=umifh ydkI tcuftcJawGŒcJh&ygonf?
okd‹&mwGif +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;. t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;rSm vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; wkdufckduf&jcif;twGuf b¾m aiGa=u;
xdckdufqkH;±_H;r_rsm;xuf txl;ojzifh jynfe,f&Jt&m&Sd}uD;rsm;taejzifh v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh olwkd‹iSm;&rf;xm; aom
vufyg;aprsm;. pdwf"mwf}uH›ckdifr_tm; xdyg;±kducf wfvmrnfudkom ydkIydkI pkd;&drfcJh=uygonf?
tmrpPwmòrd@tpkvkduf tòyHvkdufowfjzwfyGJ t+yD;wGif +Adwdo#tm%mykdifrsm;u tdENd, uef‹uGufqef‹usifolrsm;tm; òzdcJG&ef
okd‹r[kwf xdef;csKyfwm;qD;&ef ppfwyftiftm; tokH;ðy&rnfukd wGef‹qkwfvmcJh=u+yD;/ &JwyfzGJŒtm; tm;udk;
tm;xm;ðy&onfudk ydkIESpfoufvmcJh=uygonf? olwkd‹jywfom;&Sif;vif;pGm odem;vnfxm;cJh=uonfrSm tu,fI
trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm; u &JwyfzGJŒwGif;&Sd tdENd,om;wkd‹. opPm&Sdr_ESifh pnf;urf;ao0yfr_tm; tm;enf;oGm;atmif

ðyvkyfEkdifcJhv#if/ olwkd‹ taejzifh tdENd,EkdifiHwGif qufvuftkyfcsKyfaeaom +Adwdo#wkd‹. tkyfcsKyfa&; tajccHtkwfjrpftm;
ukdifv_yfoGm;Ekdif vdrhfrnfqkdonfhtcsufyif jzpfygonf?
vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_onf &Jom;rsm;tay: a=umufp&maumif;aom 0efxkyf0efykd;udk wifxm;ay;cJhygonf? Owmy&m'uf&Sf&Sd
tajctaeESifhywfoufonfh tpD&ifcHpmwcku ‘olwkd‹onf ajAmifususyif rzG,fr&m ðycH&/ a0zefykwfcwfcHcJh&+yD;
t}udrfrsm;pGm wkdufckdufcHcJh&ygonf? aps;onfrsm;uvnf; tcgtm;avsmfpGm a&mif;cs&ef jiif;qkdcJh=u+yD;
atmufajcodrf;tvkyfrsm;ukdyif vkyfay;rnfholr&SdcJhyg? olwkd‹ZeD;onfrsm;ESifh rdom;pk rsm;yifv#if vlr_oydwfarSmufr_udk
r=umc% emcHcJh=u&ygonf?’ [k 0efcHxm;cJhygonf? bkHab &J}uD;=uyfa&;rSL;csKyfu olŒtaejzifh olŒwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;onf
tpdk;&.zdESdyfr_rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&ef pdwfcs&Ekdifrnf[k raocsma=umif; tpD&ifcHcJhygonf?
bkHabòrdŒawmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom +Adwdo#&Jt&m&SdwOD;jzpfol *|ef ukwf um&D (John Court Curry) u
ol.ae@pOfrSwfwrf;wGif ‘Tt=urf;rzufaom vltkyf}uD;rsm;tm; òzdcGJ&ef vkdtyfr_tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef rESpfouf cJhyg?
Oya'csKd;azmufolrsm;tm; &&SdapcJhaom xdcdkuf'%f&mrsm;rSm t+rJwrf;eD;yg; tao;tzGJrsm;yifjzpfaomfvnf;/
Todk‹aomvlrsm;tm; qef‹usifwkdufckdu&f ef tiftm;okH;&efpdwful;rSm tjcm;olrsm;tm; touftEœ&m,fay;Ekdif onfh
t=urf;zufqlylaomif;usef;olrsm;tm; tiftm;okH;&ef ydkIvufcHEkdifaomvkdtyfr_ESifh rsm;pGmuGjJ ym; jcm;em; ygonf?
vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;wckvkH;ay:wGif u|Ekfyf. jyif;jyaom rESpfòrd@r_onf uGef*&ufu }uD;rm;aom qENjyyGJ}uD; wckukd
pDpOfvmcJhonfhtcgwkdif;/ jyif;jyaom ±kyfykdif;qkdif&m atmhESvkH;emr_wck cHpm;vm&onfh twkdif;twmtxd
}uD;xGm;jyif;jyvmcJhygonf? æ’ [k 0efcHa&;om;xm;cJhygonf?
+Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;u v_yf&Sm;r_. t"dutpdwftykdif;rsm;ESihf &ifqkdif&mwGif v_yf&Sm;olwkd‹tm; ulnDyHhykd;r_ay; ovdk &SdcJhygonf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh r'&yftpdk;&u tjcm;t&yfzuf0efxrf;rsm;tay: csrw S fcJhaom/ vpmjzwfawmufr_ rsm;rS &JwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;tm;
uif;vGwfcGihfðycJhygonf? uef‹uGufqef‹usio
f lrsm;ESihf tcsif;rsm;cJh=uaom &J0efxrf;rsm; tm; qka=u;aiGrsm; &uf&ufa&ma&m
ay;cJh=uygonf? &Jom;rsm;tm; &ufpuf=urf;wrf;onf[k pGyfpGJcH&jcif;r&Sdap&ef &mxl;}uD;onfholrsm;udk toihfcsxm;ay;rnf[k
tmrcHcsuf ay;xm;cJhygonf? E_dif;,SOf=unfhrnfqkdygu &J0efxrf; rsm;. opPm&Sdr_tm; zsufqD;ypf&ef uGef*&uf.
óud;pm;tm;xkwfr_rSm worwfwnf; r&SdcJhyg? tpydkif;wGif uGef*&uf tzGJ@u olwkd‹. rsK;d cspfpdwf"mwfudk tEl;t!Gwf
awmif;qkdcJhygonf? r'&yfwGif v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u &J0efxrf; rsm;xH ydk‹puwfrsm;ay;ydk‹I olwkd‹. nD&if;tukdrsm;
tay:wGif t=urf;zufjcif;rsm;rS a&SmifusOf=uyg&ef/ awmif;yefcJh =uygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; &Jom;rsm;. vGefvGefuJuJ
vkyfaqmifr_rsm;u uGef*&uftm; olwkd‹ESihf qef‹usifoGm;ap cJh ygonf? &Jrsm;tay: rkef;wD;pufqkyfr_uvnf; vltrsm;
ESpfoufaxmufcHr_ ykdI&ap&ef taxmuftyHh jzpfapcJhyg onf? uGef*&uf. OD;wnf&nf&G,fcsuf jzpfaom +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;.
w&m;0ifjzpfr_tm; av#mhcsypfa&;onf ckcH umuG,folwdk‹tay: atmifEkdifa&; jzpfonfh +Adwdo#wkd‹. &nfrSef;csufESifh
qef‹usifuGJjym;aecJhygonf?
(1930) ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif bk&ifcHu uGef*&uftzGJ@onf &JwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;. pdwf"mwf}uH›ckdifa&;tm; wkefv_yf atmif
vkyfaqmifr_wGif taotcsm ±_H;edrfhoGm;cJh+yD;jzpf+yD; &JwyfzGJŒopfrsm; pkaqmif;&mwGif tvG,fwulyif &Sdae cJhygonf[k vef'efukd
tpD&ifcHEkdifcJhygonf? tusKd;quftaejzifh tdENd,wEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmt& vlxktmcH qef‹usifr_tm;jzifh
xdef;odrf;tkyfcsKyfIr&onfh tajctaeokd‹a&muf&ef rvkyfEkdifcJh=uyg? vrsm; =umvmonfESifhtr# tm0ifESifh
ol.vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;rSm olwkd‹taejzifh uGef*&uf. wkdufckdufr_tm; awmifhcHxm;Ekdifonf/ v_yf&Sm; r_tm; a'oqkdif&m
jy\emrsm;tjzpf cGJxkwfypfvkdufEkdifonf[k ydkIydkI ,kH=unfvmcJh=uygonf? (1930) ckESpf ESpf ukefykdif;vrsm;wGif
v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&onf tjrihfqkH;okd‹a&mufvmcJh+yD; tm;enf;qkwf,kwfoGm;cJhonf[k xifcJh&ygonf? tcsKdŒae&mtenf;tusOf;wGif
tcGefqef‹usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tm;aumif;ae=uqJ jzpfaomfvnf; tm%mydkifrsm; taejzifh/ aEGv,fydkif;u
Oya'=urf;a&;qGJxm;cJhaom ta&;ay:tm%mOya' (Emergency Power Ordinance) tm; rnfonfhtcgrS
jyÏmef;p&mrvkdawmh[k ,kH=unfpdwfcsr_ ckdifrmvmcJh=uygonf?
uGef*&ufu trsKd;om;bmoma&;ppfyGJtjzpf tqifhxuf +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;tm; qef‹usifwkdufckdufaepOfyif ‚if;u
wkdif;jynfweHwvsm; nDnDr#r# ppfcif;EkdifcJhjcif;r&SdyJ/ *ENDa&S@umv&Snf=umpGmu &SdESifhcJhaom vlrsKd;pkqkdif&m rwluGJjym;
r_rsm;a=umifh tm;enf;vmcJhygonf? (1929) ckESpftukefykdif;wGif rGwfqvifacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh uGef*&ufESifh
w&m;0ifyl;aygif;vmvdrhfrnfr[kwfa=umif; *ENDod&SdoGm;cJhygonf?

odk‹&mwGif trsKd;om;a&;awmif;qkdr_rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m rw&m;r_wkd‹tay: t=urf;zufta&;,lydwfqkd‹r_rsm;
twlyl;wGJvkdufygu uGef*&uftaejzifh omref[dENLrsm;ESifh rGwfqvifwkd‹t=um; jzpfay:aeaom t,kHt=unf uif;rJhr_tm;
ausmfv$m;aumif; ausmfv$m;Ekdifrnfjzpf+yD;/ omreftcsdefrsm;wGif &&SdEkdif&efcufcJaom rdwfzufjzpfr_ udkvnf; wkdufyGJt&Sdeft[kef
jyif;aeqJwGif tckdiftrmwnfaqmufEkdifvdrhfrnf[k olu ar#mfvifhxm;cJhygonf? uGef*&ufu rnfonhfzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH
tajccHOya'qkdif&m tpDtpOfukdr# olwkd‹.oabmwlnDcsufr&yJ vufcH vdrhfrnfr[kwfa=umif; xyfrHuwday;jcif;jzifh
rGwfqvifEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; tmrcHcsufay;&ef óud;pm;cJhygonf?
okd‹aomf vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_twGuf }uD;rm;aom rGwfqvifpdwf"mwf Ekd;=um;vmap&ef ðyvkyfcJhaom aumif;rGef
aom}uH&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;r_rsm;rSm ratmifrjrifjzpfcJh&ygonf? rGwfqvifacgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSm uGef*&ufukd
qufI±_wfcsae=uqJjzpf+yD; omrefrGwfqvifrsm;rSmvnf; a'oqkdif&mpnf; ±kH;a&;orm;rsm; azmfaqmif ay;aom
uef‹uGufqef‹usifr_rsm;wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;&ef pdwfvkdvuf& r&SdcJh=uyg? trsKd;om;yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_ twkdif; twmtaejzifh
(1930) ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv vlxktmcHqef‹usifwkdufckdufr_rsm; twGuf axmifxJa&muf&Sdae=uaomol (29000) ausmfwGif
(1152) a,mufom rGwfqvifrsm;jzpfcJhygonf? tm;aumif;aomrGwfqvifrsm; yg0ifvmjcif; r&SdyJESifh
v_yf&Sm;r_.taetxm;rSm usKd;}uJom jzpfaeEkdifcJhygonf? tjcm;a'orsm;Y rGwfqvifrsm;. pdwf0ifpm; wufºuGr_r&Sdjcif;u
v_yf&Sm;r_tm; tm;aysmhaeaponfhtcsdefwGif rGwfqvifvlrsm;pkaexkdif&m yef*syfjynfe,fESifh qpf*f jynfe,frsm;taejzifh
(1930) ckESpftwGif;wGif +Adwdo#wkd‹tm; 'kuQtenf;tusOf;om ay;EkdifcJhygonf? wckwnf; aomc|if;csufrSm tA'l *wfzm cef
(Abdul Ghaffar Khan) u ol.yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufolrsm;tm; *END. tajccHrl0g' oabmrsm;udk oGwfoGif;ay;EkdifcJhonfh
tvSrf;a0;onfh taemufajrmufa'oom jzpfygonf?
vlwef;pm;uGm[csufonfvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_.tiftm;ukd wjznf;jznf; tiftm;qkwf,kwfvmapcJhygonf? uGef*&uf wGif
ygwDtm;aiGa=u;axmufyHhulnD+yD; t0wftxnfoydwftm; axmufcHtm;ay;aeaom pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;ESifh
aus;vufa'orsm;. t"duau'grsm;jzpfaom ajr&Sifrsm;uJhokd‹aom tcGifhxl;cHtkyfpkrsm;ESihf b¾ma&;/ tzGJŒtpnf; qkdif&m
qufpyfr_rsm; &SdaecJhygonf? *ENDtaejzifh vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;. tqif;&JqkH;tqifhxd tm;vkH;aomtv$mrsm;ESihf
vufvSrf;rDaecJhaomfvnf; ygwDrSmedrfhusaomvlwef;pm;rsm;. awmifhwvkdvm;r_rsm;tm; r=um;rod=uaom
csrf;omºuG,f0+yD; =oZmwduUr&Sdonfh tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;ESifhom qufEG,fr_&SdaecJhygonf? *ENDu tdENd,pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;ukda&m +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;udkyg xdckdufepfemapEkdifonfh taxGaxGoydwf}uD;qifEJ$&ef awmif;qkdjcif;tm;
a&Smif&Sm;cJhaomfvnf;/ pufr_vkyfief;{&d,mrsm;&Sd aoG;ºuGtvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;rSm (1930) ckESpfwav#mufvkH;
tokH;rðy&ao;aom pGrf;tm;&if;jrpfwcktjzpf usef&SdaeqJjzpfcJhygonf?
ydwfyif[ef‹wm;r_rsm;tm;vkH;onf v_yf&Sm;r_. twGif;ta=umif;w&m;rsm;rScsnf; jzpfay:vm=uonf r[kwfcJhyg? tpkd;&u
vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;uvnf; xdef;csKyf[ef‹wm;r_rsm;udk jzpfapcJhygonf? A[kdxdef;csKyfr_av#mhcsa&; r[mAsL[mESihf
cGJjzef‹ta&;,lydwfqkd‹r_rsm;u tapmykdif;umv zdESdyfacsr_ef;wkdufckdufr_rsm;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_tm; qufvuf&SifoefEkdifap&ef
ulnDaxmufyHhEkdifcJhaomfvnf; eHygwfwkwfESifh±kdufESufjcif;/ tvkH;t&if;vkdufzrf;qD;jcif;/ &Jrsm;. ta&;,lpD;eif; wkdufckdufr_rsm;/
nrxGuf&trdef‹rsm;uJhokd‹aom ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m wkdufckdufr_rsm;ESifh tjcm;ykHo¿mefrsm; jzifh ta&;,ltjypfay;r_rsm;onf
wkdif;jynf. tcsKdŒaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;&Sd vlxktmcHqef‹usifrr_ sm;ukd xdef;csKyf uef‹owfEkdifcJh+yD; tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif
òydysufoGm;apcJhygonf?
tpdk;&.t=urf;zufESdrfeif;r_rsm;u v_yf&Sm;olrsm;tm; r+cdrf;ajcmufEkdifcJhaomae&mrsm;wGif +Adwdo# tkyfcsKyf a&;ykdif;u
tmcHqef‹usif=uaom tdENd,EkdifiHom;wkd‹tm; tjypfay;&ef tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm; &SmazGEkdifcJh=u ygonf? ykdifqkdifajr,mESifh
tcGefaiGrSwfykHwifwGJzufaomenf;rSm tjyif;txef qkH;±_H;ysupf D;apaom enf;y&d,m,fjzpfygonf? tusOf;axmifwGif;okd‹0if&ef
jyifqifxm;cJholrsm;ESifh ±kyfydkif;qkdif&m wkdufckdufxkd;ESufvmr_rsm;ukd &ifqkdif&ef jyifqif xm;=uolrsm;yif olwkd‹.rdom;pktm;
qif;&JEGrf;yg; jzpfusefcJhapEkdifonfh olwkd‹.ajr,mrsm; qkH;±_H;r_udk &ifqkdif&ef rsm;pGm tcuftcJ &SdoGm;cJh=uygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh
bD[me,frS v,form;rsm;rSm ajr,modrf;,lr_rsm;. zdtm; ay;r_a=umifh (1930) ckESpftukefydkif;wGif csufuD'g&dpfwdk@tm;
tcGefay;aqmifr_udk jyefvnfpwifay;aqmifcJh=uyg onf?
pD;yGm;a&;tm;enf;r_onfvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_tm; wef‹oGm;apcJhygonf? yxrydkif;wGif oydwfESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf cJh=uaom
t0wftxnfa&mif;0,folrsm;onfvnf; olwkd‹. qkH;±_H;r_txyfxyfa=umifh aoG;ysufvmcJh=uygonf? ZlvkdifvwGif

bkHabrSukefonfrsm;u +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf tay;t,lnd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;&ef *ENDESifh ae±l;wkd‹tm; óud;pm;+yD;
aoG;aqmifodrf;oGif;&eftwGuf oabmxm;aysmhaysmif;aom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fyl;aygif; vmcJh=uygonf?
xkdESpfaemufykdif;wGif t0wftxnfa&mif;0,f=uolrsm;u EkdifiHjcm;jzpf t0wftxnfrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;a&mif;csvm=uojzifh/
trsm;pkaygif; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rSm bkHabòrdŒ jyifyae&mwkdif; eD;yg;wGif usKd;ysufpðy vmcJhygonf?
(1930) ckESpf 'kwd,ESpf0ufykdif;wGif uGef*&ufukd,fYuvnf; tm;enf;vmcJhygonf? zrf;qD;r_rsm;u acgif;aqmifykdif; tm;
zdESdyfr_rsm;a=umifh tcuftcJóuHae=u&aom A[dkxdef;csKyfr_ESihf jynfe,fxdef;csKyfr_òydysuf+yD; t=urf;rzuf pnf; rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;
wppysuf,Gif;vm=uonfh jynfe,faumfrwDrsm;tm; qkH;jzwfaqmif&GufcGifhrsm; ay;tyfap&ef/ wGef;tm;ay;cJh=uygonf?
tmcHqef‹usifr_rsm;ESihf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tawGŒtóuH&SdESifhcJh+yD; t=urf;rzufa&;tay: pll;pkduf aqmif&GufcJh=uonfh
ywD'grsm;&SdcJhonfh *l*sm&wfuJhodk‹ae&mrsm; tdE, dN Ekid fiHwiG f r&So
d avmufyif jzpfomG ;cJ&h ygonf? rpfemyl&&f Sd
tcGefqef‹usifa&;orm;rsm;/ tv,fydkif;a'o (pD/ yD) rS opfawm0ifa&mufpD;eif;cJholrsm;ESifh bkHabESifh
umvuwWm;òrdŒ}uD;rsm;rS vlpkvla0;rsm;u t=urf;zufr_tEœ&m,frsm;ukd em;vnfr_ r&Sdoavmuf jzpfcJh=u+yD; &Jrsm;/
awmapmifhrsm;ESihf +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&; wm0ef&Sdyk*~Kdvfrsm;tm; qef‹usifwkdufckdufr_rsm; rsm;jym;vmcJhygonf? *l*sm&wf wGifyif
wm0efrSEkwfxGuf&ef jiif;qefcJhonfh a'oqkdif&mt&m&SdwOD; towfcHcJh&ygonf? r[mAsL[mOD;wnfcsufrsm; twGuf
v_yf&Sm;jcif;xuf/ a'oqkdif&m cHjyif;a'gojzpfr_rsm;a=umifh vlxk tmcHqef‹usifr_ ay:aygufvmr_rsm;vmav/
t=urf;rzufr_pHrsm;rS aoGzDr_rsm; ykdrsm;jym;vmavav jzpfvmygonf?
‘typftcwf&yfpJjcif;’
uGef*&ufu ae&maygif;rsm;pGmwGif tm;enf;qkwf,kwfvmaeonfhv_yf&Sm;r_wckESifh ysufpD;òyduGJvmaeonfh tzGJŒ
tpnf;wcktwGuf owdxm;aqmif&GufaepOfwGif +Adwdo#wkd‹u vef'efòrdŒ pm;yGJ0kdif;aqG;aEG;yGJwckY tjcm;tdENd,
EkdifiHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;aecJh=uygonf? ‚if;aqG;aEG;yGJonf atmufwdkbmvtaESmif;ykdif;rS pwifI
ZEM0g&Dvv,ftxd =umjrihfcJh+yD; +Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;/ rif;apmfbGm;rsm;tkyfcsKyfxm;aom jynfe,frsm; (Princely States) rsm;rS
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ rGwfqvif/ [dENLESifh vpfb&,facgif;aqmifrsm;yg0ifcJh=uaomfvnf; tdENd,EkdifiH jynfolrsm;twGuf
pum;ajymqdk&ef wm0eft&SdqkH;jzpfaom tzGJŒtpnf;wckjzpfonfh uGef*&uftzGJ@rS tzGJŒ0ifwpkH wa,mufr# ryg0ifcJhyg?
aqG;aEG;yGJu uGef*&uftzGJŒ0ifr[kwfaom aqG;aEG;olrsm;ESifh +Adwdo#wkd‹ ESpfOD;pvkH;yg0ifEkdifaom pD&ifaqmif&GufcGihf
tm%mydkiftzGJŒu Oya'ðytzGJŒokd‹ wm0ef,lajz=um;&rnfh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'qkdif&m tajymif;tvJ twGuf
enf;ykHpHwckudk xGufay:vmapcJhygonf? xdkyHkpHopfwGif rif;apmfbGm;rsm;tkyfcsKyfxm;onfh jynfe,frsm;u (Princely States)
tdENd,jynfr}uD;ESifh zuf'a&;&Sif;wckozG,fwGJcsdwfxm;rnfh tpDtpOfvnf; yg0ifonf? tajymif; tvJumvtawmtwGif;
bk&ifcHu umuG,fa&;ESihf b¾ma&;uJhokd‹aom udpP&yfrsm;ukd pDpOftkyfcsKyfcGihf txl; tm%mudk &,lxm;vdrhfrnfjzpfygonf?
tdENd,vpfb&,frsm;twGuf oabmwlnDr_onf udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGihf& tpkd;& (Self government) jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf
wkd;wufr_wcktjzpf jrifcJh=uonf? rGwfqvifrsm;rSm [dENL. =oZmv$rf;rkd;r_ tumtuG,fay;a&; aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifaom
zuf'&,fykHpHpepftajccHwckjzihf tmrcHay;r_&&SdcJh=uyg onf? +Adwdo#vpfb&,frsm;ESifh tm0if. (1929) ckESpf
ðyjyifa&;wifoGif;r_tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef qef‹usifcJh=uonfh wkd&Drsm; (uGefqmaA;wpfygwD0ifrsm;) yifv#if xkdtpDtpOfrsm;t&
aqmif&Gufrnfh 'kdrDeD,Htqifh (Dominion Status) udk axmufcHcJh=uygonf? Oya'ðytzGJŒtwGif;&Sd
'Drkdua&pDenf;ustkyfcsKyfa&;r[kwfonfh rif;apmfbGm; rsm;tkyfcsKyfa&; jynfe,frsm;. =oZmtm%mESifh pD&iftkyfcsKyfcGifh
txl;tm%monf +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;tm; tum tuG,fay;Ekdifacs &Sdygonf?
odk‹&mwGif Todk‹aom udk,fpm;ðycGifhr&Sdaom tdENd,udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒESifh vkyfaqmifcJhaom vef'efvkyfief;pOfrSm
uGef*&ufuom a&Smifaeygu zGHŒòzd;tm;aumif;vm&ef tvm;tvm enf;yg;vSygonf? aemufw}udrf aqG;aEG;yGJ
okd‹wufa&muf&ef uGef*&uftm; pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif;Ekdifrnf[k tm0ifu r,kH=unfcJhaomfvnf; +Adwdo# tkyfcsKyfa&;
a=umif;usKd;wus taxmuftxm;jzpfapEkdifaom ajz&Sif;r_wcktay: tdENd,. oabmwlnDr_ a&&SnfcHr_tvm; tvmrSm
r=umrwiftwGif; xyfrH&&Sdvmrnfr[kwfonfudk olodaecJhygonf? olu ol. tpkd;&tay: ydaeonfh zdpD;r_rsm;ESifh
vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_. ±_yfaxG; pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpfp&mrsm;rS olŒtpdk;& . aiGa=u;,kdpD;ukefusr_ rsm;udkvnf;
avsmhenf;oufomoGm;apcsifygonf? xkd‹a=umifh uGef*&ufESihf +idrf;csrf;a&;&aprnfh ðyrlaqmif&Gufr_ wckðyvkyf&ef

tcsdefusa&mufae+yDjzpfonfhtwGuf ZEM0g&Dv (24) &ufae‹wiG f olu tusOf;usae=uaom vkyfief; aumfrwD0iftm;vkH;tm;
¹cGif;csufr&Sd v$wfay;rnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhygonf?
vGwfajrmufvmonfESifh *ENDu uGef*&uftaejzifh vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; qkdif;iHhxm;vdrhfrnfr[kwfyJ tpkd;&u
oydwfarSmufuef‹uGufqef‹usifcGihf/ qm;xkwfvkyfcGihfESihf tcGefqef‹usifolrsm;xHrS odrf;qnf;xm;aom OpPmypPnf; rsm;tm;
jyefay;+yD;/ zdESdyfa&; txl;Oya'rsm;udk zsufodrf;ay;&ef jywfjywfom;om; awmif;qkdcJhygonf? okd‹&mwGif
jrifuGif;rsm;.aemufuG,fY ‚if;tcsdefonf tpkd;&ESifh oabmwlnDr_,l&rnfhtcsdefjzpfonf[k uGef*&uf twGif;tjyif
ESpfckpvkH;rS ajymqkdae=uonfudk =um;aecJh&ygonf? uGef*&uftwGif;rS oabmxm; aysmhaysmif;olrsm;rSm vlxktmcH
qef‹usifr_ESifh ywfoufvmv#if tpOfojzifh csDwkHcswkH jzpfavh&Sd=u+yD; ‚if;udk pGef‹v$wfvdk=uygonf? ydkIaysmhaysmif; aom
vrf;a=umif;wckudk qef‹usifaumif;qef‹usifvdkcJh=uonfh aoG;ºuGolrsm;rSm azazmf0g&Dv (6) &ufae‹wGif rkdwDvmae±l;
(Motilal Nehru) aoqkH;oGm;cJhaoma=umifh OD;pD; acgif;aqmifwOD; qkH;±_H;oGm;cJh=uygonf?
*ENDonf pD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0kdif;okd‹vnf; oGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;ajymqkdcJh+yD; ‚if;wkd‹onfvnf; tay;t,l nd‡E_dif;&ef
tm;oefaecJh=ua=umif; awGŒcJh&ygonf? ‘av;pm;*k%f,lp&m ajz&Sif;r_wckudk&zkd‹ jzpfEkdifp&m&SdwmawGudk &SmazG
=unhfoifhwJhtcsdef a&mufvm+yDqkdwm r[wWr*ENDeJ‹ uGef*&ufukd t}uHay;wm[m rrSm;Ekdifygbl;’[k Culcutta Indian
Chamber of Commerce uvuwWm; ukefonf}uD;rsm;toif;. OuUXjzpfol 'DyD cdkifwef (D.P Khaitan) u azazmf0g&Dv
(11) &ufae‹wGif a=unmcJhygonf? ‘usKyfwkd‹tm;vkH; +idrf;csrf;a&;vkdcsifw,f’? aemufqkH;wGif tmcHqef‹usifr_ ðyvkyfcJh=uolrsm;
cHpm;ae&onf'kuQonf olwkd‹tm; qef‹usifae=uolrsm;.pdwfudk ajymif;vJoGm;atmif vkyfEkdifcJhvdrhfrnf[laom *END.
,kH=unfr_u tpkd;&ESifh rsufESmcsif;qkdif pum;ajymaqG;aEG;jcif; onf xkdtajctae ay:aygufvmEkdifp&m ta=umif;&Sdonf[k
olŒtm; ar#mfvifhvmapcJhygonf? xkd‹a=umifhyif awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;&ef awmif;qkdonfh pmwapmifudk azazmf0g&Dv (14)
&ufae‹wGif tm0ifxHokd‹ oluay;ydk‹cJhygonf? bk&ifcHuvnf; rqkdif;rwGyif vufcHcJhygonf?
av;pm;xkdufaom vlaumif;wOD;tjzpf trsm;vufcHxm;cJh=uaom tm0ifu *ENDtm; olESifhyËdyuQudk ajz&Sif; ay;rnfh
pHðyaqG;aEG;zufyk*~Kdvftjzpf txif}uD;av;pm;vmatmif vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhygonf? *END. wav;wpm;ðyr_udk wkef@jyefcJhonfh
tm0ifuvnf; xkdav;pm;r_udk ckdif=unfoGm;atmif *±kwpkduf&SdcJhygonf? olu 0uf*sf0k'f bif (Wedgewood Benn) xHokd‹
olŒtaejzifh ol.±kd;om;r_/ n‡mwmaxmufxm;r_ESifh *END. ar#mfvihfcsufrsm;tay: em;vnfr_/ oHo,jzpfr_/ pdwfysuf&r_rsm;udk
*END odjrifoabmaygufoGm;&ef óud;pm;rnfhta=umif; pma&;om;ay;ydk‹ cJhygonf? olonf tdENd,vlrsKd; vpfb&,fwOD;.
t}uH^m%fudk&,l+yD; ol. tav;eufqkH; pdwf"mwftiftm;ESifh vnf; aqG;aEG;ajymqkdfrnf jzpfa=umif;vnf; azmfjycJhygonf?
azazmf0g&Dv (13) &ufae‹ ae‹v,fcif;wGif okd;arG;òcHxnfwifxm;aom *ENDonf ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;u aqmufI
+yD;pD;oGm;cJah om e,ll;a'vD&Sd bk&ifcHtdrfawmf. avScg;xpfrsm;udk ajcvSrf;usJusJjzifh wufvmcJhyg onf? a&yef;rsm;/
qif±kyfyef;ykrsm;ESifh jrifhrm;aom trkd;ckH;}uD;tkyfrkd;xm;aom tdrfawmfrSm tifyg,m}uD;. pGrf;tm;owWdrsm; jzmxGuf
vufyaecJhygonf? olŒtm; }uD;rm;aomavScg;xpfrsm;rS wufa&mufI rD;vif;zkda&S› wGif aEG;aEG;axG;axG;xkdifEkdifonfh tm0if.
pmzwfcef;okd‹ ac:aqmifoGm;cJhygonf? ae‹pOf tm0ifESifh pum;ajymqkdaqG;aEG;+yD;v#if *ENDu ol.rdwfaqG wOD;.tdrfodk‹jyefI
vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;ESifh em&Daygif;rsm;pGm jyefvnfokH;oyfpOf;pm;cJhygonf?
TaqG;aEG;ajymqkdr_rsm;onf tóudaESmifóud;rJhjzpf+yD; 'kw,
d t}udrf aphpyfaqG;aEG;&mwGif tajccH&rnfh ta=umif; t&m
taetxm;rsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;jzpfap&ef ðyvkyfcJh=ujcif;jzpfygonf? yxr r=umrDu+yD;pD;cJhonfh pm;yGJ0kdif; aqG;aEG;yGJrS
ay:xGufvmcJhaom zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'qkdif&mar;cGef;rsm; &SdcJhygonf? uGef*&uftzGJ@taejzifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHwck
wm0ef&SdA[kdtpdk;&wckESifh tr_aqmifrsm;twGuf ,m,Dvsmxm;ay;xm;aom trsKd;rsKd;aom tm%mrsm;. abmiftwGif;rS
aqG;aEG;nd‡E_dif;rnfavm/ 'kwd,vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_ESifh ywfoufI rnfodk‹aqmif &Guf=urnfqkdonfh ar;cGef;jzpfygonf?
tm0ifu tu,fI uGef*&ufu ‚if;wdk‹. v_yf&Sm;r_tm; qkdif;ihHxm;cJhv#if olŒtaejzifh vlxktmcHqef‹usifa&;a=umifh
zrf;qD;xm;aom tusOf;om;tm;vkH;tm;jyefv$wfay;rnf/ qufpyf aeaom txl;Oya'rsm; zsufodrf;ay;rnf/
ta&;,lzrf;qD;&ef apv$wfcsxm;ay;aom &JwyfzGJŒrsm;tm; jyefvnf ac:,lay;rnf paomtcsufrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
ajymqkdcJhygonf? okd‹aomf *ENDu E_wfxGufoGm;cJh=uaom a'o qkdif&mt&mxrf;rsm;. tvkyfae&mrsm;tm;
jyefvnfcef‹xm;ay;&ef/ tcGefqef‹usifolrsm;xHrS odrf;qnf;xm;aom ajr,mrsm;tm; jyefay;tyf&ef/ qm;xkwfvkyfjcif;/

t&ufESifh t0wftxnfqdkifrsm;tm; oydwfarSmuf uef‹uGuf jcif;udkcGifhðy&efESifh &Jwkd‹. rw&m;ðyusifhr_rsm;udk
pkHprf;ppfaq;ay;&efwkd‹udkyg tvkd&SdcJhygonf?
tjiif;yGm;p&mtjzpfqkH; jy\emrsm;rSm rnfokd‹yifjzpfap zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH Oya'qkdif&mudpPrsm; r[kwf=uyg? tpkd;&.
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rSm vGwfvyfr_rsm;pGmenf;yg;aomfvnf; *ENDrSm aemufw}udrf pm;yGJ0kdif;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif
tifyg,m}uD;rS tdENd,EkdifiH. cGJxGufcGifhukd uGef*&ufu wifoGif;Ekdifa&;twGuf tm0if. uwdpum;udk &&SdcJhygonf? ‚if;tjyif
*END. yk*~Kdvfa&;em;vnfokH;oyfr_t& zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHqkdif&m jy\emrsm;jzpfonfh tdENd,EkdifiHonf 'kdrDeD,H tqifh&rnf
(okd‹r[kwf) vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;&rnfESifh tul;tajymif; rnfokd‹a&S›qufaqmif&Gufrnf ponfwkd‹rSm *END. acgif;xJwGif r&Sdyg?
ol. pdwftwGif;wGif olvdkvm;aom tdENd,EkdifiHtwGuf jzpfvmrnfh trsKd;om;tpdk;&trsKd;tpm; udk
qkH;jzwfpOf;pm;xm;+yD;om; jzpfygonf?
okd‹&mwGif *ENDtwGuf tjcm;udpPrsm;tm; pGef‹v$wfvkduf&ef rvG,fulvSyg? rnfokd‹yifjzpfap v_yf&Sm;r_wcktwGuf ol.
r[mAsL[mrSm qm;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ESifh t0wftxnfwifoGif;r_wkd‹uJhokd‹ +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;. tckdiftrm tusqkH;
csrSwfxm;onfht&mrsm;tm; ckcHqef‹usifa&;jzpfygonf? tu,fI xkdudpPrsm;tm; ol tav#mhay;tnHhcH vkdufrnfqkdygu
vlxktmcHqef‹usifa&; a&S›wef;usonfhae&mrsm;rS tdENd,om;rsm;u usqkH;r_tjzpfjrifoGm;=u rnfjzpfygonf?
ywD'gv,form;rsm;twGuf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHqkdif&m tajymif;tvJrSm olwkd‹. }uD;rm;vSaom ajr,mqkH;±_H;r_xufykdI
ta&;rygEkdifcJhyg? ‚if;tjyif 'g&moemqm;usif;Y aoG;xGuo f H,dk jzpfcJh=uaom trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzihf
olwkd‹qef‹usifuef‹uGufr_. &nf&G,fcsufrysufr,Gif;&Sd+yD; &Jrsm;. t=urf;zufESdrfeif;r_vnf; uif;vGwfEkdifonfh
tay;t,lrsKd;tm; óudqkdvufcH&ef rjzpfEkdifvSyg? TudpPrsm;tay:wGif tay;t,lvkyf&efrSm tm0iftwGufvnf;
tcuftcJ&SdcJhygonf? ol. jynfe,ft&m&Sdrsm;u &Jrsm;tm; ta&;,ltjypfay;r_ okd‹r[kwf edpP"l0ta=umif;t&mrsm;wGif
v_yf&Sm;r_tm; atmifjrifr_&apEkdifonfh ajz&Sif;r_wpHkw&monf +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;u ol.tiftm;tjzpf
trSDðytm;xm;&aomolrsm;tm; pdwf"mwfusoGm;apEkdifa=umif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrifxm;cJh +yD;jzpfygonf? ‘u|Ekfyfwkd‹onf
wifjyvmonfh vkyfaqmifr_vrf;a=umif; wkdif;tm; uGef*&uftay: jzpfEkdifacs&Sdonfh oufa&mufr_rsm;tay: rsm;pGmrpOf;pm;yJ
u|Ekfyfwkd‹tm; axmufcHolrsm;ESihf u|Ekfyfwkd‹.t&m&Sdrsm;/ vlrsm;tay: TudpPrsm;u oufa&mufjzpfay:vmEkdifacs&Sdaom
oufa&mufr_rsm;tay: pOf;pm; qkH;jzwf=u&ygrnf’ [k a'vD aqG;aEG;yGJrusif;yrD &uftenf;i,ftvkdwGif tm0if.
0ef}uD;tzGJŒ0ifwOD;u owday;xm;cJhygonf?
*ENDESifh tm0ifonf a'vDY azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹wGif xyfrHI aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr_udk pwifcJh=uygonf? olwkd‹onf
zuf'a&;&Sif;wm0efcHtpdk;&ESifh txl;tm%mokH;csufay:wGif tajccHaom zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHqkdif&m aqG;aEG;yGJtwGuf
enf;vrf;wckudk tvsiftjref oabmwlnDcJh=uygonf? okd‹aomf v_yf&Sm;r_rnfuJhokd‹tqkH;owfrnf qkdonfh jy\em wGifrl
tm;vkH;òyduGJ&rvkd xifcJh&ygonf? aemufqkH;wGif tm0ifu tenf;i,fay;I *ENDursm;pGmay;+yD; olwkd‹ESpfOD; oabmwlnDr_wck
&,lcJh=uygonf? vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; tqkH;owf&rnf/ tpdk;&u zdESdyfa&;txl;Oya'rsm;udk zsufodrf;ay;rnf/
ESdrfeif;a&;&Jrsm;tm; ±kyfodrf;ay;rnf/ tusOf;om;rsm;v$wfay;rnf/ ydwfyifwm;qD;xm;aom toif;tzGJŒrsm;tm;
jyefvnfv_yf&Sm;vkyfaqmifcGihfay;rnf/ tvkyfrSxGufcJh=uaom tdENd,0efxrf;rsm;tm; =um; umvtwGif; tvkyfrsm;
t+rJwrf;rjznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifao;cif tvkyfjyefay;xm;rnf?
tjcm;wzufwGifrl &Jrsm;. rw&m;ðyusifhr_rsm;udk pkHprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; ðyvkyfvdrhfrnfr[kwfyg? v,form;rsm; tae jzifh
a&mif;cs+yD;jzpfaom odrf;qnf;v,f,majrrsm;tm; jyefvnfr&&SdEkdif=uawmhyg? t&ufESifh t0wftpm; qkdifrsm; tm;
+idrf;csrf;aom oydwfarSmufqef‹usifr_ qufvufðyvkyfEkdifcGifh&Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m ta&;,l ydwfqkd‹jcif;
rjzpfap&yg? qm;Oya'rSm qufvuf&Sdaernfjzpfaomfvnf; jyefwGif;okH;pGJ&efjzpfaom tao;pm;qm; xkwfvkyfjcif;ukd tpkd;&u
taESmihft,Sufay;vdrhfrnfr[kwfyg? *s0g[mvm ae±l;rSm tvGef trif;pdwfysufoGm;cJhyg onf? *ENDu vkyfief;aumfrwD.
oabmwlnDr_udk vkHòcHpdwfcs&atmif pDpOfxdef;odrf;EkdifcJh+yD;/ rwfv (5) &ufae‹wGif typftcwf&yfpJa&;oabmwlnDr_udk
vlxktm; a=unmEkdifcJhygonf?
*ENDu uGef*&uf vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; y,fzsufay;vdkufjcif;ESifh aemufrqkwfwrf; &ifqkdifzdtm;ay;jcif;xuf
pm;yGJ0kdif;vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifyl;aygif;jcif;tm;jzifh ykdI&,lEkdifrnf okd‹r[kwf qkH;±_H;r_enf;yg;vdrhfrnfjzpfa=umif; tckdif trm
ajymqkdcJhygonf? ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif olu rsufESmrysufatmif vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhaomfvnf;/ tajccH udpPrsm;wGif

jywfjywfom;om; tEkdif&atmif rawmif;qkdEkdifcJhyg? aoG;ºuGolrsm;u *END. aphpyfajy+idrf;a&; vrf;a=umif;ESifhywfoufI
ra=ureyf jzpfaecJh=uaomfvnf; acgif;aqmifrsm; tEœ&m,fuif;ae+yD; ,Eœ&m; ysufpD; aeaom uGef*&uftm;
jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef tcsdef,laeqJ[k xifcJh&ygonf? olwkd‹tm; vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif
qufvufwnf&SdaeapcJhonfht&mrSm tu,fI =o*kwfvwGif pwifusif;yrnfh pm;yGJ0kdif;aqG;aEG;yGJopfrS oabm
wlnDr_wpkHw&m r&&SdcJhygu olwkd‹taejzifh tjyif;txef ckcHumuG,f+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_udktopfjyefvnf pwifEkdifvdrhfrnf [k
,kH=unfaejcif;yifjzpfygonf?
a'vDpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;+yD; av;&uft=umwGif tm0ifu vef'efrS 0uf*sf0k'fbif (Wadgewood Benn) xHokd‹ u|Ekfyfwkd‹
ESpfOD;pvkH;tm; pdwfylapcJhaom &Jrsm;.tðytrlESifh zdESdyfa&;enff;pepfuJhokd‹aom udpPrsm;wGif tav#mhay; aemufqkwfp&m
rvkdtyfcJhawmhojzihf olŒtaejzifh pdwfoufom&m&cJha=umif; pma&;om;cJhygonf? cgwkdif;uJhodk‹yif bk&ifcHrSm oabmwlnDr_u
taESmihft,SufrðycJhaom ol. xdef;csKyfa&;enf;vrf;rsm;ay:wGifyif pl;pdkufcJhygonf? tu,fI tay;t,lvkyfr_u
uGef*&uftzGJ@tm; jyefvnfpkpnf;jcif;udk rwm;qD;cJhv#if ‚if;tm; tjynfht0 tm%mpkpnf;r_ &SdaeapcJhrnfjzpfonf?
‘tvkH;pkHjyefvnfokH;oyf+yD; u|Ekfyftaejzifh *ENDtm; vrf;a=umif;twkdif; ,ckxdvkdufygvmatmif aoG;aqmif&&SdcJhjcif;ukd
tHhtm;oifhp&mwck[k oabmxm;cJhygonf’ [k tm0ifu rSwfcsuf cscJhygonf?
&JwyfzGJŒESifh t&yfzufvkyfief;rsm;rS rsm;pGmaom tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;rSm oabmwlnDr_udk tm0ifavmufyif pdwftm; xufoefr_
r&SdcJh=uyJ/ +Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;u &Jrsm;tm; aemuftopfwzef jyefvnfjzpfay:vmrnfh yËdyuQwckwGif ‚if;wkd‹.vufrsm;udk
csnfaESmifxm;vdrhfrnfr[kwfa=umif; jyo&rnf[k qkH;jzwfcJh=uygonf? ‘&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; t"dy`m,fwckwnf;xGufonfh
a=unmcsufESifh aemufqufwGJ tvm;wl&Sif;vif;onfh vufawGŒrsufjrifoufaojyr_ vkyfjyjcif;jzifh tpkd;&u tkyfcsKyfa&;
ysufjym;atmifvkyfaom v_yf&Sm;r_tm; rjzpfrae ESdrfeif;ypf&ef ydkif;jzwfxm;+yD; jzpfa=umif; jyojcif;onf &JwyfzGJŒ.opPm&Sdr_udk
rvGJraoG&&Sdaprnf’ [k b*Fvm; jynfe,f tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJŒu owd ay;xm;cJhygonf? xkd‹a=umifhyif twdkuftckduf&yfpJa&;
oabmwlnDcsuftay:rS rifajcmufv#ifajcmufjcif; wm0ef&Sd yk*~Kdvfrsm;u ta&;ay:tm%mOya'opfwckudk
a&;qGJcJh=uygonf?
zufESpfzufpvkH;rS oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;u twkduftckduf&yfpJa&;udk csKd;zsufypf&ef tqifoifhjzpfae=uojzifh jzpf&yfrsm;rSm
qkH;±_H;r_udk zdwfac:aeovkd jzpfaecJhygonf? ToabmwlnDr_. AdokumwOD;jzpfol avmh'ftm0if (Lord Irwin) rSm {+yDvwGif
t*Fvefokd‹ t+yD;tydkifjyefoGm;cJh+yD; ol.ae&mtm; bk&ifcHtjzpf tpm;0ifa&mufvm ol avmh'f0Dvif'Gef (Lord Willingdon)
taejzifh odjrifem;vnfxm;r_ vkH;0rwlnDyJ/ uGJjym;aeonf? ,cktcsdef wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;OD;wnfaqmif&Guf&if; a'oqkdif&m
ta&;udpPrsm;wGif trsm;óudufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ðyvkyfaeonfh uGef*&uftzGJ@rSm jy\emjzpfvmcJhygawmhonf? *l*sm&wfESihf
Owmy&m'uf&Sf tcsKdŒtpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif v,form; rsm;u ajrcGefay;aqmifr_tm; qufvuf&yfqkdif;xm;cJh=uqJ jzpfygonf?
‚if;wkd‹rSm pdkufysKd;a&; xGufukefrsm; aps;usqif;ae+yD; pD;yGm;a&;edrfhyg;a=umifh uef‹uGufqef‹usifae=ujcif; jzpfygonf? taemuf
ajrmufykdif;a&S›wef; a'orsm;wGif tA'l *wfzmcef (Abdul Ghaffar Khan) . tiftm;pkrsm;u t0wftpm;qkdifrsm;
oydwfarSmuf qef‹usif jcif;/ ajrcGefoydwfarSmuf&ef aqmf=ojcif;rsm;ðyvkyfI jyefvnfv_yf&Sm; wufºuGvmcJh=uygonf? *ENDurl
wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk tay;t,lvkyf nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;&ef wkdufwGef;aeonfh tcsdeftwGif; xdef;odrf;csKyfwnf;r_rsm;udk jyo=u&ef
a'oqkdif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;tm; t}uH^m%fðyaecJhygonf? yaw;ESifh ae±l;uJhodk‹aom
tjcm;uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm twkduftckduf&yfpJr_wGif wG,fukwfxm;jcif;twGuf tusKd;aus;Zl;jzpfxGef;yg. avm?
a'oqkdif&mvlxkrsm;. axmufcHr_rsm;qkH;±_H;r_u ydkIepfemaprnfavm[k pwifpOf;pm;vmcJh=uygonf?
*ENDu =o*kwfvwGif uGef*&uf. t"duukd,fpm;vS,fwOD;tjzpf aemufxyfpm;yGJ0kdif;aqG;aEG;yGJwufa&muf&ef vef'ef okd‹
xGufcGmvmcJhygonf? TaqG;aEG;yGJwGif *ENDawG@&onfrSm +Adwdo#tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh tjcm;tdENd,ygwDukd,fpm; vS,frsm;udk
qHkawG@&ygonf? +Adwdo#wkd‹url tdENd,EkdifiHtwGuf aemufqkH;jzpfvmrnfhtajctaerSm rwluGJjym;aom
vlrsKd;pktkyfpkrnfr#yifjzpfap/ yg0ifukd,fpm;ðywufa&mufr_&SdEdkifonfh/ oabmwlnDcsuf/ rif;apmfbGm;rsm;tkyfcsKyfonfh
jynfe,frsm;yg0ifEdkifaom z,f'&,ftkyfcsKyfyHkyif jzpfoifhonf[k twdtvif;ajymqdkwif;cHae=uygonf? olwkd‹ar#mf
vifhxm;&SdcJhonfhtwkdif;yif tdENd,udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm Ttcsufrsm;tay:wGif a&S›rwkd;aemufrqkwfEdkifonfh vdyfcJ
wnf;vnf;tajctae jzpfcJh=u+yD;/ ar#mfvifhcsufukefvkeD;yg; jzpfcJh&ygonf? olwkd‹.uGJjym;r_udk aphpyfay;&ef *END.
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm;rSmvnf; ratmifrjrifjzpfcJh&ygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf &rf;aq;rufa':e,f (PM Ramsay MacDonald) u

'DZifbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif aqG;aEG;yGJudked*Hk;csKyfcJhonf? odk@aomftdENd,EkdifiHrSm pwifajymqkdaqmif &GufcJhcsdefu&Sdxm;cJhaom
'dkrDeD,Htqifhtwef;xuf ydkIwdk;wufeD;pyf rvmcJhyg?
rnfonfh&vm'frS jyop&mr&SdyJ pm;yGJ0kdif;aqG;aEG;yGJ +yD;qkH;oGm;cJh&onfhtwGuf/ ±_H;edrfhjcif;tm; 0efcHjcif;xuf wjcm; vkyfp&mrSm
vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; jyefvnf&Sifoefvmatmif ðyvkyfjcif;yifjzpfygonf? *END tdENd,EkdifiHokd‹ jyefvm cJhonfhtcsdefwGif
tpkd;&u jyif;xefonfhqGay;r_rsm; ðyvkyfcJh+yD;jzpfygonf? jynfe,fwm0ef&Sdt&m&Sd rsm;u ae±l; tygt0if uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif
tawmfrsm;rsm;tm; tusOf;axmifwGif jyefvnfzrf;qD;xm;cJh+yD; b*Fvm;/ Owm y&m'uf&SfESifh
taemufajrmufa&S›wef;a'orsm;wGif zdESdyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnfaqmif&GufaecJh+yD jzpfygonf? *ENDu
Ttajctaetm;vkH;tm; ajymqkdaqG;aEG;&ef bk&ifcHopf avmh'f0Dvif;'Geftm; yef=um;awmif;qkdcJhaomfvnf;/
y,fcsjiif;qkdcHcJh&+yD; (1932) ckESpf. yxrqkH;ae‹wGif uGef*&ufu vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; jyefvnfpwifawmh rnf
jzpfa=umif; a=unmcJhygonf?
okd‹&mwGif onfw}udrfY tpdk;&u jzpfvmrnfht&mudk od&SdaecJh+yD; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_tm; ydwfqkd‹wm;qD;&ef ydkI
,kH=unfr_&SdaecJh+yDjzpfygonf? vtawmf=um=umu pDpOfxm;cJh+yD;jzpfonfh vufOD;r_&,lacsr_ef;r_rSm tqufrjywf
zrf;qD;r_rsm;ESifh Oya'opfrsm;tm;jzifh pwifykHay:vmcJhygonf? *ENDukd,fwkdifvnf; Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae‹wGif jyefvnf
tusOf;cscHcJh&ygonf? +Adwdo#wkd‹. rl0g'topfrSm ppfOya'yifjzpfcJhygonf? wcsdefwnf;wGifyif rsm;pGmaom uGef*&uf .
trmcHaxmufcHolwkd‹rSmvnf; tapmykdif;v_yf&Sm;r_ qkdif;iHhcJh&r_rsm;ESifh a'oqkdif&m uef‹owf ydwfyifr_rsm;a=umifh v_yf&Sm;r_
+idrfouf&yfwef@aecJh+yD; jzpfygonf? ,cktcsdefwGif ‚if;wkd‹onf qef‹usifbufvrf;a=umif;odk‹ ajymif;vkdpdwf r&Sd=uy/J olwkd‹.
touftkd;tdrfrsm;tm; aemufxyfv_yf&Sm;r_wckay:okd‹ ykHtyfxm;&ef 0efav;vmcJh=uygonf? vlxk .
tmcHqef‹usifr_ta=umhopf aemufxyfESpfESpfwm yHkrSef+yD;qkH;oGm;cJhjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; yxrajcmufv+yD;onf txd/
tpkd;&tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef pdefac:tHwkEkdifcJhjcif; r&SdcJhyg?
æ æ æ æ
(1930-1931) ckESpftwGif; tdENd,EkdifiH +Adwdo#qef‹usifa&; vlxktmcHqef‹usifa&;. tusKd;&v'frsm;rSm a'G;a&m

,SufwifjzpfcJhonfrSm aocsmygonf? uGef*&uf. taotcsmcsrSwfxm;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh *s0g[mvm
ae±l;uJhokd‹aom ckdifrmjywfom;onfh trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;. ar#mfvihfcsufrsm;taejzifh v_yf&Sm;r_rSm ta&;±_H;edrfhcJh onf[k
jrifygonf? (1934) ckESpftwGif; 'kwd,tqifh aemufqkH;aygufuGJcJhonfhtcsdefwGif tdENd,EkdifiHonf tifyg,mtwGif;
'kdrDeD,Htqifh okd‹r[kwf vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;twGufyg rqkdpavmufwkd;wufr_om ðyvkyfEkdifcJh ygonf? olwkd‹onf *ENDu
ta&;}uD;onf[k pOf;pm;xm;cJhaom pD;yGm;a&; t"dutcGihfta&;rsm;ESifh ul;ajymif;a&; ta&;udpPrsm;wGif
atmifjrifr_r&&SdcJh=uyg?
okd‹&mwGif v_yf&Sm;r_u zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHqkdif&m tajymif;tvJ okd‹r[kwf ±kyf0wˆKqkdif&m tusKd;tjrwf ray;EkdifcJh aomfvnf;/
omreftdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;onfvnf;/ Tjzpf&yfrsm;udk appm;armif;Ekdifonfh tpGrf;owWd&Sda=umif; jyo ay;cJhygonf? tdENd,EkdifiH.
ae&maygif;rsm;pGmwGif trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u tifyg,mtkyfpkd;r_tm; 0ef;&Hxm;aom zGJŒpnf;wnfaqmufr_tm;
tm;enf;atmifvkyf&mwGif atmifjrifcJh=uygonf? tcGefqef‹usifa&;/ xkwfukefypPnf; oydwfarSmufuef‹uGufr_ESifh
E_wfxGufr_rsm;onf tpkd;&. ºuGufom;rsm;jzpfonfh aiGa=u;ESifh 0efxrf;tiftm; ESpfck tm;
qef‹xGufavsmhusoGm;apEkdifcJhygonf? {+yDvtukefydkif; yuf&S0grS tenf;tusOf;aom ta&;ygonfh tjzpf tysufrsm;/ (1930)
ckESpftwGif; *l*s&wfrS tcsKdŒtjzpftysufrsm;t& vlxk tmcHqef‹usifr_u +Adwdo#wkd‹tm; tu,fIom olwkd‹taejzifh
ukdvkdeDtpkd;&ESifh w&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;a&;twGuf wm0efxrf;aqmifaecJh=uaom tdENd, vlrsKd;rsm;. pdwfcs,kH=unf&r_tm;
rodusKd;u|Hðyvdkufawmhrnfqkdygu rnfokd‹jzpfvmvdrhfrnfqkdonfukd jyocJhygonf? +Adwdo#wkd‹rSm ‚if;ae&mrsm;wGif pwifcJhaom
vlpkvla0; v_yf&Sm;r_uav;rsm;/ rD;yGg;rsm;onf tjcm;tdENd,EkdifiH tpdwf tydkif;rsm;okd‹ ckefysHul;pufroGm;Ekdif-oGm;Ekdif
qkdonfudkvnf; raocsmcJhyg? v_yf&Sm;r_udk rjyef‹yGm;atmif wm;qD; umuG,fr_onf ol. vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;tm;

auseyfr_ray;Ekdifaom tokH;tE_ef;rsm;jzifh yËdyuQtm; ed*kH;csKyf&ef aphpyfnd‡E_dif;cJh&aom tm0iftm; a&$Œajymif;oGm;&onftxd
wefzkd;}uD;rm;cJhygonf?
okd‹&mwGif rsufESmjyifatmufwGifrl tpdk;&taejzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m taxGaxGtusyftwnf;ESifh rnfonfhtcgrS
&ifrqkdifcJh&yg? trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u &JwyfzGJŒ.opPm&Sdr_udk qGJaqmifrodrf;oGif;EdkifcJh=uovdk/ zdESdyfr_tm; tm;aysmh
oGm;atmifvnf; rvkyfaqmifEkdifcJh=uyg? r=umc% udk;,kd;um;,m;jzpfapcJhjcif;rsm;/ t+rJvkdvkdwefzdk;}uD;}uD;rm;rm; ay;I
aqmif&Guf&r_rsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ tpdk;& tkyfcsKyfa&;udkrl xdxda&mufa&muftaESmihft,Suf ray;EkdifcJh=uyg? v_yf&Sm;r_rSm
rnfonfhòzdcGJa&;xkd;ESufcsufudkrqkd vrf;v$JoGm;ap&ef pDrHxm;cJhaomfvnf; tdENd,. tm;vkH;aomacgif; aqmifrsm;
zrf;qD;cH&+yD;onfhtcsdefwGif/ a'oqkdif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;taejzifh pnf;csuftwdkif; qufvuf ruEdkif=uawmhyg?
yg0ifv_yf&Sm;olrsm;vGef;jcif;/ e,fajrrsm;pGm wGif ysHŒESH‹r_rsm;vGef;jcif;rsm;u tm%mydkifrsm;twGuf qef‹usiftkHºuGr_tm;vkH;tm;
acsr_ef;&ef rjzpfapEkdifcJhyg? okd‹aomfvnf; ±kdufESufjcif;/ zrf;qD;tusOf;csjcif;/ ajr,mESifh csKyfudkifxdef;odrf;jcif;ESifh
tjcm;ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;u/ ae&maygif;rsm;pGmrS ckcHqef‹usifr_rsm;udk tm;enf;oGm; apcJhygonf? uGef*&uftaejzifh
zdESdyfr_ajyavsmhoGm;ap&ef vkyfaqmifEkdifajc&SdcJhaom r[mAsL[m ðyjyifxdef;nd‡r_rsm; udk v_yf&Sm;r_wGifusifhoHk;EdkifcJhaomfvnf;/
xif&Sm;aomtcsufrSm tdENd,e,fajrtESH@tjym;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhjcif; r&SdcJh yJ aecJhjcif;jzpfonf? tdENd,EdkifiH.
vlaexlxyf}uD;rm;aoma'orsm; rsm;pGmu|if;usefI v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh uif;uGm &SdaecJh onfqkdonfhtcsufukd ajymif;vJoGm;atmif
raqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uyg? rGwfqvifrsm;. tiftm;jznfhwif;yg0ifr_ESifh pufr_vkyfief;tvkyform;rsm;. axmufcHyg0ifr_udkvnf;
r&cJh=uyg? *END.aemufvkdufaemufygrsm; vkyfaqmifcJh=u aom vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_rsm;udkom vkyfaqmif
atmifjrifr_&&SdEdkifcJh=uygonf?
uGef*&uftaejzifh tdENd,-+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;tm; rzsufqD;EkdifcJhapumrl +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_. w&m;0ifjzpfr_tm;
usKd;ausysufapcJhygonf? &mpkESpfwckausmfcef‹ tpkd;&taejzifh ‚if;ukd,fYu odrfarG@aumif;rGeaf omtpd;k &tjzpf jyo cJyh gonf?
aumif;rGefaompD;yGm;a&;aqmif,lay;aom/ wjznf;jznf;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfay;aom/ a&&SnfwGif udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk
ay;EkdifpGrf;aom tpdk;&tjzpf udk,fpm;ðyaqmif&GufcJhygonf? tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;u olwkd‹. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm;
udkifwG,faqmif&Gufae+yD; tpkd;&. Oya'ESifh tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufaeoI +Adwdo#wkd‹u ‚if;tajctaeudk
xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufay;EkdifcJhrnfjzpfygonf? okd‹aomf vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_u TtcsufESifh w&m;0ifjzpfapr_udk
òyduGJysufpD;oGm;apcJhygonf?
wcsdef+yD;wcsdef/ wae&m+yD;wae&mwGif tdENd,EkdifiHom;wkd‹u olwkd‹rw&m;[kjrifcJh=uaom Oya'rsm;udk remcHcJh=uyg?
olwkd‹tm; tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u ±kdufESufcJh=u/ axmifcscJh=u/ olwkd‹.OpPmypPnf;rsm;tm; ,liifcJh=u/ olwkd‹xkwfa0cJhaom
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;tm; ydwfyifcJh=u/ olwkd‹.tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;udk rw&m;toif; a=unmcJh=uygonf? vufuaemif;òrd@
vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif/ 'g&moemqm;vkyfief;cGifrsm;wGif/ *l*sm&wf&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;wGif tpkd;&u ukdvkdeD pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; onf
v$rf;rkd;xdef;csKyfr_. ykHo¿mefwckjzpfa=umif;/ ae‹ydkif;tcsdefrsm;wGif o±kyfazmfjyocJhygonf? +Adwdo#wkd‹u jzpfEkdif
or#ae&mwdkif;rS tdENd,vlrsKd;wkd‹. oabmwlnDr_&,lEkdifcJh=uonfhtwGuf aysmf&$if tm;&cJh=uygonf? okd‹aomfvnf;
oabmwlnDr_r&&Sdygu olwkd‹u eHygwfwkwfrsm;/ aoewfrsm;jzifh tkyfcsKyf=uvdrhfrnfjzpfygonf? vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_ u
TtrSefw&m;udk zGihfjycJh=u+yD;/ aemufvmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif +Adwdo#ESifh tdENd,qufqHa&;udpPrsm;wGif Ttcsufudk jyefajymif;
ajymqdkowd&ae=urnf jzpfonf?
tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;taejzifh tusOf;axmifokd‹ oGm;=u&rnfh tajymif;tvJxuf tdENd,-+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&; cHpm;& onfh
tm%mykdifpkd;r_qkH;±_H;r_u ydkaecJhygonf? tusOf;uscH&r_onf wcsdefut&Suf&p&mtrSwftom;wck jzpfcJhaomf vnf;/ ,ckawmh
*k%f,lp&moauFwwck jzpfvmcJhygonf? em&m,ef; a'qdkif;u ‘'Dwcgawmh ESpfESpfxufawmhavsmh p&mr&Sdbl;’[k ol.zcif
(*END.twGif;a&;rSL;) tm; &JtcsKyfum;jzifh tusOf;axmifykd‹&ef ac:aqmifoGm;cHcJh&pOfu axmifuscH&onfh udpPudkyif
aysmf&$if0rf;ajrmufpGm atmf[pfcJhykHukd jyefajymjycJhygonf? tusOf;csxm;jcif;onf ±kyfydkif; qkdif&m twif;tusyfðyr_wck
jzpfaecJhao;aomfvnf; tdENd,EkdifiHom;trsm;pk. rsufpdxJwGifrl t&Suf&p&mwck tjzpf &Sdraeawmhyg?
uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm tusOf;axmifrSvGwfvm+yD;onfhtcsdefwGif tdENd,-+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;. *k%foduQm tm; ydkI
zsufqD;EkdifcJh=uygonf? olwkd‹onf vlxkudk,fpm; pum;ajymqkdEkdifonhf tiftm;wckjzpfvm&ef óud;pm; cJh=uygonf?
t=urf;rzuf vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_. teuft"dy`m,frSm +Adwdo#wdk‹u tdENd,EkdifiHom;wkd‹tm; tkyfcsKyf aeqJumvrSmyif/

uGef*&uftzGJ@u vlxktm; acgif;aqmifxm;cJha=umif;/ EdkifiHa&;t& ydkIomvGefpGmOD;aqmifEdkif a=umif;
oufaotaxmuftxm; trsm;tjym;jyocJhygonf? Todk@jzifh +Adwdo#wkd‹xHrS EkdifiHa&;t&ta&;ygr_udk t&,lEkdifcJhygonf?
uGef*&uftzGJ@u v_yf&Sm;r_tm; a=unmqkdif;iHhxm;cJh+yD;csdefwGif uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh yg0ifyl;aygif; aqmif&Gufolrsm;u
vlxk.tmcHr_oabmw&m;ESifh jrifomxif&Sm;=urf;wrf;&ufpufr_ cHpm;cJh&aom vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_rsm;udk
0g'jzef@csdcJh=uygonf? yËdyuQjzpfysufaeonfhumvtrsm;pktwGif; *ENDESifh ol. &Jabmf rsm;u v_yf&Sm;r_wdkif;wGif
vufOD;r_&,laqmif&GufEkdifcJh=uygonf?
okd‹aomf olwkd‹.taetxm;rSm pdefac:cH&r_rsm;/ tEW&m,frsm;róuHawG@cJh&qdkonfawmh r[kwfyg? +Adwdo#wkd‹xuf
tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;ESihfom ydkIywfoufqufqHcJh=u&aoma=umifhom tEW&m,fenf;cJhonfawmh r[kwfyg? uGef*&uf
tzGJ@taejzifh ‚if;udk,fYu pnf;urf;useaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf vlxktm;vrf;!¸efjyoae&onf[k
cH,lxm;cJhygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ‚if;.A[dkESifh jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;u r=umc%qdkovdk/ olwdk@pdwfxif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk
cGifhðyay;cJh=u+yD;/ rxdef;csKyfEdkifaomtajctae/ rvdkvm;tyfaom&vm'frsm; óuHawG@cJh&onfrSm t}udrf}udrfjzpfygonf?
wcgw&H uGef*&uftzGJ@taejzifh v_yf&Sm;r_udkOD;aqmifaeonfxuf/ aemufuvdkufae&aom taetxm;rsKd;udk
awG@=u&ygonf? vlxkudkv_H@aqmf&onfxuf/ aemufuvdkufvHxdfef;csKyfae&onfrsKd; óuH=u& yg onf?
xdk@tjyifv_yf&Sm;r_twGif;odk@ [dENL/ rlqvif/ qpfcfvlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;udk qGJaqmifrodrf;oGif;EdkifcJhaoma=umifh
uGef*&uftzGJ@taejzifh tdENd,wEdkifiHvHk;udk,fpm;ðyI pum;rajymqdkEdkifaom tajctaersKd; jzpf&ygonf? xdktajc taersm;u
+Adwdo#wdk@udkarmif;xkwf&onfxufydkI &Snf=umpGmawG@óuH&aom tdENd,EdkifiHtwGif;uGJjyJr_rsm;/ cg;onf; onfh
vlrsKd;a&;yËdyuQrsm;ESifh vlr_a&;t"du&Hk;rsm;udkóudfwifI erdwfzwfaeonfhoa,mif&SdcJhygonf?
rnfokd‹yifjzpfap vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tawGŒtóuHudk jzwfoef;óuHawGŒcJh&olrsm;tzdk@ rsm;pGmajymif;vJoGm;apcJhyg onf?
a&S@rsKd;qufwckr#om uGmaomtcsdefY tdENd,EdkifiH.trsKd;om;a&;jyif;xefxufoefpdwf[lonfrSm/ t"du tm;jzifh
ynmwwfrsm;/ òrdŒjyae[dENLrsm;ESifh bmoma&;qdkif&mtkyfpkrsm;/ vlr_a&;qdkif&mtkyfpkrsm;ESifh qufEG,fxm;r_/ Zmwfpepfrsm;ESihf
bmompum;tkyfpkrsm;twGif; uGufuGufuav;r#om &SdaecJhygonf? okd‹&mwGif tm;vkH;óuHawGŒae &aom
rw&m;rr#wr_rsm;udk qef‹usifwkdufzsuf&eftwGuf pkaygif;I t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_toGifv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf cJh=u+yD;aemuf/
vltm;vHk;udkESvHk;om;twGif;odk@ Tv_yf&Sm;r_u eufeuf&d_if;&d_if;tjrpfwG,fapcJhygonf? vlr_pdwf"mwf topfwrsKd;u
tdENd,EkdifiHw0Srf;wGif &Sifoefv_yf&Sm;vmcJh+yD jzpfygonf?
qm;csufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_u jynfolvlxktm; yl;wGJawmif;qkdr_wckudk ay;tyfcJh+yD;/ rwluGJjym;aom twef;tpm;rsm;/
bmoma&;tkyfpkrsm;&Sd=uaom tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;t=um; a&&SnfcHaom csdwfqufr_rsm;udk oGef;xkay;cJhygonf?
t0wftpm;oydwfarSmuf uef‹uGufr_ESifh yl;aygif;rdojzifh olwkd‹.&Syftusôrsm; qkH;±_H;cJh=uonfh bkHabukefonfrsm;/
oydwfarSmufuef‹uGufqef‹usifr_wGif yg0ifrdojzihf axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH=u&aom vm[kdwuUodkvf ausmif;om; rsm;ESifh
'g&moemqm;usif;wGif ±kdufESufcHcJh=u&aom uGef*&uftzGJ@ESifh yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uolrsm;/ Ttm;vkH; aom
tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;onf ,cktcsdefwGif wOD;ESifhwOD; r#a0cHpm;r_ &SdvmcJh=u+yD; *ENDESifh ae±l;wkd‹uJhodk‹aom
av;pm;=unfndKp&macgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGŒóuHjzwfoef;ae&onfh orkdif;ESifhtwl EkdifiH.tusKd; pD;yGm;jzpfonfh +Adwdo#wdk‹tm;
armif;xkwfa&;ukd jr‡ifhwif&eftwGuf olwkd‹tm;vkH;u olwkd‹. yk*~Kdvfa&;tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;udk ab;z,f xm;cJh=uygawmhonf?
tdENd,EkdifiHonf ajrykHum;csyfwckay:rS tuGufuav;wckr#om r[kwfawmhyg+yD? tdENd,onf vlxkw&yfvkH;&ifxJ&Sd
&SifoefpD;qif;aeaom tawG;pdwful;jzpfvmygawmhonf?
tm%mydkifrsm;tm; tmcHckcHqef‹usifjcif;qkdonfh ±kd;pif;onfhtðytrluav;onf udkvkdeDtkyfcsKyfa&;u au|;arG;ðypk xm;aom/
jzpfapvdkaom odrfi,fatmufwef;usr_ tikH@pdwfudk armif;xkwfypfvkduf+yDjzpfygonf? O&SmarwWm u olr.rdom;pkrS
ouf}uD;ykdif; trsKd;orD;rsm; qm;csufonfho=u*[wGif yg0ifqifE$JcJh=uonfudk rnfr#*k%f,lcJh=u a=umif;/ jyefajymjycJhygonf?
olr. 0rf;uGJtzGm;rsm;/ tzGm;rsm;u tdrfudk qm;&nfrsm;o,faqmifvm=u/ óudcsuf =u+yD; ‘igwdk‹ qm;Oya'udk
csKd;azmufcJh=u+yD’ [k toHukef[pfaºuG;=uygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_u olwkd‹.ocifrsm;[k jrifae =uolrsm;tay:tjrifudkvnf;
ajymif;vJay;cJhygonf? +Adwdo#wkd‹onf ,SOfòydifwkdufI tHwkIr&Ekdifolrsm; r[kwf=u awmhyg? olwkd‹.bk&ifcHqdkolu
r[wWr*ENDESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cJh&+yDjzpfonf? *ENDaqmif&GufcJhonfrSm ol.jynfolrsm; vdkvm;awmifhwaer_rsm;udk
ajym=um;ay;EkdifpGrf;jzifh t&if;tjrpfusus tcGifhtm%mudkoHk;cJhjcif;om jzpfygonf? +Adwdo#wkd‹onf *ENDESihftwlxkdifI

raqG;aEG;ciftcsdefwkdifatmifyif ‘olwdk@tm;vkH;u qm[pfAf t&SifocifawG jzpfcJh =uw,f/ usaemfwkd‹u emcHcJh=u&ygw,f?
tJ'D aemufykdif;rSmawmh r[kwfawmhygbl;’[k em&m,ef a'qdkif;u ajymqkd cJhygonf?
vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_wGif&SdcJhaom *END. yk*~Kdvfa&;&m tcef;u¾rSm ar#mfpifuif;wyf}uD;wckyif jzpfygonf? oef;
aygif;rsm;pGmaom tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf olonf trsKd;om;a&; OD;wnf&nf&G,fcsuf. pdwf"mwftiftm; jzpfcJhyg onf?
uGef*&uftzGJ@twGif;wGifvnf; ol.tqifhae&mu ol@udkrsm;pGmvkyfydkifcGifh &apygonf? olŒtaejzifh &efzuf jzpfaeaom/
qef‹usiftjiif;yGg;ae=uaomtkyfpkrsm;udk aphpyfay;&mYvnf;aumif;/ uGef*&ufygwDudk vlxktajccH EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;tjzpf
ajymif;vJoGm;ap&eftwGuf wGef;tm;ay;&mYvnf;aumif; rsm;pGmaqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;cJhyg onf? *END}uD;. pdwful;rsm;jzpfaom
vlxktmcHqef‹usifa&; (o=u*[) ESifh trsKd;om;ukd,fykdiftpkd;& (qGm&mhcsf) wdk@ESifhywfoufaom
pdwful;awG;jrifr_rsm;onfvnf; uGef*&ufau'gtrsm;pktzdk@ ouf0if,Hk=unfapcJhygonf? T au'gtrsm;pku (1930)
ckESpfrsm;wGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzifh vGwv
f yfa&;&,l&ef qufvufóud;yrf;cJh=uygonf?
odk‹aomf *END.OD;aqmifr_aemufrS pD;qif;vmjcif;aomtawG;tac:jzpfonfh vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_v_yf&Sm;r_onf/ ol.
OD;wnfvkdvm;&mpHowfrSwfcsuf pdwful;rsm;rS omreful;ajymif;r_wck oufoufr#om r[kwfyg? *END}uD; taejzifh
rlvtpuyif vufcH,kH=unfxm;cJhonfhtwkdif; vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_ (o=u*[) .vd_if;tedrfhtjrifh/ pGrf;yum;onf tdENd,-
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;. Oya'rsm;udk csKd;azmufjcif;ESifh pwifcJh+yD;aemuf/ +Adwdo#wkd‹udk xdk uef‹uGufqef‹usifolrsm;udk
tjypf'%fay;vmap&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhygonf? olwkd‹. 'kuQcHpm;r_a0'emrsm;onf zdESdyfolrsm;.
ESvkH;om;ukdxdcwfoGm;cJh&ygonf? olwkd‹tkyfcsKyfr_pepf. rw&m;r_udk azmfxkwfjyo+yD; +Adwdo#wkd‹tm; xGufcGmoGm;zkd‹vrf;tm;
a&G;cs,fvmap&ef tajctaersm;udk zefwD;ay;ygvdrhfrnf? *ENDu tm0if. aphpyfnd‡E_dif;&ef pdwftm;xufoefr_onf
wukd,fa&pdwfcHpm;r_ ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;jzpfonf[k jzLpif±kd;om;pGmyif ,kH=unfvufcHcJhyHk &ygonf? okd‹aomf *ENDESifh tm0ifrSm
xyfwlruscJhyg? tdENd,EkdifiHESifh +AdwdefEkdifiHwdk@ uGJvGJouJhodk@yif jzpfygonf? tm0ifrSm yk*~dKvfa&;t& *ENDtm;
txif}uD;av;pm;cJhaomfvnf;/ olOD;aqmifaeaomtpkd;&taejzifh tdENd,vlrsKd; rsm;onf udk,fydkiftkyfpkd;EdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm;tjzpf
oabmrxm;EkdifcJh=uyg?
tm0ifrSvGJI tjcm;aom+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfaeolrsm;u EHktpGmjrifxm;aomtjrifrSm *ENDonf rodem;rvnfolvlxkudk
v_HŒaqmfay;Ekdifaom vlrsKd;pkya&m*q&mwOD;r#om[k jrifxm;=uygonf? npfax;aya&aeolrsm;udk =umyGwfwdk@
=oZmay;aeol[k jrif=uygonf? csmcsDu wcsdefu olŒudk ‘zuD;,m’ (ulvDaumif) [kac:cJhygonf? *END. yHkoGif taejzifh
bmoma&;olawmfpifESihf omrmefykxkZOfr[kwfol jrifhjrwfolwOD;ykH ay:vGifaeaomfvnf;/ *ENDonf tdENd,
EdkifiHvGwfajrmufa&;. vufawGŒb0EkdifiHa&;udk em;vnfolwOD; jzpfygonf? olu vlxk.tmcHqef‹usifr_onf
+Adwdo#tifydkif,m&Sifwdk@. xdef;csKyfr_udk xdxda&mufa&mufxdcdkufepfemapEdkif+yD;/ +Adwdo#wdk@v_yf&Sm;vmrnfh upm; yGJonf
za,mif;wdkifwwdkifr#avmuf wefzdk;&Sdrnfr[kwfa=umif; odxm;cJhygonf? ol,Hk=unfxm;aom ‘trSefw&m;
tiftm;’taejzifhvnf; TavmuD&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdiftwGuf aqmifusOf;ay;Edkifrnfh toifhawmfqHk;enf;jzpfonf udk
olodxm;ygonf? ol. aemufvdkuftrsm;pk}uD;u t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcJh=uonfrSmvnf;/
pdwf"gwfa&;&mwdk;wufajymif;vJr_twGuf &SmazG&eftwGuf r[kwfyJ/ olwkd‹.&efoludk tEdkif&ap&efom jzpfygonf?
tdENd,EkdifiHukd odrf;,lxdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifp&m tajctaeudk jzpfay:apEkdifonfh olwdk@.yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh tcGefaiG rsm;udk
jiif;qefvkdufjcif;tm;jzifh olwdk@vdkvm;r_rsm;&vmap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;omjzpfygonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfolrsm; udk
olwkd‹rSm;,Gif;a=umif; azmfaqmifjyovkdjcif;rSm olwdk@.aemufqHk;&nf&G,fcsufESifh rsm;pGmjcm;em;ygonf? olwdk@.
&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdiftppfrSm +Adwdo#wkd‹udk tdENd,rSarmif;xkwfypfa&;om jzpfygonf?
(1930) ESifh (1931) ckESpftwGif;wGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_u +Adwdo#wkd‹tm; armif;xkwfrypfEdkifcJhyg? *ENDar#mfvihf xm;cJhonfh
vrf;a=umif;twkdif;vnf; rvkyfaqmifEdkifcJh=uyg? okd‹aomf v_yf&Sm;r_onf rsm;pGmtvkyfjzpfcJhygonf? uef‹uGufqef‹usio f lrsm;
cHpm;&onfh 'kuQrsm;onf +Adwdo#wkd‹.pdwfxm;tm; rajymif;vJapEkdifcJh=uaomfvnf;/ tdENd,EkdifiHom;wkd‹u
+Adwdo#wkd‹tay:xm;cJhaom pdwfoabmxm;wkd‹udkrl taotcsm ajymif;vJoGm;apcJhygonf? oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom
tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;twGuf +idrf;csrf;pGmtmcHqef‹usifr_ (o=u*[) ESifh ‚if;.tusKd;&v'frsm; u tdENd,-+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_oabmudk ajymif;oGm;apcJhygonf? &dkaousKd;EGHpGm ESpfouf vufcHr_rSonf t=unfndKrJhr_tjzpf
ajymif;vJoGm;apcJh+yD jzpfygonf? tdENd,. vkdufavsmoabmwlr_tay:wGif +Adwdo#xdef;csKyfr_ ZdrfususwnfaeEkdifcJhonfh

taetxm;a[mif;rSm ykdif;ykdif;usK;d jywfcJh+yDjzpfygonf? vlxktmcH qef‹usifr_. tv,fykdif;umvavmufwGif
jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;wOD;jzpfol qmcs;vfpf tif;eufpf (Sir Charles Innes) u jzpf&yfrsm;ay: ol.okH;oyfcsufudk
ol.vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;okd‹ jzef‹a0ay;cJhygonf? olu ‘t*Fvefonf oabmwlnDr_tm;jzifhom tdENd,udk
odrf;ydkufxm;Ekdifvdrhfrnf? "m;rkd;tkyfcsKyfIrl r&Ekdifay’ [k 0efcHxm;cJhygonf?
‚if;oabmwlnDr_udk +Adwdo#wkd‹ qkH;±_H;cJh&+yD; vlxt k mcHqef‹usifr_u ydkI pnf;urf;pepf usevmapcJhygonf?
uGef*&uftzGJ@uvnf; ‚if;. tusyfudkifonfhenf;vrf;rsm;rwqifhS +Adwdo#-tdENd,tkyfcsKyfa&;udk uGJjym;oGm;apcJh ygonf?
xkd‹xufydkI tdENd,EdkifiHtm; ydkrdknD!GwfapcJhygonf? +Adwdo#rsm;taejzifh olwkd‹tifyg,m}uD;. tvif;vuf
tawmufyqkH;ausmufrsufudk ar#mfvihfxm;onfhtcsdefxuf apmpD;pGmyif qkH;±_H;oGm;cJh&+yDjzpfygonf?
‘rkefwkdif;tpJ’
(1930) ckESpftv,fykdif; vlxktmcHqef‹usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_qkdif;iHhaeqJ/ +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;vnf; qufvufwnf&Sdae
qJtcsdefwGif tdENd,trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u vrf;a=umif;topfwckudk csrSwfaqmif&GufcJh=uygonf? *ENDrSm vrf; a=umif;.
pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_oauFwtjzpf qufvufwnf&SdaecJh+yD; tcsdeftcgu awmif;qdkvmcJhonfhtcsdefwGif olu
EkdifiHa&;pifjrihfay:okd‹ tvsiftjrefvSrf;wufcJhygonf? odk‹&mwGif *ENDrSm tjcm;t&mrsm;xuf tðyoabm
aumif;usKd;aqmifaom vkyfief;rsm;ukdom pl;epfaqmif&GufcJhygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh Zmwfedrfhrsm;udk vGwfajrmuf apjcif;/
aus;&Gmpufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk wkd;jrifhapjcif;/ ynma&;ESihf oef‹&Sif;a&;pepfrsm;udk ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; wkd‹udkom olu
OD;pm;ay;aqmif&GufcJhygonf? pHerlemjyoonfhtaejzifh olu ol.tajccH pcef;t&S&rfudk tdENd, tv,fykdif;&Sd &SD0*&rf
(Sevagram) &GmrS "rR&dyfomtopfokd‹ ajymif;a&$ŒaexkdifcJhygonf?
uGef*&ufygwDu tdENd,EkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;.qkvmbfudk rsufjcnfrjywf=unfhaecJhaomfvnf; rJqENe,fcsJŒxGifjcif;/
a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH&aom jynfe,fOya'ðytzGJŒrsm;tm; t&nftaoG;jrifhrm;vmapjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? (1935) ckESpf
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;t+yD;wGif uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifrsm;u pepftwGif;vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufa&;zufodk‹ OD;vSnfh cJh=uygonf?
‚if;wdk@tay:vlóudufrsm;axmufcHr_udk qENrJrsm;tjzpfajymif;,lEdkifcJh=uygonf? (1937) ckESpf a&G;aumuf yGJrsm;wGif
ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;Y trwfae&m tEkdif&&SdcJhygonf? aemuf jynfe,f/ c&dkiftpkd;&rsm; zGJŒpnf; EdkifcJh=uyg onf?
'kwd,urBmppfu Todk@yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufvkyfukdifr_udk tqkH;owfypfvkdufygonf? +Adwdo#ygvDrefu qHk;jzwfcJh
onfhtwdkif; tdENd,udkvkdeDtpkd;&uvnf; tdENd,v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. t,ltqudk awmif;cHar;jref;jcif; r&SdyJ/
*smreDudk ppfa=unmcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif ‚if;wdk@opPm&Sd&Sdqufvufyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_twGuf qkvmbftjzpf
trsKd;om;0g'Dwkd‹. awmif;qkdr_rsm;tm;vHk;udkvnf; jiif;y,fcJhygonf? (1939) ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif uGef*&ufu ‚if;.
jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;tm;vkH;tm; E_wfxGufv$mwifoGif;ckdif;vkduf+yD; xGufcGmcJhonfhtjyif/ twkduftcH ðyvkyfcJh=u ygonf?
(1942) ckESpf tdENd,u E_wfxGufjcif; (Quit India) qkH;jzwfcsuftm; wnDwnmwnf;csrSwfcJh+yD;onfh aemufwGif/
vlxktrsm;. t=urf;zufykefuefxºuGr_rsm;vnf; tvdktavsmufpwifvmcJh=uygonf? Tykefuef t=urf;zufr_rsm;wGif vl
(1˜000) ausmf aoqkH;cJh+yD;/ vl (100˜000) ausmf tzrf;cHcJh=u&ygonf? xdktcsdefwGif wkdif; jynfjyifya&mufaeonfh
qlbwfpfcsef'&mbkd‹pf (Subbhas Chandra Bose) u tdENd, trsKd;om;wyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifvkduf+yD;
*syefwkd‹ESifh,SOfwGJI +Adwdo#wkd‹tm; pwifwkdufckdufcJhygonf?
tdENd,udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;onf Tjy\emESpfckpvkH;tm; ausmfv$m;EkdifcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; aocsmaomtcsuf rSm
+Adwdo#wkd‹ppf+yD;onfESifh uGef*&ufygwD0ifwdk@. 'kwd,t}udrftmcHqef‹usifa&;udk rvGJraoG &ifqkdif=u&rnfjzpf ygonf?
TtajctaeóuHygu vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk acsr_ef;&Sif;vif;rnfavm/ trsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwkd‹. awmif;qkdcsufudk
vufcHvdkufavsmrnfavm[lonfh a&G;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fvm&awmhrnf jzpfygonf? olwkd‹onf t=urf;zufrsm;/ t=urf;rzuf
ESpfckpvkH;yg0ifonfh/ jyif;xefonfh ckcHqef‹usifr_ESifh t&ifuyif t}udrfrsm;pGm &ifqkdifcJh&zl;ygonf? okd‹aomfvnf;
pnf;urf;ao0yf opPm&Sd=uaom &JwyfzGJ@rsm;tajctaeu ppfyGJumvtwGif;qkd;qkd;0g;0g; ysufpD;,dk ,Gif;aeygonf?
tdENd,ppfom;rsm;. ,kH=unftm;xm;&r_rSmvnf; pdwfcsp&m r&SdcJhyg? tdENd,trsKd;om;wyfrawmfrS +Adwdo#wkd‹tm;
wkdufckdufcJholrsm;rSm ol&Jaumif;rsm;tjzpf óudqkd*k%fðyjcif;cHcJh=u&+yD; olwkd‹.erlemrsm;u tpdk;&ppf om;rsm;tm;
olwkd‹.opPm&Sdr_twGufar;cGef;jzpfvmygonf? tpfdk;&ppfom;rsm;taejzifh udkvdkeDtpdk;&udkqufIopPm cHrnfavm/
tdENd,EkdifiHtwGufopPmcHrnfavmqkdonfudk ar;cGef;jzpfvmygonf?

xkdr#ru tdENd,EkdifiHwGif aemufxyfzdESdyfr_topfudkaqmif&Guf&ygu +AdwdefEkdifiH. ppf+yD;umv ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;aeaom
pD;yGm;a&;udk ydkI0efxkyf0efykd;}uD;apygvdrfhrnf? csmcsDu tdENd,tm; +Adwdeftifyg,m. tzdk;wefausmufrsufwvkH; tjzpf
oGwfoGif;xm;vdkqJjzpfaomfvnf;/ +Adwdo#jynfolvlxktaejzifhvnf; Ttcsufudk us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹vufcH
aeqJjzpfaomfvnf;/ +AdwdefEkdifiH. tiftm;}uD;r[mrdwfjzpfonfh tar&dueftaejzifhpdwf0ifpm;zG,fudpPw&yf r[kwf yg?
(1945) ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif avbmygwDu wcJeuf tEkdif&&SdcJh+yD; +AdwdefEkdifiH udk,fxlukd,fxjyefvnfwnfaqmuf a&;udk
OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmif&ef uwday;+yD;onfhtcsdefwGif/ tdENd,EdkifiHtwGuf tajymif;tvJrsm;u tcsdeftcgtajc
tae&ifhrSnfhvmcJh+yDjzpfygonf?
‚if;aemufykdif; rnfonfhEkdifiHa&;ajz&Sif; oabmwlnDr_rsKd;rqkd uGef*&uf.oabmwlnDr_udkomru/ rGwfqviftzGJŒ csKyf
(Muslim League) . oabmwlnDr_udkyg &&Sd&efvdktyfvmcJhygonf? xdkrlqviftzGJ@csKyfrSm rlqvifbmom 0ifrsm;.
pdwful;vdkvm;csufrsm;tay: xif[yfay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfygonf? ,cktcsdefwGif ay:aygufvmaomjy\ emrSm
vGwfvyfaomtdENd,EkdifiHtwGif; rSDwif;ItwlwuGaexdkif=urnfh vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;t=um; qufqHa&; obm0 r[kwfawmhyJ/
EdkifiH (2) ckcGJI wnfaxmif&ef jzpfEkdifacs jzpfvmcJhygonf? rGwfqvifvlrsm;pk{&d,mrsm; aygif;pnf;xm; aoma'orsm;udk
ygupfpwefoD;jcm;EdkifiHtjzpf zefwD;wnfaxmifvdk=uygonf? xkdudpPa=umifh EdkifiHESpfck=um;wGif =um;n‡yfaeovkd jzpfaeonfh
qpfcfvlrsKd;trsm;pkaexdkifonfh yef*syfa'otzdk@ pdk;&drfzG,f&mtajctaejzpfvm yg onf? rGwfqvifrsm;u
[dENLtrsm;pk=oZmv$rf;rkd;aomtdENd,rS cGJxGufa&; t&SdefjrihfwufvmonfESifhtr# [dENL/ rGwfqvifESifh qpfcftm;vkH;
yg0ifqifE$JcJh=uaom vlr_a&;t=urf;zufr_rsm; (1946) ckESpfESifh (1947) ckESpfrsm;twGif;
wif;rmr_aygufuGJjzpfyGm;vmcJhygawmhonf?
‚if;vlr_yÉdyuQwkd‹ESifhyif tdENd,EkdifiH òyduGJawmhrnfhykH rD;avmifudef;qdkufvmaomtcsdefwGif +Adwdo#wdk‹u tdENd,rS
xGufcGmoGm;&ef pdwfxufoefvmcJh=uygonf? (1947) ckESpf arvwGif tpDtpOfa&muf&SdvmcJhygawmhonf? uGef*&uf/
rGwfqviftzGJŒcsKyfESifh qpfcfacgif;aqmifrsm;u tdENd,ESifh ygupfpweftm; 'dkrDeD,HtqifhEdkifiH owfrSwf ay;&ef
tcsdefwdktwGif;rSmyif aqG;aEG;oabmwlcJh=uygonf? +Adwdo#ygvDrefESifh {u&mZfrS tdENd,vGwfvyfa&;tuf Oya'udk
ZlvkdifvwGif twnfðyay;cJh=u+yD; ESpfEkdifiHrSm =o*kwfv (14) &ufae‹ noef;acgiftcsdefwGif vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJh=uygonf?
*ENDu a'vDwGifusif;ycJhaom xdkvGwfvyfa&;txdrf;trSwyf GJrsm;rS wrifwumyif rwufa&mufyJ ysufuGufjyocJhyg onf?
tdENd,EkdifiH vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJhyg+yD? okd‹aomfvnf; ESpfEkdifiHuGJxGufoGm;cJh+yD; ol.nD!Gwfa&;tdyfrufrSm vGifhpif
aysmufuG,foGm;cJh&ygonf? tdENd,EkdifiHopfonfvnf; vlwef;pm;uGm[r_/ rsKd;&dk;ZmwfcGJjcm;r_/ vdifcGJjcm;zdESdyfr_ ponfh *ENDu
tdENd, ,Ofaus;r_. pGef;xif;uGuf}uD;rsm;tjzpf ±_jrifcJhaomt&mrsm;vnf; qufvufwnf&SdusefaeqJyifjzpf ygonf?
ynm&Sd}uD;taejzifh tdENd,udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;. tqkH;ed*kH;tm;=unfh±_awG@jrifcJh&aomfvnf;/ (1948) ckESpf wGif
[dENLt,ltpGef;a&muf0g'DwOD;. vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_a=umifh qkH;yg;cJh&ygonf? olu aemufqkH;jrifawG@vdkaom
vHk;0vGwfvyfaom trsKd;om;tpdk;&yHkpH (qGm&mhcsf) tcsKyftjcmEkdifiHwckjzpf&efc&D;rSm tvSrf;a0;aeqJyifjzpfygonf?
*ENDtaejzifh tdENd,. EkdifiHvuQ%mowfrSwfcsufa=umifh pdwfysufaumif;ysufEkdifcJhaomfvnf; ol OD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;cJh aom

t=urf;rzufvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;u ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhwHcg;udk yxrqkH; zGifhvSpfay;EkdifcJha=umif; taotcsm
odjrifcJh+yD;jzpfygonf? Todk@wHcg;odk@ vlxk}uD;udk olv_H@aqmfOD;aqmifac:,lEdkifcJhygonf? vlxkukd,fpm;rðyaom/ cHwyfcH
ydwfqdk@tkyfcsKyfaeaom zdESdyfonfhtpdk;&w&yfudk pepfuseaomt=urf;rzufvlxkqef‹usifuef‹uGufr_u &J&J&ifh&ifh
tkHºuGqef‹usifcJhr_rsKd; twdkif;twmt&/ atmifjrifr_t& ,cifur&SdcJhzl;yg? xkdqef‹usifuef‹uGuf twkduf tcHðyr_ tpkta0;ESifh
wnfaqmufr_wdk‹u/ &SifoefzGHŒòzd;vmrnfh 'Drdkua&pDpepfwcktm; taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf&mwGif
ta&;ygt&ma&mufonfh EkdifiHa&;u|rf;usifr_udk tdENd,acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; oif=um;ay;cJhygonf? wdkif;jynf.orkdif;tm;
ajymif;vJapcJhonfh v_yf&Sm;r_onf t"Gef‹&Snf wnfwHhckdif+rJonfh vlr_tzGJŒtpnf;wcktwGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfvkyfief;udkvnf;
csrSwfay;cJhygonf? *ENDaemuf rsKd;qufokH;quf=umonftxd tdENd,EkdifiHwGif ,kH=unfudk;uG,fr_/ vlwef;pm;ESifh rsKd;Zmwfrsm;
uGJjym;jcm;em; ae=uqJ jzpfygonf? rnfokd‹qkdap tdENd,onf vGwfvyfI 'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfwHhaeqJEdkifiHwckvnf;
qufvuf&yfwnfaeqJjzpfygonf?
Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)100

ydkvefEdkifiH?
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_. tiftm;
paeae@/ =o*kwv
f 16&ufae@/ 1986
abmvfwpfurf;&dk;wef;ay:udk avajycyfoGJ@oGJ@wkdufcdkufaewJhnwn/ {&mrvDeifoabFmusif;}uD;rS v_yf&Sm;r_r&dSawmhonfh
u&def;}uD;awG&J@atmuf/ aq;vdyfrD;cdk;aiGawGESifh jynfhzHk;xm;aom tcef;xJwGif tvkyform;ESpf'gZifcef@ xdkifaecJh=uonf?
olwdk@wawG rdk;vif;tm&k%fOD;tcsdeftxd aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefcJh=u+yD;aemuf tvkyform; (50000) udk ukd,fpm;ðyrnfh awmif; qdkcsuf
pm&if;wckudk &&dScJh=uonf? xdk awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wGif vpmwdk;jr‡ifhay;a&;rSonf om;zGm;cGifhumv ykdrdkwdk;jr‡ifh&&Sd a&;txd
yg0ifcJh=uonf? xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;rS ta&;t}uD;qHk;tcsufwckrSm vmrnfh&ufowWywf (68) ygwftwGif; ydkvefEdkifiHtwGif;
vHk;0ajymif;vJoGm;rnfh tvkyform;rsm;udk,fwdkiftkyfcsLyfcGifh&&Sdaom vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~~ rsm;
wnfaxmifEdkifcGifh&&Sda&;/ tvkyform;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;yifjzpfonf?
(1980) ckESpf =o*kwfv ydkvefEdkifiHta&;onf (1930) {+yDv tdENd,EdkifiHtajctaersKd; odkr[kwf/ (1905) atmufwdkbm v
&k&SEdkifiH&Sd tajctaersm;uJhodk@ ra&r&mjzpfaecJhonf? tEW&m,f}uD;vGef;vSonf? pdef@yDwmpbwf qdkAD,ufv_yf&Sm;r_/ odk@r[kwf
tdENd,trsKd;om;uGef*&ufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh rwlnDyJ *'ef@pfcfrS tvkyform;rsm;onf tpdk;&tajymif;tvJvkyf ay;&ef
awmif;qdkaejcif;r[kwfcJhay? (1956) [efa*&DEdkifiHESifh (1968) csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m; EdkifiHjzpf&yfESpf}udrfóuHcJhovdk tajctaersKd;udk
,cifuwnf;uod&dScJh+yD;jzpfonf? xdkjzpf&yfrsm;wGif ta&S@Oa&myom;rsm;. ydkrdkvGwfvyfaom EdkifiHa&; pepfrsm;
zefwD;wnfaxmifa&; óud;yrf;r_rsm;udk qkdAD,uf,leD,Hu oHcsyfumum;rsm;jzifh csKd;ajczsufqD;cJh=uonf? xkd tvkyform;rsm;onf
ydkvefEdkifiHtwGuf xdkuJhodk uH=urRmrsKd; zefvmav&ef rpGef@pm;vdkcJh=uay? tvkyform;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkonfxuf
pufr_vkyfief;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udkom vdkcsifawmifhwcJh=uonf?
aemufydkif;ae@rsm;wGif xdktpnfta0;cef;rxJrS trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf tm%mydkiftpdk;&rS ‚if;if;wdk@. t"du

awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vufcHjcif;r&dSyJ oydwfwdkufyGJudk/ tiftm;csnfheJ@vmap&ef óud;yrf;csufrsm;udk pdwfysufa'gojzpfcJh& a=umif;
az:jyonfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk woDcsnf; csrSwfaumif;csrSwfae=uayvdrfhrnf? ‚if;if;wdk@. r[mAsL[monf wuf
ºuGaeaompdwft[kefa=umifh &kwfcsnf;jzpfvm&aom qHk;jzwfvkyfudkifonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsKd; r[kwfay? ydkveftvkyform;rsm; udk,fYu
‚if;if;wdk@udk,fydkiftvkyform;or*~~rsm; wnfaxmifEdkif&eftwGuf wdkufyGJ0ifcJhonfrSm =um+yDjzpfonf? Toydwf onf
yxrOD;qHk;t}udrfaqmif&Gufonfh oydwfwckr[kwfcJhay? xdk@tjyif Ttcef;xJrS vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf xdk &nfrSef;csuftwGuf
v_H@aqmfwdkufyGJ0if&mwGif ‚if;if;wdk@. b0rsm;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ay;qyf&if;ESD;cJh+yD; jzpfonf? olwdk@awG tvkyfawG ðywfcJh+yD;+yD/
umv=um=um &dkufESuf/ ppfaq;jcif;udkvnf; cHpm;cJh+yD;+yD/ axmifrsm;xJwGifvnf; tcsdef=um=um aecJh+yD;=u+yD? odk@aomf olwkd@wawG
rnfodk@aomtpDtpOfawGudk yg;yg;eyfeyfcsrSwf&rnf/ yÉdyuQrsm;óuHvmaomtcg rnfodk@&J&J&ifh&ifh *&kwpdkuf
&ifqdkifaqmif&Guf&rnfqdkonfudk avhvmxm;=u+yD; jzpfonfESifhtnD ,ckqkdv#if xdktod ynmrsm;udk vufawG@tvkyfxJY
toHk;ðy&ef tqifoifh jzpfaeaomumvvnf; jzpfonf?
ESpfq,f&mpk.aemufqHk;usefcJhrnfh q,fpkESpftwGif; ydkvefEdkifwGif }uD;rm;aom vlxktHkºuGr_}uD;wck jzpfay:vkqJqJjzpfae csdefESifh

t=urf;rzufaom v_yf&Sm;r_udktoHk;ðyI wdkif;jynf.uH=urRmudk ajymif;vJypfawmhrnfh tcsdefvnf;jzpfaecJhonf?
udk,fxludk,fx toif;tzGJ@rsm;
uwdu0wfrsm;/ uwdu0wfrsm;
[,f&D x&l;rif;/ 0ifpwef csmcsDESifh *sKd;qufzf pwmvifwdk@oHk;OD; 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; ydk@pf'rf[k trnf&aom *smrefòrd@
wGifawG@qHkcJh=u+yD;/ ta&S@Oa&myajryHkudk topfwzef jynfvnfa&;qGJcJh=uonf? ‚if;if;wkd@oHk;OD;u ydkvefEdkifiH. e,fedrdwfudk
taemufzufodk@ ajymif;vJowfrSwfap+yD;/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H. xdef;csKyfr_vufatmufodk@ v$Jajymif;ay;&ef oabmwlcJh=u onf?
avsmfa=u;tm;jzifh *smrefydkife,fajrtm;jyefvnf &&dSrnfjzpfonf? abmvfwpfyifv,fqdyfurf;òrd@jzpfaom *smref tac:
'ef;Zpfydk;vfpfa'oESifh ydk;vfpf *'ef@pfcfa'orsm;udk jyefvnf&&SdcJhonf?
*'ef@pfcf. tv,facwfyHkòrd@a[mif;ESifh ‚if;if;. acwfrDSpufr_qdyfurf;onf (1945) ckESpfwGif qdkAD,ufrsm;u *smrefwyfrsm; udk

armif;xkwfcJhonfhtcsdefwGif jymyHktqifhodk@ avsmhcsqif;cJh&onf? puf&Hkrsm;/ vlaetaqmuftODrsm;/ wHwm;rsm;/ v#yfppf
"gwftm;ay;puf&Hkrsm;ESifh avmifpmqDqdkifrsm;onfvnf; òydusysufqD;cHcJh=u&onf? xdka'orsm;wGif rsKd;&dk;pOfquf tvdkuf

aexdkifvmcJh=uaom *smrefrsm;udk rl&if;ae&modk@ jyefvnfarmif;xkwfcJh+yD;/ ‚if;if;wdk@. ae&mrsm;wGif ppfyGJa=umifh tdk;tdrrf Jh
vm=uolrsm; ESifh qdkAD,ufwdk@. ta&S@t&yfodk@ usL;ausmfe,fcsJ@vmr_a=umifh pdwfyifyef;EGrf;e,faeaom ydkvef om;
axmifaomif;ESifhcsDI a&mufvmcJh=uonf? xdkysufokOf;aeaom wpjyifodk@ rsufpdvnfvrf;rSm;+yD;/ 0ifa&mufvm=u olrsm;xJwGif
tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf[kac:aom q,fausmfouft&G,f rdef;ri,fav;wOD;vnf;ygvmcJhonf?
ppfyGJ}uD;u a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfudk rdbrJhuav;i,fjzpfatmif vkyfypfcJhonf? olr. rdbESpfyg;pvHk; ppfxJwGif towfcHcJh&+yD;/

olr.tudkuawmh qdkAD,uftvkyfpcef;xJwGif b0qHk;cJh&onf? (1945) *'ef@pfcfe,fajrudk a&mufpwGif/ olru pdkufysKd;/
arG;jrLa&;jcHwckwGif tcdkif;taptdrfazmftjzpf yxrOD;qHk;pwif tvkyfvkyfonf? tjcm; ajrmufrsm;pGmaom tvkyfrsm; vnf;
vkyfudkifcJhonf? (1950) ckESpfwGif *smrefrsm;xHrS uGefjrLepftpdk;& tarGqufcHvkdufonfh *'ef@pfcfoabFmusif; (aemif wGif
vDeifoabFmusif;[kac:onf) wGif *a[qufol wa,mufjzpfvmcJhonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf vlxkaxmufcHr_vnf;
tenf;i,fom&aom tkyfpkcyfao;ao;wck jzpfonf? xdkuGefjrLepfrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif uvdrfuuspf enf;rsm; oHk;jcif;/
twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;òydifzufrsm;udk zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;jzifh tm%mwnf+rJatmif aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? xdk@tjyif qdkAD,ufwdk@u
wdkif;jynfwGif tm%m&Sifpepft"rRoGwfoGif;vmvdrfhrnf[laom +cdrf;ajcmufr_vSdrfhvHk;udkvnf; oHk;I tm%m+rJa&;
vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? olwdk@u tm%mudk twif;t"rRenf;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vSnfhzsm;aomenf;rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;
&,lxm;pOftwGif;rSmyif/ jynfolvlxkrsm;udk twdwfumvu odxm;aom b0tajctaersm;xuf ydkrdk aumif;rGefaom
wpHkw&mtajctaezefwD;ay;rnf[kvnf; uwdu0wfrsm;ðycJh=uonf? ‚if;if;wdk@taejzifh tkwfyHkb0ydkvef EdkifiHrS
opfvGifwdk;wufaom ydkvefEdkifiHopftm; wnfaqmufjyrnf/ xdkEdkifiHopfwGif aumif;rGefaom ynma&;/ zGH@òzd;wdk; wufaom
pD;yGm;a&;ESifhtwl vlom;tcsif;csif;wef; ydkIwef;wl&nfwl&dSaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckudk wnfaqmufay;Edkif vdrfhrnf[k
uwdu0wfay;cJh=uonf? xdkvl@tzGJ@tpnf;topfudk wnfaxmifolESifh xdktoD;tyGifhydkcHpm;&olrsm;onf vnf; tifem
a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfuJhodk@aom tvkyform;rsm;yifjzpfvdrfhrnf[k qdkonf?
a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf *'ef@pfcfodk@a&muf&Sd+yD;aemufydkif;wGif/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;. ygwD (ykdvefbmomtm;jzifh twdkaumuf

PZPR vdk@vlodrsm;onf//) onf trSefwu,fyif ydkvefEdkifiHopfudk wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? tjyifyef; oufaoom"uawGu
[dwf[ef}uD;vSonf? Zm&ef Zeran armfawmfum;xkwfvkyfa&;puf&Hk. pufr_a'orsm;/ 0gaqm teD;tem;wGif&dSaom tmqyfpf
Ursus x&ufwmvkyfief;rsm;ESifh u&mauma'otjyifbuf&dS Edk0g[lwm oHpuf&Hkrsm; pojzifhwdk;wufvmcJhonf?
oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom v,form;rsm;onf aus;vufa'orsm;udk pGef@cGgI xdkpuf&Hkrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;/ qDvDqD,m&dS
ausmufrD;aoG;rdkif;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ vdk@'ft&yf&Sd txnfpuf&rHk sm;wGifvnf;aumif;/
abmfvfwpfurf;&dk;wef;&dSoabFmusif;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; tvkyfvkyfudkifcJh=uonf? (1960) ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif *'ef@pfcf&dS
vDeifoabFmusif;wGif tvkyform; (15000) cef@/ tdrfeD;csif; yifv,fqdyfurf;òrd@jzpfaom 'dkifeD,m&dS yJ&pfuGefjrL; oabFm usif;wGif
tvkyform; (8000) cef@ ESifh &SDZif&dS 0gpuDoabFmusif;wGif tvkyform; (10000) cef@&dScJhonf?
odk@aomf ydkvef&Sdvlr_b0rsm;udk uGefjrLepfrsm;. uwdu0wfrsm;u rjznfhqD;EdkifcJhay? t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf oHpuf&Hkrsm;/

"gwkaA'qdkif&m puf&Hkrsm;/ v#yfppfpuf&Hkrsm; ESifh owWKrkdif;rsm;ponfh pufr_qdkif&m tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;qDodk@om
a&muf&dSoGm;cJh=uonf? pdkufysKd;/ arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;. jyifyydk@ukefrS&aom aiGa=u;rsm;onf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGifom jyefvnf
xnfhoGif;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHcJh=uonf? pm;aomufukef/ tdk;tdrfESifh vlom;qdkif&m 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;onf xdkpufr_ vkyfief;rsm;rS
tºuGif;tusefr#udkom &&dScJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh ydkveftvkyform;rsm;taejzifh 0,f,lae=u&aom vloHk; ukefypPnf;rsm; &Sm;ygjcif;
odk@r[kwf t&nftaoG;rrDSjcif;rsm; óuHcJh=u&onf? npmxrif;pm;yGJwGif tom;qdkonfrSm &Sm; yg;awG@cJvSonf?
udk,fydkiftdrfcef;rsm;&&Sd&eftwGuf apmifhqdkif;&aompm&if;wGifwifxm;+yD;/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm apmihf=u& onf? xdkumvrsm;wGifawmh
puf&Hktaqmifrsm;. ¹yGwfodyf=uyfn‡yfaeaom tcef;rsm;wGif rdom;pkrsm; wdk;a0S@aecJh=u onf? awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf tcef;wGif
a&r&d/S w,fvzD kef;r&dS aexdkicf J=h u&onf?
xdktcsdefwGif ygwDrS ydkvefEdkifiHtm; “tvkyform;jynfolrsm;. wkdif;jynf”[k atmifyGJcH[pfaºuG;aeonf? xdktcsdefwGif

tvkyform;xku ‚if;if;wdk@onf Oa&my. t&if;&Sifwdkif;jynfrsm;&Sd b0wlvkyfom;rsm;xuf ydkrdkedrfhusqif;&Jae&Hkr#omru
vGwfvyfr_twdkif;twmt&vnf; qHk;&_H;ae&rSef; oabmaygufaecJh=uonf? olwdk@wGifrJay;cGifh&dSonf/ odk@aomf uGefjrLepf ygwDrS
EdkifiHa&;òydifzufrsm;udk ydwfyifxm;aoma=umifh/ ‚if;if;wdk@ay;aom rJrsm;onf rnfonfht"dy`g,fr# r&dScJhay? xdk@tjyif ta&;}uD;aom
wu,fhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk a&G;aumufcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS qHk;jzwfcGifhr&dSyJ wHcg;aemufuG,frS ygwD
PZPR aumfrwDrsm;rSom qHk;jzwfcsufcs=ujcif; jzpfonf? ygwDodk@0ifa&mufI AsL&dkua&pDrSwqifh &mxl;wdk;¹rSifhcH&olrsm; omv#if
ajyma&;qdkcGifh &&dScJh=uonf?
tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;if;wdk@tm; tvkyfcef@tyfxm;aom EdkifiHykdifvkyfief;rsm;twGif pnf;&Hk;EdkifcGifhESifh ‚if;if;wdk@udk,f ‚if;if;wdk@

udk,fpm;ðyEdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;r&dSc=Jh uay? (1945 - 1946) umvrsm;wGif tvkyforsm;rsm;taejzifh vGwfvyfaom or*~rsm;

zGJ@pnf;&efESifh oufomqdkifaumifpDrsm; (Shop-floor Councils) zGJ@pnf;&ef óud;yrf;cJh=uaomfvnf; tm%m ydkifrsm;.
zsufodrf;jcif;cHcJh=u&onf? Todk@ vGwfvyfaomtvkyform;or*~rsm;tpm; tzGJ@0ifrsm;. toHudk em;axmif p&mrvdkyJ/
‚if;if;wdk@. toHudk=um;apEdkifaom vufa&G;pifcef@tyfxm;olrsm;. !$ef=um;r_atmufwGif&dSaom w&m;0if tpdk;&ydkifor*~rsm;udk
zGJ@pnf;ay;cJhonf? rltm;jzifh xdkor*~rsm;onf tvkyforsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;tay:wGif aqmif &Guf=u&rnfjzpfonf?
vufawG@wGifrl ‚if;if;wdk@onf vkyfcwdk;jr‡ifhay;a&;/ tvkyfcsdef avsmhcsay;a&;/ odk@r[kwf ydkrdkaumif;rGef aom vkyfief;cGifjzpfa&;
ponfwdk@udk tvkyforsm;udk,fpm; nd‡Ed_if;tay;t,l vkyfay;EdkifcJhjcif; r&SdcJh=uay? “t&if;&Sif pepfatmufwGif or*~rsm;onf
tvkyforsm;tm; t&if;&Sifrsm;&efrS tumtuG,fay;=u&efjzpfonf?” [kqdk&m [mo ysufvHk;wcku Todk@qdkao;onf?
“qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmufwGifrl/ or*~rsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfrsm;tm; tvkyform;rsm; &efrS tumtuG,fay;ae=uonf?”
odk@aomfjim;vnf; ykdveftvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;if;wdk@. epfemcsufrsm;udk zdtm;ay;awmif;qdkwdkufy0GJ if&eftwGuf enf; vrf;rsm;

&SmcJh=uonf? wcgw&H v#yfwysufqENjyyGJrsm; ðyvkyfjcif;/ tcsKd@qdkv#if vpmydkay;a&;ESifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom tajctaersm;
jzpfay:a&;wdk@twGuf puf&HkygwDaumfrwDtpnfta0;rsm;wGif jiif;cHkajymqkdwifjycJh=uonf? tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfonfvnf;
TuJhodk@aomtvkyform;rsm;teufrS wa,mufjzpfonf? olronf EdkifiHwumvli,f uGef*&ufodk@wufa&muf&+yD;/ qktrsm;udk
qGwfcl;EdkifcJhom pHjytvkyform;wa,muf jzpfcJhonf? xkd@tjyif uGefjrLepfrsm;rS ydkrkdaumif;rGefaom vltzGJ@tpnf;wck
wnfaqmufay;rnfqdkaom uGefjrLepfwdk@. uwdpum;rsm;udkvnf; ,Hk=unfcJh onf? odk@aomfvnf; olronf
vlom;csif;wef;wl&nfwl&dS&rnf[laom tawG;tac:ay:wGif ,Hk=unfouf0ifaom a=umifh qdkif=urf;jyifay:wGif&dSaeaom
tvkyform;rsm;. bmr#rpGrf;Edkifaom tm%mrJhtajctaewGif tkyfcsKyfoltqifh topfwGif&dSaeaom ygwD.
tr_xrf;wOD;taejzifh olru udk,fwifjyp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk xkwfaz:wifjyajymqdk&ef/ E_wf qdkif;aejcif; r&SdcJhay? a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfu
olwdk@tay:Todk@ Todk@pdwftaESmufjzpfapr_rsm;a=umifh aemufydkif;wGif tvkyf ðzwfcHcJh&onf? tvkyform;'gZifaygif;rsm;pGmu
olrzufrS&yfwnfIaxmufcHvwfrSwfxdk; wifjyay;=uaomtcgrSom olrtm; tvkyfjyefcef@cJhonf?
(1956) wGif vkyfcwdk;jr‡ifhay;&ef jiif;qefaoma=umifh ydk@Zfeef/ *'ef@pfcfESifh 0gaqm vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ tvkyform;rsm; xGufcJh =u+yD;/
qENjy=uonf? ygwDtaqmuftOD;wckudk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;cJh=uonf? tHhtm;oifhoGm;cJhaom tpdk;&onf qENjyol rsm;tm;
aoewfESifhypfIESdrfeif;um wkef@jyefcJhonf? xdktjzpftysufa=umifh wdkif;oljynfom;trsm; a'gotrsufxGufcJh=u &onf?
ygwDacgif;aqmifopfwOD; xyfwifcJh&onf? ‚if;if;ESihftwl ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;topfrsm;vnf; vkyfaqmifvmcJh& onf?
vwfqwfaom avEkopfudk cHpm;&if;ESifhtwl tvkyform;rsm;onf oufomqdkifaumifpDrsm;udk jyefvnf&Sifoef ap&ef
óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf aumifpDrsm;. vGwfvyfr_udk zdESdyfaESmifh,Sufr_rsm;ESifh ppf"gwfxufoefoltrmcHrsm;udk
+cdrf;ajcmuft=uyfcdkifemcHvmapjcif;rsm;jzifh csdeJ@apcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; a&S;uvdkyif jyefIvkyfaqmifcJh=uonf/ tvkyf
orm;rsm;onf pepftwGif;wGif +idrfaeaom,EW,m;rsm;tjzpf aexdkif&ef jiif;y,fcJh=u+yD;/ pnf;&Hk;ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;udk tcdkiftrm
xyfrHawmif;qdkcJh=uonf? olwdk@awmif;qdkcsufrsm; &_H;edrfhcJh=u&onfvnf;&SdcJhonf? odk@aomf xdkolrsm;. vGwf vyfvdkaom
pdwf"gwfrsm;u arS;rSdefroGm;cJh? jyefvnfvufpm;acsvdkr_rsm;jzifh wausmhjyefvm=up+rJ jzpfonf? w}udrf r[kwf
ESpf}udrfr[kwfææt}udrf}udrf jyefvnfay:aygufvmcJhonf?
ykkefuefr_udk +zdKcGif;ypf&r,f
(1960) aemufydkif;wGif ydkvefpD;yGg;a&;onf pwifI &yfwef@oGm;cJhonf? (1956) rSpI PZPR . yxrqHk; twGif;a&; r_;jzpfcJhol
0gvuf'Dqavm *dkvfrlvfumrS ydkvefEdkifiHonf tdrfeD;em;jcif;EdkifiHrsm;. aemufodk@usa&mufoGm;Edkifonf[k owday;cJhonf?
*dkvfrlumu (pwmvif.avoHudk twkcdk;I) rS “b0rSm b,faerSmrqdk/ tm;enf;aewJhol[m tjrJwrf; xdk;ESufcH&rSmyJ”[k
owday;cJhonf? rxda&mufaom trdef@ay;pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk jyefvnfðyjyif&rnfhtpm;/ uGefjrLepfrsm; onf
ydkveftvkyform;vlwef;pm;tay:wGifom ydkrdkzdtm;ay;&efqHk;jzwfcJh=uonf?
(1960) ESifh (1970) ckESpfrsm;wGif tpdk;&onf usef;rma&;ESifh tdk;tdrfpDrHudef; toHk;pm;&dwfrsm;jzwfawmuf&ef a=ujimcJh+yD;/ ESpfESpfpm
vkyfcvpmwdk;ray;yJxm;jcif; ESifh ykwfjywfvkyfief;E_ef;rsm; avsmhcsjcif;wdk@ ðyvkyfcJhonf? qdkvdkonfrSm yHkrSefvkyfc ESifh tvkyrf sm;rsm;
ydkvkyf&jcif;jzpfonf? puf&Hktpnf;ta0;rsm;ac:I tvkyform;rsm;tm; tvkyfydkóud;pm;vkyf=u&ef twif;t=uyf ajymqdkcJh=uonf?
ydkvefEdkifiH. pD;yGg;a&;ratmifrjrifjzpf&jcif;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ pDrHudef;qGJolrsm;udk tjypfzdk@&rnfhtpm;/ tvkyform;[k
tjypfyHkcs owif;rsm;v$ifhcJhonf? *'ef@pfcfoabFmusif;rStvkyform;rsm;twGufrl owif;rsm;u txl;wvnf qdk;0g;vSonf?
oabFmwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;onf a&&SnfwGif wqifhpD z,f&Sm;ypfoGm; rnfjzpf+yD;/ ,ckumvwGifrl &if;ESif;jr‡KyfESHr_
tenf;tusif; &&dSrnfjzpfonf[laom owif;rsKd;ay:xGufvmcJhonf? urf;&dk; wef;wav#mufa'orsm;wGif vltrsm;. pdwfawGu
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ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;onf wifhum;/ &[wf,Of/ a&wyfoabFmrsm;ESifh ppfom;tiftm; (60000) tygt0if ppfwyfudk jyifqif&ef
trdef@ay;cJhonf? 0gpuDovkyform;rsm; aom=umae@eHeuf oabFmusif;odk@ a&mufvmaomtcg ppfwyfrS csxm;aom
ydwfqdk@wm;qD;r_rsm;udk jzwfausmf+yD;rS txJodk@ 0ifa&muf&rnfjzpfonf?
xdk@aemuf reufydkif; oydwfarSmufolrsm;onf ppfwyfrsm;udk oabFmusif;rS xGufI pwifwdkufckdufcJhonf? typfcH&+yD; ESpfa,muf

usqHk;oGm;rSom twGif;odk@ jyefqkwfoGm;cJh=uonf? tvkyform;rsm; a'goykef xukef+yD? pufr_ydkif;qkdif&m ynm&Sifwa,mufu
rkdufu&dkzkef;awG@&dSoGm;cJh+yD;aemuf puf&Hkukdodrf;ydkuf&ef aqmfatmcJhonf? oydwfaumfrwDudk rJay; a&G;cs,fzGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf?
aumfrwDrS tjcm;oabFmusif;rsm;xHodk@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; apv$wfIqufoG,fcJhonf? odrf; ydkufa&; oydwfwdkufyGJudk
trdt&qkyfudkifxm;a&;jzpfonf? oydwfESpfzGJ@ aygif;I awmif;qdkcsuf ESpfq,fhwpfcsuf&&dScJhonf? ‚if;if;wdk@txJrS
yxrOD;qHk;aomawmif;qdkcsufrSm A[kdtvkyform;or*~aumifpDudk zsufodrf;ay;a&;ESifh or*~topfrsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhay;a&;wdk@
yg0ifcJhonf? owif;ydk@olrsm;u xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;pm&if;ukd,lI tjcm;puf&Hkrsm;xHodk@ ,loGm;=u onf?
0gpuDoabFmusif;xHodk@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;apv$wfI òrd@vHk;u|wfoydwfaumfrwDudk zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJh=uonf?
tvkyform;rsm;. tcsdefonf tcGifhtcgaumif;jzpfoGm;cJhonf? aom=umae@nwGif qdkAD,ufoHtrwfrS ay:vpfAsL&dk xHodk@

tvkyform;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufESdrfeif;jcif;tay: jypfwif&_H@cs+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh aphpyfnd‡Ed_if;a&;twGuf t}uHay;cJhonf?
Todk@owday;csuf&&dS+yD;aemuf ay:vpfAsL&dkonf *dkvfrlum tm;xkwfI yÉdyuQrsm;tm; ajyvnf atmifðyvkyfay;rnf[laom
tuf'0yf *J&ufudk tpm;xkd;cJhonf? paeae@reufydkif;wGif &SJZifrS t&m&dSrsm;onf pum;ajymqdka&;twGuf pwifurf;vSrf;cJhonf?
yxrawG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJonf oabFmusif;teD; pmoif ausmif;wGif ðyvkyfcJh+yD;/ aemufawG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJ pum;0dkif;ESpf}udrfudk
tjcm;ae&m&dS tpdk;&taqmuftODrsm;wGif ðyvkyfcJh onf? aphpyfaqG;aEG;olrsm;udk atmufajcESifhtqufjzwfypfonf?
atmufajctzGJ@0if oydwfv_yf&Sm;ol tawmfrsm;rsm; onf ygwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf+yD;/ olwdk@.opPmcHr_u
rjywfrom;ESpfzufvHk;tay:wGif &Sdae=uao;onf? aemufqHk;&&Sdaom oabmwlnDcsufonf tiftm;raumif;vSay? t&m&dSrsm;u
vkyfcwkd;ay;&ef oabmwlcJhonf? tcsKd@ ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;jrifh r_udk zsufodrf;ay;cJhonf? tcsKd@t&m&dSrsm;udk xkwfvkdufonf?
xdcdkuf'%f&m&/ aoa=ucJhol tvkyform;rsm;. rdom;pk rsm;udk avsmfa=u;rsm;xkwfay;cJhonf? odk@aomf t"du udpP&yfjzpfaom
vGwfvyfaomtvkyform;or*~rsm; wnfaxmif &efudkrl oabmrwlcJhay?
(1971) wGif abmfvfwpfurf;&dk;wef;wGif qENjyr_topfwck jzpfyGg;cJhjyefonf? Tw}udrfwGif ygwDonf tvkyform;rsm; tm;

w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyaom uef@owftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wifjyEdkif&ef zdwfac:cJhonf?
tvkyform;or*~jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;onf aemufwzef awmif;qdkcsufrsm;. xdyfqHk;rSjzpfaecJhjyefonf? tm%mydkifrsm; u
tpnf;ta0;udk puf&HkwGif;Y usif;y&efpDpOfcJh=uonf? xdkae&mY tvkyform;rsm;tm; EdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf;udk
0dkif;0ef;ajz&Sif;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? 0gpuD;oabFmusif;wGif tvkyform;trsm;pku xdk[efaqmifaqG;aEG;yGJodk@ wuf a&muf&ef

jiif;qefcJh=uonf? t&SufuGJEdkifzG,f&mjzpfaom tpnf;ta0;&vm'fudk zHk;uG,fEdkif&eftwGuf/ tm%mydkifrsm; onf/
pdwf"gwfwufºuGaeaom vltkyf}uD;toGifaqmifxm;aom &kyjf rifoH=um;owif;wdkwckudk zefwnf; &dkuf,lcJh=u onf?
0gpuDtvkyform;rsm;u ygwDacgif;aqmif *J&ufESifhudk,fwdkifudk,fusawG@+yD;rSom jyefrnf[kwif;cH qENjycJh=uonf? Zefe0g&Dv (25)
&ufae@wGif ygwDacgif;aqmifrS vDeifoabFmusif;wGif tpnf;ta0;wckðyvkyfay;cJhonf? olonfvnf; wcsdefu
tvkyform;rsm;enf;wl tvkyform;wa,ufjzpfcJhzl;a=umif; &Sif;jy+yD;/ wdkif;jynfudk u,fw,fzdk@ rsKd;cspfwkdufyGJ }uD;wGif
yg0if=uzdk@awmif;yefcJhonf? “cifAsm;wdk@ usaemfudkulnDrvm;´” [koluar;cJhonf? tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfESifh vufcsf bm0ifqm
tygt0if tjcm;aomtvkyform;trsm;u “ulnDygrnf” [k atmf[pfcJh=uonf? xdktcsdefwdkif atmif olwdk@taejzifh
tm%mydkifrsm;.uwdrsm;udk ,Hk=unfvdkae=uqJjzpfonf?
(1970 - 1971) ckESpfrsm;wGif aemufxyfpdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,f&m tjzpftysufwckjzpfcJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif jzpf&yf. A[dkonf

ydkvefEdkifiHtv,fydkif;&Sd avmh'fZfòrd@wGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf? qef@usifoloydwform;rsm;onf vkyfctenf;i,fom&aom
t0wfxnfpuf&Hktvkyform;jzpfI trsm;pkrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfcJhonf? ‚if;if;wdk@azaz:0g&DvwGif qENjyaomtcg 0ef}uD;
csKyftygt0if ay:vpfAsL&dkt&m&dS}uD;rsm;onf av,mOfysHjzifhysHoef;oGm;cJh+yD;/ ,cif ygwDacgif;aqmif*J&uf vkyfovdkrsKd;
vlxkpdwfygoa,mif vkyf&efóud;yrf;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf trsKd;orD;oHk;axmifcef@onf olwdk@tm; pum;ajymcGifh ray;cJhay?
“&Sifh&J@rdef;ru” trsKd;orD;wOD;u 0ef}uD;csKyfudk atmf[pfajymqdkvdkufonf? “ol@&J@ pif;'Gpfcsfaygifrkef@xJrSm 0ufaygifajcmuf
awGxnfhpm;aecsdefrSm usrcav;awGuawmh aygifrkef@ajcmufyJ pm;ae&w,f/ od&J@vm;”[k qENjyol xdktrsKd;orD;u ajym qdkcJhonf?
ygwDtm; ulnDyg&efajymaomtcg olwkd@tm;vHk;rS woHwnf; “rulnDEdkifzl;” [kjyefajymcJh=uonf? aemuf wae@wGif
tpdk;&onfaemufjyefqkwfI ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;tm; ,ciftwdkif; jyefvnfowfrSwfay;rnfjzpfa=umif;/ a=ujimcJh onf?
xdkESpfaqmif;&moDonf ydkvefEdkifiH&Sd uGefjrLepf0g'tay: 0efxkwf0efydk;}uD; wckjzpfapcJhonf? *'ef@pfcf/ 'dkifeD;,m;ESifh &SJZifrS

tvkyform;rsm;onf ppfom;ESifh &Jrsm;u olwdk@.&Jabmfrsm;udk ypfowfcJhaom jrifuGif;ukd b,fawmhrS arhEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?
aemufvmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif xdkvlowfyGJESpfywfvnfae@rsm;onf w&m;r0if 0rf;enf;atmufarhbG,fae@rsm;jzpf vmcJhonf?
wifhum;rsm;ESifh pufaoewfrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;ESifh qENjyolrsm;udk ajz&Sif;cJhonfhtjyif/ xdkolrsm;udk wefjyef awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/
vl&rf;um;rsm;[k orkwfcJhaom tpdk;&onf olwdk@onf tvkyform;.zufwGif&dSygonf[k xdkodk@aom tvkyform;rsm;udkyif
jyefvnfem;cswdkufwGef;&efrSm vGefpGmrSyif cufcJygvdrfhrnf?
tvkyform;rsm;wGifrl pkaygif;pGrf;aqmifr_rS tiftm;topfwckudk &&SdcJhonf? *'ef@pfcfESifh 'dkifeD,mwdk@wGif PZPR onf oydwfrsm;udk

acsr_ef;ESdrfeif;Edkif&ef tiftm;toHk;ðycJhonf? odk@aomf ygwD.acgif;aqmifr_topfonf xdyfwdkufcdkuf&efjzpf& r_udk a&Smifz,fI
t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzifh ajz&Sif;onfhenf;udk a&G;cs,fcJhonf? &SJZifwGif tm%mydkifwdk@onf oydwf arSmufolrsm;.
aphpyfaqG;aEG;olrsm;udk tEdkifusihf Adkvfusaomfvnf;/ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; qufvufaqmif&GufaeqJ jzpfonf? xdktajctaersKd;onf
uGefjrLepfydkvefEdkifiHwGif wcgrS rjzpfcJhbl;ay? ESpfvr#=umaomtcg avmhf'fZfrS bl;cHjiif;aom trsKd; orD;xkaxmifESifhcsDI
tmcH=uaomtcgrSom olwdk@tm;udk vdkufavsmay;vkduf&awmhonf? xdktcsufwGif ykdveftvkyf orm;rsm; pdwftm;xufoefpGm
od&dSoGm;onfrSm tu,fI tvkyform;rsm; twlwuG qENjy=uv#if/ pepfwusv_yf&Sm; r_rsm; vkyfaqmif=urnfqdkv#if/
tpdk;&taejzifh jynfwif;rif;rcHEdkif[laom tcsufyifjzpfonf?
xifxifay:ay:r&Sdjcif;onfvnf; tjcm;aomoifcef;pm,l&rnfh tcsufwckjzpfonf? abmfvfwpfurf;&dk;wef;rS tvkyf

orm;rsm;onf tpdk;&ESifh yÉdyuQjzpf&if; oifcef;pmrsm;&&SdI v_yf&Sm;r_oabmobm0udk oabmaygufem;vnfvmcJh& onf?
ygwDtaqmuftOD;rsm;udk rD;wif±d_@jcif;onf ppfaoG;ºuGolrsm;udk a=ueyfapcJhaomfvnf; r[mAsL[mt& rnfodk@r# atmifjrifr_
rjzpfaponfhtjyif/ tpdk;&zufu ypfcwfacsr_ef;&ef ta=umif;jycsufay;ovdk jzpfoGm;apcJhonf? tvkyform; rsm;onf
xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifwdkufckduf&ef ydkdrdkaumif;rGefaom enf;vrf;wckudk awG@&dSoGm;cJhonf? olwkd@oabFmusif;rsm;/ puf&Hkrsm;udk
odrf;ydkuf"g;pm;cHðyI/ olwdk@twGif; pnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; aqmif&GufvkyfudkifEdkifjcif; jzpfonf? xdkpnf;&Hk;r_onf puf&Hkrsm;wGifom
r[kwfyJ òrd@wGif;txdyg jyef@ESH@EdkifcJhonf? &SJZifrS oydwfarSmufolrsm;onf ygwD. q,fpkESpf (2) ck=um jiif;y,fcHxm;&r_rsm;udk
ausmfv$m;EdkifcJh+yD;/ ‚if;if;wdk@.jy\emrsm;/ udpP&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&ef zdtm;ay;EdkifcJhonf? tm;vHk; òcH=unfhrnfqdkygu
tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;if;wdk@ óud;yrf;&óud;eyfavmufaom &nfrSef;csuf yef;wdkifwckudk &SmawG@oGm;cJh onf? vcwkd;ay;rnfqdkaom
+idrfaq;xufydkaom/ EdkifiHa&;t&vnf; +cdrf;ajmcufr_tjzpfrxifrSwfap&avmufatmif tEW&m,fr}uD;aom/ olwdk@udk,fpm;
udk,fpm;ðyajymEdkifjcif;vnf;&Sdaom or*~rsm;rSwqifhaqmif&Guf&rnfudk jrifvm=u onf? Tor*~rsm;ESifh atmifyGJrsm;onf/
‚if;if;wdk@twGuf wu,fhatmifyGJrsm;jzpfonf?

usKyfwdk@.vGwfvyfr_udk usKyfwdk@udk,fwdkifpwifrnf?
vGwfvyfaomor*~rsm;wnfaxmif&eftwGuf awmif;qdkjcif;onf tcGifhtm%mtm;vHk;udkcsKyfudkifxm;vdkaomygwD twGuf
t"dupdefac:r_jzpfonf? uGefjrLepfrsm; ydkvefEkdifiHudk odrf;,laomtcg ‚if;if;wdk@tm; ulnDaxmufcHcJhol qdkAD,uf
,leD,HEdkifiHyHkpHtwdkif;twk,lum puf&Hkrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfydkifodrf;,ljcif;/ A[dkcsKyfudkifpDrHr_rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;/ v,form; rsm;.
v,fajrrsm;udkpkaygif;pdkufcif;rsm;twGif;odk@ aygif;pnf;jcif; ponfwdk@udk aqmif&GufcJhonf? owif;vkyfief;ESifh tEk
ynmvkyfief;rsm;udkyg xdef;csKyfcJhonf? jyif;xefaom a&S;&dk;pGJt,ltqrsm;udk pmaya&;om;r_rsm;/ ajymqdkr_rsm;ESifh yef;csD rsm;wGif
twif;tusyf oGwfoGif;apcJhonf? uufovpfausmif;rsm;udk usL;ausmfI ypPnf;rsm;odrf;,ljcif;/ bmoma&; ausmif;rsm;ESifh
vpOfxkwfpmapmifrsm;tm; ydwfypfjcif;/ "rRq&mrsm;cef@tyfjcif; tcGifhtm%mudk vk,ljcif;/ c&pf,mef *dk%f;csKyfESifh
bkefawmf}uD;pwDzif 0dkifZifpuDudk tdrftus,fcsKyfxdef;odrf;jcif;rsm;yg ðyvkyfcJhonf?
ta&S@Oa&my we,fvHk;wGif tm%m&Sifrsm;. &nf&G,fr_ESifh wu,fhvufawG@b0uGm[csufwdk@ &dScJhaomfvnf; ydkvefonf

uGm[csuft}uD;qHk;ae&mwck jzpfcJhonf? pwmvifaoqHk;+yD;aemuf oydwfarSmufyGJrsm;ESifh qENjyr_rsm;utpdk;&udk tvkyf
orm;rsm;ESifh tay;t,lvkyf&ef zdtm;jzpfvmcJhonf? pwmvifao+yD;aemufwGif jzpfay:vmaom vGwfvyfyGifhvif;vm rnfh
raocsmao;aomtajctaeonf (1956) ckESpfwGif t}uD;tus,f aemufvefusomG ;cJhonf? xdkodk@tvkyform;rsm;
ESifhaphpyfaqG;aEG;r_rsm;twGuf/ oabmxm;aysmhajymif;r_. aemufuG,frS t"duv_yf&Sm;olrSm; 0gvufqavm *dkvfrlum jzpfonf?
qifqmjzwfawmuf ydwfqdk@r_udk tavsmhay;cJhonf? bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif;rsm;udk olaemufvdkufrsm;tay: =oZm
jyefvnf&dSvmatmifESifh owif;pmrsm; xkwfcGifhrsm; jyefvnfcGifhðycJhonf? vGwfvyfaom aqG;aEG;a&;toif;rsm;udk cGifhðy ay;cJhonf?
tvkyform;rsm;rS a&G;cs,fwifa¹rSmufaom puf&HkaumifpDrsKd;udk todtrSwfðyay;jcif; ponfjzifh ðyvkyfay;cJh onf? vlr_a&;qdkif&m
w&m;r#wr_/ udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfjyXmef;ydkifcGifhESifh 'Drdkua&pDqdkaom pum;vHk;rsm;yifv#if w&m;0if tpdk;&a0g[m& t0ef;t0dkif;wGif
azmfjyoHk;pGJvmcJh=uonf?
odk@aomf qdkAD,uftkyfpkonf [efa*&DEdkifiH&Sd vlxkrsm;.tHkºuGr_tay: t}uD;tus,fxdwfvef@oGm;cJh+yD;aemuf/ tpdk;&onf

aemufxyfvGwfvyfcGifhay;onfh udpPrsm;udk wkef@qdkif;oGm;cJh&onf? puf&HkaumifpDrsm;. udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGifhudkjyefvnf ydwfyifjcif;/
tpddk;&rl0g'ESifh qef@usifaom pma&;q&m/ ynm&Sifrsm;tm; +idrfoufapjcif; ponfhudpPrsm; aqmif&GufvmcJh onf? “tpdk;&u
vlawGudk pOf;pm;cGifhawmhay;w,f/ 'gayr,fh pum;ajymcGifhray;bl;/ vlawGrSm oDcsif;nnf;cGifh&dSw,f? 'gayr,fh qkdcGifhawmhr&dSbl;” [k
uAsmq&m t'rf Zm*g*sL;puD; u Todk@aumufcsufcsufcJhonf? ta&S@Oa&my. tjcm; ae&mrsm;xuf ydkI v_yfomvGef@omawmh
&dScJhonf/ odk@aomfvnf; rnfolu t"duxdef;csKyfxm;onfqdkonfudkrl wOD; wa,mufur# oHo,r&dScJhay?
ydkvefynmwwfrsm;t=um; ygwDwGif; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfvdkolrsm; xdyfydkif;ae&mrsm; wGif
tm%mjyefvnf&&dSrnf[laomar#mfvifhcsufrsm; &SdcJh=uaomfvnf;/ (1960) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif Tpdwful;,Ofr_rsm; udk
pGef@v$wfvdkuf=u&onf? (1967) ckESpfwGif *dkvfrlumu ay:vpfAsL&dkwGif; usef&dSaeao;aom ðyjyifa&;0g'Drsm;udk t+yD; wdkif
z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;ypfcJhavonf?
(1968) ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif tm%mydkifrsm;onf q,fudk;&mpkrS vlcspfcifav;pm;aom jyZmwfa&;orm;/ uAsmq&m t'rf

Zm*g*sL;puD; Adam Zagajewski . jyZwfwyk'fudk ydwfyifcJhonf? ‚if;if;jyZmwfonf &k&Sqef@usifa&;udkv_H@aqmfI jzpfonf[k
ta=umif;jyonf? t'rf Zm*g*sL;puD;jyZmwfudk ydwfyifvdkufjcif;tay: ausmif;om;rsm;/ ynmwwftkyfpkrsm;
qef@usifqENjyvmcJhonf? tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ awmif;qdkv$mrsm;ðyI vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifhtwGuf awmif;qdkvmcJh =uonf?
0gaqmwuUodkvfrS ausmif;om;rsm; rwfv (8) &ufae@wGif qENjy=uaomtcg &Jrsm;u ausmif;0if;xJodk@ 0if a&mufpD;eif;I
qENjyolrsm;udk &dkufESufcJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;axmifESifhcsDI ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&onf? ygarmuQrsm;vnf; tvkyfðzwfcHcJh&+yD;/
vlaygif;&mausmf axmifcscHcJh&onf? *sL;qef@usifa&;pum;vHk;rsm; owif;rD'D,mrsm;wGif xGufay:vm aoma=umifh
ygwD0ifrsm;tygt0if *sL;vlrsKd; axmifESifhcsDI wdkif;jynfrS xGufajy;=u&jyefonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;u ‚if;if;wdk@udk ydkvefEdkifiH&Sd
tazmufjyefqHk;aom tiftm;pkrsm;[k orkwfowfrSwfcJh=uonf?
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk aemufqHk;xdk;ESufcsufwcku òydusapcJhonf? =o*kwf (20) &ufae@wGif ydkvefwyfzGJ@ rsm;onf/

0gaqmpmcsKyf (qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifh ta&S@Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;t=um; csKyfqdkxm;aom ppfa&;r[mrdwfpmcsKyf) tzGJ@0if
wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifhtwl csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;tm; 0ifa&mufusL;ausmf&efcJhonf? armfpudkrS !$ef=um;cJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/
csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHrS uGefjrLepf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;. 'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJr_ pwifvkyfaqmifaejcif;udk acsr_ef;ypf&ef
0ifa&mufcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf?,ckqkdv#if ydkvefacgif;aqmifrsm;rS vGwfvyfr_twGuf awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk cGifhðy vdkOD;awmifrS/ armfpudku
ydwfqdk@wm;qDrnfhtajctaeudk txif;om;jrifae&onf? ydkvefvlxkrsm;u ydkrdkyGifhvif;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wck
&nf&G,f=uaomfvnf;/ tvm;tvmu enf;vSonf? pdwfysufp&m jzpfaecJhonf? (1960) twGif;

twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;aqmif&GufcJh=uaom vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u (1970) ckESpf tapmydkif;wGif/ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_topf rsm;twGuf
r[mAsL[mrsm;csrSwfcJh=uonf? (1968) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif tajctaersm;ESifh ydkrdkIvdkufavsmnDaxG ajymif; cJh=uonf?
xdk r[mAsL[mxkqpfolrsm;=um;wGif vufpfZuf udkvmaumhpuD; Leszek Kolakowski/ ,Jquf ul&Gef Jacek Kuron ESihft'rf
rDcsepf Adam Michnik wdk@jzpfcJh=uonf? olwdk@ wOD;csif;pDonf qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk ,Hk=unfouf0if olrsm;rSaeI
ygwDwGif;tjzpftysufrsm;udk trSeftwdkif;odjrifvm=uaomtcg/ twdkuftcHtjynfht0jzpfvm=uolrsm; jzpfonf?
0gaqmwuUodkvfrS EdkifiHa&;ygarmuQjzpf+yD;/ touft&G,ft&vnf; t}uD;qHk;jzpfaom udkvmaumhpuD;onf (1950)
ESpfrsm;tv,fydkif;wGif w&m;aorufpf0g'udk pGef@v$wfa=umif; a=ujimcJhonf? ygwDtzGJ@0iftjzpfqufvufwnf&dS aecJh+yD; ygwD.
ql;an‡mifhwckozG,f jzpfvmcJhonf? ygwDu A[k0g' wnfaxmifay;rnf[laom uwdu0wfudk csdK;azgufcJh r_ESifhygwfoufI
olut}uD;tus,faygufuGJonf? (1966) ckESpfwGif ygwDrS ol@tm; xkwfy,fcJh+yD;/ (1968) ckESpfwGif wuUodkvfrSyg
xkwfy,fjcif;cHcJh&onf? xdk@aemuf wkdif;jynfrS pGef@cGmcJhaomffvnf;/ wkdif;jynfta&;udkawmh rpGef@cGmcJhay?
(1956) ckESpfwGif ,Jquful&Gefonf 0gaqmwuUodkvfwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wa,mufjzpfcJhonf? olonfvnf; rufpf0g'udk

,Hk=unfI a0zefydkif;jcm;pGm pOf;pm;wwfjcif;onf ygwDwGif; vltrsm; tvkyfjzpfEdkifonf[kvnf; ,Hk=unfcJh onf?
aemufrsKd;qufopfrsm;xJwGif uGefjrLepfwefzdk;rsm; pdrf@0ifwefzdk;xm;aeap&ef taysmfxrf;uif;axmufwyfzGJ@rsm;ukd
olpkpnf;cJhao;onf? odk@aomf (1960) ckESpfrsm;twGif; olonf ra=ueyfr_rsm; jzpfay:vmcJh+yD;/ ol. vkyfaz:udkifzuf udk&dk;vf
rdkZ,fvsL;puD; Karol Modzelewski ESihf wGJzufI tvkyform;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;udk acsr_ef;jcif;jzifhðyjyif
ajymif;vJjcif;vkyfr&Edkif[kqdkaom“ygwDodk@ tdwfzGifhay;pm”wck t=urf;ðypkcJhonf? (1964) ckESpfwGif ul&Gef ygwDrSz,f&Sm; cH&+yD;
aemufESpfwGif tzrf;cH&I axmifcscHcJh&onf? ul&GefaxmifrSjyefvGwfcsdefonf (1968) rwfv vlxkqENjyr_twGuf pnf;&Hk;aecsdef
csdefudkufjzpf+yD;/ ESpf&uftwGif;rSmyif oludk,fol axmifjyefusaerSef; odvdkuf&cJhonf?
uGefjrLepf ynmwwfwa,muf.om;jzpfol rDcsepfonf ol@toufq,fhwpfESpfwGif ul&Gef. taysmfxrf;uif;axmuf wyfzGJ@0ifwOD;

jzpfcJhonf? “uGefjrLepfqdkwm vlr_qdkif&mw&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfr_/ nDr#r_ESifh qdk&S,fvpf0g'twGuf wdkufyGJ 0ifaeolwOD; jzpfw,f”
[k oloif=um;cJh&onfudk aemufydkif;wGif jyefajymif;ajymjycJhonf? “ol,Hk=unfr_twGuf ol axmifxJrSm t=um}uD;aecJh&w,f/
jyefvGwfvmwmeJ@ ol&J@awmfvSefa&;tvkyfawGudk jyefvkyfwmyJ?”ol. vrf;!$efjyol q&mrsm;twdkif; ygwDxJwGif
tawG;tac:orm;rsm;twGuf ae&mr&dSzl;qdkwm rDcsepfodvdkuf&onf? txufwef;ausmif; om;b0wGif olonf ul&GefESifh
rdkZ,fvsL;puD;wdk@. “tdwfzGifhay;pm”rsm;udk jzef@a0r_jzifh tzrf;cHcJh&onf? (1968) ckESpf wGif 0gaqmwuUodkvfwGif; qENjyr_wGif
yg0ifcJhjyefonf? aemufESpfwGif olukd,fwdkifaxmifwGif;odk@ a&mufcJhonf?
(1970) tv,fydkif;ESifh tapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif xkwfa0aom jynfya&mufpmapmifrsm;ESifh ajratmuf*sme,frsm;wGif yg0ifaom

aqmif;ygrsm;wGif xdkyk*~Kd vfrsm;onf ‚if;if;wdk@. trSm;rsm;udk qef;ppfcJh=uonf? tm%mpepfrsm;onf vlom; qefEdkifonf/
'Drdkua&pDqefEdkifonf[k olwdk@u rSef;qcJh=ua=umif; rDcsepfu a&;om;cJhonf? uGefjrLepfxdyfoD;acgif;aqmif rsm;twGif;wGif
“ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;”&Sdvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfudk;pm;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf (1968) ckESpfwGif ygwDESifh olwdk@ wkwfaESmifxm;aom
csufóud;jzwfcJh&onf? udkvmaumhpuD;url uGefjrLepftkyfcsKyfr_. onf;cHpdwfr&dSr_ESifh &ufpuf =urf;óuyfr_rsm;onf
acgif;aqmifqdk;rsm;. rSm;,Gif;r_ &dk;&dk;omr[kwf? Ttcsufrsm;onf tpdk;&awG. r&dSrjzpfvdktyf aom t&nftcsif;yJ[k ,ckqdkv#if
&Sif;oGm;cJh+yD; [k rSwfcsufcscJhonf?
odk@aomf ygwDonf vHk;0ar#mfvifhcsufrJhp&m jzpfaecJhv#ifaomfrS Tt&mtm;vHk;onf ar#mfvifhcsufrJh aeonf[k rqdkvdk ay?

rnfonfht&mrqdk rajymif;vJyJ aeIr&[k ,Hk=unfonf? “o&Jabma=umifaom/ tavsmhay;vdkufemaom/ raumif;qdk;0g;rsm;ESifh
aygif;pnf;aom vkyf&yftm;vHk;” onf bmukdr# ajymif;vJrypfEkid fa=umif; ,Hk=unfonf[k udkvm aumhpuD;u a&;om;cJhonf?
ar;cGef;uawmh Tt&mrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHkqef@usif=urnfenf;qdkaomtcsufyif jzpf onf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk ðzwfcs&ef
óud;pm;jcif;onf pdfwful;,Ofqefr_/ rjzpfEdkifaomvkyf&yfwck r[kwf[k rdcsepfu rSwfcsufcscJhonf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpku
[efa*&DESifh csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHrsm;uJhodk@ ta&;wGif=um;0ifpGufzuf EdkifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif awmfvSefaom
ajratmufvkyfief;rsm;onf &JwyfzGJ@rsm;twGufom tusKd;ðycJhonf? vlxktm; ydkI pdwfajcmufjcm;ap+yD;/ &JwyfzGJ@rsm;tm; &efpovdk
ydkjzpfapcJhonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ‚if;if;wdk@. axmufcHolrsm;twGif; wdwfwqdwf oyfv#Kdvmaom twdkuftcHrsm;udk
acsr_ef;ypfvdrfhrnf? tu,fI atmifjrifyguvnf; tiftm;t=urf; ywrf;oHk;I atmifjrif&jcif;a=umifh/ w&m;aotpdk;&wckudk
aemufxyf w&m;aotpdk;&wckjzifh tpm;xdk;onfhES,fom &Sdvdrfhrnf? “vuf&dS&dSaewJh bmpwD;vftusOf;axmifawGudk
tiftm;oHk;+yD; òzdcGif;rnfqdkygu rdrdwdk@taejzifh tr_rJ@ trSwf rJh aemufxyfbmpwD;vftopfrsm;udk wnfaqmufrdvsufom;
jzpfvdrfhrnf?”

wjznf;jznf;ajymif;vJrnfh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;0g'onf tusKd;rJhvkyf&yfwckjzpfoGm;cJhovdk/ xdyfwdkufwdkufcdkufjcif;onfvnf;
vrf;qHk;ydwfaeaom vkyf&yfwckvdk jzpfaecJhonf? odk@aomf udkvmaumhpuD;/ ul&GefESifh rdcsepfwdk@u wckckawmh&dS&rnf[k
,Hk=unfaecJhonf? tpdk;&udk ajymif;vJrnfhtpm; tpdk;&.twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;onf ydkvefEdkifiH.vlr_b0udk ajymif;vJ
apEdkifvdrfhrnf? ygwDuxdef;csKyfxm;aom zufpHkaxmifpHk&Sd b0rsm;. emcHaomtavhtxudk ckcHwGef;vSefjcif;jzifh ydkvef
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;udk ajymif;vJypfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k jrifonf? ygwD csKyfudkifr_. tjyifzufrS EdkifiHom;rsm;rS vGwfvyfpGm
OD;aqmifOD;&Gufðyr_rsm;/ jynfolrsm;rS udk,fxludk,fx tzGJ@tpnf; erlemrsm;onf “EdkifiHawmf. vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_rsm;ESifh
tm%mt*wdvkyfpdkufr_rsm;udk pdefac:aejcif;omjzpfonf” [k ul&Gefua=ujimcJhonf? twkduftcHynmwwfrsm;.
vufiif;wm0efonf “vGwfvyfolrsm;. ppfrSefaomae@pOfb0 vl@0ef;usif” wnfaqmuf&ef jzpfonf[k rdcsepfu a&; om;cJhonf?
qef@usif0da&m"djzpfpGmyif/ ydkvefom;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m ajymif;vJr_vrf;udk av#mufvSrf;zdk@&eftwGuf EdkifiHa&;rS

uif;uGmp&rnfuJhodk@ jzpfaecJhonf? “usKyfwdk@&J@ vGwfajrmufr_udk usKyfwdk@udk,fwdkifyJ pwif&rnf” [k rdcsepfu aºuG;a=umf cJhonf?
xdkodk@vkyf&ef vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;ajcmufq,fu *ENDtawG;tac:. 0dnmOfrsm;udk twk,lcJhonf? jAdwdo#xHrS EdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;
r&,lrDumvrSmyif/ tdENd,jynfoljynfom;wdk@.b0wGif “udk,fhudkudk,ftkyfcsKyfa&;” qdkonfudk &,lEdkifcJh=u onf?
ydkveftwdkuftcHrsm;. em,ursm;onf *END.r[mAsL[m OD;ao#mifrS &wem ESpfvHk;udk iSm;,lcJhonf? xdkt&m ESpfckrSm
t=urf;zufenf;udk y,fcsjcif;ESifh udk,fudkudk,fwm0ef,lwwfolrsm;tjzpf tavhtusifhrsm; wdk;yGm;vmap&ef/ yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;
pwifvkyfaqmifapjcif;yifjzpfonf?
okd@aomfvnf; vGwfvyfaom udk,fxludk,fxtoif;rsm;onf wdkif;jynftm; jyefvnfðyjyifjcif;qdkaom &nfrSef;csuu f dk

pGef@v$wfvdkufjcif; r[kwfay? uGJvJoGm;onf[k rqdkvdkay? xdkt&monf tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm; ajymif;vJr_ðyvkyf&ef qGay;ovdk
jzpfEdkifcJhonf[k ul&GefESifh rdcsepfu awG;qcJhonf? “vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; pkpnf;jcif;onf tm%mpGrf;tm;wck jzpfonf” ESifh
“rnfonfhtm%mydkifrqdk rnfonfhtm%mjzpfap todtrSwfðyudk ðy&rnfjzpfonf?”[k ul&Gefu a&;cJh onf?
“atmufajcrSvmaom zdtm;xuf rnfonfht&mur# tm%mydkifrsm;udk trdef@ray;Edkifay”[k rdcsepfu axmufjycJhonf?
'Drdkua&pDESifh vlxkvGwfvyfr_rsm;onf tEWdrqkv'frsm;jzpfI ydkvefjynfolrsm;tm;vHk; pnf;&Hk;jcif;ESifh v_H@aqmfjcif;onf
rvkyfrjzpfvkyf&efvdkaom yxrtqifhrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkonf?
Todk@vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf ynmwwfrsm;onf r[mrdwftiftm;pkrsm; vdktyfcJhonf? yxrqHk; odrf;oGif;&rnfholonf

ydkvefynmwwfvlwef;pm;ESifh odyftxmrawG@vSaom/ uufovpfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;jzpfcJhonf? ‚if;if;wdk@onf ydkvefEdkifiH wGif
wckwnf;aom vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:ajymqdkEdkifonfh tiftm;pkrsm;jzpf=uonf? udkvmaumhpuD;u (1950) ckESpfrsm; wGif
xdkbmoma&;bk&m;ausmif;rsm;tm; “bmoma&;qdkif&m t,lonf;0g'”[lI ‚if;if;wdk@ESifh oufqdkifaomordkif; a=umif;udk
±H_@cscJhbl;ovdk/ bkef;awmf}uD; 0dkifZif;puD;uvnf; ynmwwfrsm;ESifhywfoufI “&kyfydkif;eSifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
orkwdopPmvufawG@0g'Drsm;”[k nnf;wGm;cJhbl;onf? odk@aomf ,cktajctaeonf jyefvnfaygif;pnf;&eftwGuf
&ifhrSnfhcsdefa&mufae+yDjzpfonf? bmoma&;bk&m;ausmif;rsm;onf uufovpfbmom0ifrsm;twGufom r[kwfyJ ynmwwfrsm;/
ydkvefjynfolrsm;twGufyg vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhywfoufI xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJh=u+yD;/ uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh ywfouf+yD;
raumif;rSef;odvm&HkwifruyJ/ &kyfqefvGef;aom0g'ESifh tvGeftrif;usKd;a=umif;qifjcifr_udk toHk;csaom0g' udkyg
raumif;rSef;odjrifvmcJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh udk,fusifhw&m;&dSaom tm%mydkiftopfrsm;udk pwif &SmazGvmcJhonf?
ul&GefESifh rdcsepfwdk@onf pufr_vkyfief;todkif;t0dkif;wGifvnf; vkyfaz:udkifzufrsm; &&dSap&efvnf; ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? (1956) ckESpfESifh

(1970) ckESpfrsm;wGif ESpf}udrfwkdifwdkif tvkyform;rsm;. qlylykefuefr_ESifh tpdk;xHrS oabmwlnDr_rsm; tm;
zdtm;ay;n‡pfxkwf&,lEdkifcJhonfudk olwdk@ todtrSwfðycJh=uonf? ygwDonf tvkyform;xktm; tjcm;tkyfpkrsm; xuf
ydka=umufonf? xdk@a=umifh ydkvefEdkifiHtm; 'Drdkua&pDqDodk@ wGef;ydk@aom rnfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifrqdk xdktvkyf orm;xkonf
yg0if&rnfjzpfonf[k rdcsepfu a&;om;cJhonf? (1970) ckESpfwGif ppfwyfESifh Zdkrdkac: axmufvSrf;a&;&Jrsm; wdk@u
urf;&dk;wrf;a'orsm;wav#muf&Sd tvkyform;rsm;udkESdyfpufaomtcg ynmwwfrsm; pdk;pOf;r# rv_yfcJhonfhtwGuf a=umifh ul&Gef
twGuf t&Suf&p&m jzpfapcJhonf? aemufwcsdefqdkv#ifawmh olwdk@taeESifh wpHkw&m aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ jyo&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
vltzGJ@tpnf;onf ‚if;if;udk,f ‚if;if;pkpnf;&ef wm0ef&dSonf

(1976) ckESpfwGif aemufw}udrf jyefjzpfcJhonf? Tw}udrfwGifvnf; pmaomufukefaps;E_ef;rsm;onf rD;yGm;rsm; wzefjzpfcJh jyefonf?
ZGefv (24) &ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfu (6) ESpftwGif; yxrqH;k aom aps;E_ef;wufr_udk a=ujimcJhonf? o=um;/ 0uftlacsmif;paom
ukefypPnf;tcsKd@rSm aps;ESpfqwufcJh+yD;/ tjcm;t&mrsm;onf (50) &mcdkifE_ef; aps;wufvmvdrfhrnf[k a=ujimcJhonf?
aemufwae@wGif ydkvef wEdkifiHvHk; oyddwfarSmufcJh=uonf? avmh'fZfrS txnfpuf&Hkrsm;/ urf;&dk;wef;rS oabFmusif;rsm;/ ydk@ZeefrS

oHxnfpuf&Hkrsm;/ qDvDqD,mrS owWKrdkif;rsm;ESifh Edk0g[lwmrS oHpuf&Hkrsm;wGif oydwfrsm;jzpfyGm; cJhonf? 0gaqm.qifajczHk;rsm;wGif
tmqyfpfx&ufwm puf&HkrS tvkyform;rsm;onf rD;&xm;oHvrf;rsm;udk zsufqD;cJh ojzifh 0gaqm - yJ&pf rD&xm; &yfwef@cJh&onf?
òrd@awmfESifh rdkifav;q,fcef@a0;aom a&'Grf wGiftvkyform;rsm; ygwD taqmuftODrsm;udk rD;wif±d_@=uojzifh vGefcJhaom (6) ESpfrS
jrifuGif;ESifh tvm;o¿mefwlcJhonf? &kef;&if;qefcwfr_rsm; t&dSefavsmhruscifrSmyif 0ef}uD;csKyfrS aps;E_ef;wufr_rsm;tm;
&kyfodrf;vdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif; avvd_if;ay:rSaeI a=ujimcJhonf?
(1970) uJhodk@yif tpdk;&rS jyefqkwfcJhonf? odk@aomf aemufxyf qENjyr_rsm;udkawmh rvdkvm;onfh [efyefrsm;jyocJhonf? a&'Grrf S
qENjyolrsm;tm; “rl&l;aeaom vloGrf;rsm; ESifh &l;a=umifa=umif rdef;rrsm;”[lI ±H_@cscJhonf? tmCmw}uD;rm;pGm jzifh
ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif oydwfarSmufolrsm;udk typfay;&ef pwifaqmif&GufcJhonf? qENjyoltcsKd@onf eHygwfwkwfudkif &Jrsm;t=um;
n‡yfyl;n‡yfodyf tydwfcHcJh&onf? ESpfaxmifausmf tzrf;cHcJh&onf? oHk;&mausmf axmifwGif;toGif;cHcJh&+yD;/ tcsKd@rSm
q,fESpfausmftxd axmif'%ftjypfay; cHcJh&onf? tvkyform; axmifESihfcsDI tvkyfðzwfcHcJh&+yD;/ vcom r[kwf/
tvkyfvufrJhrsm;. cHpm;cGifhjzpfaom wdkifjynfwGif;&dS aq;ukoapmifha&Smufr_rsm;vnf; qHk;±H_l;cJh=u&onf?
Ttcsdefonf (1970) ckESpfuESifh rwlyJ ynmwwfrsm;onfvnf; tvkyform;rsm;zufrS pka0;&yfwnfcJhonf? &ufydkif; twGif;rSmyif

ul&GefESifh rdcsepfonf bkefawmf}uD;ESpfygtygt0if tjcm;aomolrsm;ESihf wGJzufI oydwfarSmufolrsm;ESifh twl
“aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;a=ujimpmwrf;” udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uonf? ZlvdkifvwGif tmqyfpfrS tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom
cHk&Hk;wifppfaq;r_pwifaomtcg w&m;cGifwGif w&m;cHrdom;pkrsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufrsm;/ t&yf0wf vHkòcHa&;&Jrsm;ESifh
,Jquful&Gef tygt0if 0gaqmrS twdkuftcH w'gZifr#ESifh jynfhv#HaecJhonf? olwdk@tm;vHk;onf tvkyf orm;rsm;. rdom;pkrsm;udk
ulnD=u&ef a&mufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf rvG,fulvSay? vHkòcHa&;&J/ at;*sifhrsm;onf ‚if;if;wdk@aemufodk@
ae&mwumvdkufaejcif;/ "gwfyHk&dkuf,ljcif;ponfrsm; ðy=uonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;onfvnf; vlpdrf;rsm;udk pdk;&drf=uonf? w&m;cH.
trsKd;wa,mufjzpfaom idkaºuG;aeaom trsKd;orD;udk tjcm;twdkuftcHzufrS trsKd;orD;ESpfOD; u pmemudk,fcsif;pmr_ay;jcif;onf
acwWem;aecsdef. +idrfoufr_udk òzdcGif;cJhonf?
rdom;pk0ifrsm;u w&m;&Hk;rS cef@tyfaom a&S@aersm;udk ra=ueyfa=umif; taxmuftxm;ESihf ajymqdkcJh=uonf? twkduf

tcHrsm;rSvnf; a&S@aetwGuf axmufcHcJh=u+yD;/ a&S@aepm;&dwfay;cJh=uonf? tvkyform;wOD;. uav;twGuf uav; xdef;
pDpOfay;aoma=umifh ol.ZeD; w&m;cGifodk@ vmEdkifcJhonf? 0gaqmrS ynmwwfrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf tvm; wl
tultnDrsKd;udk a&'GrfwGifw&m;&ifqdkifaeaom tvkyform;rsm;udkvnf; ulnDcJh=uonf? apmifh=unfhr_rsm;onf ydkrdk
wif;=uyfvmcJhonf? aqmif&Gufolrsm;uvnf; csKyfaESmifjcif;/ &dkufESufjcif;rsm;udk &J0HhpGm&ifqdkifcJh=uonf? tpdk;&rS ul&Gef tm;
ppfwyft&Hwyfom;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef ac:jcif;jzifh/ ol@tm; xdkjrifuGif;rS z,f&Sm;cJhonf?
tvkyform;rsm;udk tultnDay;aeonfhudpPrsm;udk a&&SnftultnDay;Edkif&ef tcsKd@vli,fydkif; aqmif&Gufolrsm;onf

ay:ay:xifxif v_yf&Sm;pnf;&Hk;vdk=uonf? xif&Sm;ausmf=um;+yD;aomolrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;vdk=uonf? xdkolrsm; ygvmygu
acsr_ef;jcif;tm;jzifh emrnfqdk;&Edkifaoma=umifh tpdk;&zufrSvnf; xdef;odrf;udkifwG,fvdrfhrnf[k olwdk@,lq aoma=umifh jzpfonf?
tcdsK@ touft&G,f}uD;&ifhaom ynmwwfrsm;onf w&m;0ifyHkpHtkyfpkzGJ@r_onf vG,fvG,fululESifh acsr_ef;Edkifonf[k
pdk;&drfcJh=uonf? ydkvef b&if*sDbkefawmf}uD;*dk%f;. pufwufbm (9) &ufae@pGJyg/ tvkyform;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;
umuG,fjcif;ESifhywfoufaom xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufonf i,f&G,faom aqmif&Gufolrsm;. ESvHk; om;udk odrf;ydkufqGJiifEdkifcJhonf?
xkdvli,fxkrS ydkvefbmomtm;jzifh twdkaumuf autdktm KOR [kac:aom tvkyf
orm;tcGifhta&;tumtuG,fay;a&;aumfrwDw&yfudk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? xdkaumfrwDonf ul&Gef/ rdcsepfESifh tjcm;aom olrsm;.
r[mAsL[m pdwful;tay:wGif aemufqufwGJjzpfay:vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? xdkaumfrwDrS tzrf;cH&aom tvkyf orm;rsm;tm;
vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;&efESifh tvkyfðzwfcH&olrsm;udk tvkyfjyefoGif;ay;&efwdk@udk awmif;qkdcJhonf? “vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;wGif Oya'rJhr_udk
ckcHumuG,f&ef pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfjcif;ESihf tjyeftvSefulnDjcif;rSvGJI tjcm;enf;emr&dS” [k KOR rS a=ujimcJhonf?
“rnfonfhae&mwGif zdESdyfr_&dSap xdkt&mawGudk ckcHumuG,f&ef vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf olwdk@udk,f olwdk@ pkpnf;&rnf/ Ttcsufonf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. wm0efwckjzpfonf?” xdkOyrmonf “twkyftaESmifuif;aom v_yf&Sm;r_Xmetopfrsm; jzpfay:vmap&ef
aphaqmfay;vdrfhrnf” [k olwdk@ar#mfvihfcJha=umif; pwnfaxmifolwOD;ua&; om;cJhonf?
autdtk m KOR onf tzGJ@0if q,fhav;OD;jzifh pwifcJh+yD;/ rnfonfhtcsdefur#tzGJ@0if oHk;q,fxuf rydkcJhay? t"duyg0if
=uolrsm;rSm ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;/ vlr_a&;ynm&Sifrsm;/ a&S@aersm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;/ '\eduynm&Sifrsm;ESifh c&pf,mefbkef;
awmf}uD;rsm; yg0ifcJhonf? emrnf}uD;yk*~dKvftcsKd@udkvnf; pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;EdkifcJhonf? emrnf}uD; 0wWKa&;q&m *smqD
tef'a&*sL;puD;/ vltrsm;=unfndkaom abm*aA'ordkif;ynm&Sif tuf'0yf vDyif;puD;/ tu,f'rDqk&Sif &kyf&Sifrif;orD;
[,fvDem rDudkvmhcsfpum;ESifh atmufpfpzdk@'f rS ygarmuQ vJZuf udkvmaumhpuD;wdk@yg0ifcJhonf? tjcm;tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf
'kwd,urBmppftwGif; ajratmuf *smrefawmfvSefa&;wGif ygcJhbl;olrsm; odk@r[kwf xdkrsKd;qufrS aygufzGm;vmolrsm;/ (1956) ESifh

(1968) ckESpfrsm;wGif tpdk;&tm; qef@usifcJholrsm; jzpf=uonf? tawG;tac:tm;jzifh xdktkyfpkonf uGJjym;r_ &dScJhonf? uufovpf
ynmwwfrsm;/ qdk&S,f 'Drkdu&ufrsm;ESifh vpfb&,f0g'Drsm; ponfwdk@ yg0ifcJhaomfvnf; tm%m&Sif tpdk;&udk qef@usifjcif;ESifh
'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;tay:wGifxm;&dSaom wefzdk;xm;/ uwdu0wf&dSr_rsm;tay:wGif twlwuG vkyfaqmifEdkifcJh=uonf?
xdktzGJ@tpnf;topfonf pGyfpGJcH&olrsm;/ &dkufESufcH&olrsm;ESifh tvkyfðzwfcH&ol tvkyform;rsm;tm; tpdk;&rS jiif;y,f aom

0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk jznfhqD;ay;jcif;udk t"du vkyfaqmifcJhonf? autdktm KOR onf tvkyform;rsm; zufrS
ckcHumuG,fEdkif&ef a&S@aersm;&Smay;jcif;ESifh w&m;cGifwGif oufaojyEdkif&ef tvkyform;rsm; cHpm;cJh&aom '%f&m
'%fcsufrsm;twGuf oufaocH taxmuftxm;rsm;&,l&ef q&m0efrsm;&SmazGay;jcif;wkd@udk vkyfudkifcJh=uonf? w&m; r0if
tultnDay;a&; &HyHkaiG wckwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;/ jynfwGif;vlxkxHrS &HyHkaiG
tajrmuftjrm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;rSyg &HyHkaiGrsm;udk aumufcHcho
J nf? aqmvf bJvdk;/ [def;e&pf bdk;ESifh *Gefwm *&yfpfuJhodk@aom
EdkifiHjcm;emrnf}uD;pma&;q&mrsm;rS ydkvefwGifa&mif;aom ‚if;if;wdk@pmtkyfrlykid fcGifhrsm;udk vSL'gef;cJh=uonf? taemufOa&my
tvkyform;or*~rsm;rSvnf; vSL'gef;cJh=uonf? KOR onf pkpkaygif; &or# aiGa=u;ZavmhwD zloty (3² 2) oef;udk (vl
ajcmufq,fhig;a,muf. ESpfywfvnf 0ifaiGESifh wlnDonf?) 1976 pufwifbmrS ESifh 1977 pufwifbmtxd vlaxmif
aygif;rsm;pGmudk ulnDay;EdkifcJhonf?
KOR onf vlod&Sif=um; wdkufyGJrsm;az:Ivnf; ppftpdk;&udk zdtm;ay;cJhonf? ygwDt}uD;tuJ *J&ufonf vlxktjrif tay:wGif
wdrf;!$wfEdkifyga=umif; az:jycJhonf? xdk@a=umifh xdktkyfpkonf qENjyyGJrsm;. jyefvnfajymqdkcsufrsm;/ tusdK; quf zdESdyfr_rsm; ESifh
tvkyform;rsm;. w&m;cGifrsm;ta=umif;udk pmrsm;xkwfI jzef@a0cJhonf? xdk@tjyif ‚if;if;wdk@onf EdkifiHawmf w&m;a&S@ae&Hk;tm;
&Jrsm;. rrSefruef qufqHr_rsm;udk ta&;,l&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? (1976) aemufydkif;wGif tmqyfpfESifh a&'GrfrS tvkyform;
wpfaxmifausmfwdk@onf *J&uf xHodk@ qef@usifaom pmrsm;udk vufrSwfxdk;I ay;ydk@cJh =uonf? xdkwcsdefwnf;rSmyif
&maygif;rsm;pGmaom ynm&Sifrsm;/ bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;ESifh tEkynm&Sifrsm; onfvnf; Sejm (ydkvefygvDref) xHodk@
&Jrsm;. ESdyfpufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;ppfaq;ay;yg&ef awmif;qdkcsufrsm; yg0ifaom pmrsm;udk vufrSwfxdk; ay;ydk@cJh=uonf?
ygwDonf EdkifiHjcm;rSvmaom xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udkd ydkvefEdkifiHom;rsm;ajympum;uJhodk@yif ta&;xm;rnf[k KOR u

odaecJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ydkvefonf “vpfb&,fqefaom” vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aom uGefjrLepf tpdk;&wckjzpf
onf[laom taemuf.,Hk=unfcsuf&rSom aiGa=u;qdkif&m aºuG;+rD&Edkifrnf[k odxm;aoma=umifh/ *J&ufonf EdkifiHjcm; wGif
=uifem[efyHk&dyfudkjyxm;+yD;jzpfonf? KOR onf xdktm;enf;csufudk tqufrjywf wdkufcdkufcJhonf? ul&GefESifh vpfyf puD;wdk@onf
0gaqmwGif *smrefowif;axmufrsm;ESifh tifwmAsL;cJhonf? (1976) ckESpftwGif; taemufOa&mywGifvnf; rpfcsepfonf jyifopfESifh
tDwvD owif;axmufrsm;ESifh tifwmAsL;cJhonf? ol/ udkvmaumpuD;ESifh 0avmhZifrm&pf b&kpf ESifh atmufpfpzdk@'f&dS tjcm;
jynfya&mufolwOD;wdk@onf vef'efwGif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwckðyvkyfI aiGa=u;tultnD rsm; awmif;cJh=uonf?
‚if;if;wdk@ta&;ESifh qufEG,faom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;aumfrwDrsm; vef'ef/ yJ&pfESifh e,l;a,mufwdk@ wGif zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJh=uonf?
xdkenf;AsL[mrsm;onf tvkyfjzpfcJhonf? (1977) rwfvESifh Zlvkid fvtwGif; vGefcJhaom ZGefvuwnf;u zrf;qD;xm; aom
tvkyform;tm;vHk;udk jyefv$wfay;cJh+yD;/ tvkyfðzwfcHxm;&aom vltrsm;pkvnf; tvkyfjyef&cJhonf? tpdk;&rS ar#mfvifhxm;cJhonfh
KOR . t"du awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;jzifh jynfwGif; jynfy&dS zdtm;ay;r_rsm; avsmhus Edkif+yD;/ xdktzGJ@onfvnf;
wjznf;jznf; aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf[k ppftpdk;&rS ar#mfvifhxm;cJhonf? odk@aomf tmqyfpf
ESifh a&'Grf&Sd tvkyform;rsm;twGuf vkyfief; +yD;ajrmufoGm;aomtcg/ aqmif&Gufolrsm;onf tjcm;aom OD;pm;ay;
vkyfief;rsm;buf vSnfhoGm;=ucJhavonf? “usKyfwdk@&J@ vkyfief;awGudk qufvufvkyfaqmifoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/” “usKyfwdk@
wyftyfodxm;ovdkyJ tm%mydkifawGu csrSwfxm;wJh twm;tqD;awGukd wdkufcdkufzdk@&ef txda&mufqHk;vufeuf[m
EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;&J@ wufºuGaom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_yif jzpfygw,f?”[k ‚if;if;wdk@u a=ujimcJhonf?
pmapmif/ pmtkyf xkwfa0a&;onf wckwnf;aom ta&;t}uD;qHk; vufeufwckjzpfcJhonf? tpdk;&. vlxk owif;ESifh rD'D,m wGif
vuf0g;}uD; tkyfxm;r_udkòzdcGif;jcif;vnf;jzpfI/ tpdk;&. ydkvefvlxkb0tm; csKyfudkifxm;jcif;udk z,f&Sm;ypfa&; twGuf
vGefpGmta&;}uD;aomvkyfief;vnf; jzpfcJhonf? vlxk=um;wGif qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif; r&dSygu rnfonfh vGwfvyfa&; óud;yrf;r_
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; csdwfqufEdkifrnf r[kwfacs? twdwfumvrsm;wGif ydkveftwdkuftcHrsm;rS pdppfa&;rsm; avsmhayghay;&ef
awmif;qdkcJh+yD;/ ppftpdk;&rSvnf; &Hzef &Hcg tenf;i,f zGifhay;cJhonf? odk@aomf tuef@towf rsm;onf qufvuf&dSaeqJ jzpfonf?
tu,fI a0zefajymqdkygu rnfonfht&mr# xkwfvkyfcGifh r&awmhrnfudk a=umuf ±G@HcJhaom olrsm;t=um; xdk pdppfa&;rsm;u
tvkyfjzpfcJhonf? (1976) ckESpf aemufydkif; ,ckqdkv#if twdkuftcHrsm;onf w&m;0ifrD'D,mrsm;udk OayuQmðyI
udk,fydkif*sme,frsm;/ pmtkyfrsm; pwif xkwfa0cJh=uonf?

(1976) ckESpf pufwifbmwGif KOR onf udjk rLeDuyf Komunikat (qufoG,fa&;) [k trnf&aom ol@. yxrOD;qHk; aom
pmapmifudk xkwfa0cJh+yD;/ ‚if;if;pmapmifonf tenf;trsm;qdkovdk vpOfxGufcJhonf? xdkpmapmifwGif KOR . oabmxm;
a=ujimcsufrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;. w&m;cGifowif;rsm;ygovdk/ xdkta&;aqmif&Gufolrsm;tay: wefjyef uvJhpm;acs
wdkufcdkufr_rsm;vnf; yg0ifcJh=uonf? ta&;tom;rsm;onf uspfvpfI tcsuftvufrSefuef=u+yD;/ ydkvefrS w&m;0if
pmapmifrsm;ESifh rwlnDyJ ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aom owif;xGufay:&m ae&mwcktjzpf wckom &nf&G,fxkwfa0jcif; jzpfcJhonf?
yxrwGif tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf pmapmifrsm;udk vufESdyfpufjzifh &dkuf&onf/ xdk@aemuf tjcm;olrsm;xHvufqifh urf;um
xdkpmapmifrsm;ay;I xdkolrsm;rS topfxyfrH&dkufI olwdk@t=um; jyefvnf jzef@a0cJh=u&onf? aemufydkif;wGif rdwWLpufrsm;udk
EdkifiHjcm;rS cdk;oGif;I yHkESdyfjzef@a0cJh=uonf? KOR onf tjcm;aom owif;ESifh oabmxm;a&;&m *sme,f rsm;
ay:xGufvma&;twGufvnf; ulnDay;cJhonf? xdktxJwGif tvkyform;rsm;tm; pnf;&Hk;jcif;/ vkyfief;cGif vHkòcHr_ &dSjcif;/
usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_ESifh vkyftm;crsm;ESihfywfoufaom t=uHnm%frsm; az:jyyg0ifonfh &dkabmhepfuf Robotnik uJhodk@aom
pufr_vkyfom;rsm;twGuf *sme,fwckvnf; yg0ifcJhonf? (1978) ckESpf aemufydkif;wGif w}udrf xkwfv#if apmifa&ESpfaomif;udk
xkwfa0jzef@csDEdkifcJh=uonf?
KOR .aiGa=u;/ KOR . rdwLW ul;pufjzifh KOR .tzGJ@0ifvnf;jzpf/ "gwkaA'ynm&SifwOD;vnf; jzpfaom rD&dkqavm csKd*sDuD u
Edk0g [k ac:aom ajratmuf pmayxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;wck wnfaxmifchJonf? (1977) ckESpfwGif yxrOD;qHk;
pmtkyfxGufay:vmcJh+yD;/ 0wˆKrsm;/ rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qkdkif&m pum;ajyrsm; tygt0if pmtkyfw&mausmfESifh vuf
urf;pmapmiftajrmuftrsm; qufwdkufxkwfa0EdkifcJhonf? tpdk;&. qifqmtzGJ@rsm;wGif b,faomtcgur# uif;vGwcf Jh
jcif;r&dSonfh qufpavm rDavmhfZf Czeslaw Milosz (tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k Gif jynfajy;tjzpfaexdkifaom vpfol
tm;eD;,ef;ESihf ydkvefpyfuAsmq&m/ aemifwGif pmayqdkif&m Edkvfb,fvfqk &&dScJholjzpfonf?) . uAsmrsm;ESifh a*smhcsf tdk0,fvfESifh
uAsmq&mrsm;jzpf=uaom tdkqpfyf ref'JvfpwefESifh *sKdqufzd ba&mh'fpuDwdk@. vuf&mrsm; xGufay:vmcJh =uonf? Edk0gwGif
‚if;if;udk,fydkif yHkESdyfqdkifrsm;/ odkavSmif&Hkrsm;/ jzef@csDa&; uGef,ufrsm; ESifh a&mif;&aom aiGa=u;ESifh ulnDr_ rsm;uwqifh
pwifvnfywfcJhonf?
ydkvef twdkuftcHrsm;onf qifqmjzwfawmufjcif;udk ‚if;if;wdk@aemufausmrS jyefwdkufouJhodk@ twdkuftcHrsm;onf ygwD .

tqifhjrifhynma&;tay: xdef;csKyfr_udk olwdk@ udk,fykdifoifcef;pmrsm;jzihf jyefvnf wefjyefwdkufcJh=uonf? (1977) ckESpf
aqmif;tul;wGif KOR tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf tjcm;aom ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh ylaygif;I tjrifhysH wuUodkvf (Flying University) udk
zefwnf;cJh=uonf? wuUodkvfòrd@rsm;&dS w&m;r0if ausmif;om;tkyfpkrsm;rS oifcef;pm wckjcif;pDtwGuf ae&meSifh ae@udk
a=ujimay;cJh=uonf? (yHkrSeftm;jzifh yk*~vdutcef;rsm;wGif jzpfcJhonf?) ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;olrsm; 'gZifESifhcsDI tcef;xJwGif
jynfh=uyfaecJh+yD;/ y&dabm*ypPnf;rsm;udk &Si;f xkwf/ =urf;jyifay:wGif xkdifI t'rf rpfcsepf ydk@cs aom “ydkvefEdkifiHom;wdk@.
ordkif;a=umif;” ESifh “,ae@acwfay: EdkifiHa&;t,ltqrsm;”pojzifh olwdk@wcgrS yHkrSef pmoif cef;rsm;wGif =um;&zl;jcif;r&Sdaom
ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk em;axmifcJh=u&onf? u&maumwGif c&pf,mef omoemðybkef; awmf}uD;/ um&dk;vf 0csfwDvmwdk@rS
vltrsm;ydkrdkvma&muf avhvmEdkif&efESifh &Jrsm;. aESmuf,Sufr_uif;a0;ap&eftwGuf bk&m;&dkcdk;ausmif;ydkif cef;rrsm;udk
axmufyHhay;cJh=uonf? yxrESpf tqHk;wGif tjrifhysH wuUodkvfwGif oifcef;pmaygif; (120) ðyvkyfEdkifcJhonf?
1976 KOR ay:aygufvmcsdefwGif ‚if;if;onf wckwnf;aom vnfywfEdkifaom twdkuftcHtkyfpw k ckjzpfcJhonf? wESpf/ ESpf ESpf
twGif;rSmyif xdktzGJ@onf udk,fxludk,fxtzGJ@tpnf;twGuf a,bk,syHkpHwck jzpfvmcJhonf? ausmif;om;aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;aumfrwDonf ygwDxdef;csKyfaom ausmif;om;tkyfpkrsm;. tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mtiftm;pktjzpf wuUodkvf (6) ckwGif
zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? *'ef@pfcf/ &SpfZif ESifh umwdk0pfZfwdk@wGif KOR ESifh qufEG,faom tvkyform;rsm;onf puf&HkwGif;&Sd tiftm;rsm;udk
OD;aqmifEdkif&ef vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~rsm; wnfaxmifcJhovdk/ KOR tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf v,f orm;rsm;
ta&;twGufudk,fhudkudk,f ckcHumuG,fEdkifaom aumfrwD tcsKd@udk pwif&mwGif ulnDcJh=uonf? wjcm; rwlnD aom
twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;udk KOR . t"duacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom ul&GefESifh rpfcsepfwdk@. qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufzuf
,drf;aomt,ltqtay: oabmrusolrsm;rS pwif zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf?
tvkyform;rsm;ESifh olwdk@.rdom;pkrsm;udk ulnDaeaom ynmwwfrsm;/ ygarmuQrsm; ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf

ajratmufpmoifcef;rsm;ESifh ajratmuf *sme,frsm; yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJh=uonf? Todk@aomvkyf&yfrsm;rSm vlxkb0tay:
ygwDuxdef;csKyfxm;r_udk 0ifa&mufrpGufapvdkaom tm%mydkiftpdk;&rsm;twGuf qef@usif tHwkr_jzpfcJhonf? &Jrsm;u
wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk &dkufESuf/ zrf;qD;/ axmifcs/ axmufvSrf;apmifh=unfh+yD;ESifh tdrfwdkif,ma&muf 0if&SmcJhjcif;rsm; vkyfcJh=uonf?
(1977) ckESpf arvwGif or*~ESifh ylaygif;aqmif&Gufol ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpfaom pepfepfqavm yD*smhpfonf
u&maumawmif=um;wGif aoqHk;cJh+yD;/ trsm;pku vHkòcHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. vufcsuf[k ,Hk=unfcJh=uonf? KOR .tzGJ@0if
&kyf&Sifrif;orD; [mfvDem rDudkvmhcspf umonf tqufrjywf aESmuf,Sufwm;qD;cH&olwOD; jzpfcJhonf? olrtaejzifh
apmfum;&dkif;jyaom zkef;ac:qdkr_rsm;/ pmrsm;vufcH&&dScJhovdk olrum;udkvnf; zsufqD;cHcJh&onf? wreufcif; wGif olrtcef;udk

a,mufusm; w'gZifcef@ cdk;0ifvmcJh+yD;/ olrukd jcdrf;ajcmuf atmf[pfcJh=uonf? tcsKd@aomwufºuGv_yf
&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;onfvnf; omrefjypfr_rsm;jzifh pGwfpGJcH&jcif;/ tvkyfðzwfcH&jcif;rsm; &dScJhonf? ausmif;om;aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;aumfrwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;udk ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&onf? &Jrsm;onf pmtkyfxkwfa0a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;I
ypPnf;rsm;ESihf pmtkyfrsm;udk odrf;qnf;cJh=uonf?
(1979) cktapmydkif;wGif tjrifhysH wuUodkvfrsm;onf yHkrSef wdkufckdufr_udk cHcJh&onf? tm%mydkifrsm;u “aqG;aEG;ol rsm;”rsm;udk
twef;twGif;xnfhoGif;I oifcef;pmrsm;udk aESmifh,Sufay;cJh=uonf? tjyifrSvlrsm;udkvnf; aESmifh,SufcJh onf? w}udrf rpfcsepfESifh
tjcm; ausmif;om;ESpfOD;udk “opPmazmuf rif;udk pDtdkifatu b,favmufay;xm;vdk@vJ” [katmf[pfI wdkufcdkufolrsm;u
&dkufESufcJh=uonf? ul&Gefudk avScg;ay:u wGef;cscJhzl;onf? wcg ol. tcef;wGif oifcef; pmvkyf&ef owfrSwfcJh+yD; tcsdefa±$@+yD;rS
vl&rf;um;wtkyf ol.tcef;odk@ a&mufvmcJhonf? ol@ZeD;ESifh olzciftwGuf aq; tultnD awmif;cHaeaom ol@om;udk
wkdufckdufcJh=uonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif &Jrsm;onf olaexdkif&m taqmuftOD;udk 0dkif;xm;aomfvnf; wpHkw&m
=um;0ifjzefajzay;jcif;/ pGufzufjcif; r&SdcJh=uay? Todk@ EdSyfpufr_rsm;&dScJhaomfvnf;/ KOR ESihf tkyfprk sm;onf
‚if;if;wdk@vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif vkyfwdk@.vkyf[ef/ trSwftom;udk zGifhcscJhonf? Oyrm *sme,fwGif emrnfrsm;/ zkef;eHygwfrsm;ESifh
t,f'Dwmrsm;. vdyfpmrsm;udk tpOfvdkuf az:jycJhonf? v#dK@0SufpGm vkyfaejcif;xuf olwdk@. ae@tvif; a&mifxJodk@
ajymif0ifcJhonf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifhom tjcm;olrsm;u olwdk@. pHerlemtwdkif; vkdufvm=u&ef wGef; tm;jzpfapvdrfhrnf[k
,lqaoma=umifhyif? xdkt&mu olwdk@udk ypfrSwftjzpf zefwnf;vdkufomtcg twkduftcHwGif rnfolu t"du
acgif;aqmifqdkwmESifh ywfoufI ±_yfaxG;p&mr&dSawmhyJ/ aocsmaom umuG,fr_&apcJhonf? tpkd;& onf tu,fI
ajymifajymifwif;wif;vkyf&rnfqdkygu vuf&G@Honf? twdkuftcHrsm; ydk+yD; jrifomxifom&dSav olwdk@udk wdkufxkwfypfa&;ESifh
ywfoufI EdkifiHa&;t& ydkIwefzdk;}uD;avyif jzpfonf? vlxktmcHr_qdkif&m r[mAsL[monf tEW&m,frsm;aomfvnf;/
tvkyfjzpfcJhonf?
tm%m&Siftpdk;&u rnfonfhtcgr# twdkuftcHudk t+yD;tydkif z,f&Sm;ypf&ef róud;pm;cJhay? tpkd;&onf vltcsKd@udk jypf'%f}uD;}uD;

csrSwfI vltrsm;udk tv,ftvwf jypf'%fay;r_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? tpnf;ta0;usif;yjcif;/ oifcef;pm rsm; wufa&mufjcif;ESifh
vGwfvyfaom pmapmifrsm; jzef@a0jcif;onf cufcJI wcgw&H tEW&m,frsm;yif óuHawG@cJh=u& onf? odk@aomf vltrsm;udk wcgwnf;
tpktðyHvdkuf zrf;qD;/ axmifcsjcif; r&SdcJhay? ta=umif;rSm tpdk;&onf (1970) ckESpfrsm;rSpI &&dSxm;aom EdkifiHjcm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;
qufqHr_ESifh jynfwGif; wnf+idrfr_udk rysufqD;vdkaoma=umifhvnf; jzpf onf? tpktðyHvdkuf +zdKcGif;r_a=umifh jzpfay:apEdkifaom
jynfwGif;ESifh jynfy. a'goxGufr_udk pdk;&drfaoma=umifhvnf; jzpf onf? tu,fI KOR ESifh tjcm;tzGJ@rsm;wGif tuef@towfESifh
vkyfydkifcGifh/ udk,fydkiftcsKyftcsmtm%m&dSaer_udk onf;cH Edkifjcif;onf tajctaew&yftxdomjzpfonf? odk@r[kwfygu
wefzdk;ay;&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
twkduftcHrsm;onf 0ef;&Hapmifh=unfhcHae&aom taetxm;jzpfqJ jzpfonf? xdkt&monf trmcHwufºuGolrsm;udk vkyfief;rsm;rS

wm;qD;&ef rvHkavmufay? odk@aomf pmemr_&Sdaom EdkifiHom;rsm;udk twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;&ef azsmif;zs&eftwGuf
vHkavmufaompnf;&Hk;a&;tiftm; jzpfcJhonf? “vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf tm%mydkifrsm;udk rkef;wD;onf/ odk@aomf
pdk;&drfylyefae=uao;onf?”[k pma&;q&m umZDrm&pfZf b&ef'pfu ol. (1979) rwfvtwGif; a&;om;cJhaom ol.
0gaqmae@pOfrSwfwrf;wGif rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf? “'gu olwdk@&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;awGjzpfwJh vcwdk@/ aep&m tdrfcef;wdk@/ om;orD;awG
wuUodkvfwufcGifh&zdk@twGufwdk@/ c&D;oGm;zdk@wdk@/ ae@w"l0b0wdk@ pojzifh tJ'gawG qHk;±Hl;oGm;Edkifwma=umifh jzpfw,f? 'guvnf;
vlawGudk a=umuf&GH@atmif vkyfaewmyJ?” olu azmfjycJhonf?
twdkuftcHrsm;onf ykdvefEdkifiHwGif vGwfvyfaom vlr_ESifh ,Ofaus;r_b0 topfjyefvnf rGrf;rHjcif;udk jzpfapcJhonf?

wdkufwGef;tm;ay;cJh=uonf? twdkuftcHrsm;onf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fr_rsm; wnfaqmufcJh onf?
odk@aomf udk,fxludk,fx tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfwnfjcif;onf tpdk;&.tm%mtm; ruef@owfEdkifygu xdktzGJ@tpnf; rsm;onf
tiftm;csdeJ@aom/ omrmeftqifhYom wnf&dSaevdrfhrnf? tpdk;&tm; tuef@towfrsm;udk vufcHvmap&ef zdtm;ay;EdkifrSomv#if
wdk;wufvmEdkifvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf Ttajctaeonf KOR .pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_. tjyifzufwGifom &dScJhonf? xdkt&mudk
pGrf;aqmifEdkif&ef }uD;rm;I tiftm;}uD;aom/ EdkifiH. t"du tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufEdkif aom/ tv$mpHkydkrdkyg0ifaom
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_w&yf vdktyfonf? odk@rSom ydkvefEdkifiH tem*gwftwGuf ppfrSefaom òydifyGJwGif uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh
wkzuf,SOfòydifEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

usKyfwdk@ ykd&J&ifh vmcJh+yD
ara';ae@onf uGefjrLepfwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif t"du tm;vyf&yf ae@wae@jzpfonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;twGuf q,fhudk; &mpktwGif;
qdk&S,fvpf0g'. tpOftquftwGuf atmifyGJcHr_tjzpf usif;y&ef tcGifhta&; jzpfovdk/ om,maom &moD Owk.atmuf
vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif omrefjynfolrsm;vnf; pDwef;vSnfhvnfcGifh tcGifhta&;wckvnf; jzpfonf? (1978) ck wGif
xdkae@a&mufvmaomtcg “ydkveftvkyform;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD t"Gef@&Snfygap/” “tvkyform; vlwef;pm; udk
umuG,f=u/” ESifh “EdkifiHtm;vHk;&Sd ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; nD!Gwf=u” pojzifha&;xm;aom acgif;pD;rsm;ESifhtvHrsm;/ T pmwrf;rsm;jzifh
wefqmqifxm;aom vlaetaqmuftOD;rsm;udk ydkZfeefòrd@wòrd@vkH;wGif awG@cJh=uonf? xdktpdk;& taqmif
ta,mifrsm;atmufwGifrl/ jywif;wHcg;wdkif;xufwGif tjcm;wpHkw&mvnf; &dSaecJhonf? ‚if;if;rSm tv,fydkif;acwfvuf&m
jzpfaom/ ydkvefuufovpfbmom. tcspfjrwfEdkf;qHk; &kyfxkjzpfaom/ csufpfwdkcsKd0g r,fawmfrufa'gem;. teufa&mif
&kyfxkyifjzpfonf?
ydkZfeefòrd@rS rufa'gem;&kyfxkrsm;onf ydkvefEdkifiH. 0da&m"d b0udk azmfxkwfjyoaeonf? EdkifiH. w&m;0ifbmomrSm bmomrJh

jzpfonf? odk@aomf we*FaEGae@wdkif;wGif ygwDtzGJ@0if trsm;tjym;tygt0if ydkvefEdkifiHom; oef;ESifhcsDI vlxk 0wfðyyGJrsm;
wufa&mufcJh=uonf? xdkae&mwGif olwdk@awGtm;vHk;onf uGefjrLepf0g'. tqHk;trrsm;.a0;&m/ pdwfydkif;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m
tjyifurBmxJodk@ 0ifa&mufoGm;cJh=uonf? “uGefjrL0g'atmufrSm aepOfrSmyJ/ 'Dwdkif;jynfrSm bmoma&; t,ltquvnf;
jyefvnftm;aumif;vmaew,f?” &m'uf qDaumpuD;u ajymcJhonf? bD*dk&Spfòrd@wGif vltrsm; bk&m; ausmif;odk@oGm;aeonfh
jrifuGif;udk atmufharhzG,f jyefvnfa&;om;cJhonf? bk&m;&dk;cdk;ausmif;yHk&dfyfawGonf ESpfpOfwdk;yGm; vmcJhonfhtwGuf tpdk;&onf
t}uD;tus,f tHh=ocJh&onf? ygwD. w&m;aot,ltqtay: pdefac:r_vnf; jzpfonf?
bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif;rsm;. owif;pum;rsm;uyif ‚if;if;wdk@. t,ltqudk xkwfaz:jyoaeonf? oif;tkyfq&mrsm;. pmrsm; ESifh

a'\emusrf;pmrsm;onf/ ygwD. EdkifiHa&;rdef@cGef;/ &J&Jawmuf pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh rwlyJ&Sdae=uonf? TESpfckpvHk;u
urBmavmu}uD;wGif tqdk;ESifh taumif;wdk@ vGefqGJaeonfhtay:wGif tajcðyajymqdkae=ujcif; jzpfonf? xdkolrsm; tm;vHk;uvnf;
tºuGif;rJhtm%m&Sif.vrf;!$efr_udk vdkufem&ef,Hk=unfudk;uG,folrsm;udk awmif;qdkae=uonf? bk&m; ausmif;rsm;onfvnf;
ygwDuJhodk@yif txufatmuftkyfcsKyfr_pepfrsKd; &dSaeonf? a&S@aqmifOD;jyr_tm;vHk;onf tay:u om qif;oufvmonf?
&kwfw&uf=unfhrnfqdkygu vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:Edkifr_ESifh 'Drdkua&pDudk aumif;csD;ozG,f owfrSwf xm;aom
ydkvefEdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;onf ,kwWdwefaom r[mrdwfjzpfwef&m ta=umif;r&SdcJhay?
odk@aomfvnf; xkdtcef;u¾udkyif vlxkrsm;u vufcHvdkuf=uonf? bk&m;ausmif;rsm;u vlxkESvHk;udk odrf;usKH;,liif&ef

jzpfvmcJhonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ae&mwdkif;wGif &dScJh+yD;/ ydkvefom;rsm;. b0rsm;axmifhaphwGif twif;tusyf ae&m,l
xm;ae=ucsdefwGif/ bk&m;ausmif;rsm;u rdrdqENtavsmufvufcHr_ESifh qENtavsmuf yl;aygif;yg0ifr_udkom trDDSo[JðycJh onf?
bmoma&; ,Hk=unfr_onf c&pf,mefbmomudkif;±d_if;olwa,muftwGuf vltrsm;ESifhqdkifaom tusdK;aus;Zl;
wkef@jyeftusKfd;ay;r_twGuf tenf;i,fom cHpm;&zG,f&Sdaomfvnf;/ ydkveftpdk;&taejzifhrl Tolrsm;udkazmufjyefa&;
t,ltq&Sdaomolrsm;tjzpf vufcH=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiH uGefjrLepfpepfatmuf qufvuf&Sifoef&efESifh wdk;yGm;vmap&ef twGuf
bk&m;ausmif;rsm;onf vlxkrsm;. wu,fhvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;cJhonf? *k%foduQm&dSaom &dk;&mtpOf tvmrsm;ESifh
qufEG,fjcif;/ av;av;eufeuf wefzdk;xm;jcif;rsm; ðycJhonf? xdktwGufa=umifh xufatmufqufqHa&; pepf&Sdaom uufovpf
tkyfcsKyfr_pepfonf bmoma&;,Hk=unfr_w&m;xuf ausmfvGefIoGm;onf? aemufqHk; wEdkifiH vHk;qdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;udkyg
xkwfaz:ajymqdkEdkifaomtaetxm; a&mufcJhonf?
*dk%f;csKyf}uD; pwDzif 0dkifZif;puD;ESifh u&maume,fajrwGif tkyfcsKyfaom bkefawmf}uD; um&dk;vf 0kcsfwDvmwdk@onf (1970)

ckESpfrsm;wGif bk&m;ausmif;tm; owdxm;I trSm;t,Gif;r&dSapyJ aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? odk@aomf (1970) ckESpf aemufydkif;wGifrl
twdkuftcHrsm;zufodk@ csnf;uyfvmcJhonf? 0dkifZif;puD;. a[m=um;csufrsm;wGif puf&Hkvkyfom;rsm;. &kyfydkif;qkdif&m
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk pmema=umif;az:jyI/ “ wpHkwOD;. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf pnf;&Hk;Edkifa&;/ nD!Gwf a&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;ESifh
vGwfvyfr_wdk@twGuf owWdajymifajrmufaom ckcH/ wGef;vSefr_/” wdk@udk tm;ay;csD;usL; axmyemðycJhonf? xdkpum;vHk;rsm;onf
autdktmuJhodk@aom tkyfpkrsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk vHk;0eD;yg axmufcH ovdkjzpfcJhonf? bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif;. opfyif}uD;onf
c&pf,mefr[kwfol vltawmfrsm;rsm; yg0ifaom tarmwaum ajy;vmol twdkuftcHrsm;tm; at;jraom t&dyftm0goudk
ay;EdkifcJhonf? tu,fI ydkvefom;wdk@. b0wGif bk&m; ausmif;onf òydifbufr&dS &yfwnfEdkifaom jy,k*fjzpfcJhv#if (1978)
omoem*dkif;csKyf}uD; 0kcsfwDvmtm; a&mr.omoem ydkifcsKyfbkef;awmf}uD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJhjcif;onf ‚if;if;.
tm%m&dSr_udk ydkrdkcdkifrmapcJhonf? “vlawG[m 0gaqmòrd@&J@ vrf;awGay:rSm aysmf&$if+yD; cHkaygufajy;v$m;aecJh=uw,f” [k
umZDrm&pfu a&G;aumufyGJa=ujimaom atmufwdkbm ae@ udk jyefajymif;owd&cJhazmfjycJhonf? bk&m;ausmif;odk@tjrJoGm;aom
trsKd;orD;}uD;rsm;ESifh acwfynmwwfrsm;uvnf; “tHhcsD;zG,f&myJ” [k xkwfaz:ajymqdk cJh=uonf? csufcsif;qdkovdkyif bmwDuefESifh

ydkveftm%mydkifrsm;t=um; ,cktcg ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;trSwf (2) jzpfawmhrnfh 0kcsfwDvmtm; ol. urBmht0Srf;
&dkrefuufovpfbmom. acgif;aqmif wa,muftaejzifh ydkvefEdkifiHodk@ rnfhonfhtcsdefrqdk jyefvmEdkifrnfhta&;udk
aphpyfaqG;aEG;cJh=uonf?
(1979) ZGefv ESpf&ufae@wGif *|efaygvf-2 0gaqmòrd@odk acsjcaomtcg atmifyGJ&ifjyif (Apfx&D&ifjyif) wGif {&mrvlxk}uD; u
óudaecJhonf? xdkvlxk}uD;a&S@wGif olurdef@cGef;ajymcJhonf? xdk@aemuf &[ef;rif;}uD;onf txdrf;trSwft& ta&;ygI
jrifhjrwfaomae&mrsm;jzpfonfh “ykdvef uufovpfbmom. rlvblwae&m”[kac:Edkifaom EpfZfEdk Gniezno ESifh teufa&mif
csufpwdkcsKd0g r,fawmfrm&D&kyfxk odr;f qnf;&m *sufpem*dk&mbkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;wGif &yfwef@I ol. arG;&yfZmwd
u&maumwGif ol@. atmifyGJcHc&D;pOfudk &yfem;cJhonf? ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;. pum;vHk;rsm;onf &Sif;vif;jywf om;I &dk;om;pGm
=uufoa& &dSvSonf? EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;. &dk;tDaeaom pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh rwlnDay? olu tpdk;&udk tqifhESpfckwGif pdefac:cJhonf?
bmomrJh0g'udk qef@usifI c&pf,efbmom ,Hk=unfr_udk xyfavmif;ajymonf? ydkveftm; qdkAD,ufwdk@. csKyfudkifr_ESifh
vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk oG,f0dkufI ±H_cscJhonf? ydkvef. tem*wfonf “vlb,fESpf a,mufonf &ifhusufvmI
orm;&dk;ustpOftvmawGudk ckcHwGef;vSefolawG jzpfvmrvJ qdkonhftay:rSm rlwnfonf” [k olu a[mudef;xkwfcJhonf?
(1979) tcsdefwdkif bk&m;ausmif;acgif;aqmifrsm;rS xl;jcm;aoma=ujimcsufrsm; rawG@&ay? &[ef;rif;}uD;topf. xl;jcm;

ajymifajrmufvSaom pum;vHk;rsm;u avvd_if;xJysH@vGifhcJhonf? ol. toHudk vlaygif;oef;ESifhcsDI =um;EdkifcJhonf? tpdk;& .
w&m;0if tcrf;tem;rsm;ðyvkyfavh&Sd&m atmifyGJ&ifjyifudk olutv$mpHk ydkvefom;rsm;. vlxkpifjrifhtjzpfajymif;vJcJh onf?
“usaemfwdk@ bk&m;ocif vdkcsifw,f” qdkonfudk vlxkrsm;u =udrfzefrsm;pGm vma&mufatmf[pfcJh=uonf? olu urBmw0Srf;vHk;&Sd
uufovpfbmomudk udk,fpm;ðyIajymonf? ol.tm%m}uD;rm;vSonfrSm ola&S@wGif uGefjrLepfygwD onfyifv#if a&iHk
E_wfydwfae=u&onf?
ykwf&[efrif;}uD;. tvnftywfc&D;pOfonf ykdvefom;rsm;tm; KOR tdrfrufrufcJhaom vGwfvyfaomvlxkpka0;r_ xufydkI

rsm;pGmpnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfr_rsm; vkyfEdkifcJhonf? tpdk;&onf ab;odk@xGuf&yf+yD;/ bk&m;ausmif;rsm;. tpDtrHrsm; twdkif; cGifhðycJh&onf?
u&maumhwGif ausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpfaom ,ef ulbpfESifh tjcm;olrsm;onf ae@a&m nyg teDESifh tjzL ydkveftvHrsm;ESifh
t0ga&mif ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;. tvHrsm;vkyfaepOf olwdk@udk oDv&Sifrsm;u olwdk@udk au|;arG;xm;cJh=uonf? ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;
ra&mufcifwGif eef;awmfwckay:wGif jirf;qifI tvSHrsm;csdwfqGJaepOf vrf;xJ&dS vrf;rD;wdkifrsm; xl;xl;qef;qef; rD;ysufoGm;cJhonf?
csufcsif;qdkovdk vlrsm;onf olwdk@um;rsm;qDodk@jyefI tay:rD;rsm; xdk;I olwdk@tvkyfudk +yD;ajrmufatmifvkyfcJh=uonf?
“bufx&DukefoGm;rSmudk b,folrS rjiLplcJh=ubl;” [k ulbpfu trSwfw& jyefajymjycJhonf? “usKyfwdk@vkyfEdkifor# tukefvHk;
udk,fhbmomyJ vkyfcJhwmyJ” [k uufovpf ynmwwf wa,mufu tar&duef owif;axmufudk jyefI&Sif;jycJhonf?
“usKyfwdk@twGuf tm%mydkifqdkwmawG rvdkygbl;”[k oluqdkonf?
ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;rvmcifae@rsm;wGif bmrsm;jzpfEdkifonfESifh ywfoufI ausmcsrf;zG,f aumv[mvrsm; xGufcJhonf?

v,form;awG oef;ESifhcsD+yD;òrd@awmfudk odrf;=uvdrfhr,f/ ae&mwdkif;rSm tdyfcsifovdktdyf+yD;/ a&m*gawG/ rpifawG/ vlao aumifawG
xm;cJhvdrfhr,fvdk@ aumv[mvawG xGufcJhygw,f? vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm wdk;wdkufrd+yD; ao=uvdrfhr,f[k qdkonf? odk@aomf
pma&;olwpfa,muf vrf;rrsm;odk@ xGuf=unfhaomtcg “pnf;csufeJ@twl vrf;av#mufae=uaom” æ “a&vd_if;yrm
wtdtdwufaeaom vltkyf}uD;”æ “vlawGu wOD;ESifh wOD; rxdcdkufap=uyJ/ tcsif;csif; vrf;z,f ay;ae=uyHkrsm;” æ udkom
awG@cJ&onf? vlxkrsm;onf pnf;urf;&dScJh=uonf? &Jwa,mufrS jrifuGif;wGif rawG@cJh&?
“axmifaomif;csDaom vltkyf}uD;onf ‚if;if;wdk@bmom pdfwfqHk;jzwfI ‚if;if;wdk@a&muf&dSrnf[laom cHpm;csufjzifh ‚if;if;wdk@udk
‚if;if;wdk@ tm;tifjzpfapcJhonf? tjcm;,Hk=unfolwOD;uawmh &[ef;rif;}uD;&J@ tvnftywfc&D;pOfudk aus;Zl;wifygw,f/
“vlawGwa,mufESifh wa,muf ydk+yD;eD;uyfoGm;cJh=uw,f” “usKyfwdk@ ykd&J&ifh vmcJhw,f” [kac:onf?
ol. u&maumòrd@Y aemufqHk;tcsdfefwGif ydkvefEdkifiHordkif;wGif wcgr# Todk@ r}uD;rm;zl;aom vloHk;oef;twGuf qkawmif; yGJwGif
pum;ajymcJhonf? wdkif;jynfonf csufcsif;qdkovdk wr[kwfjcif; urBmvHk;. tm&Hkpdkufr_udk &oGm;cJhonf? Tonf udkvnf;
ydkvefEdkifiHom;wdkif;vnf; odcJhonf? Ttcsdefonf ydkvefEdkifiHtpdk;&twGuf vHk;0ta&;rygaom tcdkuftwef@ jzpfcJhonf?
“ESpfv=um&SnfpGm tzdESdyfcHaewJholawG[m olwdk@ b0uH=urRmudk olwdk@zmomqHk;jzwfzdk@ csufcsif;qdkovdk olwdk@&J@ pGrf;tifawGudk
jyef&vdkufovdkyJ” [k t'rf rpfcsepfu aumufcsufcscJhonf?

*'ef@pfcfrS &ifqdkifwdkufyGJ
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr. _ yxrqHk; t&om
(1978) 'DZifbmv ol. ae@pOfrSwfwrf;wGif umZDrm&pf b&ef'pfu 0gaqmòrd@&dS ig;*dka'gif tjyifbuf npfypfaeaom AGufxJwGif
[J&if;ig;oavmufwrsKd; a&mufvmrnf[klaom aumv[mvudk =um;+yD;/ vlwef;&Snf}uD; wef;pDapmifhaeyHkudk
az:jyrSwfwrf;ðycJhonf? xdkpwdk;qdkifonf eHeuf (11) em&Dxd zGifhvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ odk@aomf yxrOD;a&mufaeaom vlpk onf eHeuf
ESpfem&Duwnf;u a&mufcJh+yD; jzpfonf? xdknaewGif tpdk;&t&m&dSrsm;. wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; atmifjrifr_udk csD;usL;axmyemðyaeyHkudk
w,fvDaA&Sif;wGif awG@cJh&onf? omref ydkvefom;rsm;twGufuawmh xdkvlwef;rsm;onf t+rJ jzpfaeaom
pddwfysufzG,f&mtjzpftysufwckom jzpfonf? tpdk;&twGufuawmh taES;ESifhtjrefqdkovdk 1970 ESifh 1976 ckESpfrsm;wGif
rwnf+idrfr_rsm;óuHcJh&ovdk/ xyfrHrvkyfoihfawmhaom tvkyfwckjzpfonfh ukefaps;E_ef; jr‡ifhjcif;udk vkyf&vdrfh rnf[k qdkjyefonf?
(1971) wGifol@. t&ifvlrsm;vkyfcJhonf ukefaps;E_ef;wdk;jr‡ifhr_udk y,fzsuf&ef *J&uf. qHk;jzwfcsufonf ydkvefpD;yGm;a&;udk wrsKd;wzHk

ajymif;vJapcJhonf? rla[mif;jzpfaom pufr_vkyfief;udk iwfrGwfr_jzifh armif;ESifygu EdkifiHa&;t& aygufuGJr_rsm; jzpfcJhojzifh
xdkvkyfyHkudkifyHkrsm;udk ol y,fzsufcJhonf? pm;oHk;olrsm;udk &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt& tcuftcJr&dSap&yJ pufr_vkyfief; tm;
aiGtiftm;jznfhqnf;ay;&efrSm aºuG;+rDrsm;xkwfay;jcif;udkom rsufvSnfhaq;awmifa0S;wacsmif;uJhodk@ rSwfxifcJh/ toHk;ðycJh=uonf?
tpdk;&onf taemufEdkifiHrsm;rSaeI aiGyrm%tvHk;t&if;ESifh acs;,lcJhonf? xdkaiGrmrsm;udk pufr_ vkyfief;twGuf/
enf;ynmrsm;twGufESifh aps;0,folrsm;twGuf pmaomufukefrsm; 0,f,l&mwGif toHk;ðycJh=uonf? pufr_vkyfief;rS
xkwfukefwdk;wufvmonfESifhtr# taemufEdkifiHrsm;odk@ ydk@ukefrsm; ydkrdkwifydk@Edkif+yD;/ xdkaiGrsm;rS aºuG;+rDrsm; udk jyefqyfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k
xifjrifcJh=uonf? EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m +idrf;csrf;wnf+idrfr_ESifh aexdkifr_tqifhtwef; wdk;wufvmEdkif aom pufr_vkyfief;qdkif&m
toD;tyGifhudk tm%mydkiftpdk;&taejzifh cHpm;Edkifvdrfhrnf? Tonfuawmh oDtkd&Dt& awG; xifxm;csuf jzpfonf?
ESpfumvtenf;i,fwdkif *J&ufonf zef;qif&SifvdkrsKd; jzpfaecJhonf? acs;aiGrsm;.aus;Zl;a=umifh &if;ESifhðrwfESHr_onf (1970) ckESpfwGif

axmifwufoGm;cJhonf? pufr_xkwfukef wdk;wufr_onf urBmw0ef;wGif tjrifhqHk;xJ EdkifiHpm&if;wGif yg0ifcJhonf?
pwdk;qdkifwef;rsm;wGif tjyma&mif *sif;abmif;bDrsm;/ v#ypf pfypPnf;rsm;/ tpm;taomufrsm;ESif tjcm; oGif;ukefrsm;ESifh
jynfhv#HaecJhonf? wOD;csif; tom;0,f,l pm;aomufr_onf (1970) ESifh (75) ckESpfwGif (50) &mcdkifE_ef; txd wdk;wufcJhonf?
tdrf,mrsm;ESifh usef;rma&; apmufa&Smufr_onfvnf; ydkrdkI tqifhjrifhvmcJhonf?
odk@aomf*J&uf. pm;zG,faomufzG,fae@rsm;onf tuef@towfom jzpfcJhonf? tpdk;&onf A[dkcsKyfudkifr_pDrHudef;qdkif&m

rsm;wGifwif;rmaom pepfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& =oZmtm%m&dSaomfvnf; EdkifiHjcm;xkwfukeftwGuf tvm;tvmenf; aom
oHvkyfief;/ oabFmaqmufvkyfa&;uJhodk@ t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief; ponhf vkyfief;rsm;udk ðyjyifajymif;vJ&eftwGuf óud;pm;tm;xkwfr_
trSefwu,frvkyfcJhay? tpdk;&onf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;xJrS aumif;ayhqdkaom tydkif;rsm;udk xkwf,loHk; pGJcJh=uonf?
tusifhysuft&m&dSrsm;rS aiGrsm;udk uJh,lI ZdrfcH &GufavSrsm;ESifh ZdrfcHtyef;ajztdrfrsm; 0,f,lcJh=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;. 0ifaiG
tvsiftjrefwdk;wufcJhonf/ odk@aomf arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;xkwfukefrsm; usqif;cJhaoma=umifh tpm;tpmrsm;ydkI wifoGif;cJh&jyefonf?
aºuG;+rDrsm;pkyHkaecsdefwGif wifoGif;ukefrsm;rS tcGefb¾mrsm;onfvnf; wdk;wufvmcJhjcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh EdkifiHjcm; taºuG;'%fvnf;
ydkrdk qdk;0g;vmcJhonf? taºuG;a[mif;rsm;udk qyf&if;jzihf taºuG;opfwGif ðryfaecJhonf? tpm;taomuf oGif;ukefEiS fh
tjcm;oGif;ukefrsm;udk &yfqdkif;cJh&onf? tqHk;rSmawmh tpm;taomufrStp bvdyf'g;tqHk; tm;vHk;wGif tvdkjyaecJhawmhonf?
(1980) wGif PZPR onf ‚if;. trSm;rsm;a=umifh ‚if;udk,fwdkif t=uyf&dkufcJhonf? tpm;tpm wifoGif;r_ av#mhcsjcif; onf
tuef@towfjzihf &duQmaxmufyHh&aomtajctae jzpfvmonf? ukefaps;E_ef;rsm; jr‡ifhwif&ef vdktyfvmcJhonf? tm%mydkifrsm;u
Zlvdkifv tpydkif;wGif aps;E_ef;rsm;jr‡ifhwif&ef a=ujimcJhjyefonf? tvkyform;rsm; rnfodk@ wHk@jyefrnfESifh ywfoufI
tm%mydkfifrsm;taejzifh rnfodk@r# txifrSm;jcif;r&dScJhacs? odk@aomf tenf;qHk; rwnf+idrfr_udk umuG,fEdkifvdrfh rnf[k
ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? a'otm%mydkifrsm;tm; rnfonfh rD;udkrqdk vkyfcrsm;wdk;jr‡ifhay;jcif;jzifh+idrf;ouf&efESifh/ &duQm tom;rsm;udk
jy\emay:ayguf&m ae&mrsm;odk@ ydk@ay;jcif;jzifh ajz&Sif;=u&ef !Gef=um;cJhonf? a'oqdkif&m oabmwlnDr_ rsm;jzifh xdka'gorsm;udk
xdef;csKyfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k tpdk;&rS ar#mfvifhcJhonf?
oydwfarSmufyGJrsm;onf 0gaqm twGif; tjyif tm;vHk;wGif csufcsif;qkdovdk ay:aygufcJhonf? tjcm;òrd@rsm;odk@ oydfwfyGJ rsm;
jyef@ESH@oGm;pOf t&m&dSrsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . pdk;&drfcsufrsm;udk twif;rsdKcscJh&onf? odk@aomf Tw}udrfwGif ydkvefom;rsm;
bmjzpfaeonfqdkwmudk tarSmifxJwGif xdef;odrf;xm;&ef jy\em &dScJhonf? ,Jquful&Gefonf ol@. 0gaqm tcef;rS aeI
wEdkifiHvHk;&dS tvkyform;ta&;aqmif&Gufoltm;vHk;udk oydfwfowif;rsm;pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh jzef@a0jcif;rsm; ðyvkyf&ef aqmf=ocJhonf?
olonf bDbDpD/ vGwfvyfaomOa&mya&'D,dkponfh ydkvefEdkifiHt0Srf;odk@ owif;jyefvnfxkwfv$ifhaom owif;Xmersm;rS
EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufrsm;ESifhvnf; qufoG,fEdkfifcJhonf? òrd@wòrd@rS tvkyform;rsm;onf tjcm;òrd@rS tvkyform;rsm; qENjyI

awmif;qdkr_rsm; &&dScJhonf[k =um;od&+yD; ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkifvnf; vrf;ay:xGufI awmif;qdkvm cJh=uawmhonf? a&'Grf tygt0if
tcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif tm%mydkfifrsm;onf r+idrfoufr_rsm;udk óudwif[ef@wm;Edkif&ef vufOD;r_I vpmrsm;wdk;jr‡ifhcJhonf? oydwfarSmufyGJ
vHk;0rjzpfcJhaom òrd@onf *'ef@pfcf jzpfcJhonf? *sLvdkifv tukefydkif;wGif vpmrsm;wdk;jrifhjcif;onf vSnfhuGufwckom jzpfaecJh+yD;/
tHkºuGr_vnf; +yD;qHk;oGm;cJhonf? tm%mykdifrsm; oufjyif;csrnf =uH&Hk&dSao;csdefwGif =o*kwfv tpydkif;wGif vDeif oabFmusif;rS
t&m&dSrsm;onf olwdk@r=umcif aemifw&vdrfhrnfh wpHkwck udk xyfrHðyvkyfcJh=uonf? =o*kwfv (7) &ufae@wGif tm%mydkifrsm;onf
oabFmusif;wGif ESpfaygif; oHk;q,fr# tvkyfvkyf cJhol/ aemufvtenf;i,ftwGif; yifpif,lawmhrnfh tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfudk
tvkyfðzwfcJhonf? tifem a0:vifwD Edk0pfZfonf tvkyfpvkyfcsdefwGif *a[qufol tvkyfor wOD;taeESifh vkyfudkifcJh+yD;/
aemufydkif; u&def;um; armif;aom tvkyfudk vkyfudkfifcJhonf? xdkvkyfief;uyif olrtm; vkyfief;taqmuftOD;rsm;t=um;
vlodrsm;cJhonf? yGifh&dkuf 0wfpHk 0wfqifwwfaom tzGm;t&G,f ollronf &dkom;aom*k%fyk'fESifh b0wl tvkyform;rsm;twGuf
rarmryef; awmif;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifol tjzpf vlodrsm;cJhonf? olronf vlodrsm;olwpfa,muf jzpfcJhonf? olronf *'ef@pfcf
oabFmusif;tjyif zuf&Sd EdkifiHa&; twdkuftcHrsm;ESihf axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;t=um; tquftoG,frsm;
ðyvkyfay;cJh onf?
(1978) ckEpS f aEGvwGif a0:vifwED kd0pfZf onf *'ef@pcf f &Sad qmif&Gufolrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@udk,fykdif tvkyf
orm;or*~tzJG@rsm; zJG@pnf;csifonfqdkaom owif;udk bDbDpD toHv$ifhXmerS odcJh&onf? onfhaemufwGif olronf ‚if;tzGJ@odk@
oabFmwnfaqmufa&; tif*sifeD,mrsm; jzpf=uaom tif'a&0D,mpf'gESihf *sKdem 'l;'g 0D,mhpf'gwdk@ZeD;armifESH wdk@ESifhtwl
yl;aygif;cJhonf? abmh'ef bdk&k0pfZfonf *'ef@pfcf &Sd KOR tzGJ@0ifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; 1968 ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; wGif yg0ifcJhaom
ordkif;ynm&SifwOD; jzpfonf? KOR . uGefjrLeDuwfpmapmifwGifygaombdk&l;0pfZf. rdef@cGef;udk zwf+yD; aemuf vDeifoabFmusif;&Sd
aq;cef;wGif olemðy wpfOD;jzpfol tvDem yD,efaumhpumonfvnf; xdktzGJ@odk@0ifa&muf vmcJhonf? 1970 ckESpf qENjyyGJrsm;wGif
acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfcJhol vufcsf bm0ifqmonfvnf; a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfudk ESpfoufonfh tm;avsmfpGm wcsdefwnf;wGif
0ifa&mufcJh+yD; olwdk@onf vDeifoabFmusif;rS *smqD abm&dkZufESifh tif'a& udkvdkZD;/ tygt0ifteD;tem; t,fvfarm
oabFmusif;axmufyHha&;vkyfief;rS abmh'efvpfZf paom vli,ftvkyform; rsm;udkvnf; pkaqmif;EdkifcJhonf?
or*~ta&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf bdk&k0pfZfrSwqifh òrd@xJwGif v_yf&Sm;aeaom twkduftcHtkyfpkrsm;ESihf csdwfqufrdcJhonf? olwdk@onf

a'ow0dkuf&Sd puf&Hkrsm;odk@ tvkyform;*sme,f &dkabmhepfcfudk jzef@a0cJh=u+yD; (1978) =o*kwfvwGif urf;&dk; wef;vkyfom;rsm;
(&dkabmhepfcf 0dkifb&D;Zm) [k trnf&aom owif;v$mudk pwifxkwfa0cJhonf? tkyfpkawmfawmfrsm;rsm; onf (1970) ckESpfwGif
usqHk;cJhaom oabFmusif;tvkyform;rsm;udk *k%fðyaomtm;jzihf ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; 'DZifbmvwGif trSwfw& tcrf;tem;
ðyvkyfusif;yEdkifa&;twGuf tpGrf;ukef óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? ESpfywfvnf tcrf;tem;rðyvkyfcif &ufowWywf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSpI
a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfESifh olr. oli,fcsif;rsm;onf puf&Hktjyifzuf*dwfrsm;ESifh "gwf &xm;rsm;ay:wGif vufurf;pmapmifrsm;
jzef@a0jcif;ESifh òrd@xJwGif ydkpwmrsm; vdkufvHuyfjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? ESpfywfvnfae@wGif oabFmusif; *dwftrSwf 2 .
tjyifbufwGif vlrsm; pka0;um yef;rsm;=uJjcif;/ wpfrdepfr# +idrfouf jcif;/ trsKd;om;oDcsif;rsm;oDqdkjcif;ESifh rdef@cGef;rsm;
em;axmifjcif;wdk@ ðyvkyf=uonf?
trSwfw&atmufarhzG,ftcrf;tem;odk@ wufa&mufvm=uaomolrsm;udk tiftm;oHk;I vlpkcJGjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfavhr&SdcJh aomfvnf;

xdktcrf;tem;jzpfajrmuf&ef pDpOfol wpfOD;csif;pDtaejzifh ay;qyf&r_rsm; &SdcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@onf ravsmfuef aomjypfr_rsm;jzihf
tzrf;cH&jcif;/ acwWc% xdef;odrf;cH&jcif;/ wdwfwqdwf wdkufcdkufcH&jcif;/ ‚if;wdk@ tvkyfrS xkwfy,fcH& jcif;rsm; óuH=u=u&onf?
(1979) ckESpf atmufarhzG,f tcrf;tem;jzpfajrmuf&ef ulnDcJhol tDvufx&dkrGefwpfyfpuf&HkrS vli,ftvkyform; wm'D&kpf
&SpfZDyefpuDonf &ufowWywf tenf;i,f=umaemufydkif;wGif aysmufjcif;rvS aysmufoGm; cJhonf? aqmif;tukefwGifol.
ysufpD;aeaom &kyftavmif;udk jrpfxJwGif aygavmarsmaeonfudk awG@cJh&onf?
TuJhodk@aom &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaom udpP&yfrsm;udk &ifqdkifajz&Sif;&ef y&d,m,fºuG,faomqHk;jzwfcsufwck vdktyfcJh onf?

xdktxJwGif vufbm0ifqmxuf b,folrS rydkEdkifcJhay? (1967) ckESpfwGif olonf *'ef@pfcf odk@ a&mufvmcJhonf? xdk@aemuf
topfa&muf&dSvmol 'gEkwm[k trnf&aom tvkyforwOD;udk vufxyfcJh+yD;/ v#yfppftvkyform;tjzpf oabFmusif;wGif
tvkyf&cJhonf? (1970) oydwfarSmufcsdefwGif bm0ifqmonf acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfaecJh+yD jzpfonf? olonf xufjrufolwOD;jzpf+yD;/
olpdwfxJ&dSonfudk yGifhyGifvif;vif; ajymwwfolvnf;jzpfonf? &,farmp&mrsm; ajym wwfol wOD;vnf;jzpfonf?
ol.*k%foduQmrSm vkyfief;u|rf;usifr_&dSjcif;ESifh tvkyfóud;pm;jcif;jzpfonf? xdktwGufa=umifh oabFmusif;t&m&dSrsm;onf oltm;
vkyfief;cGifus,fus,fjyef@jyef@vkyfydkifcGifh ay;&onf? (1970) aemufydkif; ESpfrsm;wGif olonf atmifharhzG,ftcrf;tem;rsm;
ðyvkyf&mwGif }udrfzefrsm;pGm ulnDay;cJhjcif;/ or*~tpnf;ta0;rsm;rS t&m&dSrsm;udk armif;xkwfjcif;rsm;udk =udrfzefrsm;pGm
óud;pm;vkyfudkifcJhonf? (1976) ckESpf pum;cyf&Snf&Snfwcg rsm;+yD;onfhaemufydkif; wGif/ ol@tm; tvkyfrS xkwfypfcJhonf/

aemufxyfESpfaygif;awmffawmf=um=umtwGif; bm0ifqmonf tvkyfwckrS wck ajymif;vdkuf txkwfcH&vdkuf jzpfaecJh onf? olESifh
ol.wdk;yGm;vmaom rdom;pktwGuf tvkyfr&cif pyf=um; umvrsm;wGif bk&m;ausmif;/ KOR ESifh tjcm; aomtzGJ@rsm;.
tvSLaiGjzifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ tvkyform;rsm;rS pkaqmif;aumufcHay;aom axmufyHhaiGjzifhaomf vnf;aumif; &yfwnfcJh&onf?
tm%mydkifrsm;rS ol.b0&yfwnfr_tm; cufcJatmif ðyvkyfcJhaomfvnf;/ ol@tm; pkduf vdkufrwfwwf
vkyfaqmifaompnf;&Hk;a&;orm;jzpfapa&;odk@ v_H@aqmfay;ovdk jzpfcJhonf? òrd@awmf. t}uD;qHk;vkyfief;wGif vlodrsm;aom
olwa,mufjzpfaeaoma=umifh/ ol tvkyfwckrS wckodk@ ajymif;a&$@&pOf vGwfvyfaom or*~. owif; pum;rsm;udk
a&muf&mpuf&Hkrsm;odk@ jzef@a0cJhonf? xdkumvrsm;wGif olonf EdkifiHta&;aqmif&Gufol tcsdefjynfh vkyfom; wa,muf jzpfcJhonf?
wcgw&Hol@udk (1791) ydkvef 'Drdku&ufwpftajccHOya' pm&Gufrsm;jzifh uyfxm;aom ol@. um; ao;ao;av;jzifh òrd@wGif;wGif
vSnfhywfarmif;aeonfudk awG@&wwfonf? *'ef@pfcf &dS EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm; tpnf;ta0;odk@ vnf; ola&mufvmcJh+yD;/
ynmwwfrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;t=um; r[mrdwfrsm; &SmazGaewwfonf? vltm;vHk;udk olod +yD;/ ae&mwdkif;vnf;
ola&mufcJhonf?
w&m;0if or*~rsm;onf tvdrftnm wckomjzpfI tvkyform;rsm;onf tu,fI olwdk@. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk jr‡ifhwifcsif onf
qdkygu ‚if;wdk@udk,fwkdif pnf;&Hk;I udk,fhtcGifhta&;twGuf udk,fudk,fwdkif ajym&rSm jzpfonfudk bm0ifqm ESifh a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf
wdk@onf awmfawmf=um=um uwnf;u od&dScJh+yD; jzpfonf? (1970) oydwfu olwdk@udk aemufw}udrf oydwfarSmufygu
b,ft&monf usqHk;EdkifI b,ft&monf tvkyfjzpfEdkifonfudk jyocJhonf? ,ckqdkfv#if 0D,mhpf'g/ bm&k0pfZfESifh tjcm;olrsm;ESifh
tquftoG,f aus;Zl;a=umifh olwdk@onf oabFmusif;ESifh *'ef@pfcf wdk@udk ausmfvGefaom a'orsm;wGif tpdwftydkfif;wcktjzpf
yg0ifae+yD jzpfa=umif; owdxm;vmrd=uonf? a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf onf KOR . avhvma&;pmapmifrsm;udk tm;xm;cJhonf?
twdkuftcHpmapmifrsm;udk zwfcJhonf? tjrifhysHwuUodkfvfwGifvnf; oifcef; pmrsm; wufa&mufcJhonf? bm0ifqmonf
tjcm;wdkif;jynfta&; aqmif&Gufolrsm;ESifh twlwuG vkyfaqmif&aom ol. tawG@tóuHudk “ppfrSefaom vlom;qdkif&m
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_. yxrqHk; t&om”[k cHpm;rdcJhonf?
(1980) aEG&moDwdkifxd vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~rsm;onf ul&GefESifh rpfcsepfwdk@ t=uHðycJhaom KOR rS usihfoHk; aeonfh
twdkuftcHyHkpHudk qufvufusifhoHk;cJhonf? ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf toem;cH qENjyrnfhtpm;/ tpdk;&. vltzGJ@ tpnf;twGif;
[efaqmifxdfef;csKyfr_udk zGifhcspdefac:cJhonf? vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifhESifh toif;tzJG@ zGJ@pnf;cGifhudk rawmif;qdkyJ
xdktcGifhta&;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@xHwGif &dS+yD; jzpfovdk ðyrlI ‚if;wdk@ydkif owif;pmrsm; xkwfa0/ jzef@csDjcif;/ ‚if; wdk@ukd,fydkif
tcrf;tem;rsm;usif;jyjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? xkdodk@ðyvkyf&eftwGuf tvkyform;rsm;udk owif;rjywfydk@ay; cJhonf? (1970) ckESpf.
pdwf"gwfudk &Sifoefaeatmif ysKd;axmifcJhonf? tdfrfwdkif,ma,muf vGwfvyfaom tvkyform; or*~rsm;twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;udk
ajymqdkjcif;ESifh *'ef@pfcf rS ynmwwf twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh ppfaoG;ºuGaom tvkyform; rsm;t=um; qufqHa&;rsm;ysKd;axmifcJhonf?
odk@aomfvnf; tjrifhqHk;&nfrSef;csuftjzpf vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~rsm;twGuf ydkveftvkyform; tm;vHk;udk

pnf;&Hk;&rnf[laom ydkrdkjrifhrm;aom &nf&G,fcsufxm;cJh=uonf? ‚if;. tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf pepftwGif;Yyif tajccHajymif;vJ
r_rsm;ðyvkyfa&; zdtm;ay;&ef pdwf0ifpm;cJhonf? xdkrSom tvkyform;rsm;onf pnf;&Hk;ydkifcGifhESifh udk,fukdudk,f ckcHydkifcGifhrsm;
&dSvmvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? ajymif;vJcsdefcgwefygu 0gaqmrS ynmwwfrsm; OD;aqmif&SmazGaom enf;emrsm;jzifh rvHkavmuf Edkifay/
axmifESifhcsDaom vltrsm;tay:wGif tajccHI axmifESifhcsDaom pk&Hk;jyifqifr_rsm; ðyvkyf&rnfjzpf+yD;/ tpdk;&ESifh vnf; tjyif;txef
twdkuftcHjzpfvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? (1980) ckESpf aEG&moDwGif bm0ifqm ESifh ol@rdwfaqGrsm;onf olwdk@udk olwdk@ xdkuJhodk@aom
v_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmifaeonfudk trSwfrxif odvdkufcJh&onf? a0:vifwDEdk0pfZftm; tvkyf ðzwfcHvkduf&jcif;onf xdkpeufóud;udk
rD;wdk@ay;vdkufaom rD;yGg;wp jzpfcJhonf?
usKyfwdk@ oabFmusif;udk odr;f ydkufawmhr,f

a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf tvkyfðzwfjcif;cH&onfh xdknwGif q&m0efwpfOD;/ ydkvefvli,frS tzJG@0ifrsm; ESifh trsKd;om;a&;0g'D twdkuf
tcHtkyfpkwdk@yg0ifaom *'ef@pfcf rSv_yf&Sm;ol 'gZif0ufcef@onf yDa,mh 'dkuf. aetdrfwGif awG@qHkcJh=uonf? bm0ifqmonf vnf;
bm&dk0pfZf/ yD,efaumhpum/ tif'a& 0D,mhpf'gESifh vli,ftvkyform;ESpfOD; jzpf=uaom vDeifoabFmusif;Y tvkyf vkyfaeol
abmh'ef zJvfpuDwdk@ESifhtwl yg0ifwufa&mufcJhonf? yJ&pf uGefjrL;oabFmusif;Y tvkyfvkyfcJh+yD; qENjyyJGjzpf ajrmufatmif
v_H@aqmfóud;yrf;r_a=umifh tvkyfðywfcJh&aom tif'a& udkavmh'dZD;wdk@vnf; xdktpnf;ta0; ðyvkyfaom tdrfwGif &SdaecJhonf?
olwdk@onf 'dkuf. tcef;twGif; tm%mydkifrsm;rS cdk;I em;axmifaomu&d,mrsm;wyfxm;rnfudk pdk;&drfcJh=uonf? xdktwGufa=umifh
tyghref@tjyifbufodk@ xGufcJh=u+yD; qENjyyGJta=umif; ajymcJh=uonf?
aemufxyf&uftenf;i,f=umaomtcgbm&k0pfZfESifh vli,foabFmusif;tvkyform;oHk;OD; jzpf=uaom zJvfpuD/ *smpD bdk&dkZufESifh

vl;0pf y&mZif;puD;wdk@onf tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfcJh=uonf? ZlvdkifvwGif qENjyyGJðyvkyf&ef óud;pm;cJhaomtcg

oabFmusif;tvkyform;rsm; rnfodk@r#rwHk@jyefcJhay? onfwcsdefwGif olwdk@wGif ypfrSwf (a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf) ESifh ygwfoufI
aqmif&Guf&efykd+yD;eD;pyfaomta=umif;t&mwpfck&SdcJhonf? bma=umifh olr tvkyfðzwfcH&onf &Sif;jyjcif;/ olrudk tvkyf jyefcef@&ef
awmif;qdkxm;jcif;/ vkyftm;crsm;wdk;jr‡ifhay;&efawmif;qdkjcif;ESifh (1970) 'DZifbmvwGif toufpaw;cJh&aom tvkyform;rsm;udk
*k%fðyaomtm;jzifh ausmufwdkifwpfck ðyvkyfay;&ef ponfwdk@yg0ifaom axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk olwdk@
jzef@a0cJh=uonf?
oabFmusif;twGif;wGif bm&k0pfZfonf tvkyform;tcsKd@udk xdkta=umif;t&mrsm;onf olwdk@udk puf&HkjyifyxGufI

oydwfarSmufEdkifavmufonfhtajctae&Sdygovm;[k wdwfwqdwf ar;=unfhaomtcg &Sdygonf[k ajzcJhonf? pDpOf aqmif&Gufol
av;OD;onf olwdk@. tpDtpOfudk v#Kd@0Sufxm;cJh+yD; vGwfvyfaomtvkyform;or*~wGif yg0ifaom vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;onfyifv#if
qENjyyGJjzpfEdkifacs&Sdonfqdkonfr#omodonf? odk@aomf olwdk@zufwGif ydkI tawG@ tóuH&Sdaomol vkdtyfonfudk olwdk@odI
=o*kwfv (12) &ufae@/ t*Fgae@wGif bm0ifqmqDodk@ oGm;a&mufum aemuf wae@eHeuf oydwfwdkufyGJwGif ‚if;tm; OD;aqmifI
ulnDay;yg&ef ajymcJhonf? bm0ifqmonf ‚if;.ZeD; 'gEkwmvnf; olwdk@. ajcmufa,mufajrmufuav;arG;+yD;csdefjzpfojzifh
‚if;tem;rSm &Sdae&efvdktyfaoma=umifhoydwfwkdufyGJOD;aqmif &ef oabmwl+yD;umrS jyef&kyfodrf;oGm;cJhonf? odk@aomf
=umoyaw;ae@wGif oltm;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh oydwf wdkufyGJtm; aemufw&ufodk@ a&$@cJhonf?
=umoyaw;ae@reuf 4 em&DcGJwGif bm&k0pfZfonf *'ef@pfcf ajrmufydkif;qifajczHk; rS oabFmusif;odk@oGm;aom vrf;ay:wGif

&yfxm;aom "gwf&xm;ay:wGif a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfta=umif;yg0ifaom vufurf;pmapmif axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk a0iSaecJh onf?
vrf;rD;awGpxGef;onfESifhwòydifeuf ol@. pm&Gufa0urf;a&;udpPtwGuf tjcm;taz:wa,mmufvnf; a&mufvm cJhonf?
olwdk@txJrS vlESpfa,muf reufydkif; tvkyfqdkif;twGuf yxrOD;qHk; tvkyform; wtkyfudkwifI awmifbufodk@ oGm;rnfh
"gwf&xm;ay:odk@ wufcJh=uonf? olwdk@ vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk jzef@a0cJh+yD;/ aemufw*dwfwGif qif;cJh=uonf? xdk@aemuf aemuf
"gwf&xm;wpD;ay: xyfwuf+yD;/ jzef@a0vdkufaepOf tjcm;wzGJ@onfvnf; awmifydkif;odk@oGm;aom tjcm; vdkif;rsm;wGif
vufurf;pmapmifrsm; jzef@a0cJh=uonf? ol@. vufxJwGifpmapmif wapmifrS rusefawmhrS ajcukefvufyrf;usaeaom
bm&k0pfwdk@tzGJ@ tdrfodk@jyefvmcJh=uonf?
olwdk@ oabFmusif;odk@ a&mufaomtcg axmifESifhcsDaom tvkyform;rsm;onf a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf. toufarG;0rf;

a=umif;vkyfief;ESifh olrtvkyfðzwfcH&jcif;udpPudk tao;pdwfudk odaecJh=u+yD jzpfonf? olwdk@awGu olr. aumif;jrwf aom
*k%fowif;oHk;yg;/ tvkyform;xkudk udk,fpm;ðy+yD; olr. wdkufyGJ0ifr_ ESifh vGwfvyfaom or*~tkyfpkrsm;ESifh vufwGJ
vkyfaqmifaer_awG tm;vHk;udk odaecJh+yD; jzpfaecJhonf? aemufqHk; olrudk tvkyfrS armif;xkwfcsdef =o*kwfv (7) &ufae@ txd/
tkyfcsKyfa&;u olrtay: rnfodk@ tEdkifusifh cJhyHkudk olwdk@wawG tm;vHk; odcJh=uonf? “tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf. ta&;onf
vufrcHEdkifp&m udpPwckjzpfvmcJh+yD” “tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf olronf tjcm;tvkyform;rsm;. ta&;udk tumtuG,af y;cJ+h yD;/
vkyfaz:udkifzuf tvkyform;rsm;udkvnf; pnf;&Hk;EdkifcJhonf?” [k xdkvufurf;pmapmifxJwGif xkwfjyefa=ujimcJhonf? “tu,fI
u|Ekfyfwdk@rS Trw&m;r_udk rwGef;vSefEkdifygu/ tvkyfudkfwm wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;/ vkyfief;vkHòcHr_ pnf;urf;tm;csdK;azmufjcif; ESifh tvkyfcsdef
ydkrdkvkyfcdkif;jcif; ponfwdk@ukd &J&J0ifh0ifh ajymqdk&Jol wOD;rS &dSawmhrnf r[kwf” [k a&;xm;onf? tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfonf
olwdk@tm; tumtuG,fay;cJh+yD;/ ,cktcsdefonf ‚if;wdk@rS olrStm; jyefvnfI tumtuG,fay;&ef tcsdefyifjzpfonf?
vlESpf&m ywf0ef;usifcef@ ajcmufem&Drxdk;cifwGif au 5 oabFmi,f.udk,fxnf tpdwftydkif;rsm;wyfqifonfh *dka'gifi,frsm;rS

olwdk@. t0wfAD'dkrsm;qDodk pdrfajyeajyjzifh av#mufvmpOf/ oydwfarSmuf&ef v_H@aqmfydkpwmrsm;udk awG@cJh&onf? wnvHk;
tdyfraysmfcJhaom bm&k0pfZf apmapmpD;pD; v_H@aqmfa&; ydkpwmrsm;udk csdwfcJhonf? olwdk@ tjym a&mif tvkyform;0wfpHkudk
vJaecsdefwGif bm&k0pfZfu olwdk@vufxJodk@ vufurf;pmapmifwckpD xnhfay;vkdufonf? xdkuJhodk@aomtcsif;t&mrsKd;onf
wòydifeufwnf;rSmyif y&mZif;puD;tvkyfvkyfaeaom ydk}uD;onfh au 3 *dka'gifESifh zJvfpuD;tvkyfvkyfaeaom 'AvsL 5 *dka'gifwGif
jzpfyGm;cJh+yD;/ tjcm;olrsm;uvnf; vufurf;pmapmifrsm; jzef@a0cJhonf?
t0wfvJcef; ESifh tvkyf&Hkrsm;wGif zJvfpuD/ y&mZif;puD;ESifh bm&k0pfZfwdk@onf oydwfta=umif;udk &Sif;jyI uGif;jyifxJodk@

xGufvm&ef awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? tvkyform;awmfawmfrsm;rsm; txl;ojzifh touft&G,f}uD;aom tvkyform;rsm;rS
wGef@qkwfqkwfjzpfcJhaomfvnf; tcsKd@u oabmwlcJhonf? “cifAsm;wdk@ pufawGudk xm;cJhyg/ usKyfwdkeJ@ vufwGJwdkufcdkuf prf;yg”[k
olwdk@ oabFmukd,fxnfydkif;ESifh tvkyf&Hkrsm;udk jzwfausmfoGm;csdfef atmf[pfcJhonf? bm&k0pfZfESifh zJvfpuDwdk@. tkyfpkrsm;onf
y&mZif;puD;. au-5 tkyfpkrsm;ESifh csdwfqufrd+yD;/ uGif;jyif.tqHk;wGif qHkawG@cJh=uonf? vl ESpfaxmif cef@ pkrdcJhonf/ xdk@aemuf
olwdk@ puf&Hk.tjcm;zufqDodk@ jyefcsDwufcJh=uonf? olwdk@. udfef;*%ef;onf wpp wdk;yGm;vm aecJhonf?
reuf udk;em&D enf;enf;ausmfcJhonfh tcsdefwGif (1970) wGif oydwfarSmufolrsm;udk aoewfESifh ypfoufcJhonfh eHrnfqdk; ESifh
ausmf=um;cJhonfh *dwf eHygwf 2 udk OD;wnfcJhonf? vltcsKd@u oabFmusif;rSm raeyJ ygwDaumfrwD taqmuftOD; zufqDodk@

csDwuf=u&ef atmf[pfcJhonf? acgif;aqmifrsm;onf xdktwGuf jyifqifcJh+yD;jzpfonf/ 1970 qHk±H_;r_}uD;udk jyef vnf toufoGif;&ef
qENr&dSawmh/ tmZmenfpm&if;topfudkvnf; xyfrðypkcsif=uawmhay? bm&k0pfZfESifh tjcm;olrsm; u (1970) wGif
usqHk;oGm;aomolrsm;tm; atmufharhtrSwf&jcif; taejzifh acwWr# +idrfouf&ef awmif;qdkcJh=u+yD;/ EdkfifiH awmfoDcsif;udk
tkyfpkvdkufoDqdk&ef olwdk@OD;aqmifcJh=uonf? tenf;i,ftenfxdkif+idrfoufoGm;rS/ OD;aqmifolwdk@onf olwdk@tm;vHk;udk
oabFmusif;xJwGif xnfhxm;vkdufcJhonf? tenf;i,f=umaomtcg tkyfcsKyfa&; taqmuftOD;tjyif zuf uGif;jyifwGif
oydwfarSmuform; tm;vHk; pkpnf;cJh=uonf? toufESpfq,fhESpfESpf t&G,fom&dSao;aom abm&dkZuf u axmifxm;aom
ajrwl;pufa*:jym;ay:odk@ wuf+yD;/ puf}uD;udk yvufazgif;ay:odk@ vSnfhvkdufonf? olu toHcsJ@puf udk,lI aumfrwDwck
a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf&ef oydwfarSmufolrsm;udk aqmfatmcJhonf? “tvkyf&HkawGeJ@ tvkyform; tkyfpkrsm; twGif; =oZm
tm%m&dS+yD;/ usKyfwdk@ ,Hk=unf&wJholawG &dSzdk@ vdktyfw,f?” *dka'giftoD;oD;/ XmetoD;oD;rS tvkyform;rsm;onf udk,fpm;vS,f
pkpkaygif;ta,mufESpfq,f a&G;cJh=uonf?
xdk@aemuf oabFmusif; 'g&dkufwm uvDrif epfcsfay:xGufvmcJh+yD;/ ajrwl;a*:jym;ay:odk@ wufvmcJhonf? epfcsfudk tvkyf orm;rsm;rS
av;pm;I oabmus=uonf? oabFmudk,fxnf tpdwftydkif; vkyfom;wa,muf tjzpf ESpfaygif; ESpfq,f =um vkyfudkifcJh+yD;
jzpfonf? tjcm;ygwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;uJhodk@yif (1970) 'DZifbm oydwfwGif olvnf; yg0ifcJhonf? ol@udk wdk;wufaom tjrif&dSol
wa,muftjzpf owfrSwfcJh=uonf? xdk@a=umihf oydwfarSmufolawG tvkyfudk jyefwmeJ@ oydwf aumfrwDeJ@
pum;xkdif+yD;ajymrnf[k oluajymaomtcg awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u ol@tay: ,Hk=unf&ef toifhjzpfaecJhonf? Ttajctae
oydwfonf em&Dtenf;i,ftwGif; oydwf òyduGJEdkifonfh yHkay:aecJhonf?
&kwfcsnf;qdkovdk epfcsfonf bm0ifqm udk ol.eHab; ajrwl;a*:jym;ay: &yfaeonfudk &kwfw&ufawG@cJhonf? bm0ifqm u

“cifAsm;usGefawmfhudk rSwfrdygovm;” [k 'g&kdufwmudk ar;cJhonf? oloabFmusif;. jcH0ef;udk rausmfcif ol@aemufu t+rJwap
vkdufaewJh vHkòcHa&;0efxrf;rsm;udk rsufajcjywfap&ef wreufvHk; ol óud;pm;&if;jzifh tcsdefukefcJhonf? ,ck ol
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;ta&S@wGif epfcsfudk zdI ppfaq;cJhonf? “oabFmusif;uae usKyfbma=umifh
tvkyfðywfcJh&w,fqdkwmudk olwdk@udk ajymjyyg”[k olawmif;qdkcJhonf? “usKyf wpHkw&mrsm; cdk;cJhzl;ovm;/ usKyfu olcdk;
wa,mufvm;/ usKyf oabFmusif;rSm q,fESpfausmf tvkyfvkyfcJh+yD; usKyfudk,fh udk,fudk wu,fh oabFmusif;tvkyf orm;tjzpf
cH,laeao;w,f? 'g[m usKyf yHkrSeftvkyfwck&wJh tcsdefup&if av;ESpfausmfchJ+yD jzpfw,f?” bm&k0pfZfu bm0ifqmudk
ESpfq,fhwpfa,mufajrmuf tzGJ@0iftjzpf owfrSwf+yD; oydwfaumfrwDwGif aygif;xJhvdkufaoma=umifh bm0ifqmu “usKyfwdk@
oabFmusif;udk odrf;ydkufawmhr,f” [k [pfaºuG;cJhonf? oydwfwdkufyGJwGif yg0ifolrsm;. vufckyf =obmoHrsm; xGufvm+yD; ‚if;u
“'Dpuf&Hku pGef@cGmzdk@ aemufqHk; usefcJhr,fhol[m usKyfyJ” [k uwday;cJhonf?
bm0ifqm a&mufvmjcif;onf pum;0dkif;rpEdkifcif oydwfwdkufyGJudk tqHk;owfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k xifxm;cJhaom epfcsf. ar#mfvifhcsufudk

ysufpD;oGm;apchJonf? epfcsf.t=uHu =oZm&dSaom tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk vSnfhpm;Edkifrnf [laom t=uHjzpfonf?
ajrwl;puf a*:jym;ay:rSm cufcufcJcJ vlom;ESpfOD; &yfaecsdefwGif oydfwfarSmufolwdk@u olwkd@ udk,fydkif vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk
atmf[pfcJh=uonf? tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfudk oydfwfaumfrwDtwGif; xnfhoGif;ay;&ef/ olrudk epfcsf.um;ESifh puf&HkwGif;odk@
ac:aqmifay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? oydfwfarSmufolwdkonfh olwdk@tay:pD;rS &ae onfudk olwdk@odcJhonf? xkd@a=umifh txufvl}uD;
wOD;OD;tm; odyfrjyif;xefaom uvJhpm;acscGifhtcGifhta&;wckudk t&omcHaecJh=uonf? bm0ifqmu 'kwd, tajctaewckudk
xyfwdk;vdkufonf? xdkt&mrSm aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;pum;0dkfif; rsm;udk toHcsJ@pufjzifh oabFmusif;wckvHk;=um;Edkifatmif
xkwfv$ifhay;&rnf [lI jzpfonf? Todk@enf;jzifh oydwfwGif tqifhqifhwGif yg0ifol tm;vHk; vdkufygodEdkif+yD;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf
‚if;wdk@tm; a&mif;pm;aeolrsm;r[kwfqdkonfudk odEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdk@aemuf oydwfaumfrwDay:xGufvmcJhI bm0ifqm .
tvkyf&Hka[mif;jzpfaom uefwif;wGif ,m,Dpcef;cscJhonf?
vbuf&nfpmyGJ0dkif;wGif 0dkif;Ixdkif+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@onf vGefcJhaom em&Dykdif;twGif;u oydwfpnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfolrsm; vdkufvH

a[majymcJhonfh ta=umif;t&m;rsm;udk csHK@I awmif;qdkr_rsm;jzpfvmap&ef zefwnf;cJh=uonf? tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf ESifh
bm0ifqm ESpfa,mufpvHk;udk tvkyfjyefcef@&rnf? tvkyform;rsm; aexdkifp&dwfESifhtwl vcrsm; wdk;jr‡ifhay;&rnf/
tom;aps;E_ef;rsm; jrifhwufvmr_udk jyefcsay;&rnf? &JESifh ppfwyft&m&dSrsm;odk@ ay;xm;aom txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyefvnf
&kyfodrf;&rnf? (1970) tmZmenfrsm;twGuf ausmufwdkifwck xlay;&rnf? oydwfarSmufolrsm;tm; tpkd;&rS
uvJhpm;jyefracsyg[laom 0efcHcsuf vdktyfonf? bm0ifqm ESifh ol@. vkyfaz:udkifzufrsm; vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;uwnf;u
awmufav#mufawmif;qdkcJhonfh tvkyform;rsm;onfonf vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~rsm; wnfaxmifcGihf tcGifh ta&;
vdktyfonf?

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'g&kdufwmonf TvdktyfcsufwpHkw&mudkr# jznfhqD;aqmif&Gufay;Edkifr_r&SdcJhacs? tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGif vlxktm; rdef@cGef;ajym&ef
pepfwyfqifxm;r_rsm; r&SdonfhtwGufa=umifh pum;0dkif;udk toHv$ifh&ef rjzpfEdkif[k ol ajymcJhonf?
“a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfudk pdwfnpfnL;&avatmif vkyfzdk@ b,fvdkrS ta=umif;r&dSygbl;/” “olrtaeeJ@ odyfaeraumif;av awmh/
'Dvdkpdwfv_yf&Sm;p&mawGudk awG@+yD; 0rf;enf;oGm;Edkifw,f” [k oluqifajcay; ajymcJhonf? odk@aomf aumfrwD onf
vG,fvG,fESifhawmh olwdk@. OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk ra&SmhcJhay? bm0ifqmonf Tvdktyfcsufrsm;r&rcsif; olwdk@ awG@qHk
aqG;aEG;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k a=ujimcJh+yD; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpnf;ta0;cef;rS xGufvmcJh=uonf?
ae@vnfavmufwGif a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf ygvmaom rD;ckd;a&mifum;av; *dwf trSwf 2 rS 0if;twGif; odk@ 0ifvmaomtcg olwdk@
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um;teD;wGif 0ef;&Haeaoma=umifh a0:vifwED dk0pfZf um;xJrS xGufvmI ajrwl;a*:jym;ay:odk@ wufcJh onf? epfcsf&Hk;tjyifbuf&Sd
ðcHykwfrS xdkreufurS cl;vmaom ESif;qDyef;rsm;jzifh olrudk urf;=uonf? ESif;qDyef;&eH@ESifhtwl olrpum;rajymEdkifbJ rsuf&nfrsm;
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aemufwae@ aom=umae@wGif pum;0dkif;udk pwifvdfrfhrnfjzpfonf?
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vdkufvHpkaqmif;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;tzGJ@wzGJ@udk wm0efay;cJhonf? tjcm;ollrsm;onf uGif;jyif0if aygufrsm;udk apmifh=uyf=u+yD;/
t&ufraomuf&efvnf; wm;jrpfOya'xkwfI ydwfcJhonf? tcsKd@u aumif;uifóud;rsm; axmif+yD;/ vGwfvyfaomOa&my
a&'D,dkvdkif;udk em;axmifEdkif&ef zrf;cJh=uonf/ uGif;jyifxJ&dS rD;avmifvG,faom ypPnf; rsm;udk z,fxkwfcJh=uonf? tcsKd@uawmh
aomufa&oef@rsm;&&eftwGuf 0dkif;ulcJh=uonf/ xdkteD;wGif aeaomolrsm;u tdrfodk@jyefI zsmrsm; apmifrsm;jyef,lcJh=uonf?
aea&mif wjznf;jznf; uG,faysmufonfESifhtr# ywWLprsm;ESifh zefwD; xm;aom &GufzsifwJòrd@uav; xGufay:vmcJhonf?
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csufcsif; ul&GefxHodk@ zHk;qac:cJhonf? ul&GefxHrSwqifh EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufrsm;xHa&mufoGm;+yD;/ vGwfvyf aom Oa&mya&'D,dk
rSwqifh ydkvefodk@ owif;jyefa&mufvmcJhonf? abmh'ef abm&k0pfZfonf qdyfcHabmwHwm;bufudk oGm;I qdyfcHtvkyform;rsm;udk
bmawGjzpfaeonfudk ajymjyI ‚if;wdk@teD;tem; puf&Hkrsm;odk@vnf; qufvufajymjy&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? xdkae&mESihfrqdkifaom
tjyifvlwa,muftaeESifhrl oydwfarSmuf pGef@pm;&ef tjcm;olrsm;udk em;csEdkif vdrfhrnfr[kwfay? odk@aomfvnf; vGwfvyfaom
tvkyform;or*~ tkyfpkrsm;onf *'ef@pfcf-'dkifeD,ma'otwGif; t"du puf&Hkawmfawmfrsm;rsm;&dS aoG;ºuGaomtvkyform;rsm;ESifh
teD;uyfqufqHa&; &dScJhaoma=umifhvnf; ,ckvdk qufqHa&; tqifajzcJhjcif; jzpfonf// aom=umae@ eHeufwGif xdkvlrsm;onf
‚if;wdk@.v_yf&Sm;r_ pwifcJhonf?
aom=umae@onf tif'a& udkavmh'fZD;vkyfaeaom yJ&pfuGefjrL;oabFmusif;wGif tvkyf0ifonfh 'kwd,ajrmufae@ jzpfonf?

xdkreuf bwfpfum;ay:wGif toufESpfq,ft&G,f trnfrod vli,fwOD;u ol.vkyfaz:udkifzuf wOD;xHodk@ csnf;uyfoGm;cJh+yD;/
vDeifoabFmusif;wGif oydwfarSmufaea=umif;udk olwdk@udk ajymjycJhonf? olwdk@udkvnf; tvkyfrS xGufzdk@ awmif;qdkcJhonf?
xdkowif;ta=umif;udk oabFmudk,fxnf tpdwftydkif;xm;&m *dka'giftxd ,loGm;cJh+yD;/ vkyfief; wae@wmtp vkyfief;tzGJ@rsm;
vma&mufpkpnf;&m &ifjyiftxd xyfo,faqmifoGm;cJh=uonf? tvkyforsm;acgif;ESifh ygwDt&m&dSrsm;rS *dka'gifESifh
oabFmudk,fxnfydkif;twGif;odk@ tkyfpktvsiftjrefcGJvdkufaomtcg olESifh tjcm;vli,f vH_@aqmfolrsm;. t}uHysufoGm;cJhonf?
odk@aomf tenf;i,f=umaomtcg tvkyform; 'gZiftenf;i,f ‚if;wdk@tvkyfudk pGef@cGmI &ifjyifqDodk@ jyefvmcJhonf?
ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif axmifESifhcsDaom tvkyform;rsm; vma&mufylaygif;cJhIo ydwf}uD; pwifcJh=uonf?
vDeif oabFmusif;ESifh puf&HkeD;csif; wckjzpfaom t,fvfarmpuf&HkwGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tif'a&0D,mhpf'gESifh abmh'ef vpf qdk@onf
vGwfvyfaom tvkyform; or*~ESifh qufEG,folwOD;jzpf+yD;/ tHhtm;oifhp&myif PZPR. puf&Hk aumfrwD OuUXvnf;
jzpfaecJhonf? olwdk@uvlESpfaxmifcef@&dSaom oydwfudk OD;aqmifxGufvmcJhonf? tjcm;r[mrdwfwOD;jzpfol [ife&Dum
u&dkifZD0dkEdkuvnf; jrLeDpDy,fo,f,lydk@aqmifa&; tvkyform;rsm;udkvnf; tvkyfrS xGufcGm&ef wdkufwGef; em;csEdkifcJhonf?
oabFmusif;ðyjyifa&;rS tvkyform;rsm;ESifh *'ef@pfcfajrmufydkif; oabFmusif;rS tvkyform;rsm;onfvnf; tvkyfvkyfjcif;rS
&yffem;vdkuf=u+yD;/ ajrmufydkif;qdyfurf;rS qdyfurf;vkyfom;rsm;onf xdkolrsm;uJhodk@ tvkyfrS &yfem;cJh=u onf?
aom=umae@rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif tvkyform;ig;aomif;cef@ tvkyfrS pGefcGm&ef pnf;&Hk;wdkufwGef;EdkifcJh=uonf? puf&Hkwdkif;wGif
oydwfarSmufolrsm;onf taqmuftOD;rsm;udk odrf;,l&ef tqifhoifhjyifxm;+yD;/ oydfwfaumfrwDrsm;udk
a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;+yD;jzpfcJhonf? xdk@aemuf olwdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a'owckvHk;. tcsuftcsmusaom
vDeifoabFmusif;odk@ ydk@cJhonf?

=umoyaw;ae@ t&k%fwufwGifoydwftouf0ifcJh+yD; ESpfq,fhav;em&D tenf;i,fpGef;csdefwGif vufeufqdkI wkwfwdk
wacsmif;rSrygyJ/ vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk udkifaqmifxm;aom vufwqkyfpm vli,f wufºuGolrsm;onf tvkyform; xk}uD;udk
qGJac:xkwfEdkifcJhonf? aemufwae@wGifvnf; a'owckvHk; tvm;wl jzpf&yfrsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf? ae&mwdkif;wGif
oydwfarSmufolrsm;onf òrd@wGif; jynfhv#Haer_ESifh &Jrsm;ESifh xdyfwdkufwdk;r_rsm;udk r&ifqdkifbJ aemufqkwfI uGif;jyifxJ/
puf&HkxJwGifom aecJh=uonf? olwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDuspGm pnf;&Hk;Edkifaom/ pepfwusxdef;csKyfEdkifaomaexdkfif&m xdkpuf&Hkrsm;ESifh
uGif;jyifrsm;udkom tumtuG,fðyI aexdkifcJh=uonf? A[kdcsufrodk@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ydkjcif;tm;jzifh ‚if;wdk@onf oydwftm;vHk;udk
vrf;a=umif;Edkifaom/ nD!GwfEdkifaom tzGJ@tpnf; wck ay:aygufap&ef pwif óud;yrf;cJhonf?
vGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fa&; or*~rsm; awG;xifxm;onfxufyif ydkrkdaumif;rGefaom v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk pwif wdkufckdufjcif;jzifh

yxrtqifhrsm;wGif tHhtm;oifhp&m t&dSefwdk;wufr_rsm;&dScJhonf? aqmif&Gufol rsm; tvkyform;rsm;udk tvkyfrS xGufvm&ef
armif;ESif;+yD;wmESifh csufcsif;qdkovdk a&S@bmqufvkyf &rnfqdkwmudk tjynfht0 r!Gef=um;EdkifcJhay? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf
t&dSeft[kefonf aomif;ESifhcsDaom vlwOD;csif;qDrS xGufay:vmaom pdwfcHpm;r_rsm;rS xGufay:vmcJhaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
odk@aomf t"du qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm æ yxrae@wGif puf&Hkrsm;odrf;ydkuf/ pnf;&Hk;/ vGwfvyfaom or*~wck wnfaxmifjcif; qdkaom
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm csufjcif;vufiif; xGufay:vmonfawmh r[kwfay? 1970 ckpdwfcHpm;r_rsm;/ pdwf"gwfrsm;rSwqifh
jzwfoef;cJhaom tvkyform;rsm;rSwqifh oifcef;pmrsm;udk avhvm/ i,f&G,faom tvkyform;rsm;xH jzef@a0cJh=u&if;
ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? vGwfvyfaom tvkyform; or*~rsm;rS ESpfaygif;twef=um xkwfa0aom pmapmifrsm;wGifvnf;
xdkta=umif; t&mrsm;udk xkwfa0cJh+yD; vnf;jzpfonf? “usaemfwdk@bma=umifh vrf;ay: rxGufoifhbl;/ bma=umifh twGif;rSmyJ
aeoifhw,f qdkwmudk olwdk@udk &Sif;jyaep&m rvdkygbl;”[k bm&k0pfZfu jyefajymif; ajymjycJhonf? abmvfwpfurf;&dk;wef;a'ou
tvkyform;rsm; uawmh bmvkyf&rnfqdkwm olwdk@ &Sif;vif;pGm odaecJh+yD;jzpfonf?
b,fol oyfdwfarSmufcsifvJ´
a'ow0Srf;vHk;&dS tvkyform;rsm; xdkta&;udk 0ifa&mufqifEGJ=upOfwGif a'otm%mydkifrsm;onf 0gaqmrS trdef@udk
apmifhaecJh=uonf? qdkAD,uf ,leD,H odk@ tvnftywfc&D;pOf acwWa&mufaeaom*J&uf onf c&D;pOfudk zsufI 0gaqm
odk@jyefvmcJhonf? tpdk;&onf *'ef@pfcfwGif awmufavmifaeaom t"du rD;udk +idfrf;oufjcif;jzifh oydwfudk acsmacsmarG@arG@
tqHk;owf&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf? yxrtqifhonfòrd@ukd ydkveftjcm;ae&mrsm;ESifh vrf;a=umif;jzwfcJhonf? aom=umae@wGif *'ef@pfcfòrd@&dS
w,fvDzkef;vdkif;rsm;ESifh a=u;eef;vdkif;rsm; jzwfawmufcJh+yD;/ vrf;rsm; tm;vHk;udkvnf; ydwfq@dk cJhonf? vDeif oabFmusif;wGif
epfcsf.trdef@onf tvkyform;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m awmif;qdkcsuf trsm;pkudk vufcH&efjzpfonf? “oydwftqHk;owfap&ef
enf;vrf;tm;vHk;udk toHkðyyg”[k oludktrdef@ay;cJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;. “EdkifiHa&; qkdif&mawmif;qdkr_” txl;ojzifh
vGwfvyfaomor*~rsm;awmif;qdkr_udk y,fcsypf&rnf? oabFmusif;u tvkyform;awG oabmwlnDr_ vufcHonfESifhwòydifeuf/
tjcm;ae&mrS oydwfwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;udk tcsdKowfI tvkyfodk@jyefoGm;Edkif onf[k t&m&dSrsm;rS ,Hk=unfcJh=uonf?
TpDrHudef;. jy\emrSm xdkoyddwfaumfrwDwGif a&G;aumufxm;aomol trsm;pkrSm ppfaoG;ºuGaom olrsm;jzpfI vli,fydkif;wGif

bm&k0pfZfuJhodk@ tm;udk;&aomolrsm;ESifh acgif;rmaom 0g&ifholrsm;jzp=ufonfh bm0ifqmESifh a0:vifwD Edk0pfZf wdk@
yg0ifaejcif;yifjzpfcJhonf? xdkolrsm;udk vpmwdk;ay;wmESihf 0,f,lI r&Edkifacs? epfcsfu oydwfaumfrwD wdrf;!Gwfap&ef
tvdrfuGufwck qif,ifcJhonf? aom=umae@reuf aqG;aEG;yGJpum;0dkif; zGifhvSpfaomtcg ol.wifjy csufudk toHcsJ@pufrSwqifh
tm;vHk; =um;cJh&onf/ olu aumfrwD udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf oabFmusif;rS XmetcsKd@udkom ukd,fpm;ðyaoma=umifh Xmewdkif;rS
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xdktcsufonf aemufvdkufoydwfarSmufolrsm;. em;=um;v#if=um;csif; oHo,&SdcJhonf? pdk;&drfcJh=uonf?

txl;tcGifhta&;&xm;=uaom tpdk;&zGJ@ay;onfh or*~rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u/ wpHkwOD;udk ðzwfydkifcGifhESifh ae&m
ajymif;a&G@cGifh&dSaom w&m;0ifor*~rsm;ESifh ygwDrSvlrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;udk wGef;tm;ay;Iaomfvnf;aumif;/
olwdk@udk,fwdkifaomfvnf;aumif;/ vkyfydkifciG fh&Sdolrsm; jzpfonf? olwdk@. ouFruif;jzpfr_onf a=umif;usdK;qDavsmfr_
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pnf;&Hk;aphaqmfcJholrsm;onf a&S;&dk;pGJ tkyfpkrsm;=um;wGif tkyfpki,fjzpfoGm;cJhonf?
aom=umae@ aqG;aEG;yGJpum;yGJrsm;wGif epfcsfonf oydfwfarSmufolrsm; awmif;qdkaomtcsuf trsm;pkudk ay;cJhonf? bm0ifqm ESifh

a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf wdk@ tvkyfjyef0ifEdkifonf? a'oqdkif&m ygwD twGif;a&;rSL;rS oydfwfarSmufolrsm;tm; rnfodk@r#vufpm;acs&ef
r&dSa=umif;udk tmrcHay;onf? 1970 usqHk;olrsm;twGuf txdrf;trSwf ausmufwdkifwck aqmufay;rnf? 'g&dkufwmrS

tpm;taomuf aps;E_ef;wufjcif;udk zsufodrf;ay;&efESifh vuf&dSor*~rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&efudkawmh a0a00g;0g;uwdom
ay;cJhonf? xdkae@ tqHk;owfcgeD; tcsdefwGif usefaeaom udpP&yfrSm vkyfc wdk;jrihfa&; rnfr#wdk;rnf[laom
yrm%omusefawmhonf? aom=umae@ ae@vnfydkif;ESifh naeydkif; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; a&mufvmpOfwGif oydwfwdkufyGJonf
a'ovHk;&dS tiftm;rsm;&aecsdefwGif wdkufyGJ. tv,fwGif òydusvkeD;yg jzpfaeonfudk awG@&dScJhonf?
paeae@ reuf pum;0dkif;rsm;jyefpaomtcg epfcsfu acwW&yfem;+yD;/ rlvawmif;qdkonfh yrm%ESifh eD;pyfaom vcudk wdk;jr‡ifhay;&ef
oabmwlcJhonf? aumfrwD tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf ydkufqH,l+yD;/ tdrfjyefzdk@ wmplaecJh=uonf? odk@aomf bm0ifqm onf aemufqHk;
toHwcsuf xGufvdkufonf? olu aumfrwD0ifrsm;tm; olwdk@vkdcsifcJhonfh aps;E_ef;wufr_udk zsufodrf;a&;/ oydwfarSmuf
epfema=u;ESifh txl;ojzifh vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~rsm; wnfaxmifcGifh tcGifhta&; r&rcsif; awmifhcHoifhonf[k
ajymcJhonf?epfcsfu tu,fI oydwfvSefvdkufygu vdkcsifwmawG tm;vHk; &Edkifonf[k uwday;cJh+yD;/ olEkdifoGm;cJhonf? rJtrsm;pku
oydfwftqHk;owf&ef rJay;cJhonf? bm0ifqmtwGuf a&G;cs,fp&mr&dS/ oabmwl&efom &dScJhonf? rdkufu&dkzkef;udk ,lI
oydfwfarSmufyGJ+yD;+yD jzpfa=umif; a=ujimcJhonf? oabFmusif;wGif vGefcJhaomESpfn aecJhaom axmifESifhcsDaom
tvkyform;rsm;vnf; ukef;xI *dwfrsm;qDdodk@ OD;wnfav#mufvSrf;cJhonf?
taqmuftOD;&J@ tjyifbufwGif &kef;&if;qHcwf jzpfaecJhonf? olwdk@ tjyifodk@a&mufaomtcg bm0ifqm ESifh

tjcm;aumfrwD0ifrsm;tm; tjcm; tvkyf&Hkrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; 0dkif;tHkvmcJh=uonf? “ *'ef@pfcf oabFmusif;u igwkd@udk
oPmazguf+yD/” olwdk@txJu wa,mufu aigufirf;cJhonf? bm0ifqmudk aumif;pGmodaom [efe&Dum u&dkifZD0dkEdku ol@udk
rsufESmcsif;qdkifI “vufcsf/ rif;'Dvdk rvkyfoifhbl;/ rif;uigwdk@udk pGef@cGmoGm;r,fqdk&if/ igwdk@awG tm;vHk; ±_H;+yD”? oltaejzifh 'DvdkrsKd;
toem;cHr_awGudk rsufuG,f rðyoifhbl; qdkwmudk bm0ifqm csufcsif;qdkovdk odcJhonf? “usaemfwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDudk av;pm;&r,f/
'ga=umifh taumif;qHk;}uD;r[kwfcJhbl;qdkwmawmifrS 'DESpfzuf oabm wlxm;udkfvnf; vufcH&r,f/” [k vltkyf}uD;udk ajymcJhonf?
“odk@ayr,fh usaemfwdk@rSm tjcm;olawGudk pGef@cGmypf&ef tcGifhta&;r&dSbl;? usaemfwdk@ tm;vHk; atmifjrifonftxd aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfr_udk jywJhtaeeJ@ oydfwfudk qufarSmuf &r,f? usaemf[m 'DoabFmusif;uae aemufqHk; xGufwJhol jzpf&r,fvdk@
usaemfajymcJhygw,f? usaemf wu,fajymcJh wmyg? tu,fI tck'Dae&mrSm &dSae=uwJh tvkyform;awGuae 'Doydwfudk
qufarSmufcsifygu qufarSmufr,f? uJ tck b,fol oydwfquf arSmufcsifovJ´?” “usKyfwdk@ qufwdkufr,f” vdk@ olwdkwawG
óuH;0g;cJh=uonf?
a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf ESifh yD,efaumhpumwdk@ESpfa,muf oydfwfqufvuf arSmufrnf qdkwJh ta=umif;udk a=ujim&ef

tpnf;ta0;cef;xJodk@ uaomuarsm ajy;oGm;cJhonf? odk@aomf óud;ðzwfxm;aom rdkufuzkef;udkom awG@cJh&onf? epfcsf uol.
&Hk;cef;rSaeI tvkyform;rsm;udk oydwf+yD;+yDjzpfwJhta=umif;ESifh tdrfjyef=u&ef/ naeajcmufem&D aemufydkif; awG@ ol rnfolrqdktm;
ta&;,lrnf[k toHcsJ@pufrS ajymcJhonf? awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onfvnf; jyefukef+yDjzpfonf/ epfcsf. ajympum;udkom =um;aom
usefaomvltkyfpkonfvnf; wajz;ajz;ESifh jyefukef=uonf?
odk@aomf trsKd;orD;ESpfOD;onf *dwfeHygwf 3 odk@ tm;ukefajy;oGm;cJhonf?t&ifu cyfat;at;aewwfaom yD,ef aumhpumonf

pyDumudkqGJ,l/ *dwfwHcg;udkydwf/ acwWwdwfqdwfae&ef awmif;qdk+yD;/ a=ujimcsufxkwfcJhonf? “oHk;rdepftwGif;rSm vlawGtm;vHk;
xGufcGm oGm;Edkifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh usr pum;enf;enf;ajymcsifygw,f/ &Sifwdk@tm;vHk; 'DoHk;rdepfudk apmifhEdkifygw,f?”
ypPnf;odkavSmifaom uGefwdefemwvHk;ay:wGif rwfwyf&yfI tvkyform;xkudk 'g&dkufwm ajymaompum;rsm;onf
tvdrftnmrsm;om jzpfa=umif; ajymcJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;onf &&Sdjcif; r&dSao;/ vGwfvyfaom
tvkyform;or*~rsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmrnfr[kwf/ “&Sif'DuaexGufoGm;wmeJ@ 1976 uvdkyJ jzpfvdrfhrSmyJ/ xGufoGm;wJhvlawGudk
ppfwyfu 0dkif;+yD;/ acsr_ef;ypfvdrfhr,f? +yD;&if olwdk@tm;vHk; tvkyfðzwfcH&vdrfhr,f/ æ “&Sifwdk@vdkcsifwm 'gvm;?” olr yHk=unfh&onfrSm
tvkyform;rsm;tay: v$rf;rdk;EdkifyHk &aecJhonf? “ta&;}uD;qHk;t&monfvlwdkif;/ puf&Hkwdkif;/ tvkyform;wkdif; aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;yifjzpfonf?” tvkyform; aumif;csD; =obmay; aepOf 0ifwHcg; jyefzGifhaomtcg vlav;a,mufom jyefoGm;cJonf?
yD,efaumhpumvnf; v#yfppfwGef;vSnf;udk pD;I tjcm;*dwfrsm;qDodk@ oGm;a&muf tvm;wlxyfrHwdkufwGef;jyefonf?
oabFmusif;. t&G,fyrm%onf }uD;rm;vGef;aoma=umifh vlwdkif;odavmufatmif ajymjy&ef tcuftcJjzpfapcJhonf?

oydfwfarSmufol awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf vGefpGmrS yifyef;ae+yD;/ jyefzdk@om pdwfoefaecJhonf? xdk@a=umifh yD,efaumhpum
rSóud;pm;cJhaomfvnf; ae@vnfcif;tcsdefwGif oydwfarSmufol awmfawmfrsm;rsm; jyefoGm;=u+yDjzpfonf? b,fESpfOD; usefcJhonfudk
taotcsmrajymEdkifyg/ tcsKd@u av;/ ig;&mESif tcsKd@u wpfaxmif ywf0ef;usif[kajym=uonf? xkd acgif;rmolrsm;onf &Hk;ydwf&uf
pae/ we*FaEG ESpf&ufvHk; awmifcH=u&rSm jzpf+yD;/ wevFmae@ olwdk@ vkyfaz:udkifzufrsm; jyefa&mufvmaom tcsdefwGif oydwfudk
wausmhjyefpEdkifrnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? xdktcsdeftwGif;rSmyif owif;qufom;rsm;onf tjcm;oydwfarSmuf puf&Hkrsm;odk@
tajy;waumoGm;I oydwfrvSefao;a=umif;ESifh rnfonfht&mr# rajz&Sif;&ao;a=umif;udk owif;ydk@cJh=uonf?

wEdkifiHvHk;twGuf
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Toydwftm;jzifh vGwfvyfaomtvkyform;or*~rsm;zGJ@pnf;cGihf&a&;twGuf awmif;qdkv_yf&Sm;aeaom v_yf&Sm;r_udk vnf;
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vHk;wGif&Sdaeaom tvkyform;vlxkrsm;w&yfvHk;/ jzpfEdkifygu ydkvefEdkifiHtESH@tjym;wGif&Sdaeaomtjcm;vlxkrsm;udkvnf; pnf;&Hk;
v_H@aqmf&ef vdktyfaeay;onf? tus,ftjyef@aom oydwfwdkufyGJ}uD;wckqifE$JrSom/ tpdk;&. pD;yGGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;&yfqdkif;ap
a&;twGuf vHkavmufaom+cdrf;ajcmufr_jzpfaprnfjzpf+yD;/ Todk@aom t"duyifrusonfhjy\emrsm;udk vdkufavsmtavsmh
ay;vm&rnf jzpfonf? ,ckawmh olwdk@u epfcsfoabmusif;rS tus,ftjyef@rD;rjyef@yGg;oGm;ap&ef/ rD;ravmifrDuyif +idrf;Edkif
vdkuf=uonf? TtcGifhta&;u tus,ftjyef@aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk pkpnf;apEdkifrnfh tcGifhtcgaumif;jzpfonf?
yxrtaejzifh olwdk@wGiftpDtpOfwck&Sd&ef vdktyfonf? “tvH/ acgif;pD;pmwef;rsm;/ 'Dvdkacgif;pD;rsm;aemufu vlwdkif;tm;vHk;

vdkufEdkif&r,f? ” abm&kpf0Zf pum;u Tod@k qdkonf? paeae@naewGif qENjyyGJqifEGJae=uaom puf&Hkvkyfief; (20) wdk@rS
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;awG@qHkEdkif=uonf? oabmFusif;. usef;rma&;ESifhvHkòcHa&;qdkif&m&Hk; taqmuftOD.tpnf;ta0;crf;rtwGif;
qHk=ujcif;jzpfonf? Tae&mwGifyif epfcsfrSvlrsm;ESifh pwifqHkqnf;aqG;aEG;Edkif=ujcif;yif/ xdktpnf;ta0;rSwqifh olwdk@udk,f olwdk@/
puf&Hkaygif;pHkoydwfaumfrwD tjzpfzGJ@pnf;a=umif; a=ujimEdkifcJhonf? (TtzGJ@udk ydkvefbmomtm;jzifhtwdkaumuf trfautufpf
MKS [kac:onf?) bm0ifqm/ 0gvifwDEdk0Zf/ *0pfZmESifh u&dkifZD0dkEdk wdk@u ToydwfaumfrwD.ESvHk;om; ozG,facgif;aqmifrsm;
jzpfonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vufurf;v$mrsm;a0iSae&if;/ txdrf;trSwfyGJrsm; }udrfzefrsm;pGmusif;yae&if;/ vHkòcHa&;&Jrsm;.
zdESdyfr_rsm;udkcHpmae&&if;/ aqmif&GufcJh=uaomolrsm;onf/ ,ae@awmh axmifaygif;/ aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;xkrsm;udk
udk,fpm;ðyaomajyma&;qdkcGifh&SdolawG jzpfvmcJh+yD? xdk@tjyif xdkaumfrwDwGif twdkuftcHoabmxm; uGJvGJaomynm&Sifrsm;vnf;
yg0ifvm=uonf? xdkynm&Sifrsm;u umv=um&Snfuyif tvkyform;or*~rsm;ESifhyl;wGJaqmif &GufcJh=uolrsm; jzpfonf?
xdkolrsm;ESifhtwl paeae@noef;acgifausmfatmif/ we*FaEGae@wae@vHk; tvkyfvkyf=uonf? xdkvkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Guf+yD;pD;awmh
olwdk@wGifawmif;qdkcsuf (21) cku toifhjzpfae+yD jzpfonf?
xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;teufrS eHygwf (1) u vGwfvyfaomtvkyform;or*~rsm;zGJ@pnf;cGifh&&Sda&; jzpfonf? xdktvkyform;

or*~rsm;u ygwDESifh uif;vGwfwnf&SdcGifh&Sd&rnf? Ttcsufu epfcsoabmFusif;&Sdtvkyform;rsm; wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm; twGuf
aom=um=u,fozG,far#mfudk;&mjzpf+yD;/ urf;ajca'o&Sd vkyfom;xk}uD;-i,fw&yfvHk;twGuf (1970) ckESpfrsm; uwnf;u
ar#mfvifhvmcJhaomtdrfrufjzpfonf? 'kwd,awmif;qdkcsufu jyefvnfvufpm;acsrnfhta&;,lr_rsm;u uif;vGwf csrf;omcGifh&a&;
jzpfonf? xdk@aemufawmif;qdkcsufrsm;u vufqkyfvufudkifjyEdkifaom tusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;&&Sdaqmif&Gufay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;onf?
Oyrm oydwfumvtwGif;vcrsm; jyefvnf&&Sda&;/ (2000) ZavmhwD vcwdk;a&;/ vlaer_pm;&dwfrsm; cHpm;&&Sda&;wdk@ jzpfonf?
a*smf*sDa*yGefESifh ol.&k&Sm;&Jabmfrsm;u Zmbk&ifxHawmif;qdkcJhaom/ aoG;pGef;aom we*FaEGae@u awmif;qdkcsufrsm;uJhodk@yif/
,ckawmif;qdkcsufrsm;uvnf; tajccHw&m;r#wr_ESifh tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkxm; onf? xdktxJwGif
vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkazmfjycGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifh/ tvkyfrSxkwfypfcH&olrsm;udk jyefvnftvkyf vufcHa&;/ olwdk@.
,Hk=unfcsufrsm;a=umifh wuUodkvfrsm;rSxkwfy,fcH&olrsm;udk jyefvnfvufcHa&;udpPrsm; yg0ifonf? xdk@ tjyif
ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh vHkòcHa&;qdkif&mXme0efxrf;rsm;twGuf xm;&Sdaomtxl;tcGifhxl;cHtajctaeudk jyefvnf&kyf odrf;ay;&ef
udpPrsm;yg0ifonf? xdk@tjyifolwdk@. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wGif/ tvkyform;rsm;.ta&;twGufomru vlwdkif;. b0wdkif;udk
xda&muftusKfd;oufa&mufr_ &Sdaprnfhawmif;qdkcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tem;,l (yifpif,l)
&rnfhtouftydkif;tjcm;udk avsmhcsay;a&;/ usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_vkyfief;rsm; wdk;jr‡ifh&&Sda&;ESifh ae@uav;xdef;apmifh
a&Smufr_vkyfief;rsm; ydkrdkaqmif&Gufay;a&;/ om;zGm;cGifhumv ydkI=um&SnfpGm&&Sda&;udpPrsm;/ paeae@rsm;wGif tm;vyf&uf&&Sd
a&;udpPrsm; yg0ifonf?
xdk@tjyif Tawmif;qdkcsufrsm;u tpdk;&.tm%mcsKyfudkifxm;r_udkvnf; pdefac:&ef/ rysufuGufcJhay? paeae@naewGif pdwf

oabmxm;jynfh0aom vl@tcGifhta&;wufºuGv_yf&Sm;ol wm'J,kpf pu'favmpuD; u pmayqifqmjzwfawmufaer_rsm;udk
vHk;0&kyfodrf;ay;yg&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? bm&kpf0Zfu jiif;y,fcsonf? olwdk@taejzifh yDZufpfyDtm PZPR . EdkifiHa&;t&
csKyfudkifxm;r_udk r+cdrf;ajcmufoifh[k oluwif;cHonf? “cifAsm;wdk@od=uwJhtwkdif;ygyJ/ (1968) ckESpfu csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m; rSm
qifqmpDppfwm&kyfodrf;vdkufawmh bmjzpfoGm;ovJ” olu vltrsm;udk owday;onf? olwdk@taejzifh vufawG@tajc taeudk
owdðyrd&efvdkonf? vufawG@wGif ydkvefEdkifiHonf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpktkyfpk0ifEdkifiHwcktjzpf &SdaeqJjzpf+yD;/ uGefjrL epftkyfcsKyfr_Y
qufvuf&Sdae&efudk vdktyfaeao;onf? xdkta=umif;jycsufa=umifhyif vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;y ay;&ef
awmif;qdkcsufudkvnf; y,fcsonf? oydwfaqmif&GufI (3) &ufr#=umaomumvwGifyif/ oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;tae jzifh

olwdk@.v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u vuf&Sdtpdk;&tay:&dkufcwfaeaomtajctae/ olwdk@oGm;&rnfhE_ef;ESifh óuHawG@&rnfhtwm;tqD; rsm;udk
cef@rSef;Edkif=u+yD?
tpydik ;f wGi/f trfautufpf MKS acgif;aqmifrsm;u olwdk@.oydwfwdkufyGJudk taxGaxGvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;. yifra&pD;tjzpf

}uD;xGm;apvdk=uonf? tu,fI vlxkrsm;u tus,ftjyef@ryg0if/ ryl;aygif;vmygu olwdk@.tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrif
r_r&Edkifonfudkvnf; oabmayguf=uonf? xdktwGufa=umifh olwdk@uoydwfudkjy,k*ftjzpfomxm;+yD;/ xdkrSwqifh vltrsm;
vufcHEdkifrnfh wefzdk;xm;csufrsm;/ ydkus,fjyef@aomawmif;qdkcsufrsm;twGuf vltrsm;yg0ifvmap&efv_H@aqmfvdk=uonf? we*F
aEGae@eHeufwGif bkef;awmf}uD;zmom [if;'&uf *sefaumpuD;u *dwftrSwf (2) odk@ vlxk}uD;udk tm;ay;csD;jr‡ifh&ef a&mufvmcJh
onf? xdktcgwGif òrd@xJrSvlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmuvnf; pk&Hk;vm=uonf? xdkolrsm;u vufrsm;wGifyef;rsm;udk udkifaqmifvm=u +yD;/
acgif;ay:wGif ydkvefEdkifiHawmftvHrsm;u wvlvlvGifhI o,faqmifvm=uonf? vlwOD;u ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD; *|efayg (2) ."gwfyHkudk
puf&HkwHcg;0wGif uyfxm;onf? puf&Hk0if;twGif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;ESifh puf&Hk*dwfjyifywGif&Sdaeaom òrd@vlxkrsm;u
oDcsif;oHòydifqdk=uonf? bmoma&;acgif;aqmif bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;u (1970) ckESpfu tvkyform;rsm;owfjzwfcHcJh&aom ae&mwGif
vuf0g;uyfwdkifudk csI*k%fðyvdkufonf? aemufydkif;wGif trsKd;om;a&;oauFwjzpfaom teDESifhtjzLa&mifygzJóud;
rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ teufa&mif r,fawmfrufa'gem;yHkawmfjzifh vuf0g;uyfwdkifudk csnfaESmifvdkufonf? vuf0g;uyfwdkif.
xdyfwGif pm&Gufwckuyfxm;+yD;/ ‚if;ay:wGif yxrurBmppfumvtwGif;u &k&Sm;EdkifiHrS ydkvefEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&Sda&;twGuf
v_yf&Sm;wdkufyGJ0ifcJhol ol&Jaumif; *sKd;qufzf yDvfqGwfpuD;. rdef@cGef;aqmifyk'fudk uyfxm;onf? “vdkcsifwmudk/ &atmifpGrf;
Edkif&r,f” [lI jzpfonf? oydwfwdkufyGJ0ifvkyfom;rsm;ESifh ydkvefjynfolrsm;ESifh ESvHk;om;wdk@csdwfqufaygif;ul;rd=u+yD?
&ufowWywftm;vyf&uf ukefqHk;oGm;csdefwGif/ trfautufpf MKS taejzifh olwdk@.oydwfudk puf&Hk (22) ckESifhoabFmusif;

xufausmfvGefI tjcm;tus,ftjyef@yg0ifvmatmif csJ@xGifvmEdkifcJhonf? *'ef@pfcfa'ou tvkyform;axmifaygif;/ aomif;
aygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifvm=uonf? xdk@tjyif ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;&Sd&m qDvDqD,ma'oodk@yg csJ@xGifvmEdkifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif
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jyef@ESH@vmonf? ,cktcgwGifawmh tpdk;&xdef;csKyfxm;aom owif;rD'D,mrsm;u oydwftay:jyif;jyif;xefxefwdkufcdkuf
a0zefvmcJh+yD jzpfonf? *'ef@pfcfa'owGif xkwfa0aomowif;pmu Toydwfa=umifh pD;yGg;a&;udkydkIxdcdkufzG,fjzpfapvdrfhrnf
jzpfa=umif;a&;onf? 0ef}uD;csKyfu w,fvDaA;&Sif;a&S@xGufI/ ydkvef. rdwfaqGrsm; (v#Kd@0SuftoHk;tjzpfac:aom qdkAD,uf ,leD,H.
trnf) u Ttajctaeudk ESpfouf=uvdrfhrnfr[kwfa=umif;ESifh tu,fIoydwfwdkufyGJrsm; tcsdefwdktwGif;r&yf qdkif;oGm;ygu
jy\em&Sda=umif;” ajymcJhonf? oabFmusif;twGif;&Sdae=uaom oydwfwdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;udk ,cktcsdefwdkif
zsufqD;vdkaom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh ra=ueyfqlylae=uaom vlwpk/ vltrsm;pkvkyfief;cGif0if&eftwGuf taESmuft,Sufðyae=u
aomvlwpktjzpfom yHkazmfajym qdkaeao;onf?
we*FaEGae@nwGif ajratmufyHkESdyfpufwckrS yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf trfautufpf MKS .ta=umif;azmfjyxm;aom vufurf;

v$mrsm;ESifh ‚if;.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf? aemufwae@wGif owif;ydk@aqmifolrsm;uGef,ufrsm;rSwqifh
vkyfief;paewif jzef@a0aecJh+yD jzpfonf? xdkvufurf;v$mrsm;u urf;ajcwav#muf&Sd puf&Hkrsm;odk@yvlysH jyef@ESH@ae+yD? vDeif
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o,faqmifoGm;=uonf? *'ef@pfcf oabFmusif;odk@oGm;&mvrf;wav#mufwGif twm;tqD;jzpfap&ef ydwfqdk@xm;aom vrf;ydwf
qdk@r_rsm;a=umifhom tcufóuH=u&onf? odk@aomfvnf; tvkyform;rsm;v_yf&Sm;r_tay:pmemaom ausmif;om;rsm;/ q&m0ef rsm;/
tif*sifeD,mrsm;u xdktwm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmfv$mta&mufvm=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiHwav#mufvHk;wGifvnf; vGwfvyf aom
Oa&mytoHa&'D,dkrSwqifh trfautufpf MKS ta=umif;ESifh ‚if;wdk@.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tenf;i,fodvm=u onf?
xdkowif;rsm;udk 0gaqm&Sdul&Gefuwqifh jzef@jzL;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? wevFmae@wGif tvkyform;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm jyefpk&Hk;
rdvm=uonf? paeae@utdrfjyefoGm;cJh=uaomtvkyform;rsm;u jyefvmum/ usefaecJh=uaom oabFmusif;&Sdtvkyform; rsm;ESifh
yl;aygif;=uonf? xdk@tjyif aemufxyftopf oydwftwGif;yl;aygif;vmaom puf&Hk (30) ausmfrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; vnf;
a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? wae@ywfvHk; uif;apmifhaeolrsm;xHrS aemufxyfudk,fpm;vS,ftopfrsm;xyfrHa&muf&Sdvmae a=umif;
a=ujimaeoHudk=um;=u&onf? naeapmif;aomtcg trfautufpf MKS taejzifh xdka'o&Sdpuf&Hkaygif; (150) ausmfudk
udk,fpm;ðyxm;aom tiftm;pkjzpfvmcJh+yD?
Todk@xyfrHyHhydk;vmaomtiftm;rsm; t&Sdefaumif;vmr_.aemufwGif/ trfautufpf MKS taejzifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef twGuf

toifhjzpfaecJh+yD? tcktcsdefwGif aqG;aEG;yGJpm;yGJ0dkif;udk urf;vSrf;xm;+yDjzpfaomfvnf;/ tm%mydkifrsm;zufurl ausmuf
eH&Humydwfqdk@aeqJ jzpfonf? wevFmae@wGif tm%m&ygwD. ay:vpfAsL&dktzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfol pwefeifavm uefeD,m u a'o
qdkif&mygwDaumfrwD0ifrsm;udk ac:,lIawG@qHkonf? Tjy\emt=uyftwnf;udk ajyvnfapEdkifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;xyf&Sm=u onf?
,cifw}udrfu tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u oydwf.A[dkcsufrudk òzdIoydwfòyduGJap&ef óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? oabFmusif;vkyf om;rsm;ESifh
oabmwlnDr_&,l+yD; aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? ,ckw}udrfwGifawmh qef@usifzuftjcm;enf;vrf;wckudk óud;yrf;vmcJh jyefonf?

oydwfarSmufae=uaom ,ckwdkiftrfautufpf MKS tzGJ@0iftjzpf&Sdraeao;aom puf&Hkrsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;ESifh aqG; aEG;onf?
vcwdk;jrifhvmapa&;twGuf uwday;onf? odk@aomfvnf; trfautufpfESifhyl;aygif;aeaompuf&Hkrsm;udk z,fusOf onf? olwdk@udk
tjcm;aps;wrsKd;ay;onf? odk@aomfvnf; TaemufuG,fwGifaqmif&GufaeaomAsL[mrSm wckwnf;omjzpf onf?
tvkyform;rsm;udk tcGifhta&;ay;0,f,lI/ olwdk@udk olwdk@.awmif;qdkxm;csufjzpfaom vGwfvyfaomtvkyform;
or*~rsm;&&Sda&;awmif;qdkcsufrS cGgapa&;jzpfonf? wòydifeufwnf;rSmyif oydwfrsm;.jyifyjyef@ESH@csJ@xGifr_udk wm;qD;Edkif&ef twGuf/
*'ef@pfcfoabFmusif;odk@oGm;aom vrf;rsm;udkydwfqdk@onf? w,fvDzkef;vdkif;rsm;udk jzwfawmufonf? owif;ay;ydk@
ay;olqufom;rsm;udk zdESdyfonf? twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;axmifcsonf? xdktxJwGif ul&Gefvnf;tygt0ifjzpf onf?
xif&Sm;aomtcsufrSm wckwnf;om&Sdonf? xdktcsufrSm trfautufpf MKS udk vHk;0todtrSwfrðya&;yifjzpfonf?
t*Fgae@wGif ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;u tjcm;a&G;vrf;wckudkprf;oyfaqmif&Guf=unfhrnf[k c%wmpOf;pm;=uao;onf? xdkvrf; rSm

oydwfrsm;udktiftm;oHk;I òzdcGJ&efjzpfonf? xdkowif;ygwfukefumvwckvHk; vDeifoabFmusif;&Sdvkyfom;rsm;rSm xdk;ppfqif
vmrnfhtEW&m,fudk pdk;&drfa=umufvef@aecJh&onf? olwdk@u avxD;wyfom;rsm;aumif;uifay:u qif;oufvm=uvdrfhrnf[k
ar#mfvifhaecJh=uonf? *'ef@pfcfoabFmusif;&Sd ygwDacgif;aqmif (2) OD;jzpfaom umeD;,m;ESifh wm'J,kZf zpf&Sfbufcfwdk@u
jy\emrsm;udk at;csrf;pGmajyvnfoGm;=uonfudk vdkvm;=uonf? (1980) ckESpfonf (1970) umvrsm;vdk r[kwfawmh?
tajctaerwlnDawmhay? *D;&ufuf onfvnf; *dkvfrl;um; (csufacgif;aqmifa[mif;) r[kwfay? ygwDacgif;aqmifu t}udrf }udrf
&kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfr_rsm;/ xdef;rEdkifodrf;r&tajctaeudk ausmfv$m;Edkif&eftwGuf ol@taejzifhwwfEdkifor# oD;cHaqmif&Guf
rnfjzpfa=umif; ajymonf? ul&Gefudk aus;Zl;wifp&m&SdaomtcsufrSm aemufydkif;wGif EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufrsm;*'ef@pfcfodk@
a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? oabFmusif;&Sd jzpfysufaeaom&ifcHkpdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,f&m Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk ydkvefvlrsKd;xkrsm;=um;wGifom ru/
wurBmvHk;uyg od&SdvmEdkif=uawmhonf? tvkyform;rsm;odrf;ydkfufxm;aom tzdk;wefoabFmrsm;/ pufrsm;u xdk
vkyfom;rsm;twGuf tumtuG,fozG,fjzpfae=uonf? xdk@tjyif xdktvkyform;rsm;. xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aer_u wdkufcdkuf
cH&rnfhtEW&m,fu ydkIyifumuG,fay;xm;ao;onf?
aemufqHk; tcsdeftenf;i,fwdkifatmif/ tm%mydkifrsm;u vmbfxdk;aoG;aqmifaomfvnf;/ owif;trSm;rsm;ay;jcif;/

+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm;aqmif&GufI oydwfòyduGJ&ef=uHpnfcJh=uaomfvnf;/ yÉdyuQjy\emu qufvufwnf&Sdae&Hkr#ru/ v_H@aqmfr_
rsm;a=umifh ydkItiftm;aumif;vmum/ wevFmae@uxufydkIpkpnf;rdvm=uonf? tu,fI Ttajctaeomr&SdcJhygu
oydwftaejzifh ydkIus,fjyef@Edkifp&mta=umif;&Sd+yD;/ umvtm;jzifhvnf; ydkI&Snf=umwnfwHhaezG,f&mta=umif;&Sdonf?
aemufqHk;wGif tm%mydkiftpdk;&taejzifh rESpfoufvSaoma&G;cs,pf &m (2) ckteufrS wckckudka&G;=u&awmhrnf jzpfonf?
yxrwcsufrSm trfautufpf MKS ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;rnfvm;/ odk@r[kwf ppfwyftiftm;oHk;òzdcGif;rnfvm;qdkonfh tajc
taejzpfonf?
xdktcsdefwGif oabFmusif;/ crf;r&Sdpm;yGJwef;vsm;&Snf}uD; (3) ckwGif trfautufpf MKS acgif;aqmifrsm;u/ tvkyform;

oydwfudk,fpm;vS,ftopfrsm;. tjrifrsm;udkem;axmifae=uonf? tcsif;csif; jiif;ckefaqG;aEG;ae=uonf? tpDtpOfa&;qGJ
ae=uonf? xdktcsdefwGif olwdk@acgif;ay:Y vDeif&kyfxku wnf&SdaeqJjzpfonf? xdkcrf;r. aemufzufcrf;wGif Ttpnf;ta0; udk
oabFmusif;&Sdtvkyform;tm;vHk;=um;Edkifa&;twGuf enf;ynmu|rf;usifolynm&Sifrsm;u wdkuf&dkufxkwfv$ifhay;aeonf?
tjcm;puf&Hk&Sfdvkyfom;rsm;xH ay;ydk@&eftwGuf wdyfacGul;,lae=uonf? Tcrf;r.tjyifzufwGif oabFmusif;.*dwfrsm;Y vHkòcH
a&;wm0ef,lxm;olrsm;u rvdkvm;tyfaom{nfhonfrsm;/ txl;ojzifh vHkòcHa&;&Jrsm;r0ifa&mufEdkifatmif ppfaq;apmifh=uyf
ae=uonf? tcsKd@u oabFmrsm;/ pufu&d,mrsm;rysufpD;&apa&;twGuf ppfaq;apmifh=uyfay;=uonf? bmomjyefolrsm;u
EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufrsm;ESifh "gwfyHkq&mrsm;udk ulnDaqmif&Gufay;ae=uonf? om;owform;rsm;u 0ufrsm;ESifh trJrsm; ay:+yD;
pm;aomufp&mrsm;twGuf jyifqifae=uonf? pm;aomufp&mrsm;u vltrsm;utoD;oD;o,faqmifvm=uaom tom;rsm;/
tmvl;rsm;/ 'defcJrsm;/ aygifrkef@rsm;ESifh pDrHxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
&ufowWygwftv,favmufwGif trfautufpf MKS rSa=ujimcsufwapmifðyonf? Ta=ujimcsufwGif “,ckwdkufyGJ0ifae

jcif;onf olwdk@.tenf;i,fr#aomtusKd;pD;yGg;twGufr#omaqmif&Gufaejcif; r[kwfyJ/ wEdkifiHvHk;. w&m;r#wr_twGuf wdkuf
yGJ0ifaejcif;jzpfa=umif;” azmfjyxm;onf? xdkazmfjycsufudk wEdkifiHvHk;uvnf; vufcHyHk&onf? ae@pOfESifhtr# puf&Hk*dwf0rsm; wGif
oydwfudkvma&muftm;ay;olrsm;/ axmufcHtiftm;jyolrsm;ESifh jynfhaeonf? Ak'<[l;ae@wGif *'ef@pfcfydkvDwuUedcfausmif;rS
udk,fpm;vS,fa&muf&SdvmcJh+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@uvnf; axmufcHa=umif;azmfjycJhonf? *'ef@pfcfpma&;q&mrsm;or*~ESifh *'ef@pfcfwuUodkvf
wdk@rSvnf; aemufwae@wGif tvm;wlvma&mufaxmufcHcJh=uonf? vGwfvyfaomOa&mytoH a&'D,dkrSvnf;oydwftoD; oD;.
axmufcHtm;ay;r_rsm;udk jyefvnfxkwfv$ifhay;onf? uufovpftygwfpOfpmapmif t,f'Dwm wm'D,kZf rmaZm0DpuD
url=urf;a&;om;aom/ 0gaqmòrd@&Sdynm&Sifrsm; (64) a,mufvufrSwfa&;xdk;aom axmufcHa=umif;azmfjyonfhpmudk xkwfv$ifh
ay;cJhonf?

aom=umae@nydkif;aemufwGif rmaZm0DpuDESifh xif&Sm;I vltrsm;av;pm;aomordkif;ynm&Sif b&GefeDqavm *D&Drufwdk@u
0gaqmrSaeI bm0ifqmESifh awG@qHk&efa&mufvm=uonf? tjcm;aomynm&Sifrsm;u (xdktxJwGif ul&Gefvnf;ygonf?)
vGwfvyfaomtvkyform;or*~awmif;qdkaer_onf odyf+yD;tpGef;a&mufovdkjzpfaea=umif;ESifh/ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifawG@r_rsKd;jzpf
vmrnfudk pdk;&drfrda=umif; azmf=ujyonf? xdkolrsm;u bm0ifqmudk aysmhajymif;vmatmif em;rcsEdkifcJh=uay? odk@aomfvnf;
xdkolrsm;u oabFmusif;twGif;Yyif qufvufaexdkif&efqHk;jzwfcJh=u+yD;/ bm0ifqm. urf;vSrf;csuft& t=uHay;tjzpfwm
0ef,l&ef oabmwlcJh=uonf?
TumvtawmtwGif;wGif urf;&dk;wef;a'owav#mufvHk;Y oydwfrsm;wvHk;+yD;wvHk;aygufuGJ}uD;xGm;vmaecJhonf? t*Fgae@

ukefoGm;aomtcg trfautufpf MKS wGif puf&Hk tvkyf&Hkaygif; (263) ckudk udk,fpm;ðyxm;Edkifaom taetxm;jzpfvmcJh onf?
aemufw&ufwGif aemufxyfpuf&Hk/ tvkyf&Hk (40) ausmfrS xyfrHyl;aygif;vm=ujyefonf? oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;qifE$Jaeaom owif;onf
*'ef@pfcfa'owv$m;wGif pdrfh0ifjyef@ESH@ae+yDjzpfonf? &SJZif&Sd 0gpuD;oabFmusif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;u wevFmae@wGif
tvkyfrSE_wfxGufqENjy=uonf? rsm;r=umrDyif xdka'otwGif;&Sdtjcm;aompuf&Hkrsm;wGifvnf; puf&Hkaygif;pHkoydwfaumfrwD udk
olwdk@zmomzGJ@pnf;vm=uonf? qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifh e,fedrdwfcsif;uyfv#ufwzufurf;jzpfaom tJvfbvufwGifvnf;
oydwfay:aygufvmcJhonf? =umoyaw;ae@na&mufaomtcg *'ef@pfcfa'o&Sdpuf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;rS tpdk;&ESifhoD;jcm;aqG;aEG;ae=u
aom oydwfarSmufv_yf&Sm;olrsm;/ puf&Hkrsm;uvnf; trfautufpf MKS ESifhyl;aygif;vmcJh=uonf?
tm%mydkifrsm;. aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfEdkifa&;tpDtpOfvnf; usqHk;&av+yD? &ufowWygwfpwifpOfuwnf;uyif/ oydwform;rsm;u

*'ef@pfcfa'o. vlxkrsm;tonf;ESvHk;udk ydkifpdk;vdkufonf? oydwfarSmufwdkufyGJrsm;wGif vltrsm;updwf0ifpm;vm=uonf? EdkifiH
jcm;owif;axmuftrsm;tjym;udkvnf; aqmifusOf;vmEdkif=uonf? oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;a=umifh *'ef@pfcf-'dkifeD,ma'owcGifvHk;
wGifvkyfief;rsm; vnfywfr_r&Sdoavmufjzpfaeay+yD? xdktajctaeu tjcm;a'orsm;odk@ygul;pufawmhrnf? aom=umae@n
a&mufaomtcg tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh enf;vrf;topfwckudk xyfrHvkyfaqmif=unfh&ef toifhjzpfae=u+yD? olwdk@ taejzifh
trfautufpf ESifhaqG;aEG;oabmwlnDr_rsm; &,lEdkifaomfvnf;/ trfautufpfuvnf; tpOfojzifhawG@qHkaqG;aEG; &eftwGuf
awmif;qdkwHcg;zGifhxm;cJhaomfvnf;/ tpdk;&zufu vdkufavsmaqmif&Gufvdkr_r&Sdao;ay? xdkodk@aom ar#mfvifhcsuf rsKd;jzifhyif/
olwdk@taejzifhoabFmusif;odk@ paeae@wGifvmrnfjzpfa=umif; ta=umif;=um;vmcJhonf?
&ufowWygwfausmf=um vdyfcJwif;vif;/ olwifudk,fwiftajctaejzpfae+yD;aemuf/ aemufqHk;v_yf&Sm;r_ oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;.

pGrf;tm;a=umifh tpdk;&taejzifh trfautufpf MKS udk/ vufrcHvdkaomfvnf;/ vkyfom;xk.udk,fpm; toHtjzpftodtrSwf
ðy&awmhonf? Todk@aomtajctaersKd; jzpfay:vmap&eftwGuf oydwfarSmufacgif;aqmifrsm;onf (1970) ckESpfu óuH&
aomtawG@tóuHrsm;udk ausmfvGefpOf;pm;cJh=u&onf? olwdk@taejzifh r[mrdwftiftm;topfrsm;zGJ@pnf;I vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;
twGif; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufapcJh=uonf? v,form;rsm;ESifh òrd@aevlxkrsm;u oydwfwdkufyGJ0ifrsm;twGuf axmufyHhr_ay;=uonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;u urf;ajca'owav#mufwGif tvkyform;rsm;. pum;rsm;udkvufqifhurf;jzef@jzL;ay;=u onf?
ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u EdkifiH&yfjcm;owif;rD'D,mrsm;twGuf bmomjyefay;=uonf? trfau tufpf
MKS udk t=uHnm%frsm;ay;=uonf? Todk@aomus,fjyef@onfhwyfaygif;pkozG,fv_yf&Sm;r_u oydwform;rsm;udk
txD;usefjzpfap&ef/ aemufqHk;EGrf;e,ft&H_;ay;ap&ef =uHaeaomtpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;udk pdwfysuftm;avsmhap&awmhonf? (1970)
umvrsm;ESifh rwlaomtajctaerSm tvkyform;rsm;csnf; oD;oef@omr[kwfawmhay?
usKyfwdk@&Edkifoavmuf tm;vHk;,l&r,f?
paeae@naeydkif;wGif ESpfzufudk,fpm;vS,frsm; puf&Hk.usef;rma&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;&Hk;pnf;a0;crf;rwGif awG@qHk=uonf? TawG@qHkyGJ
ukdrSefcsyfjzifhumxm;+yD;/ wzufrS &mESifhcsDaom trfautufpf MKS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u =unfhae=uonf? aqG;aEG;yGJwGif
aqG;aEG;ajymqdkor# pum;vHk;wdkif;udk axmifESifhcsDaomoydwfarSmufvkyfom;rsm;u =um;=u&onf? xdktvkyform;rsm;udkjzwf I
tpdk;&zufrSaqG;aEG;rnfholrsm;u Ttcef;odk@vmpOfu jzwfoef;0ifvmcJh=u&onf? 'k-0ef}uD;csKyf rpfZDqavm *sm*,fvf puDu
tpdk;&zufrS udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@udk OD;aqmifvmcJhonf? xdkolu jy\emrsm;udkajz&Sif;Edkifonf[k emrnfaumif;&xm; oljzpfonf?
vlbvifa'owGif&Sdaom taxGaxGoydwfudk ZlvdkifvwGifòzdcGJEdkif+yD;aemufydkif;/ Todk@trnfaumif;&vmcJhjcif; jzpf onf?
bm0ifqm/ 0D,mZf'g/ u&dkifZD 0dkEdkpf/ udkavmh'fZD;/ yD,efaumhpumESifh tjcm;aomoydwfarSmufacgif;aqmifrsm;u trf autufpf
MKS zufu udk,fpm;ðyajym=uonf?
puf&Hk/ tvkyf&Hk&mESifhcsDwGif&Sdaeaom oydwfarSmuftvkyform;rsm;taejzifh ,cktcg acgif;pOfwckwnf;atmufwGifaygif;pD;rdae =u+yD

jzpfonf? trfautufpftaejzifh twm;tqD;rsm;udkausmfv$m;I ydkIus,fjyef@aomv_H@aqmfr_aqmif&Guf&eftwGufvdk
vm;ae=uonf? olwdk@taejzifh oydwfrSowif;ay;ydk@aeaom qufom;rsm;udk zrf;qD;aejcif;/ &dkufESufaejcif;ðyaeor#umv ygwfvHk;
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&efudk olwdk@ujiif;y,f=uonf? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJowif;udkvnf; tpdk;&.w&m;0ifowif;Xmersm;rS a=ujimay;&ef

olwdk@utvdk&Sdonf? 0gaqmodk@ qufoG,fEdkifaomw,fvDzkef;vdkif;rsm;udkvnf; jyefwyfay;&efawmif;qdk=u onf? 'k-0ef}uD;csKyf
*sm*JvfpuD;ESifh ol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jyefqkwfvmcJh&onf? puf&Hk/ tvkyf&Hkrsm; oydwftzGJ@ESifhxyfrHyl;aygif; vmonfESifhtr#
olwdk@.taetxm; tm;aysmhcsdeJ@vmawmhrnfudk olwdk@uod=uonf? olwdk@u a,bl,sqefaomtmrcHrsKd; omay;=uonf?
enf;emydkif;qdkif&m/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;qdkif&m tcuftcJrsm;udk axmufjy=uonf? olwdk@.aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk
t"duawmif;qdkcsufrsm;qDodk@ jyefa&mufap&efvrf;a=umif; vSnfhEdkif&ef óud;pm;cJh=uonf? wOD;uqdkv#if w,fvDzkef;jyefwyf
ay;&eftwGufrjzpfEdkifa=umif;/ ta=umif;rSm vGefcJhaomnu 0gaqmwGif[m&Dudef;rkefwdkif;wdkufcwfoGm;aoma=umifhjzpf a=umif;/
0gaqmòrd@ae&m tawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh w,fvDzkef;pufcvkwf&Hk;rsm;yg ysufpD;oGm;Ijzpfa=umif; ajymao;onf? “usaemf
axmufjycsifwmu w,fvDzkef;vdkif;jywfoGm;wmu vGefcJhwJhaom=umae@uwnf;uyg? wywf&Sdaeyg+yD? ” yD,efaumhpum u
ajymonf? “aemufydkif;rSmawmh [m&Dudef;ta=umif; rajym=uawmhzl;?” trfautufpf acgif;aqmifrsm;u olwdk@taejzifh
awmif;qdkxm;aom aqG;aEG;yGJpwif&ef óudwiftajctaersm;jynfhpHkonftxd apmifhqdkif;Edkifa=umif;wkef@jyefcJhonf? olwdk@u ,cktcg
tiftm;aumif;aumif;jzifh/ tompD;jzifhqufqHae&jcif;jzpfonf? Ttiftm;udk oHk;&rnf[koabmayguf=uonf?
tpdk;&zufu tvm;tvmaumif; jyra,mifjzpfao;onf? wevFmae@naeydkif;txd *'ef@pfcfESifh0gaqmt=um; w,fvDzke;f

vdkif;rsm;jyefvnfqufoG,fay;cJhonf? oydwftzGJ@rsm;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;aeaomta=umif;udkvnf; tpdk;&owif;Xmersm;u
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EdkifiHa&;.jyifywGifae=u&rnf? qdkAD,ufudkvnf; rqef@usif&? xdk@tjyif oydwfwdkufyGJ0ifvkyfom;rsm;taejzifh
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Edkifygu oef;ESifhcsDaomvlxkrsm; ygvmatmifaqmif&GufEdkif=uzG,f&Sdao;onf? vltrsm;pkrSm puf&Hkrsm;wGiftvkyfvkyf=uaom
pufr_tvkyform;rsm; r[kwf=uay? tu,fI ydkvefvlrsKd;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmpnf;&Hk;ydkifcGifh&Sdaom vkyfydkifcGifhtajctaersm;zef
wD;ay;Edkifygu xdkolrsm;tzdk@v_yf&Sm;pnf;&Hk;vm=urnfrSm rkcsyif? vufawG@wGifrl aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~onf (1970) ckESpf
oydwfarSmufv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh (autdktm) uJhodk@ ynmwwfrsm;twGuf ydkI}uD;us,faom EdkifiHa&;ar#mfvifhcsufjzpfaeonf?
Tolrsm;ukd tpdk;&zufuvnf; uGefjrLepf0g'udk +cdrf;ajcmuftEW&m,fðyrnfholrsm;tjzpf ,lqxm;=uonf? =o*kwfv_yf&Sm;r_
+yD;aemufydkif; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif a&S@wef;rSyg0ifae=uolrsm;u tpdk;&taejzifht=urf;zufòzdcGJr_zufudk jyefvnfwdrf;!$wfvm&ef
tvm;tvm&Sda=umif;ESifh ydkIqdk;onfrSm/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H. ppfa&;t&pGufzufvmzG,f taetxm;rsm;udkvnf; odxm;=u onf?
xdktwGufa=umifh (1980) aqmif;&moDwGifajym=um;or# rdef@cGef;tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;acgif;aqmif rsm;u
olwdk@onfuGefjrLepf0g'qef@usifa&;orm;rsm; r[kwf=ua=umif;/ ygwD. OD;aqmifr_tcef;u¾udk vufcHa=umif;ESifh
0gaqmpmcsKyfoabmwlnDcsufudk vufcHa=umif;udk xyfcgwvJvJ ajymcJh=uonf? =o*kwfoydwfwdkufyGJumvwGif olwdk@aqmif
&GufcJh=uovdk ppfrSefaom'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;udpPudk t"duacgif;pOfrsm;atmufrS z,fxm;cJh=uonf?

TuJhodk@ tuef@towfrsm;atmufrSaqmif&Gufae=u&aomtajctaewGif uufovpfbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; csmhcsfrsm;onf/ aoG;
pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~vdkvm;aom pHerlemyHkpHwckozG,f jzpfaecJhonf? umvtrsm;pkwGif bk&m;ausmif;rsm;onf rdrdta&;udpP
rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmvnfywfaqmif&Guf=u+yD;/ vltrsm;pku vufcHaomudpPrsm;udk aemufuvdkufay;cJhonf? tjyeftvSeftm; jzifh
wzufuuGefjrLepf0g'zufrS xdyfwdkufa0zefcH&r_rsKd;udk a&Smif&Sm;EdkifcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;wzufwGif bk&m;ausmif;rS
bmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfwOD;csif;u tpdk;&udkvl@tcGifhta&;av;pm;vdkufemzdk@ em;cscJh=uonf? tcsKd@aomolrsm;u aoG;pnf;nD
!Gwfa&;or*~onf TuJhodk@aomoD;jcm;uif;vGwfaom/ wnf+idrfaomvlxkrsm;. 0ef;usifwcktjzpf ,lqcJh=uonf? tjcm;
aom,Hk=unfr_trsKd;rsKd; &Sdolrsm;twGufcdkv_Hay;Edkifaom xD;rdk;wckozG,f,lq=uonf? TtajctaewGif uGefjrLepfygwD tkyf
pdk;csKyfudkifxm;r_rSm trnfemrom&Sdvdrfhrnf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfoaE<wnfvmyHkrsKd; pwifvmEdkif+yD;/ rdrdzmomzGJ@pnf;xm;aom vlr_
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wnfaqmuf,ljcif;tm;jzifh qdkAD,uf. 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_udkvnf; umuG,fxm;ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ,lq=u onf?
“ydkvefEdkifiH[m a&S;rlrysufxdef;odrf;xm;zdk@trdef@cscHxm;&wJh tdrftdka[mif;wckvdkygyJ? ” +Adwdo#owif;pmq&mwOD; jzpfol eD;vf
tufcsmqifua&;cJhzl;onf? “tdrftwGif;tjyiftqifudk acwfrDatmifðyjyifvdku ðyjyifEdkifzG,f&Sdonf? aemufqHk; ðzwfvJvdku
topfyifvJEdkifonf? odk@aomfrsufESmpmESifh trdfk;uawmh Ttwdkif;qufvufwnf&Sdae&ef vdktyfonf? ” [k
oluOyrmay;a&;onf?
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~.pDrHcsufrSm ydkvefEdkifiH.tem*gwfudk ygwDESifhtwl&Sifoef&yfwnfI/ xdef;csKyfcGifh&a&;yifjzpfonf?

olwdk@udk,folwdk@ wdkif;jynftm%m.xdyfqHk;ae&mudk &,l&efvnf;ar#mfvifhxm;r_ r&Sd=uay? Todk@aomtaetxm;wGif rdrd
zmomxdef;odrf;r_}uD;rm;pGmjzifh csifhcsifhcsdefcsdefoGm;ae&ovdk/ wzufwGifvnf; ‚if;.tajccHvlxkaxmufcHr_zuftoD;oD;rSvm aom
zdtm;rsm;vnf; &Sdaeao;onf? Todk@ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;atmifjrifapa&;twGuf/ or*~udkaxmufcHtm;ay;ae=uolrsm; Todk@
“rdrdzmomxdef;csKyfxm;&aom&nf&G,fcsuf”aemufY wpkwpnf;wnf; nD!GwfpGm&yfay;ae=u&ef vdkonf? odk@aomf
aemufuG,fwGif trsm;tjym;Y tm;rvdktm;r&r_rsm;/ ra=ueyfr_rsm;&Sdae=uao;onf? oydwfwdkufyGJumvwckwnf;rSmyif/
bm0ifqm. yk*~Kdvfa&;qdkif&m&yfwnfcsufESifh EdkifiHa&;t&nftcsif;rsm;a=umifhom ygwD.OD;aqmifr_udk vufcHaom aemufqHk;
oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vltrsm; róudufaomfvnf; atmifhumerf;&avatmif/ wdwfqdwfae&avatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJh
onfr[kwfygvm;? TtoHrsm;uyif qdkAD,ufu0ifa&mufpGufzufonfjzpfap/ rpGufzufonfjzpfap *&krxm;yJ 'Drdkua&pD
c&D;wdkifqufwGef;a&;twGuf zdtm;ay;aeonf? TudpPrsm;udkyif ajym&zdk@wzefjyefjzpfvmonf? tu,fI wdkif;jynf.pD;yGg;a&;
qufvufusqif;aeygu/ tpdk;&taejzifh olwdk@uwdu0wfðyxm;aom &kyf0wˆKqdkif&mjznfhqD;r_rsm; rðyEdkifygu/ aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh vkyfcvpmrsm;udpP/ ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;udpP/ ponfwdk@udk xyfrHwdkufyGJ0ifawmif;qdk&zG,ftajctae&Sd aeonf?
Ttcsufa=umifhvnf; atmufajcxkrsm;.axmufcHr_avsmhenf;apEdkifaom tvm;tvm&Sdaeonf?
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~. =oZmwufvmr_onf/ ygwDtaejzifh ‚if;.=oZmavsmhusvmaer_udk todtrSwfðyvdkufjcif;ESifh tr#

wdk;wufvmcJhonf? =o*kwfvoabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD;aemufydkif;ae@rsm;wGif tJuf'0yf *J&ufonf ESvHk;a&m*gjzifh
tdyf,mxJvJcJh&onf? pwefepfpavm uefeD,mudk yxrtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfa&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf? Ttajc taeu
ygwDwGif;wGifvufawG@usaomolrsm; ae&m&vmjcif;udkjyonf? olu ygwDudk “jyefvnfopfvGifa&;”[laom acgif; pOfjzifh
v_H@aqmfonf? ol@taejzifh oydwfarSmufwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;ESifh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;&,l&eftoifh&Sd+yD;/ aemufxyfxdyf
wdkufawG@r_rsm;udkvnf; a&Smif&Sm;vdkaom oabmxm;&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf; ygwD.tpdwftydkif;trsm;tjym;ESifh vHkòcHa&;wm
0ef,lxm;onftrsm;tjym;rSm Todk@oabmaygufodjrifEdkifjcif; r&Sd=uao;ay? xdkolrsm;uaemufxyfvdkufavsmr_ay;&rnfh
tajctaersKd;udk rvdkvm;=uay?
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh vdkvm;csufrsm;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk ar#mfvifhxm;onfhtwdkif; &&Sdonf? aemufydkif;wGif qdkAD

,uf,leD,Hudk rSDcdkae&aomtaetxm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;p&m rvdkonfhtaetxm;jzpfvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;
=o*kwfoabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfra&;xdk;rDumvu armfpudku owday;csufrsm;a&mufvmcJhao;onf? y&my'gowif;pm ESifh
tpfpfAuf&Sm;owif;pmwdk@u Tv_yf&Sm;r_udkwefjyefawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_[k uifyGef;wyfcJh+yD;/ qdk&S,fvpf0g'qef@usifa&; t,l&Sdaom
ynmwwfrsm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pmudktoHk;csr_wcktjzpf azmfjycJh=uao;onf? ta&S@*smr%DESifh csufudkpvdk
AufuD;,m;wGif&Sdaeaom a&S;&dk;pGJ0g'Dtpdk;&rsm;u ydkIjyif;xefonf? tjcm;aomta&S@Oa&my&Sd uGefjrLepfEdkifiHòrd@awmfrsm;u vnf;
0gaqmtaejzifholwdk@a'owGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~rsKd;udk vufcHrxm;oifha=umif; azmfjycJh=uonf? Ttajc taersKd;wGif
nDaemif&if;yrmulnDr_rsKd;udk olwdk@taejzifhzdwf=um;onfjzpfap/ rzdwf=um;onfjzpfap ay;vmEdkifonf[k qdk=u onf?
EdkifiHwumtaetxm;t&t&vnf; ydkvefEdkifiHudkusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufr_twGuf ppfa&;t&ukefuspm;&dwf/ pD;yGg;a&;t& xdcdkuf&r_
t}uD;tus,f&SdEdkifonf? odk@aomfTodk@aomukefus&r_rsKd;udk qdkAD,uf,leD,HutukeftuscHvdrfhrnf[k rar#mfvifh xm;=uay?
“a,bl,sajym&&ifawmh usaemfwdk@ydkvefudk tqHk;&_Hl;cHvdk@vJ rjzpfzl;? cHvdk@vJ r&zl;? ” qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkEdkifiH jcm;a&;0ef}uD;
tef'a&*&dkrDudku ajymcJhonf? Todk@ajym=um;csufudk armfpudk&Sd atmufwkfdbm (29) &ufae@wGifðyvkyfaom
ay:vpfAsL&dktpnf;ta0;wGif ajym=um;cJhonf[k owif;rsm;u azmfjy=uonf?

ppfqifa&;avhusifhcef;rsm;ESifh O=ooHrsm;
(1980-81) aqmif;&moDESifh aqmif;OD;&moDrsm;wGif t=uyftwnf;rsm;/ jyefvnfavsmhay;r_rsm;/ wzefjyefIawG@aomt=uyf

twnf;rsm; ponfhtjzpftysufrsm;u ydkvefudkxdef;csKyfxm;cJJhonf? tpdk;&zufu tm%mydkifrsm;u =o*kwfvwGifoabmwl
nDcJhaom oabmwlnDcsufudk t}udrf}udrfcsKd;azmufcJh=uonf? txl;tjzifh tESpfom&tm;jzifhoabmwlnDcsufrsm;udkyg csKfd;
azmufcJh=uonf? vpmrsm;wdk;jr‡ifhay;&if; olwdk@&or#tcsdefqGJcJh=uonf? qifqmydwfyifr_ESifh ygwfoufaomOya'topfwckudk
xyfrHa&;qGJjyXmef;onf? tvkyform;or*~rsm; topfxyfrHzGJ@pnf;&efóud;yrf;olrsm;udk +cdrf;ajcmufESdyfuGyfonf? Edk0ifbmvwGif
&Jrsm;u 0gaqm&SdaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ a'oqdkif&m&Hk;udk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;cJh+yD;/ vli,fyHkESdyform;wOD;jzpfol ,ef em&dkZepf
udkzrf;qD;cJhonf? xdkvli,fudk EdkifiHawmfv#Kfd@0Sufcsufrsm;ayguf=um;aponf[k pGyfpGJumcHk&Hk;wifcJhonf? ZEM0g&DvwGif tpdk;&u
trdef@wckxyfrHxkwfjyefcJhonf? Ttrdef@t& ydkveftvkyform;rsm;taejzifh wvv#if paeae@ESpf}udrf tvkyfcGiftwGif;&Sdae&
rnf[k qdkonf? TonfrSm paeae@rsm;wGif tm;vyf&uf&aprnfqdkaom ,cifoabmwlnDcsufudk csKd;azmufjcif;jzpfonf?
tpdk;&ydkifowif;Xmersm;/ txl;ojzifh &kyfjrifoH=um;xkwfv$ifhcsufrsm;uvnf; autdktmudk txl;wvS,fwdkufcdkufazmfjy+yD;/
‚if;wdk@. EdkifiHawmfqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;cJhonf? ,Jquf ul&Gefudk rwfv (5) &ufae@wiG zf rf;qD;cJ+h yD;/ (6) em&Dr#
zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHcJh&onf?
Todk@xdyfwdkufawG@r_rsm;u a&S@wdk;aemufqkwf&cufaomt=uyftwnf;tajctaeudk zefwD;ay;cJhonf? tu,fI aoG;pnf;

nD!Gwfa&;or*~u wckr#rv_yf&Sm;ygu/ rdwfaqGrsm;ua&m/ &efolrsm;uyg puULusm;ozG,f tqdyfr&Sd[kxif=uawmhrnf?
=o*kwfvoabmwlnDcsuftay: tiftm;jznfh&yfwnfr_ r&Sdawmh+yDavm[k xifp&m&Sdvmvdrfhrnf? tu,fI tjyif;txef
wGef;wGef;wdkufwdkufaqmif&Gufrdyguvnf;/ tpdk;&zufu acgif;rm*dk%f;om;rsm;. wkef@jyefr_udkzdwfac:ovdk jzpfvmEdkifonf?
or*~rsm;u rZÆdrvrf;pOf tv,ftvwfvrf;udka&G;cJh=uonf? v_yf&Sm;wdkift}udrfwdkif;wGif tpdk;&udktqHk;pGeftxdwGef;&ef
róud;yrf;yJ/ jzpfay:vmEdkifaomwkef@jyefr_rsm;udk wGufq&if;/ v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdeft[kefukv
d nf; rysufatmifxdef;odrf;&if; aqmif&Guf
cJh=uonf? olwdk@taejzifh awmif;qdkr_rsm;ðyaumif; ðyrnf? oydwfwdkufyGJqifE$Jrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufaumif; +cdrf;ajcmufrnf?
oydwfwdkufyGJqifE$Jaumif;vnf; qifE$Jrnf? odk@aomfaemufqHk; tm%mydkifrsm;ESifhawG@qHkI aphpyfnd‡Ed_if;r_vkyf=urnf jzpfonf?
Tenf;tm;jzifh vkyfcvpmopfrsm;wdk;wuf &&Sdvm=uonf? em&dkZepfudk jyefvnfvGwfajrmufapcJhonf? wvv#if paeae@
w&ufwnf;om tvkyfvkyf&aom tajctaeudkvnf; aqG;aEG;,lEdkifcJhonf? &kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh a&'D,dkxkwfv$ifhr_rsm;udkvnf;
&,lEdkifcJhonf? owif;pmrsm;rSvnf; azmfjycHcJh=u&onf? odk@aomfvnf; aygifrkef@wydkif;om&aomtajctaeudk Tor*~rsm;
udkaxmufcHolrsm;u a=ueyfa&mifh&JEdkifr_ r&SdcJh=uay? bm0ifqmESifh tjcm;aomacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm oydwfawmif;qdkcsufwck&
+yD;onfESifh tjcm;aomoydwfqifE$J&ef awmif;qdkcsufrsm;tjynfh&Sdaewwfonf? odk@aomfvnf; aemufxyfoabmuGJvGJr_wck
tay:aygufrcsif; tajctaeudkwnf+idraf t;aq;aeatmif xdef;xm;EdkifcJh=uonf?
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh wzufwGif tm%mydkiftpdk;&udkxdef;xm;&if;/ tjcm;wzufwGifvnf; rdrd.}uD;xGm;vm aom

tiftm;udkxdef;xm;&onfh 0da&m"dóuHcJhonf? Todk@aom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~óuHae&aom 0da&m"drSm (1981) ckESpf
rwfva&mufaomtcg ydkIjyif;xefvmcJhonf? aqmif;OD;&moD v,fpdkufysKd;olv,form;rsm;taejzifh olwdk@udk,fydkif or*~udk
todtrSwfðyr_ &vdkvSonf? Tor*~udk olwdk@u aus;vufaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~[kac:=uonf? xdkolrsm;tae jzifh
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tvkyform;or*~rsm;zufua&m/ bk&m;ausmif;rsm;zufuyg cdkifrmaomausmaxmufaemufcH&Sdonf?
odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u Tor*~rsm;udkw&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifcGifh&&ef ta=umuftuefjiif;qefaeonf? ta=umif;jy csufrSm
v,form;rsm;onf vcpm;vkyfom;rsm;r[kwf=uyJ/ xdktwGufa=umifh or*~vkyfp&mrvdk[kqdkonf? Todk@vaygif; rsm;pGm
vdyfcJwif;vif;jzpfae&if;/ Tjy\emuae wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjy\emtjzpf jyef@ESH@vmawmhonf?
rwfv (19) &ufae@wGif aus;vufaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0if udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf a'oqdkif&maoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;

tvkyform;or*~acgif;aqmif ,ef &lvJpuD;ESifhtwl bD*dk&SpfwGifusif;yaom òrd@e,faumifpDtpnf;ta0;odk@oGm;a&mufcJh=u onf?
olwdk@udk tm%mydkifrsm;uajymonfrSm olwdk@taejzifh w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifxm;aomv,form;tpktaejzifh udk,fpm;ðy
ajymEdkif=uonfqdkaomfvnf;/ olwdk@ajymcGifhtvSnfh ra&mufrDrSmyif tpnf;ta0;udk &ufa&$@qdkif;vdkuf=uonf? xdktcg wuf
ºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh tcsKd@aomòrd@aumifpD0ifrsm;onf a=ujimcsufwckyl;aygif;ðyvkyf&ef usefaecJh=uonf? olwdk@onf &Jt&m&Sd (200)
cef@u (2) }udrfwdkifwdkif tcef;xJuxGufay;&ef awmif;qdkaeonfh=um;rS naewdkifusefae&pf=uonf? olwdk@uxGufay; &ef
jiif;qef+yD;/ vufrsm;udkcsdwfqufum/ puf0dkif;yHkxdkifI EdkifiHawmfoDcsif;udk oDqdk=uonf? aemufqHk;&Jrsm;u t"rRqGJxkwf=u &onf?
tcsKd@aomolrsm;u olwdk@udk (1976) v_yf&Sm;r_u tvkyform;rsm;udk vkyfcJh=uovdk/ twif;t"rRjyJuGJonftxd qGJ
xkwfcJh=uonf[k qdkonf? &lvJpuD;tygt0if 3-OD;rSm udk,fcE<mtESH@tjym;wGif tndKtrJrsm;pGJI usefcJh&onf?
Todk@aomaemufqHk;rD;yGg;onf ydkvefEdkifiHtESH@tjym;udk &dkufcwfoGm;cJhonf? vltrsm;tjym; a'gojzpf=u&onf? bD*dk&Spfòrd@wGif

vlxkrsm;u “*ufpfwmydk” [katmf[pf=uonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~u pHkprf;ppfaq;r_vkyfay;&efawmif;qdkonf? olwdk@

.&kH;rsm;wGif aoG;rsm;ayusHaeaomvlxkrsm;. "gwfyHkrsm;udk uyfxm;cJhonf? aemufw&ufwGif wEdkifiHv;Hk qdkif&maumfr&SiftzGJ@
0ifrsm;u bD*dk&SpfwGifawG@qHk=u+yD;/ rnfodk@ qufvufaqmif&Gufrnfudk aqG;aEG;=uonf? vltrsm;u tjyif;xefqHk;zdtm;ay; &ef/
taxGaxGoydwfac:a&;twGuf &mZoHay;&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? =o*kwfvv_yf&Sm;r_twGif;u t=uHay;jzpfolESifh v_yf&Sm;
r_OD;aqmifcJholrsm;jzpfol wm'J,k rmaZm0DpuD;ESifh b&Gefepfpavm *J&Drufwdk@u taxGaxGoydwfac:jcif;tm;jzifh tpdk;&twGif;
&Sdacgif;rm*dk%f;om;rsm;twGuf zdESdyfap&eftcsuf&oGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymqdk=uonf? aemufwae@wGif bm0ifqmu
aom=umae@ (rwfv 27-&uf) rwdkifrD óudwifowday;onfhtaejzifh av;em&D=umtaxGaxGoydwfqifE$J&ef a=ujimcJhonf?
tu,fI 4-&ufajrmufaomae@wdkifatmifrS tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;ESifhoabmwlnDr_ r&&Sdygu/ taxGaxGoydwfac:rnfjzpf a=umif;
&mZoHay;onf? odk@aomfvnf;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u csufcsif;yif taxGaxGoydwfac:vdk=uonf? aemufqHk;bm0ifqm
uol.tpDtpOfudkvufcH&ef twif;t=uyf}udrf;armif; ajymqdk&awmhonf? olwdk@wGif awmif;qdkcsuf (5) ckyg&Sdonf? ‚if;wdk@ wGif
bD*dk&SpfwGif t=urf;ywrf;aqmif&GufcJh=ur_rsm;twGuf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk tjypfay;&efEiS fh aus;vufaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; or*~udk
todtrSwfðyay;&efwdk@ yg0ifonf?
aemufae@rsm;wGif tajctaeuoD;rcHEdkifp&maumif;vSatmif wif;rmaecJhonf? qdkAD,ufacgif;aqmifrsm;u 0gaqmppfpmcsKyf

udkwdk;csJ@vdkuf+yD;/ ydkvefwGif ppfa&;avhusifhr_ðyvkyfonf? qdkAD,ufwyfzGJ@rsm;u ydkvefEdkifiHòrd@awmfESifh vufvSrf;rDaomae&mwGif
ae&m,lxm;=uonf? tar&duef&Sd 0g&Sifweftpdk;&ESifh taemufOa&myEdkifiHrsm;u qdkAD,ufusL;ausmrf _jzpfvmEdkifzG,f&Sda=umif;
owday;ajymqdk=uonf? xdktcsdefwGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~uvnf; ‚if;.tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk v_H@aqmfwyfvSef@aecJhonf?
wEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&maumfr&Sifu vDeifoabFmusif;twGif;wGif ‚if;wdk@&HkudkzGifhxm;onf? a'oqdkif&mXmecsKyfrsm;uvnf; tum
tuG,frJhaomtaqmuftODrsm;rSaeI puf&rHk sm;twGif;ajymif;0ifum cHwyfðyIaeonf? bDd*dk&SpfwGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;
or*~onf ‚if;wdk@.tvkyfrsm;udk &xm;0if;twGif;ajymif;a&$@Ivkyfonf? &xm;rsm;ESifh &xm;jyifwGifcHkrsm;u tumtuG,f ozG,f
jzpfap=uonf? tu,fI taxGaxGoydwf}uD;qifE$J&rnfqdkygu tvkyform;rsm;taejzifh puf&Hkrsm;udkodrf;ydkuf+yD;/
vGefcJhaom=o*kwfvoydwf}uD;wkef;u vDeifoabFmusif;ESifh trfautufpfwdk@ aqmif&Gufovdk vkyf=uvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? tu,fI
tpdk;&taejzifh ta&;ay:tajctaea=ujimyguvnf;/ oydwfarSmufwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;u tu,fI aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf
a&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;zrf;cHcJh&ygu/ ta&;ay:aqmif&GufEdkif&ef t&HoifhaemufcH &SJ'dk;aumfrwDrsm;zGJ@pnf;Ixm;=uonf? tu,fI
qdkAD,ufwyfrsm;usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmyguvnf; òrd@olòrd@om;rsm;u vrf;jyqdkif;bkwfrsm;udkajymif;vJI/ rnfonfhtultnD
r#ray;ap&ef pDpOfxm;cJh=uonf?
aom=umae@a&mufvmaomtcg/ eHeuf (8) em&DY ydkvefEdkifiHtpGef;wzuf&Sd puf&HkwckrSO=ooHxGufay:vmcJhonf? O=ooHrsm;

puf&Hkrsm;tvdkuf vufqufurf;oGm;cJh+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;vnf; olwdk@.u&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udk vufucsvdkufawmh onf?
ygwDtrdef@udkqef@usifum ygwD0ifaygif;woef;ausmfu oydwfawmif;qdkoHudk vdkufemaqmif&GufcJh=uonf? &kyfjrifoH
=um;jrifuGif;rsm;u yvm? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~-qENjyaeonf[kom vmonf? tcsKd@ta&;}uD;vGef;aompuf&HktcsKd@om
usefonf? Oyrm r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaomvkyfief;rsm;/ oHr%dpuf&HkESifh vufeufpuf&Hkrsm; jzpfonf? “jrif&wm wrsKd;}uD;xl;qef;
aew,f” txufwef;ausmif;omwOD;jzpfol &m'uf qDaumpuD;u ajymonf? “tenf;qHk; vrf;ab;ukefpHkqdkifav;awmif rzGifhzl;?
vrf;ay:rSm um;wpD;wav/ bwfpfum;wpD;wavrS rawG@&zl;? ” taqmuftODrsm;wGif tjzL/ teDa&mift0wfp rsm;jzifh
wGJvGJcsxm;=uonf? vltrsm;u tjzLa&mifESifh teDa&mifvufarmif;ywfrsm;udk ywfxm;=uonf? ae@vnfydkif;a&muf aomtcg
O=ooHjyef=um;&+yD;/ oydwfudk &yfqdkif;vdkuf=uay+yD?
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~u olwdk@.tm;udkjyvdkufonf? tvm;wlyif qdkAD,ufuvnf; olwdk@.tm;udk jyjyefonf? ,ck

tcsdeftxd wifhum;rsm;u aus;vufa'orsm;wGif ckwfarmif;oGm;vmaeqJjzpf+yD;/ qdkAD,ufowif;Xme wyfpfuvnf;/
tzsuftarSmufaqmif&Gufvdkaomtiftm;pkrsm;u ydkvefEdkifiHwGif tm%modrf;ydkuf&ef=uHpnfaea=umif; aoG;&l;aoGG;wef;
owif;v$ifhaecJhonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~u t*Fgae@wGif taxGaxGoydwfarSmuf&ef jyifqif=uaomtcg/ *g&Jruf ESifh
rmaZm0DpuD;wdk@u bm0ifqmudk tpGef;xda&mufaomtaetxm;rS aemufjyefqkwfyg&ef wdkufwGef;=uonf? *dk%f;csKyfbkef;
awmf}uD; 0gZif;puD;uvnf; Tt=uyftwnf;rSvGwfajrmufEdkifaom tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;&Sm=uH=uyg&ef wdkufwGef;onf?
a&mrrSaeIvnf; ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;u awG@qHkaqG;aEG;oabmwlnDr_,l=uyg&ef wdkufwGef;onf? bm0ifqmtaejzifhvnf;
Todk@owday;ajym=um;csufrsm;udk tav;teufoabmaygufonf? odk@aomfolodaeonfu atmufajc&Jabmftrsm;tae jzifh
oydwfarSmuf&efpdwftm;xufoefae=uonf? oltaejzifh aemufqHk; qHk;jzwfcsufcs&awmhonf? 'Drdkua&pDwGif tuef@
towfawmh&Sd&rnf? xdktwGufa=umifh T&ufowWygwfukefESifh olESifh ol.or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;u tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh tajz
&Sma&;twGuf aqG;aEG;=uawmhrnf[k qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? bm0ifqmtaejzifh tpdk;&.awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk,fpm;vS,f rDZD qavm
&maumpuD;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifawG@=uonf? tjcmaomacgif;aqmifrsm;u 0gaqm&Sd[dkw,ftcef;wckwGif usefcJh onf?
rnfonfhtajctaerS rod&?

wevFmae@eHeuf (7; 30) em&Da&mufaomtcg/ vltrsm;u tvkyfydwf&ufrsm;twGif; oydwf}uD;qifE$J&eftwGuf tpm;
taomufrsm;jyifqif+yD;=u+yD/ tdyf,mrsm; jyifqif+yD;=u+yD? ydkvefvlrsKd;rsm;u &kyfjrifoH=um;udkzGifhvdkuf=uonf? olwdk@jrif& onfu
tif'a& 0D,mZf'gu a=ujimcsufwckudk zwfaeonf? xdka=ujimcsufrSm aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ESifh tpdk;&wdk@
oabmwlnDcsufwckudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhonfh ta=umif;yif? tm%mydkifrsm;u bD*dk&SpfwGifjzpfcJhaom &Jrsm;.vkyfaqmifr_ rsm;rSm
rSm;,Gif;a=umif;0efcH+yD;/ ,cifoabmwlnDcsufrsm;. tajccHjzpfaom jy\emrsm;udk awG@qHkaqG;aEG;aomenf;jzifh
ajz&Sif;a&;udkvnf; csKd;azmuf&ma&mufa=umif; 0efcHonf? xdkodk@&dkufESufr_rsm;twGuf 0rf;enf;a=umif;udkvnf;azmfjyonf?
wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udkvnf; ta&;,lrnf[k qdkonf? tpdk;&taejzifhvnf; aus;vufaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udpPwGif xyfrH
pGufzufvdrfhrnfr[kwfa=umif; ajymonf? odk@aomfrSwfyHkwifa&;udpPudkrl qdkif;iHhxm;ao;onf? xdktcg aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;
or*~zufu oydwfudkrvkyfawmhyJ avsmhay;vdkufonf? “usaemhtjrift&awmh tEW&m,fu odyf}uD;w,f?” bm0ifqmu olu
aemufxyfoabmwlnDr_wckudk vkyfcJhonfhta=umif; jyef&Sif;jy&if;/ aemufydkif;wGif jyefajymonf?
EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m aumfr&Sifu t*Fgae@ESifh Ak'<[l;ae@rsm;wGif *'ef@pfcfY awG@qHk=uonf? udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u olwdk@.a'gorsm;udk

bm0ifqmtay: yHkcs=uonf? qdkAD,ufwifhum;rsm;a=umifh a=umufvef@oGm;+yDavm[k trsufxGuf=uonf? rsm;rsm;pm;pm;
tusKd;tjrwfjyefvnf&&Sdjcif;r&SdyJ/ tpdk;&udk ig;rsm;csdwfrSvGwfay;vdkufonf[k olwdk@uqdk=uonf? xdk@tjyif 'Drdkua&pDrqef
aomol. vkyf&yftay:vnf; tjypfzdk@=uonf? oydwfwdkufyGJudk &yfqdkif;vdkufzdk@ bm0ifqmwdkufwGef;r_a=umifh a=ujim&ol
0D,mhZf'gudkvnf; ol.aysmhnHhr_a=umifhtjypfwif=u+yD;/ obmywdtzGJ@0iftjzpfrS E_wfxGufay;&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? tefem
a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfu aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh a&S@udkqufvufcsDwufoifha=umif;ESifh b,fvdkjzpfjzpf oydwfudkqifE$J
oifha=umif; ajymonf? olrudk vDeifoabFmusif;tvkyform;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrSz,f&Sm;cH&onf? or*~udkpwif
wnfaxmifchJaom tjrLawonf,ckawmh wppDòyduGJ&+yD?
bD*dk&SpfudpPwGif oabmxm;uGJvGJ=u&aomfvnf;/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~. (1981) aEGOD;umvwav#mufvHk; &&SdpGrf;

aqmifEdkifcJhaom&vm'frsm;onf/ vHk;0aygufuGJa&;r[kwfyJ xdef;nd‡oGm;aom r[mAsL[mutvkyfjzpfa=umif; jyocJhonf? or*~.
txda&mufqH;k aomzdtm;vufeufrSm taxGaxGvkyfief;cGifoydwfjzpf+yD;/ (1980) =o*kwfvwGif urf;&dk;wef;a'o
tvkyform;rsm;upwifum/ aemufydkif;wGif ydkvefwEdkifiHvHk;tESH@tjym; twk,lusifhoHk;vm=uaomenf; jzpfonf? wEdkifiHvHk;
tESH@tjym; or*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif tiftm; (10) oef;cef@&SdI/ oydwfpwifvdkufygu tcsdefwdktwGif;rSmyif wEdkifiHvHk;.pD;yGg;
a&;udk v_yfcgoGm;apEdkifonf? Twif;ykwfvufeufudk trSefwu,ftoHk;rðyyJ/ csdef&G,f&if;jzifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~onf
aoG;xGufoH,dkr_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;EdkifcJhonf? ydkvefEdkifiHudkvnf; rxifrSwfxm;aomtaetxm;txd ajymif;vJvmapcJhonf?
t"du tajccHtajymif;tvJrSm ,cktcgtus,ftjyef@aomydkvefvkyfom;xk}uD;rSm/ ygwDxdef;csKyfr_ jyifywGifzGJ@pnf;rdvmjcif;

jzpfonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;wGif puf&Hkvkyfom;rsm;r#omruyJ/ ausmif;q&mrsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ olemðyrsm;/
tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh pufr_ynm&Sifrsm;vnf; yg0if=uonf? aemufqHk; &Jt&m&Sdrsm;yg yg0if=uonf? woef;ausmfaomv,f
orm;rsm;rSm aus;vufaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~atmufwGif pk&Hk;rd=u+yD? wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; olwdk@zmom
or*~zGJ@pnf;=uonf? uGefjrLepfEdkifiHawmfwcktwGif;Y rdrdzmomzGJ@pnf;xm;=uaomtiftm;pkrsm;&yfwnfaeEdkifaom tae
txm;onf wu,fhudk&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; jzpfonf? Ttjzpftysufu vtenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyif trSefwu,fjzpfvmcJhonf?
tvm;wl pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,f&maumif;aomudpPrSm vlxkrsm;.b0twGif; jzpfay:vmcJhaomtajymif;tvJ jzpfonf? aoG;pnf;

nD!Gwfa&;or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;/ PZPR ygwD0ifrsm;/ bk&m;ausmif;tzGJ@0ifrsm;tygt0ifjzpfaom vlwodef;ausmfrSm 'DZifbm (16)
&ufae@wGif vDeifoabFmusif;a&S@Y pk&Hk;rd=uonf? olwdk@.a&S@wGif (1970) vltpktòyHvdkufowfjzwfcH&r_wGif usqHk;oGm;
&olrsm;twGuf *k%fðyxm;aom ay (140) ausmfjrifhonfh txdrf;trSwfausmufwdkif &Sdonf? Ttcrf;tem;wav#mufvHk;
vltrsm;u aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~rS wm;jrpfxm;aom t&ufydwfyifr_udk vkdufemaqmif&GufcJh=uonf? olwdk@u vltrsm;
0ef;enf;a=uuGJ&r_udk jycJh=uonf? aocsmonfrSm Tolrsm;udktpdk;&taejzifh qGJaqmifpnf;&Hk;&efrjzpfEdkifawmhjcif;yif jzpf onf?
udkvufaumpuD;/ ul&GefESifh rDcsDepfcfwdk@pnf;&Hk;ajymqdkcJh=uaom yk*~vduqdkif&m vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; rsuf0g;xifxifay:
aygufvmcJh=ujcif;yif jzpfonf?
owif;jyef=um;a&;Xmersm;tay: tpdk;&csKyfudkifxdef;csKyfr_onfvnf; (1980) ckESpfaqmifydkif; tpydkif;umvrsm;wGif twefi,f

aysmhajymif;vmcJhonf? ,cifu tpdk;&xdef;csKyfxmaomowif;pmrsm;udk &&Sda&;twGuf vltrsm;u ukefpkHqdkifrsm;wGif
wef;&Snf}uD;pDI apmifhqdkif;cJh=u&onf? ,cktcg Towif;pmrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;t&tjiif;yGg;zG,fjzpfaom owif;azmfjycsufrsm;/
obm0ygwf0ef;usifysufpD;apaom ta=umif;rsm;udkazmfjycsufrsm; ygvm=u+yD? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~. a'oqdkif&mXmecGJ
wdkif;uvnf; owif;pmrsm;xkwfa0ae=u+yD? odk@aomf &kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;wGif xdef;csKyfr_rsm;u wif;wif;=uyf=uyf&SdaeqJyif?
odk@aomfvnf; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~twGuf xkwfv$ifhcsdefudk &kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh a&'D,dktwGuf oD;oef@cGJay;onf? we*FaEG

vlpka0;yGJrsm;udk a&'D,dkrSwqifh wEdkifiHvHk;odk@xkwfv$ifhay;onf? ydkvefvlxkrsm;taejzifh vGwfvyfr_t&omqdkonfrSm
rnfonfqdkonfudk tenf;qHk;+rD;prf; cHpm;Edkif=u+yD?
jyif;xefaompum;vHk;rsm;? tm;ausmhaomtdyfrufrsm;
aoG;pnf;nG!Gwfa&;or*~. nD!Gwfr_rSaeI tm%mwckay:xGef;mvcJhonf? Ttmtmjzifh oydwfrsm;jzihfr+idrfroufjzpfae aom
wdkif;jynf}uD;udkxdef;xm;&onfh tpdk;&tm; +cdrf;ajcmuf/ t=uyfudkifEdkifcJhonf? Todk@tvkyform;rsm; tm%m&Sdvm
aomtajctaea=umifh ydkvefEdkifiH.usefaomvltzGJ@tpnf;rS tiftm;pkrsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdk@zmompk&Hk;vm=uonf? bD*dk&Spf
t=uyftwnf;onf Oyrmwckjzpfonf? v,form;rsm;tay: wdkufcdkufr_pwif&mrS aemufqHk;aus;vufaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;
or*~ay;vdkuf&aom tajctaejzpfoGm;chJonf? odk@aomf (1981) ckESpftwGif; vtenf;i,fjzwfoef;&if;/ Ttm%mudk&vm
aqmif&Gufay;cJhaom r[mAsL[ma=umifh Ttm%mudktoHk;ðy&efydkIcufcJa=umif; awG@vm=u&onf?
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~zufrS csOf;uyfyHkonf/ rdrd.qef@usifzuftiftm;pkzufrSpdwfaumif;apwem&Sdr_tay: vHk;0ar#mfvifh

xm;yHk&onf? (1970) ckESpfrsm;uwnf;uyif rpfcsepfua&;cJhzl;onf? PZPR ygwDonf vufawG@0g'Drsm;ESihfa&m/ tcGifhta&;
orm;rsm;ESifhygpkzGJ@xm;onf? rmufpf-vDeif0g'udk trSefwu,f,Hk=unfolrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;r[kwf? “ygwD. vufawG@
0g'Drsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk vufcH=uvdrfhrnf r[kwf? A[k0g'ESihf trSefwu,fudk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdaom
tpdk;&tajctaeudk ajymif;ay;=uvdrfhrnf r[kwf? ” rpfcsepfu a&;cJhonf? “odk@aomfxdkolrsm;taejzifh óuHvm&aom A[k
0g'ajymif;vJvdkonfhzdtm; ESifh awG@qHknd‡Ed_if;ajz&Sif;jcif;uom taumif;qHk;jzpfEdkifonfudk odEdkifaomt&nftcsif;&Sdonf?”
xdkolrsm;twGuf zdESdyfjcif;onfjy\emrsm;udkajyvnfapvdrfhrnfr[kwfa=umif;ESifh aemufxyfjy\emwckxyfrHjzpfyGg;apa&;
twGuf aygufuGJap&efta=umif;zefay;jcif;omjzpfa=umif;/ odEdkifonf? Todk@awG@&aom &vm'fudk a&SmifvGJ@Ir&Edkif? ”[k qdk onf?
tu,fI rpfcsepfomrSefcJhv#if/ yHkrSef xdef;csKyfxm;aom/ pepfwusay;aom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~. zdtm;onf
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif trSefwu,fatmifyGJ&ap&ef pGrf;aqmifEdkif=uvdrfhrnf? vlwOD;csif;u vlr_tajcðyvlxktzGJ@pnf;rsm;
xGef;um;a&;twGuf aqmif&GufEdkif=uayvdrfhrnf?
=o*kwfvv_yf&Sm;r_aemufydkif;wGif xdyfwef;tm%m&,lxm;aom uGefjrLepf (2) OD;onf/ rpfcsepfu orkwfazmfjyxm;cJhaom

vufawG@0g'Drsm;yHkpHtwdkif; jzpfvmcJhonf? pwefepfpavm uefeD,monf uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;teufrS yxrtwGif;a&;
rSL;jzpf+yD;/ tuf0yf *J&uftwdkif; wyHkpHwnf;/ waoGrwdrf;jzpfvmcJhonf? ol@,cifuqufcHonfholtwdkif; olonfvnf;qif;&J
aomrdom;pku aygufzGm;vmI/ ygwDxdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifae&m a&mufvmonftxdv_yf&Sm;&kef;uefcJh&onf? xdkumvrsm;
twGif;EdkifiHa&;upm;yGJrsm;udk u|rf;u|rf;usifusifjzwfoef;vmcJh&onf? olu xdyfwdkufyÉdyuQrsKd;rawG@&avatmif/ &Snf&Snf
a0;a0;oGm;vdkvSonf? aus;Zl;wifp&maumif;aomtcsufrSm =o*kwfvoabmwlnDcsufrsm;vufrSwfa&;xdk;Edkifa&;twGuf
ygwDzufwGif ol.pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;ygonfqdkaom tcsufyifjzpfonf? t=urf;zufvrf; ra&G;cJhonfudkyif aus;Zl;wif&rnf?
aemufydkif;wGif or*~topfESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;Y olygvmcJhonf?
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ AdkvfcsKyf0dkpDtufcsf ,m&lZJpuD;onf (1981) ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhonf? xdkoluvnf;

tjcm;xl;jcm;aom toGifwrsKd;aqmifjyefonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;txd ygwDxdyfwef;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ynmt&nftcsif;
tenf;i,fom&Sd=uaom/ tEkpdwfudpPrsm;udk tenf;i,fompDrHcef@cGJEdkif=uaom olrsm;jzpfonf? Ttcsufuyif twdkuftcH
rsm;zufu ynmwwfrsm;. &,foGrf;aoG;p&mtcsufjzpfcJhonf? xdkolrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if ,m&lZJpuD;onf/ ajr&Sif
rdom;pkrSaygufzGm;vm+yD;/ ol@toGifwGifvnf; azmfjyaeonf? ol@wGif rdrdzmompnf;urf;aumif;r_ESifh &dk;om;r_twGufemrnf
aumif;&oljzpfonf? (1970) ckESpfrsm;twGif; ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;t=um;jzpfyGg;aecJhaomjcpm;r_rsm;=um;Y uif;uGmatmifae
EdkifcJholjzpfonf? vltrsm;pku rSm;,Gif;pGm,Hk=unfaeaomtcsufrSm (1970) qENjyyGJrsm;jzpfygG;pOfu aoG;ajrusr_rsm;rjzpfyGg;&
avatmif TAdkvfcsKyfuvdkvm;cJhonf[k ,lqae=uonf? TAdkvfcsKyftaejzifh 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmaomtcg/ bm0ifqmu ol@ udk
“ydkvefEdkifiHom;aumif;wOD;”tjzpf E_wfqufcJhonf? bD*dk&Spft=uyftwnf;umvuqdkv#if xdkAdkvfcsKyfudk usaemfwdk@
,Hk=unfEdkifaom wOD;wnf;aom,leDazmif;0wf[lI ajymcJhao;onf?
uefeD,mESifh ,m&lZJpuD;wdk@onf usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfpOf;pm;wwfaom/ qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sdaomolrsm; jzpf=uonf? xdkolrsm; u

aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ESifhoabmwlnDxm;aomtcsufrsm;/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udkvnf; vdkufemapmifhxdef;Edkifolrsm;
jzpf=uonf? ta=umif;rSm olwdk@uvdkvdkvm;vm;apmifhxdef;vdkaoma=umifhr[kwfyJ/ tjcm;aemufwvrf;rSm ydkIqdk;&Gm;aom
a&G;cs,fp&m jzpfaoma=umifhyif? od@k aomfvnf; tpdk;&xJwGifTodk@tjrifudk vufrcHvdkaomtiftm;pkrsm;vnf; tajrmuf
trsm;&Sd=uonf? or*~opfay:xGufvmonfudk r&_pdrfhEdkifaomor*~a[mif;rS t}uD;tuJrsm;/ =o*kwfvoabmwlnDcsufrsm;
twdkif;aqmif&Gufygu tcGifhxl;avsmhyg;oGm;zG,f&m&Sdaom ygwDAsL&dku&ufrsm;/ vkyfief;cGifwGif 'Drdkua&pD&Sdvmjcif;tm;jzifh
olwdk@.=oZmavsmhyg;oGm;Edkifaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rS refae*smrsm;u rvdkvm;=uay? Todk@,cifu róuHcJh&zl;aomawG@qHk

aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;vkyfae&onfuyif olwdk@udkapmfum;ovdkjzpfaecJhonf? a&'D,dkvd_if;rsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ owif;pmrsm;rSvnf;
aumif;=um;ae&onf? tpdk;&.jypfr_rsm;ESifh trSm;t,Gif;rsm;udk =um;ae&onf? xdkolrsm;twGuf uefeD,mtaejzifh aoG;
pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~rsm;ESifh vdkufavsmqufqHaejcif;rSm ygwDudka&mif;pm;ovdkjzpfaeonf? rif;rJh0g'tajctaerjzpfcif
wyfqkwfae&ovdk jzpfaeonf?
ygwDwGif;a'golykefxae=uaomvkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;xufpmv#if uefeD,mESihf ,m&lZJpuD;wdk@ydkIpdk;&drfzG,faumif;aom udpP&Sd

aeao;onf? qdkAD,ufacgif;aqmifrsm;u aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk taumif;enf;enf;rSrjrifEdkif/ olwdk@u aoG;pnf;nD
!Gwfa&;or*~udk qdk&S,fvpf0g'qef@usifa&;&efolrsm;. tumtuG,fwck[k jrif=uonf? qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifh ydkvefqufqH a&;udk
jzwfawmufypfrnfhudpPwck[k jrif=uonf? &k&Sm;qef@usifa&;pdwf"gwfazmfjycsuf rnfonfhenf;ESifhazmfjyr_rqdk u&if rviftpdk;&u
a'goxGufonf? ylvdk0Da'o òrd@i,fav;wckrS aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;owif;pmwGifazmfjyxm;aom umwGef;wck wGif
qdkAD,ufacgif;aqmif vD,dkepf b&ufZnufyHkudkqGJxm;jcif;udpPudkyif apm'uwufcJhonf? b&ufZnufudk,fYu uefeD
,mudkw,fvDzkef;jzifhqufoG,fI zdtm;ay;cJhao;onf? wcgw&Hwae@v#if w,fvDzkef; (3) }udrfcef@ac:onf? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;
Oya'xkwfoifhonf[k awmif;qdkonf? u&ifrvif&Sd tpdk;&t}uD;tuJ u aemufqHk;tpdk;&taejzifh vufeufrsm;udkwae&m
wGifpkòyHxm;+yD;/ aemufqHk;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~u vkyfav[efjzpfatmif zefwD;zdk@yif t=uHay;ao;onf? Ttcsufudk
ta=umif;jyI zdESdyfacsr_ef;a&;vkyfEdkifonf? uefeD,mESifh ,m&lZJpuD; ESpfOD;pvHk;uqdkAD,ufay:vpfAsL&dkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awG@
&rnfhtpnf;ta0;udk tcsdefrsm;pGm qkdif;iHhaecJhonf? t}udrf}udrfa&$@qdkif;aecJhonf? Ttpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif olwdk@taejzifh
em&Daygif;rsm;pGmqlyl}udrf;armif;cHae=u&rnfjzpf+yD;/ olwdk@.twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh yl;aygi;f =uHpnfaeonf[k pGyfpGJcH=u&rnfjzpf onf?
,m&lZJpuD;u aemufydkif;jyefvnfajymjy&mwGif ol@taejzifh (1981) umvrsm;twGif;/ ol.ZeD;ESifh orD;ESifhae&aom
tcsdefxufpmv#if qdkAD,ufppfacgif;aqmif rm&S,fApfwmulvDaumhzfESifh aeaomtcsdefu ydkIrsm;cJha=umif; ajymjyonf?
xdktcsdefwGif aygufuGJzG,f&mtjcm;t&if;tjrpfwckvnf; &Sdaeao;onf? =o*kwfoydwfwdkufyGJrsm;u ygwDatmufajcxk twGif;wGif

vlxktHkºuGr_}uD;jzpfapcJhonf? tiftm; 3-oef;&Sdonfhteuf tiftm; (2) odef;cef@uygwDrSE_wfxGufoGm;=uonf? xdk@tjyif
tjcm;woef;cef@rSm aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aeEdkifao;onf? trsm;pkaomtiftm;pkrsm;rSm
tv,ftvwfwef;ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm; r[kwf=uyJ/ atmufajc&Jabmfxkrsm; jzpf=uonf? xdkolrsm;u ygwDudk'Drdkua&pDðyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;vkyf&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;&yfqdkif;&ef/ ygwDtpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif vGwfvyfyGifhvif;pGmjiif;ckef
cGifhay;&ef/ txufydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf&mY a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udkw&m;r#wpGmvkyf&efwdk@ awmif;qdkvmcJhonf?
Ttcsufrsm;u ygwDwGif;&Sdacgif;rmtiftm;pkrsm;twGufa&m/ aysmhajymif;aomtiftm;pkrsm;twGufyg +cdrf;ajcmufr_[k jrif=u
onf?
umvwdkwcktcsdeftxd ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;u tompD;&aeoa,mifxifae&onf? (1981) ckESpftapmydkif;a&muf

aomtcg/ a'oqdkif&mygwDXmecGJrsm;u vGwfvyfpGmòydifqdkifcGifh&Sdaoma&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrsm; usif;y=u+yD;/ ZlvdkifvwGifusif;
yrnfhuGef*&ufwufa&muf&ef udk,fpm;vS,fudka&G;cs,f=uonf? Ta&G;aumufyGJrsm;u vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&Gufae=u+yD;/ &kef;
&if;qefcwfvnf; EdkifvSonf? udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;udka0zefwdkufcdkuf=u+yD;/ ygwDwGif;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; udk
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyf=uonf? odk@aomftrsm;pkudk qdkAD,ufay:vpfAsL&dku +cdrf;ajcmuf}udrf;armif;onfudkcH=u&+yD;/ aemuf ydkif;wGif
'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;óud;yrf;r_rsm;udk “ygwDudkzsufodrf;&ef óud;yrf;r_tjzpf” wHqdyfwyfcH&onf? tu,fI
trsm;}uD;wGef;xdk;aqmif&Gufygu tEW&m,fóuHvmEdkifonf[k axmufjy=uonf? odk@aomfudk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pku ,cif A[dk
aumfrwD0iftrsm;pkESifh ay:vpfAsL&dktzGJ@0ifrsm;udk jyefvnfa&G;cs,f&efjiif;qef=uonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;vlenf;pkrsm;u
acgif;aqmifr_ &vmcJh=uonf? xdyfydkif;wGifrl tvkyform;rsm;ESifhnd‡Ed_if;ajyvnfr_,lvdkolrsm;ESifh ydwfqdk@[efwm;vdkolrsm;
t=um;tm;òydifr_u qufIwnf&SdaecJhonf?
ygwDwGif;jzpfysufaer_tajctaeudk aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;u pdwf0ifpm;r_tenf;i,fom&SdcJhonf? trsm;pkaom

wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;.tjrifwGif PZPR ygwDonf/ rD;ZmukefqDcrf;aeaom tiftm;pkjzpfaeay+yD? olwdk@u ygwDxHrSar#mf
vifhxm;aomtajctaerSm *k%foduQm&Sdaom aemufqkwfxGufvrf;yifjzpfonf? ygwDxdyfydkif;&Sad oae+yDjzpfaom tav;csdefwdk@ u
atmufajcrSEkysKdxdk;xGufvmaom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;topf.zdtm;udk rcHEdkifawmhay? xdyfydkif;rSacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaom
,m&lZJpuD;u ygwD.tcef;u¾udkavsmhcsay;&ef oabmxm;&Sda=umif; olwdk@od&SdcJhv#ifawmifrS/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ uJhodk@
olykefxolrsm;u bma=umifhar#mfvifhcsufqufxm;ae&OD;rnfenf;[k ar;p&m&Sdvmonf?
odk@aomf ydkvefuGefjrLepfrsm;onf olwdk@ta&;udpPrsm;udk olwdk@udk,fwdkifzefw;D EdkifcGifh &Sdolrsm;r[kwf=uay? u&ifrvifrSvmae

aomtoHrsm;udk vspfvsLðyIrxm;Edkif=uay? em;yif;csifa,mif aqmifaeIr&ay? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'xkwf&efvdktyfygu jyif
qifxm;aomtajctae ta&;ay:pDrHcsufwapmifudk ,m&lZJpuD;vufrSwfjzifhyif rwfvqef;ydkif;wGif armfpudkodk@wifjyvdkuf
=u&onf? Ttajctaeu bD*dk&Spftjzpftysuf rjzpfcif (2) ygwftvdkwGifjzpfonf? wv=umaomtcg uefeD,mESifh ,m&l
ZJpuD;wkd@ Zmyk0grsm;um&Hxm;aomvlrsm;pGef@cGgoGm;onfh &xm;ay:wGif olwdk@udk,folwdk@awG@vdkuf=u&awmhonf? xdk&xm;u

qdkAD,ufEdkifiHe,fajrtwGif;wGif jzpfonf? qdkAD,ufxdyfwef;ay:vpfAsL&dkacgif;aqmif (2) OD;jzpfol ,l&D tif'&dkaygzfESifh 'DrDx&D
tlpwDaemhzfwdk@u (6) em&Dausmf=um }udrf;armif;onfudkcHae&onf? xdkolrsm;u rnfonfhae@&ufwGifacsr_ef;rnfudk &uf
awmif;ae=uonf? ydkvefacgif;aqmifrsm;u t=uyf&dkuf=u&onf? ar;cGef;u acsr_ef;a&;/ racsr_ef;a&;r[kwf? rnfonfhtcsdef
wGifacsr_ef;rnfenf;[lI jzpfaeonf? pufwifbmvv,fa&mufaomtcg ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'pDrHcsufu tacsmowff+yD;ae+yD?
atmufwdkbmv (18) &ufae@a&mufaomtcg uefeD,mu ygwDtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfrSuefxkwfcHcJh&+yD;/ ol@ae&mwGif ,m&lZJ
puD;wufvmcJhonf?
xdktajctaewGif ppfa&;t&pGufzuf&efrSm a&Smifv$JrjzpfEdkifawmh/ odk@aomfaemufa=umif;jyefI=unfhaomtcg Todk@pGufzufcJh

r_rsKd;udk &SmIyifrawG@Edkif? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'usifhoHk;a&;twGuf jyifqifaer_rsm;onf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~vufvSrf;rrD
Edkifaom ae&mwGifjyifqifaecJhonf? xdktwGufa=umifh or*~taejzifhtqdk;qHk;tajctaetwGuf olwdk@jyifqifxm;=u&awmh
rnfudk rodEdkifcJh=u? vufbm0ifqmu ol.vkyfazmfudkifzuf&Jazmfrsm;udk tpdk;&udktxifao;av#mhrwGufrdap&ef owday;
ajym=um;cJhaomfvnf;/ olvnf;aoaocsmcsm rod&SdcJh? or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;u olwdk@&Jabmfrsm;udka&S@wGiftEW&m,frsm;óuH&
EdkifzG,f&Sda=umif; owday;ajym=um;aeaomfvnf;/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; tpdk;r&aomtajctaea=umifh vrf;a=umif;udkaemufwck
a&$@ajymif;csrSwf&efyif cufcJvSonf? (1981) ckESpf vltrsm;óudufv_H@aqmfr_udk pepfwusaoe*FAsL[mt&pOf;pm;wGufcsufr_r&Sd ygyJ
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;u v_H@aqmfcJhjyefonf?
xdkodk@yÉdyuQtajctaeudk ydkIqdk;aponfrSm EdkifiH.pD;yGg;a&;tajctae rdk;wdrfom;rsm;a=umifh jzpfonf? ukefypPnf;rsm;u ydkrdk

&Sm;yg;vm+yD;/ aps;0,f&mwGif wef;pD&aomvdkif;u ydkI&Snfvsm;vmcJhonf? o=um;/ *sKHESifh tom;rsm;udk,cktcg cGJwrf;pepfjzifh
oma0ay;awmhonf? Todk@v&Snf=umpGmóuHae&aom tcuftcJrsm;u/ *'ef@pfcfpuf&Hkatmifjrifcgpu wufºuGaeaomvl trsm;.
cHpm;r_rsm;udkcsKd;ESdrf}udwfcsvdkufovdk jzpfaecJhonf? vltrsm;.tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm; rjynfhpHkaomtcsdefwGif vGwf vyfr_t&omudk
cHpm;&efqdkonfrSmcufvSonf? Todk@&Sm;yg;ae&aomudpPrSm jcpm;r_rsm;a=umifhyifjzpfrnf[k vltrsm;u,Hk =unfae=uonf?
acgif;rmaeaom AsL&dku&ufrsm;u wrifzsufqD;aeaoma=umifh/ ydkvefpD;yGg;a&;tay: qdkAD,uf,leD,Hu acgif;yHkjzwfaer_a=umifh[k
,lq=uonf? (1981) ckESpf aEG&moDESifh aqmif;OD;&moDa&mufaomtcg/ tcsKd@aomtiftm;pkrsm;u
rxifrSwfyJpwifoydwfarSmuf=u+yD;/ pm;a&&duQmtwGufawmif;qdkaom oydwfrsm;vnf; jyef@ESH@oGm;awmhonf? xdkodk@iwfrGwf
aeaomvltkyf}uD;. t=urf;zufr_rsm;vnf; ra&SmifEdkif/ rv$JEdkif&Sdvmawmhonf?
pD;yGg;a&;t=uyftwnf;a=umifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~. r[mAsL[mcsrSwfa&;tay: jy\em&SdvmcJh&onf? tzGJ@0ifrsm;

cHpm;ae=u&aomtaetxm;Y or*~rsm;u vufydkuf=unfhaeI r&Edkifay? odk@aomfydkIvGwfvyfaomvlr_vl@abmiftwGuf
vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;&&Sd&ef aqmif&Gufaeaomvkyfief;rsm;onf/ vpmwdk;a&;/ tpm;taomuf&a&;udpPr#ESifh tpdk;&ESifhzufòydifae&&if;
vdk&mra&muf jzpfEdkifonf? oydwfrsm;a=umifh ,ckvuf&Sdysufae&aompD;yGg;a&;udk ydkI,dkifvJapEdkifonf? ,ckyifEdkifiHjcm;aºuG;+rD
rsm;udk jyefrqyfEdkifawmh? tjcm;aom oabmwlnDcsufrsKd;&&Sdygu tajctaeydkIaumif;Edkifonf? tu,fIaoG;pnf;nD!Gwf
a&;or*~rsm;u olwdk@.tzGJ@0ifrsm;udkxdef;odrf;Edkif+yD;/ tpDtpOfr&Sd arSmufaeaomoydwfrsm;udkvnf; wm;Edkifygu/ paeae@
tvkyfqif;&ef wdkufwGef;Edkifygu/ axmufyHha=u;rsm;yif ydkI&&SdvmEdkifonf? tm%mydkifrsm;ut=uHðyxm;ovdk aoG;pnf;nD
!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh pD;yGg;a&;rl0g'rsm;csrSwf&mwGif ydkIta&;ygvmEdkifonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~rsm; rS
tm%mcGJa0ay;&efygawmif;qdkvmEdkifaomtqifh jzpfvmEdkifonf?
(1981) ckESpfae@&ufrsm;ukefvmonfESifhtr# aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh (1980) ck =o*kwfvoydwfumvu olwdk@

udk,folwdk@wm;jrpfcsKyfaESmifxm;aomtajctaerS jyefIz,fcgG vmcJhonf? yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf trfautufpftpnf;ta0;udk
vDeifoabFmusif;wGifðyvkyf=uaomtcg/ EdkifiHa&;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ab;z,fxm;=uonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~
wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm; udk,fYuqifqmwnf;jzwf xdef;csKyfxm;cJh=uonf? trsm;pkrSm qdkAD,ufv$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fr_udkemusnf;
cg;oD;=uaomfvnf;/ 'Drdkua&pDtxl;vdkcsifvSaomfvnf; rajymcJh=u? Todk@vdktyfaomtajctaeudkvnf; tm;vHk;uonf;cH
EdkifcJh=uonf? tu,fI Todk@raqmif&GufcJhygu olwdk@.zufòydiftiftm;pkrsm;uacsr_ef;vdkuf=uvdrfhrnf? odk@aomfvnf; or*~
udkarG;zGm;+yD;I wESpfom;a&mufaomtcg/ Todk@wm;jrpfcsufrsm;u arS;rSdefvm=u+yD? vlxktrsm;pkaxmufcHr_aemufwGif
,pfrl;vm=uonf? EdkifiH&Sdvlxktrsm;pk cHpm;ae=u&aomtwdkif; xif[yfwkef@jyefvdk=uonf? twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;. ppf
aoG;ºuGtiftm;pkrsm;. toHuydkIus,favmifvmcJhonf?
txl;ojzifh trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;tiftm;pkzufrS vufrcHEdkifzG,fjzpfaomoabmxm;/ ajymqdkcsufrsm;xGufay:vmcJhonf?

vGwfvyfaomydkvef uGefz,f'a&;&Sif; (KPN) qdkaomtzGJ@u vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;awmif;qdkvmcJhonf? Todk@ qdkv#if
PZPR ygwD.tkyfcsKyfa&;ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;zG,f&m &Sdonf? qdkAD,ufzufrS rnfodk@wkef@jyefrnfenf;qdkonfrSm “qdkAD,uf
,leD,H&J@+cdrf;ajcmufr_[m pdwful;,Ofaewmvm;/ wu,fvm;qdkwm odvdkuf&wJhtcsdefrSm odyfaemufusoGm;+yD jzpfaer,f?” ,ef
&lvJpuD;ua=ujimcJhonf? olu bD*dk&Spfta&;tcif;wkef;u &dkufcHcJh&olwOD;jzpfonf? odk@aomf auyDtJefacgif;aqmifrsm; u
“usaemfwdk@qEN&Sd&if rjzpfEdkifzl;qdkwm bmrSr&Sdzl;” [k wkef@jyefcJhonf?

odk@aomfaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u xufoefwufºuGaomtoHrsm;aemufrS aemufusefae&pf&efvnf;rjzpfEdkifay?
wyfOD;tjzpf a&S@u&Sdae&efvdkao;onf? ygwD. EdkifiHa&;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudkifxm;r_udk tqHk;owf&eftwGuf rawmif;qdkaomf
vnf;/ “'kwd,urBmppf+yD;aemufydkif; ta&S@Oa&myay:aygufvmcJh&aom tm%mpepf”udkawmh todtrSwfðy tav;xm;& onf?
or*~u ‚if;.&yfwnfcsufrsm;udk atmufwdkbmvwGifjyefI jyifqifowfrSwfcJhonf? ydkvefEdkifiHudku,fwif&eftwGuf
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ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udpPrsm;atmifjrifr_twGuf wzufuvnf; r&nf&G,fygyJESifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~zufuvnf; tm;ay;

ovdkjzpfaecJhonf? umvtajctae tajymif;tvJESifhtnD EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;udk raqmif&GufEdkifcJh? (1980) =o*kwf vESifh
(1981) ckESpfrwfvt=um;wGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh t=urf;rzufaomEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk u|rf;usif pGm
tpGrf;jyEdkifcJh+yD;/ t=urf;zufwdkufwGef;r_rygyJ xdef;csKyfr_rsm;aqmif&Gufxm;EdkifcJhonf? taxGaxGoydwf}uD;qifE$Jrnf[k +cdrf;
ajcmufjcif;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ pnf;&Hk;qifE$Jjcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; uGefjrLepfrsm;udk tpOftjzifh a&G;cs,fp&mvrf; (3)
oG,fudk wdkufwGef;aecJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;udk tiftm;wdk;apI/ tm%mydkifrsm;udk yifyef;csdeJ@ap&ef &nf&G,fcJhonf? tiftm;ESifh
wdkufcdkufzdtm;ay;+yD;/ aemufqHk;awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_jzifh tajzxkwfEdkifaomtajctaeudk &,lEdkifcJh=uonf? pD;yGg;a&;
usqif;xdkif;rd_if;aer_u yxra&G;vrf;udktm;aysmhapcJhonf? (1970) ckESpftajctaeudk jyefa&mufoGm;rnfpdk;&drfaompdwf a=umifh
'kwd,a&G;vrf;udk apmpD;pGmuyif ydwfxm;cJhovdk jzpfaecJhonf? tm%mydkifrsm;uoabmwlnDr_rsm;&,l+yD;aom tcsdef wdkif;wGif/
Todk@wpdwfwydkif;atmifyGJrsm;rSaeI aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~.e,fedrdwfudkcsJ@xGifEdkifcJh=uonf? ydkvefjynfolrsm;.
vGwfvyfaomvlr_b0e,fyg,fudk csJ@xGif,lEdkifcJh=uonf?
odk@aomfvnf; (1981) ckESpftapmydkif;umvwGif/ vdkufavsmqufqHr_odyfr&Sdaom taetxm;zufodk@wajz;ajz;csOf;uyfvmcJh

onf? qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&mwGif v#Kd@0Sufr_udkusifhoHk;jcif;ESifh acgif;aqmifr_twdkif;qufvufxm;&Sdjcif;wdk@a=umifh tajctae
udk[efrysuf zkef;uG,fxm;EdkifcJh=uonf? xdkESpfukefydkif;wGif qdkAD,uf.Adkvfuszdtm;ay;r_a=umifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk
zdtm;rsm;pwifay;vmcJhonf? aemufqHk; ,m&lZJpuD;udk,fwdkif ola&Smifv$JvdkvSaom/ rvkyfcsifaomtvkyfudk vufavsmh
aqmif&Guf&awmhonf? Todk@ xdk;ESufcsuf0ifvmaomtcgwGifvnf;/ or*~rsm;taejzifh olwdk@,cifuaqmif&Guf=uovdk
aqmif&Guf&ef óud;yrf;=uao;onf? taxGaxGoydwf}uD;twGuf v_H@aqmf&efaqmif&Guf=uao;onf? odk@aomfvnf; tm%m
ydkifrsm;u ,cifqufqHxm;aomtaetxm;rSaeI oifcef;pmrsm; rsm;pGm&&Sdae=u+yD jzpfonf? 'DZifbm (12) &ufae@nydkif;
0ifa&mufpD;eif;zrf;qD;r_onf/ upm;yGJrpwifrDuyif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk zrf;qD;xdef;
odrf;EdkifcJh=uonf? vrf;rsm;udkydwfqdk@+yD;/ owif;qufoG,fa&;rsm;udk =um;jzwfcJh=uaoma=umifh oydwfrsm;udkòrd@rsm;twGif;Y yif
uef@owfxdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcJhonf? xdk@tjyifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh wifhum;rsm;uvSnfhvnf 0ef;&Hxm;aoma=umifh òrd@wcktwGif;rSm yif
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_&&eftwGuf cufcJvSonf? xdk@tjyif ,ckw}udrfonfoydwfrsm;qifE$J&eftwGuf óudwifjyifqifcsdef vnf;r&yJ/
vufylwdkufvkyf&aomudpP jzpfonf? wyfzGJ@rsm;u oydwfarSmufaompuf&Hkrsm;udk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;odrf;ydkuf=uonf?
xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rsm;yif &Sdonf? Ttajctaeonf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh ,cifuóuHawG@cJh&aomtajctaersm;
ESifhpmv#if ydkIaumufuspfaomvkyfyHkvkyfenf;rsKd; jzpfonf?

ppfat;acwfwdkufyGJrsm;u ae&mcsxm;cJhaom ta&S@-taemufpOf;pm;yHkrsm; vlxkrsm;wGif&SdaeonfrSm &,fp&mvnf;jzpfonf?
0g&SifwefwGif&Sdaeaom tar&dueftpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;u ,m&lZJpuD;. acsr_ef;rnfh tpDtpOfudk óudwifIod=uonf? odk@aomf
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk wcGef;r#óudwifowday;cJhjcif; r&SdcJh? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh uGefjrLepftkyfpk
EdkifiHrsm;twGif; vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tiftm;taumif;qHk;pwiftaumiftxnfazmf=uaom tiftm;pkrsm;jzpf
onfhwdkifatmif rodovdkaecJhonf? xdktcsdefrwdkifrD wESpftvdku orw*sifrDumwmu ‚if;.t=uHay; bpfe,l; b&mZif; puD;
(rl&if;ydkveftrsKd;om;) xHrSwqifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ESifh ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;xHodk@ (1980) 'DZifbmvu qdkAD,uf
wyfzGJ@rsm;0ifa&mufusL;ausmfEdkifaom tEW&m,f&Sdaea=umif; owday;cJhao;onf? odk@aomfvufawGwGifrl jzpfrvmcJh? olTodk@
aqmif&GufEdkifcJhjcif;rSmvnf; ydkvefwyfrawmf ppfqifa&;pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;. 'kwd,t}uD;tuJ AdkvfrSL;}uD;&dkif;Zwf uGwfvif;puD;u
pDtdkifattwGuf tvkyfvkyfay;aeaoma=umifhyif? (1981) ckESpf Edk0ifbmvtxd uGufvif;puD;xdkae&mwGif &Sdaeao;aomf vnf;/
a&*iftkyfcsKyfa&;&Sd t&m&Sdrsm; (EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ pDtdkifat 'g&dkufwmwdk@rS r[kwfyg)/ odk@r[kwf 'k-orw a*smhbk&Sf OD;pD;aom
tdrfjzLawmf&Sd ydkvefEdkifiHudpPudkifwG,folrsm;/ wdk@u ,m&lZJpuD;.t=uHudk aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~odk@today;&ef
toifhawmfqHk;olrsm; jzpf=uonf? olwdk@tm;vHk;u qdkAD,uf,leD,Hrnfodk@wkef@jyefvmrnfudkom awG;Ipdk;&drfae=uonf?
ydkveftpdk;&zufu aqmif&GufvmEdkifaomtajctaeudk pOf;pm;azmfjyjcif; rðycJh=uay?
tu,fI aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;om óudwifod&SdcGifh&Sdygu/ Txdk;ESufcsufudk tm;ysufoGm;ap&eftwGuf rnfodk@

aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=urnfenf;? taumif;qHk;jyifqifxm;Edkifaom taetxm;rSmvHkòcHa&;t& ykef;tdrfrsm;cGJzjzef@csxm;jcif;yif jzpf
onf? owif;ydk@rnfholrsm;/ ajratmufo,f,lydk@aqmifa&; uGef,ufrsm;udkvnf; pDpOfxm;Edkif=uvdrfhrnf? acsr_ef;rnf[k
tvm;tvmjrifonfESifh wòydifeuf acgif;aqmifrsm;/ wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm; csufcsif;cGJjcrf;+yD; v_yf&Sm;Edkif=uvdrfhrnf? tjcm;
aqmif&GufEdkifrnfhwenf;rSm ta&;ay:&HyHkaiGaxmufyHhr_rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh taetxm;jzpfonf? (or*~. b%fpm&if;udk
tpdk;&uydwfypf odrf;qnf;Edkifonf?) xdk@tjyif oydwfarSmufvkyfom;rsm;twGuf pm;a&&duQmrsm;/ tjcm;vdktyfonfrsm;
puf&Hkrsm;teD;w0dkufwGif jyifqifEdkif=uvdrfhrnf? tu,fI wyfzGJ@rsm;u0ifa&mufpD;eif;jcif;r&Sdygu umv=um&Snfodrf;ydkufxm;
Edkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
tu,fI or*~uom ‚if;wdk@.acgif;aqmifrsm;/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk umuG,fxm;ay;EdkifcJhygu/ pepfuseaomajratmufv_yf

&Sm;r_}uD;wcktoGifudk ul;ajymif;oGm;Edkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~onfpwifzGJ@pnf;csdefuyif 'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfaoma=umifh/ yGifhvif;aomtzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfaoma=umifh rlvobm0t&udkyif v#Kd@0SufpDpOf&rnfhtaetxm; ESifh
udkufnDaomoabmawmh r&Sday? (1981) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif aiGa=u;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;&efESifh yHkESdyfpufrsm;udk0Suf&ef
óud;yrf;cJh=uaom wufºuGv_yf&Sm;oltcsKd@rSmvnf; ppfaoG;ºuGtzGJ@0ifrsm;. ajymifavSmif&,farmr_cHcJh=u&onf?
(1905) ckESpfu &k&Sm;twdkuftcHrsm;uJhodk@yif/ vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;twGif; oyfv#KdòzdcGJpnf;&Hk;&ef rnfodk@r#óud;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_

r&SdcJhay? tu,fI Todk@aqmif&Gufxm;Edkifygu zdESdyf&eftwGuf tpdk;&utrdef@ay;vmpOfrSmyif/ wyfzGJ@rsm;u trdef@udkjyefI
jiif;qefEdkif=uonf? ,m&lZJpuD;udk,fYuyif Todk@jzpfvmavEdk; pdk;&drfcJh&ao;onf? (1980) ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif qdkAD
,ufEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; tef'a& *&dkrDudku ay:vpfAsL&dkodk@ajym=um;&mY ,m&lZJpuD;u “ppfwyfrsm;u ydkveftvkyform; rsm;udk
racsr_ef;yJaevdrfhrnfudk pdk;&drfa=umif;” ajymcJhonf? trSefwGif acsr_ef;r_rsm;pwifvmcJhaomtcg/ *'ef@pfcfodk@oGm;aom
vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif pufysufIvJaeaomwifhum;rsm;u pufr_jy\ema=umifhr[kwfyJ/ tvkyform;rsm;udk rwdkufcdkufvdkaom a=umifh
ydkIjzpfEdkifzG,f&Sda=umif; abmh*f'ef ba&mufpf0pfZfu ajymcJhonf? olu vDeifoabFmusif;odk@vmaeaom Twifhum;
ppfom;rsm;xHwGif rsuf&nfusaeonfudk awG@cJh&a=umif; jyefajymjycJhonf?
odk@aomfvnf; ,m&lZJpuD;u Todk@ol.wyfzGJ@&Sd ppfom;rsm;twGif; ra=ueyfr_t}uD;tus,frjzpfapa&;twGuf aoG;pnf;

nD!Gwfa&;or*~qefusifa&; 0g'jzef@oifwef;rsm;ay;pOfu tmrcHuwdðyajym=um;cJ+h yD;/ or*~rsm;zufu TuJhodk@tmrcHajym
=um;r_rsm; r&SdcJhay? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=um+yD;aemufwGif bpfe,l; bl*sufu TtcsufudktrSm;wck jzpfcJhonf[k jyefajymonf?
ppfom;rsm;tzdk@,Hk=unfae=uonfrSm aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@.rdom;pk0if
rsm;udk owfjzwf=uvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfaecJh=uonf[k qdkonf? odk@aomf‚if;wdk@.rdom;pk0if rsm;udk owfjzwf=uvdrfhrnf[k
,Hk=unfaecJh=uonf[k qdkonf? odk@aomf yHkrSefwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udkrl aemufausmrSomt&Htjzpf xm;IoHk;cJh=uonf? xkd;ppf.
a&S@qHk;wGif Zdkrdkac: wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh tjcm;aomvufa&G;pifwyfrsm;udkom oHk;cJh=uonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh ppfwyftwGif;aoG;uGJr_
enf;&avatmif pDrHEdkifcJhonf?
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifhrl Todk@tiftm;òydifyGJudk tu,fItEdkif&yguvnf;/ &_H;&onfESifhtvm;wl &Sdvdrfhrnf?

tu,fIydkveftpdk;&udk,fYu EdkifEdkifeif;eif;ruGyfn‡yfEdkifcJhaomf/ jzpfvmrnfh&vm'frSm aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ESifh aemuf
xyfpmcsKyf oabmwlnDcsufwckvkyfEdkifaom taetxm;&SdcsifrS&Sdvrfhrnf? ydkvefppfacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf t&SufwuGJjzpf
&aomt&_H;rsKd;onf/ 0gaqmpmcsKyft& usL;ausmfr_udk zdwfac:ovdk jzpfvmEdkifonf? (1981) ckESpfumvuqdkv#if armfpudk
tpdk;&taejzifh rnfonfhtajctaewGifr# ‚if;.tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfhe,fajrwck[k owfrSwfxm;aomtaemufzufe,fedrdwf

pnf;&dk;udk pGef@v$wfvdkvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_u oHk;oyfxm;cJhovdk uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf t}uD;qHk;+cdrf;
ajcmufr_wck[k ,lq=uayvdrfhrnf?
tysuftpD;yHkay:rS aqG;aEG;yGJpum;0dkif;qDodk@
wajz;ajz;òyduGJjcif;
(1981) ckESpf 'DZifbm (31) aemufydkif;ae@rsm;wGif tenf;pkaomaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;om axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;
udka&Smif&Sm;&if; vGwfajrmufaeEdkif=uawmhonf? rdwfaqGrsm;. wdkufcef;rsm;/ axmufcHpmemolrsm;. tdrfcef;rsm;wGifykef;
atmif;ae=u&onf? wajz;ajz;ESifh tcsif;csif;=um; jyefvnfqufoG,fvmrd+yD;/ wpwpESifh ajratmufqufoG,fa&;uGef,uf udk
jyefwnfaqmufEdkif=uonf? *'ef@pfcfwGif&Sdaeaom uvyfpnf;tjrKawY abmh'ef bm&k0pfZf/ abmh'ef vpfZf/ tvufZef'g
a[mwdk@yg0if=uonf? a[monf trsKd;om;a&;0g'DtkyfpkrSxkwfaom *sme,fwck. t,f'Dwmwckjzpfonf? bl*sufu &xm;
vrf;vkyfom;tjzpf[efaqmifum 0gaqmodk@jyefoGm;onf? Zefe0g&Dvqef;ydkif;wGif twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm; awG@qHktpnf;
ta0;ac:Edkif=uonf? tvm;wkl qJvfrsm;udk 0g&dkuavmESifh u&mauma'orsm;wGifvnf; zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJh=uonf? &ufowWygwf
tenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~onf vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif tzGJ@0if (10) oef;&SdaomtajctaerS ykef;atmif;
ae=u&aom trSefwu,fouf0if,Hk=unfol &m*%ef;r#aomtajctaea&mufoGm;cJhonf?
(1982) ckESpftapmydkif;wGif òrd@jya'orsm;Y tajcpdkufaomtkyfpkrsm;onf/ owif;ay;ydk@olrsm;rSaomfvnf;aumif;/ wEdkifiHvHk;

twkdfif;twmaqmifaom ajratmufuGef,ufrsm;qufoG,fEdkifa&;twGuf óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? {+yDvwGif vpfZf/ bl*suf (0gaqm)/
v'fqavm z&ufqDEkuf (0g&dkuavm)/ v'fqavm [m'uf (u&maum) wdk@awG@qHk=u+yD;/ olwdk@udk,folwdk@
=um;jzwfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif tjzpfxkwfjyefa=ujimcJh=uonf? (ydkvefbmompum;twkdaumufjzifh wDauau TKK [k
ac:onf? vpfESifh bl*sufwdk@u A[dkcsKyfudkifr_xm;aomtzGJ@tpnf;yHkpHrsKd; rvdkvm;=uay? tu,fIacgif;aqmifr_ wGifyg0ifolrsm;
xyfrHtzrf;cH&ygu acgif;jzwfypfouJhodk@ repfemap&&ef jzpfonf? TKK taejzifh a,bl,svrf;a=umif;udk omcsay;onf?
trSefwu,fpkzGJ@pnf;r_udk atmufajcrSom vkyf&efvdkvm;=uonf?
*'ef@pfcfESifh 0g&dkuavmwGif&Sdaom aumfrwDwdk@u ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'a=ujimxm;csufudk qef@usifwdkufcdkufaomv_yf&Sm;r_wck

vkyf&ef/ puf&Hkrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;&efqHk;jzwf=uonf? ajray:wGif&Sdae=uao;aom ppfaoG;ºuGvkyfom;rsm;udk v#Kd@0Sufpuf&HktwGif;
zGJ@xm;aom aumfrwDrsm;u v_H@aqmf=uonf? tu,fI tvHktavmufaomtiftm;udk v_H@aqmfEdkifygu/ taxGaxGoydwf
}uD;ac:Edkifrnf? Toydwfudk jyefvnfydwfqdk@&eftwGuf ppfwyftiftm;udkxyfrHtoHk;ðy&ef ac:qdk&OD;rnf? TtajctaewGif
ppfwyftwGif; ykefuefr_ygjzpfay:apEdkifonf[k olwdk@uwGuf=uonf? xdktajctaewGif awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_&Sdaeao;a=umif;
jyo&eftwGuf vpOf (15) rdepf=um tvkyfydwfqdk@r_udk yHkrSefvkyfae=uao;onf? (1980) ckESpftwGif;oabmwlnDcJhaom *'ef@pfcf
oabmwlnDcsufESpfygwfvnfjynfhrnfhae@wGif/ vrf;ray:qENjyyGJrsm; vkyf&efpDpOfxm;=uonf?
odk@aomf 0g&dkuavm. ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_tpkrsm;udk zrf;qD;r_rsm;pwifvmcJhonf? tvkyf&yfqdkif;oklrsm;udk tvkyfrSxkwf ypfjcif;/

zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;rsm; ðyvkyf=uonf? *'ef@pfcf vlxkpka0;yGJvkyfaomtcg xGufvmaomtiftm;u enf;vSonf? vDeif
oabFmusif;u atmufwdkbmvwGifoydwfarSmuf=uaomtcg/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk w&m;r0iftjzpfa=ujimcHcJh& onf?
ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;u ydkIus,fjyef@aomv_yf&Sm;r_vkyf&ef pdkif;jyif;=uonf? odk@aomfoydwfu tcsdefwdk twGif;
òyduGJ=uonf? xdktpm; TKK u Edk0ifbmv (10) &ufae@wGif 4-em&Dausmf=um owday;aomoydwfvkyf&ef pDpOf=u onf?
tvkyform;rsm;zufrS wkef@jyefr_utm;aysmhvSonf? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=ujimxm;csuft& Todk@v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfrnfqdkygu
EdkifiHawmfykefuefvkyf=uHr_rsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfvdrfhrnf? (1982) ckESpfwGif&Sdaeaom twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk tvkyform;xk u
w&m;0iftjzpfrjrif=uay? aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;or*~vy_ f&mS ;pOfu w&m;0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh=u+yD;/ (1980-81) ckESpfrsm;umvwGif
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpf &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;cJh=uonf? ajratmufv_yf&Sm;olrsm;twGuf olwdk@.aemufxyfenf;vrf;udk
pOf;pm;&ef jzpfvm&awmhonf?
,Jquf ul&Gefu (1982) ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif axmiftwGif;rSaeI aqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;I cdk;xkwfvmcJhonf? olu aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk wif;usyfpGmzGJ@pnf;xm;aom/ A[dkcsKyfudkifr_jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aom/ wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmaqmifaom
taxGaxGoydwfjzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf pk&Hk;v_yf&Sm;oGm;=uapvdkonf? “owif;ESifh tm%m.tcsuftjcmusaomae&m rsm;udk
zufaygif;pHkrS wcsdefwnf;wòydifwnf; wdkufcdkuf&efvdkonf”[k azmfjycJhonf? wòydifeufwnf;rSmyif ul&GefuwdkufwGef; onfrSm
twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;oabmwlnDcsuf&,l&ef toifh&Sdaea=umif;udkvnf; oabmxm;
jyxm;oifhonf[k t=uHay;cJhonf? xdk@tjyif “qdkAD,uf,leD,Hodk@vnf; oabmxm;aumif;a=umif;/ tjrifaumif;a=umif;”
jyxm;&efvdkonf? Tenf;tm;jzifhom usL;ausmfvmr_udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifrnf[k qdkonf?

bl*sufESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;jzpfaom 0pfawm ulvmpuD;wdk@u oabmrwl=uay? ajratmufpmapmifazmfjycsufrsm;wGif
xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifawG@qHkjcif;onf ydkIzdESdyfr_rsm;jzpfvmaprnfomru/ qdkAD,ufusL;ausmfr_udkyg zdwfac:ovdkjzpfEdkifonf[k
a&;cJhonf? A[dkwae&mwnf;rS csKyfudkifxm;aomOD;aqmifr_onf xdk;azmufoyfv#Kdfjcif;cH&Edkifonf? tcsdefwdktwGif;acsr_ef;ypf
Edkifonf? xdkvkyfief;rsm;tpm; tcsdefwdktwGif;ESifh xda&mufaomxdk;ESufr_ðyygu twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;u “tðyoabm
aqmifaomppfyGJ”udkvkyfEdkifvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf umv=um&Snf/ jyif;xefpGmvkyf=u&vdrfhrnf[k jrifonf? twdkuftcHtiftm;
pktm;vHk;u “tpdk;&. b0.zufpHkaxmifpHkY vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudkifxm;aom xdef;csKyfr_vkyfief;rsm;tm;vHk;udk ckcHwdkufcdkuf
aomvkyfief;pOfrsm;”aqmif&Guf=u&vdrfhrnf [k azmfjycJhonf? puf&Hkrsm;twGif;&Sd pnf;&Hka&;rSL;rsm;taejzifh tvkyform;rsm;
.tcGifhta&;rsm;umuG,fay;a&;/ vdktyfygu oydwfrsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;aqmif&GufI umuG,fay;=u&vdrfhrnf[k azmfjycJhonf?
bk&m;ausmif;rsm;uvnf; aumfrwDrsm;zGJ@pnf;I qif;&Jolrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& tvkyfxkwfc&H aomolrsm;udkulnDapmifha&Smuf
ay;oifhonf[k qdkonf? twdkcsKyftaejzifhqdk&aomf olwdk@taejzifh (1980) rwdkifrD v_yf&Sm;r_enf;emrsm;twdkif; jyefvnf
taumiftxnfazmf=u&ef jzpfonf?
ulvmpuD;u Ttcsufrsm;udkr[mAsL[mt& ajymif;IazmfjycJhonf? olwdk@taejzifh rkefwdkif;qifE$JIr&ygu/ pepfwajz;ajz;

òyduGJr_udk ar#mfvifh&vdrfhrnf[k azmfjycJhonf? A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifr_ rxm;aom/ jzef@cGJxm;aomv_yf&Sm;r_onf qdkifwckcsif;udk awmh
xdef;csKyfEdkifvdrfhrnf? aps;uGufudkawmh rxdef;csKyfEdkif[k qdkonf? tpdk;&xdef;csKyfxm;aom vlxk0g'jzef@csda&;,EW,m;rsm;udk
xdef;Edkifvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf owif;pD;qif;r_wckvHk;udkawmh rxdef;csKyfEdkif/ pmwdkufESifh w,fvDzkef;rsm;udkawmh xdef;csKyfEdkifvdrfh rnf/
odk@aomfqufoG,fa&;wckvHk;udk rxdef;csKyfEdkif/ ausmif;wckudkawmh xdef;csKyfEdkifvdrfhrnf/ odk@aomf ynma&;wckvHk;udk
awmhrxdef;csKyfEdkif [k qdkcJhonf? tu,fI tpdk;&taejzifh vlr_todkif;t0dkif;tay:csKyfudkifxm;r_ avsmhoGm;ygu/ olwdk@tae jzifh
wajz;ajz;ajymif;aom vGwfvyfyGifhvif;vmapa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; rjzpfraevkyfvm=u&awmhrnf[k qdkonf?
bl*sufu qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; Tr[mAsL[mrSm twdkuftcHrsm;.acgif;aqmifr_ ycHk;ay:rS&Sdaeaomwm0efudk/ vlr_ todkif;t0dkif;wGif;
jyefvnfcsay;jcif;jzpfonf?
TKK taejzifh taxGaxGoydwfazmfaqifa&;[laom enf;y&d,m,fudkawmh ypfy,f&_H@csjcif; r&Sdao;ay? odk@aomf bl*sufESifh

ulvm;puD;wdk@.awG;ac:r_ay:wGifom trsm;qHk;rSdcdkvkyfudkif=uawmhonf? ydkvefEdkifiH&Sdvlxkrsm;uvnf; Tvrf;a=umif; twdkif;om
vdkufemvkyfudkif=uonf? zdESdyfcH&aomolrsm;xHodk@ KOR rSaxmufyHhulnDay;aom (1970) ckESpfrsm;u vkyfxHk;rsm; udk
jyefvnfvkyfjcif;/ puf&HkaumfrwDrsm;uvnf; oifhavsmfaomtca=u;aiGrsm;aumufcHjcif;/ oif;tkyfq&mrsm;uvnf;
tvkyfðzwfcH&aom tvkyform;rsm;twGufxnfh0ifaiG/ tvSLaiGrsm;ay;=u&ef tvSLcHjcif;rsm;aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? (1981)
'DZifbmvwGif tzrf;cH&aomolrsm;ESifh aemufydkif;wGifzrf;cH&olrsm;twGuf axmufyHhaiGrsm;utv#Hyg,f&vmcJhonf?
“usaemhrdom;pku tultnDawGtrsm;}uD; &cJhw,f?” aemufydkif;wGif tusOf;om;wOD;ujyefajymjyonf? “usaemfwdk@awG u
usaemfwdk@EdkifiH&J@vSywJh t&nftcsif;awGteufu tESpfawGjzpfvmcJhw,f?” Tenf;tm;jzifh ydkvefvlrsKd;rsm;. pdwf"gwfxJwGif
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~u jyefvnf&SifoefvmcJhonf? trsKd;orD;wOD;qdkv#if ol.a,mufsm;tzrf;cH&a=umif;=um;od&aom tcg
vwfwavmawmif;awmhrnfh tdrfaxmifuGJ&efpmcsKyfudkyif jyefIqdkif;iHhcJhonf? “'gu usruwwfEdkifwJh *k%fðywJhenf; wrsKd;ygyJ?”
olru jyefajymcJhonf?
vGwfvyfaom yHkESdyfxkwfa0r_rsm;u tcsdefwdktwGif;jyefI xGufvmcJhonf? pma&;q&mrsm;/ t,f'Dwmrsm;/ yHkESdyfolrsm;/ jzef@a0

olrsm;u olwdk@.,cifenf;emrsm;twdkif; jyefvnfv_yf&Sm;vm=uonf? ajratmufaumfrwDu olwdk@.*sme,fESifh pmapmif rsm;udk
yHkrSeftwdkif;jyefvnf jzef@a0onf? 0gaqmaumfrwDwckwnf;uyif owif;pmapmifa& wygwfv#if (15000) ESifh (40000) =um;
jzef@a0Edkifonf? (1984) ckESpfwGif bl*suf.cef@rSef;csuft& w&m;r0ifxkwfa0aeaom owif;pmzwf&_aeol aygif;rSm
woef;cef@&Sdrnf[k cef@rSef;onf? Edk0g NOWA [ktrnf&aom ajratmufyHkESdyfwdkufvnf; yHkrSeftwdkif;jyefvnf vnfywfaeonf?
vkyfom; (200) ausmf&Sdonf? ysHoef;aeaomwuUodkvfrsm;vnf; jyefvnfay:aygufvmcJhonf?
,ckw}udrfwGifvnf; ydkveftkyfcsKyfolrsm;taejzifh zdESdyfr_udkolzmom pnf;&Hk;IjyefIckcHaeaom twkduftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk

óuHae&jyefonf? olwdk@zmom owif;jzef@a0r_rsm;/ vlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufae&if;&Sdaeaoma=umifh/ twdkuftcHrsm;udk
tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh a&&SnfvspfvsL&_xm;I r&awmhay? odk@aomf ‚if;wdk@vkyfaqmifae=uonfrSm rlvenf;y&d,m,f
a[mif;twdkif;yif jzpfonf? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umvrSmyif ydkvefEdkifiHom;rsm;u topfaomta&;,lydwfqdk@r_rsm; vkyfcJh=uao; onf?
oydwfarSmufyGJrsm; &SdcJh=uao;onf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk ydwfyifxm;pOftwGif;/ topfzGJ@pnf;cJhaom or*~ onf
olwdk@.ypfrSwfjzpfonf? TKK u “jiif;y,fa&;tiftm;pkwyfOD;”udkzGJ@pnf;&ef wdkufwGef;cJhonf? (Tpum;vHk;rSm tpdk;&
owif;Xmersm;rS pwifoHk;pGJcJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ tpPa&;EdkifiHudk todtrSwfðy&ef 0dkif;y,fxm;=uaom tm&yfEdkifiHrsm;udk &nf!$ef;jcif;
jzpfonf? tvkyform;rsm;taejzifh or*~topfudk r0ifoifh/ Todk@yg0ifoludkvnf; z,fusOfxm;&efjzpfonf? “olwdk@taeeJ@
olwdk@udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh vufvGwf+yDqdkwmeJ@” vpfZfuajymonf? “udk,fhzmom0efcHajzmifhcsufay;wJh opPmazmufawGom 'Dor*~eJ@
aygif;=uvdrfhr,f?”

tpdk;&owif;Xmersm;onf olwdk@. 'kwd,ajrmufoydwfarSmuf&ef ypfrSwfrsm;jzpf=uonf? EdkifiH.taumif;qHk;o&kyfaqmifu
&kyfjrifoH=um;wGif o&kyfaqmif&ef jiif;yg,fonf? pum;0dkifrsm; awmhcf&_d;rsm;rSxGufcGgonf? jrifuGif;ydwfum;rsm;wGif jy+yD;om;
jyefjyom rsm;vmawmhonf? a&'D,dk qkyfatmfy&mxkwfv$ifhaom xkwfvkyfolrsm;uvnf; wzufvSnfhESifh rnfonfhtwGuf a=umifh
emrnf}uD;o&kyfaqmifrsm; aysmufae=ua=umif; azmfxkwf=uonf? or*~rsm;ESifh ygwfoufIrl/ qef@usif&efysufuGuf olrsm;udk
jyefIqef@usif=uonf? wcgw&HwGif owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk oydwfarSmufr_rsm;u vdkonfxufydkcJhonf? qGpf'fepfcfòrd@ &Sdolrsm;u
naecif;owif;vmcsdefwGif vrf;av#mufxGuf=uonf?
(1980) ckESpfv,frsm;a&mufaomtcg tpdk;&ESifh twdkuftcHrsm;t=um;jzpfay:aeaom yÉdyuQonf a&S@rwdk;om/ aemuf

rqkwfomtajctaeodk@ a&mufvmcJhonf? ygwDzufu=unfhv#if zdESdyfr_rsm;onf xda&mufr_&Sdonf? vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm udk
axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;EdkifI/ vlr_tcGifhta&;rsm;udk qdkif;iHhxm;Edkifonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk jyef@usJvluGJoGm;apI/
taxGaxGoydwftjzpf jyefvnfxdk;vSefrnfh&efudkvnf; wm;qD;xm;EdkifcJhonf? ygwDtaejzifh t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm vdkufavsm
oabmwl&onftxd zdtm;ay;EdkifcJhaom ajymifajymifwif;wif;twdkuftcHðyolrsm;udk z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;EdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf vnf;
wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;u olwkdf@.r[mAsL[mrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf+yD;/ ulvmpuD; ar#mfjrifazmfjycJhaom “ajratmuf
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;” udk ouf0ifatmifvkyfEdkfifcJh=uonf? tpdk;&taejzifh ajymifqef@usiftmcHaeaom/ v_yf&Sm;pnf;&Hk;aeaom
twdkfuftcHrsm; r&Sdawmh? odk@aomf ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif tmcHr_ti,fpm;rsm;&Sdaeonf? tpdk;&. w&m;0ifr_onf axmifaygif;
rsm;pGmaom xd&S&mrsm;rS aoG;pdrf;&Sif&SifxGufaeawmhonf?
ydkvefEdkifiHwGif uGefjrLepfrsm;.xdef;csKyfr_onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;uyif vlxk.pdwfcHpm;r_Y t&mxifxifr&Sdawmhay? (1981)

'DZifbmv òzdcGJacsr_ef;r_+yD;uwnf;u tm;enf;aysmhcsufcsufwcktjzpfom jrif=uawmhonf? (1981) ckESpfwGif òyduGJaeaom
twdkuftcH.tpdwftydkif;rsm; wufºuGv_yf&mS ;vm=uaomfvnf;/ aemufqHk; t+yD;wdkifòyduGJr_udk rpGrf;omcJhay? xdkolwdk@u
ydkvefEdkifiH. aemufxyfopfvGifaomtem*gwfckudk udk,fpm;ðyxm;olrsm; jzpfae=uonf? vlxktrsm;. ESvHk;om; xJY&Sdaeaom/
twl &Sifoefaeaom tiftm;pkjzpfaeonf? aemufqHk;wGif tm%m&Siftpdk;&tzdk@ a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;rsm;ukef oGm;awmhonf?
olwdk@taejzifh Tpnf;0dkif;twGif;odk@0ifyl;aygif;I ydkvefEdkifiH. aemufxyftem*gwftopfwckudk wnfaqmuf =u&Hkom
&Sdawmhonf?
obm0. oa&mfr_jzpfaomtcsufwckrSm ppftkyfcsKyfa&;onf uGefjrLepfrsm;. tompD;&aer_tajctaeudk ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;apcJh

jcif;jzpfonf? ,m&lZJpuD;taejzifh ,cifae@a[mif;rsm;udk jyefvnftpm;xdk;&ef pdwfrul;awmh? xdktpm;/ ol@taejzifh vHkòcH
a&;tpDtrHrsm;udk =uyf=uyfrwfrwfxdef;csKyfxm;+yD;/ twdkuftcH acgif;aqmifrsm;udk wOD;+yD;wOD; axmifoGif;tusOf;csaecJh onf?
0g&dkuavm&Sd z&mqDEkuf (1982) ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif axmiftwGif;ygoGm;onf? vpfZfu (1984) ZGefwGif zrf;cH& jyefonf?
bm&k0pfZfESifh bl*sufwdk@u (1986) ckESpfwGif tzrf;cH&onf? ,m&lZJpuD;u vltrsm;tm&HkóudufEdkifaomudpPrsm;udk vnf; zefwD;&ef
óud;yrf;cJhao;onf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~uawmif;qdkaom tcsuftawmfrsm;rsm;udk ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ vkyfay;cJhonf? odk@aomf
taysmhpm;ajymif;vJr_rsKd;om jzpfonf? (1980) ckESpfuwnf;u a=ujimxm;cJhaom ppfa&;umv tajctaerS (1980) rwdkifrD
tajctaersm;twdkif; jyef&atmifvkyf,ljcif; jzpfonf? vkyfom;rsm;udk tvkyform;or*~topf rsm;zGJ@pnf;ay;rnfjzpfa=umif;ESifh
oydwfarSmufcGifhudkyg jyef&aprnfjzpfa=umif; ajymonf? tpdk;&.owif;Xmersm;rSvnf; tus,ftjyef@aom toHaygif;pHkudk
xkwfv$ifhay;cJhonf? &nf&G,fcsufu ynm&Siftrsm;tjym; ,m&lZJpuD;.ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; aemufwGif 0ef;&Hvmapa&;jzpfonf?
(1950) ckESpfrsm;u ynmwwfrsm;u *dkrl;vfum;aemufwGif 0ef;&Hay;cJh=uzl;onf? bk&m; ausmif;rsm;udkvnf; qGJaqmifpnf;&Hk;onf?
(1983) ckESpfwGif ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;udk aemufw}udrftvnftywfvma&mufcGifh ay;I vnf;aumif;/
bk&m;ausmif;topfrsm;aqmufvkyfay;Ivnf;aumif;/ tDpwm0wfðyyGJrsm;udk toHv$ifhay;jcif;rsm;jzifh vnf; qGJaqmifcJhonf?
,m&lZJpuD;. ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;u ol@udktwdkuftcHðy qef@usifae=uaomolrsm;xHudkyif a&mufcJhonf? vufcsf

bm0ifqmudk (1982) ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif jyefv$wfay;onf? aemufESpfESpf=umaomtcg ajratmufacgif;aqmifrsm;udk olwdk@
zmomvma&muftyfESHygu vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;rnf[k a=ujimay;onf? odk@aomf vltenf;pkuomvufcHcJh=uonf? aemufqHk;
(1986) ckESpfaqmif;&moDa&mufaomtcg ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'atmufwGif tzrf;qD;cH=u&oltm;vHk; taxGaxG
vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh &&Sd=uonf? odk@aomfTaqmif&Gufcsuftrsm;pkonf txl;ojzifh jyifyEdkifiHrsm;rSrsufESmaumif;&&Sdap&ef
jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh taemufEdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;ESifh (1981) ck 'DZifbmvrSpI pD;yGg;a&;jypf'%fcwfxm;aom EdkifiHrsm;udk&nf&G,f
onf?
(1986) ckESpftukefwGif ,m&lZJpuD;. r[mAsL[mrSm tajctaewdkufwGef;vdktyfcsufa=umifh ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfonf?

wajz;ajz;qdk;&Gm;vmaeaom pD;yGGg;a&;jy\emrsm;twGuf EdkifiHa&;t&ajzaq;/ arhaq;ay;&ef vdktyfaeonf? &Sm;yg;jywfvyfr_
rsm;u jyefvnfay:aygufvm+yD;/ ypPnf;rsm;0,f,lEdkif&ef wef;pD&aomvdkif;uvnf; &Snfvsm;vmcJhonf? wif;=uyfaomcsKfd;jcHr_
rl0g'rsm;csrSwf&efvnf; ta&;ay:vdktyfaeaom tajctaejzpfonf? odk@aomfTw}udrfwGif ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;wuf&jcif;rSm
pD;yGg;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifh ydkIoufqdkifaeonf? txl;ojzifh wzufwGifyk*~vduydkifvkyfief;rsm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmaom

a=umifhvnf; jzpfonf? xdktajctaewGif tpdk;&uyGifhyGifhvif;vif;a0zefajymqdkwwfaom twdkuftcHrsm;.toHudk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;vm&onf? aemufxyfoabmwlnDr_wckvkyf&ef tajctaeujyefIyHkay:vmcJhonf? tpdk;&taejzifh vlxkrsm;.b0udk
ydkrdkvGwfvyfcGifhay;&ef pOf;pm;vmcJh+yD; twkduftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhvnf; aqG;aEG;vmcJhonf? ,ckw}udrfwGifawmh xdkolrsm;
url0g'topfrsm;udk yl;aygif;=uHqEdkif=uawmhrnf jzpfonf? ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;. ajymqdkcsuft&/ ,cktcgtwdkuftcHrsm;udk
“EdkifiH EdkifiHa&;vrf;jyajryHktwGuf aemufqHk;vdktyfaeaom t&m”tjzpftodtrSwfðyvm=uawmhonf?
atmifyGJxdkicf Hkrsm;
(1986) ckESpfwGif qdkAD,uf,el D,H&Sd uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ta&;ygaomjynfwGif;pD;yGg;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJ
r_rl0g'rsm; csrSwfusifhoHk;vm=uvdrfhrnf[k rnfolur#óudwifar#mfvifh rxm;Edkif=uay? xdktcsdefwGif “yJ&Dpx&dkufum”ESifh
“*vyfpaemh”ac: rl0g'rsm; csrSwfusifhoHk;vm+yD;/ Trl0g'rsm;a=umifh ta&S@Oa&mywcGifwGifvnf; tajymif;tvJrsm;jzpfay:vm
&awmhonf? (1980) ckESpfoydwfumvwkef;u yg0ifqifE$J&eftvGefi,f&G,fcJhaom ydkvefEdkifiH.aemufxyftopfaomrsKd;quf
jzpfonfh tvkyform;rsm;/ twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh xdawG@qufpyfr_ tenf;i,fom&SdcJhaom tvkyform;rsm;taejzifh
tpdk;&.wajz;ajz;vkyfaeaom ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ajcvSrf;rsm;udk jrefjrefqefqefjzpfap&ef xyfwGef;&rnfhtajctaeu ydkI
xif&Sm;vmcJhonf?
(1980-81) umvrsm;u t"duOD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;cJholrsm;u pifjrifhrsm;ay:wGif qufvufOD;aqmifae=uqJjzpfonf? odk@aomf

xdkolrsm;u olwdk@twGufaemufxyftcef;u¾topfudk owfrSwfjyXmef;+yD;=uay+yD? ,m&lZJpuD;u ol@taejzifhydkvefEdkifiH.
a8:bmacsmhzfozG,fjzpfaea=umif; awG@&Sdvdkuf&onf? Todk@wlnDonf[k Ed_if;,SOfajym&onfrSmvnf; ta=umif;&Sdonf? olu
uGefjrLepfygwD.=oZmavsmhcsa&;/ xdef;csKyfr_avsmhcsa&; csnfpudk pqGJvdkufoljzpfaomfvnf;/ odyfr=umrDrSmyif ol.tajymif;
tvJrsm;. t&Sdeft[kefavvd_if;'%fudk oludk,fwdkifrcHEdkif jzpfvmcJhonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifhrl (1980) ckESpf
rsm;uJhodk@ vlxkoef;csDudkOD;aqmifEdkifaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;tjzpf ac:qdk&efrjzpfEdkifawmhaom tajctaejzpfvmcJh&onf?
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~qdkonfrSm ,cifor*~a[mif;I OD;aqmifolrsm;ESifht=uHay;olrsm; jzpf+yD;/ olwdk@udk,folwdk@ tiftm;
i,faomfvnf; vlav;pm;aomEdkifiHa&;wyfOD;wcktjzpf ajymif;vJcJh=uonf? Todk@OD;aqmifr_odyfrvkyfaom tajctaewGif yif
EdkifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf t"duyifrtcef;u¾u yg0ifcJh=uonf? aemufrsm;r=umrDyif ydkvefEdkifiHwGif
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf jzpfay:vmcJh&onf?
(1988) ckESpf {+yDvwGif aemufw}udrfukefaps;E_ef; }uD;jrifhr_rsm;xyfrHjzpfay:vmcJhonf? aemufxdyfw}udrfoydwfrsm;vnf;

xyfrHay:aygufvmjyefonf? odk@aomfTw}udrfwGifrl aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~u ac:,lawmif;qdkjcif;r[kwfawmh? “usaemf
wdk@oydwfac:,lwmr[kwfzl;/ 'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@u 'DoydwfawGudk rqef@usifzl;?” vufcsf bm0ifqmuajymcJhonf? xdk@tjyif
oludk,fwdkifu *'ef@pfcfwGif 9-&uf=um tvkyfydwfoydwftwGuf ulnDay;cJhao;onf? rD;awmufavmifaeaom wufºuG v_yf
&Sm;aomvli,frsm;u ,cktcgqDaewm bm0ifqmuJhodk@aomvlrsm;udk pdwfysuftm;rvdk tm;r&jzpfvm=uonf? ,cktcg
xdkolrsm;u tpdk;&zufu ydkIwm0ef&Sdoa,mifxifae=uonf? aemufxyf (4) v=umaomtcg aemufxyfoydwfrsm;xyfI
jzpfay:vmjyefonf? ,m&lZJpuD;u qHk;jzwfvdkufonfrSm olwdk@rxdef;csKyfEdkifawmhaomtajctaewGif tpdk;&utultnD
vdktyfaeonfrsm;udk awmif;cH&efjzpfonf?
=o*kwfv (26) &ufae@wGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;u ay:vpfAsL&dkodk@ twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;usif;y&efvdktyfa=umif;

wifjyvdkufonf? Tw}udrfwGifawmh rnfonfhowfrSwfcsufrSrxm;vdkawmh? Ttcg acgif;rmaomygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;u
tjyif;txefqef@usif=uonf? odk@aomf (5) &uf=umaomtcg umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;u bm0ifqmxHodk@yk*~dKvfa&;t&qufoG,f um
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk tu,fIoydwfrsm;+yD;qHk;atmifulnDay;Edkifygu/ w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyay;rnfjzpfa=umif;
ajym=um;vmcJhonf? bm0ifqmu tajctaeyGifhvif;vmawmhrnf[k jrifonf? oluurf;vSrf;vmaomvufudk vufcHcJh onf?
xdk@aemuf&owWygwfrsm;tenf;i,f=umaomtcg oluuGefjrLepfygwDtvkyform;or*~acgif;aqmifESifh &kyfjrifoH=um; wGif
pum;ppfxdk;ajymqdkcGifh&onf? ol.,Ofaus;wnf=unfaom taetxm;t&/ olu ol.qef@usifzufacgif;aqmifudk
vufeufðzwf&ef pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonf? ,m&lZJpuD;twGufrSmrl TtajctaeonftoHk;wnfhvSaom &_H;edrfhr_jzpfonf? ol.
ygwDtwGif;&Sd acgif;rmwif;cHae=uaomolrsm;u ,ckacgif;aqmifudk rnfodk@jyif;jyif;xefxefwif;wif;rmrmqufjiif;aeEdkif=u
rnfenf;[k oljrifvmcJhonf?
Zefe0g&DvwGif ygwD nDvmcHtóudtpnf;ta0;rsm;usif;yaomtcg olu aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk ydkrdk&_H@csjypfwif=uaom

toHrsm;udk =um;&onf? tu,fI aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ESifhawG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk jiif;qefygu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;taejzifh ygwDrS
E_wfxGuf&ef+cdrf;ajcmufonf? olu Todk@ajymItpnf;ta0;rS xGufcGgoGm;onf? TwGiftajctaeu vrf;yGifhvmcJh onf? (1989)
ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv (6) &ufae@wGif 8-rDwmausmf&Snfvsm;aom ydkvefEdkifiH0ufopfcsom;jzifhðyvkyfxm;onfh pm;yGJ0dkif;}uD;Y
ygwDrSudk,fpm;vS,f (29) OD;u/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ESifh bk&m;ausmif;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f/ avhvmol (26) OD;jzifh

ydkvefEdkifiHa&S@a&;twGuf pwifaqG;aEG;Edkif=uawmhonf? ygwDudk,fpm;vS,fwOD;u aemufydkif;wGifor*~acgif;aqmif rsm;udk
jyefajymjyonf? “usaemfwdk@u t&dkif;qHk;vdk@xifxm;wJholawGu usKd;a=umif;qDavsmftpOf;pm;EdkifqHk; jzpfae=uwm awG@&w,f?” [k
jyefajymjyonf? (,m&lZJpuD; udk,fYu aemufydkif;wGif t'rfrpfcsepf.pmtkyfrsm;udkjyefzwf+yD;/ ol@udk,fol ESifh
ol@rlrsm;tay:wnf=unfpGm &yfwnfol[k ajym=um;cJhonf?)
bm0ifqm/ rpfcsepf/ bl*suf/ vpfZf/ ul&GefESifh twdkuftcHtiftm;pk pwifpnf;&Hk;olrsm;twGufrSmrl TaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;Y

EdkifiH.a&S@a&;twGuf t"duolwdk@udk OD;wnfxm;aqG;aEG;cJh=ua=umif; awG@vmcJh&onf? {+yDv (6) &ufae@wGif olwdk@.pdwf
ESvHk;rStpOfwpdkufOD;wnfcJhaom &nfrSef;csuftwdkif; olwdk@jynfhajrmufEdkifcJhonf? vGwfvyfaomor*~rsm;zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ vGwfvyf
aomowif;xkwfa0cGifhESifh pkpnf;cGifh/ vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfESifh vGwfvyfaomygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;ya&; twGuf
oabmwlnDr_&,lEdkifcJh=uonf? (1989) ckESpf ZGefv (4) &ufae@a&mufaomtcg olwkd@tay:vlxkuvdkvdkvm;vm; axmufcHr_udk
qENrJjym;rsm;tjzpfajymif;,lEdkifcJh=uonf? uGefjrLepfygwDudkausmfI tjywftowfatmifyGJcHEdkifcJh=uonf? =o*kwfv (24)
&ufae@wGif qm*srfv$wfawmfrS wm'D,kpf rmZdk0D;puD;udk aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~OD;aqmifaomtpdk;&. 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf/
a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJh=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiHtwGuf tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfa&;ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;cJh+yD jzpfonf?
(1999) ckESpfwGif pm;yGJ0dkif;awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJ (10) ESpfajrmufESpfywfvnftjzpf/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ydkvefvlxkrsm; at;cJ

aomaqmif;&moDwGifvrf;rsm;ay: xGufvmcJh=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiHeef;awmfodk@vrf;av#mufcsDwuf=u+yD;/ aqG;aEG;yGJcrf;rxJodk@
0if=unfh=uonf? ,cif&xm;vrf;vkyfom;wOD;u “'Dae&m[m vGwaf jrmufa&;pwifcJhwJhae&myJ” [kajymonf? olajymonf rSm
rSm;onf? ol.vGwfajrmufr_rSm ydkvefEdkifiH. tjcm;aomae&mtrsm;tjym;rSpwifvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? oydwfarSmufwdkufyGJ
0ifolrsm;u (1970) ckEpS fwiG f olw@kd u, kd w
f kdifor*~rsm;zG@J pnf;Edkifa&;twGuf awmif;qdkv_yf&Sm;=uwdkif;/ (1976) ckESpfwGif
tusOf;usrdom;pkrsm;twGuf aiGrsm;/ axmufyHhr_rsm;ulnDay;urf;=uwdkif;/ (1980) umvrsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm;u olwkd@.
vufeufu&d,mrsm;udkcsI tvkyfvkyfudkif&efjiif;qdk=uwdkif;/ (1980) ckESpfrsm;wGif vlwOD;OD;uajratmufowif;pmzwfae=u wdkif;
vGwfajrmufr_pwifaecJhonf? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;u tajymif;tvJudkxkwfvkyfay;&Hkomjzpf+yD;/ aemufqHk;tm%mcsdefcGif
v#majymif;vJ oGm;&jcif;omjzpfonf? (1989) ckESpfwGif ,m&lZJpuD;u ydkvefEdkifiH.tdrfawmfaomhudktyfESHcJhaomfvnf;/ ol@xHrS
acgif;aqmifr_udk tjcm;olrsm;u vk,lxm;cJhonfrSm =umjrifhcJh+yDjzpfonf?
ÚÚÚ
uGefjrLepftm%m&Sifpepf ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;cJh&jcif;onf ydkvefEdkifiH.t=urf;rzufaom v_yf&Sm;r_ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;cJhjcif; r[kwfay?
uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;onf (1989) ckESpfY ta&S@Oa&mywv$m;Y òyduGJoGm;=uonf? ckcHr_tvdktavsmufpwifcJhaom/ aocsmpepf
wuspkpnf;r_r&Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;Yyif uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm; òyduscJh&onf? tu,fI autdktm r&Sdv#ifaomfrS ydkvefEdkifiHuGefjrLepf
ygwDtaejzifh oufqdk;r&SnfEdkifay? tu,fI =o*kwfvoydwfwdkufyGJrsm;r&SdaomfrS/ ul&Gefvdk/ a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfvdk vlrsKd;r&Sdaomf rS/
bm0ifqmvdk/ bl*sufvdk acgif;aqmifrsKd;r&Sdv#ifaomfrS a&&SnfcH&efta=umif; r&Sday? odk@aomfTtrnfrsm; xif&Sm;&aom
ta=umif;rSm tm%m&Sifpepf.ed*Hk;umv tajymif;tvJudkjzpfapcJholrsm; jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdkolwdk@u ydkvefEdkifiH.
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk uGefjrLepfrsm;rusqHk;rDuyif pwifcJh=uolrsm; jzpfaoma=umifhyif?
Tvrf;. yxrOD;qHk;aomrdkifrsm;udk (1970) ckESpfrsm;uyif pwifcif;cJh=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiH&Sd ynmwwfrsm;u wdkuf&dkufv_yf&Sm;

r_rsm;vkyfcJh=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;udk ulnDjcif;/ *sme,f r*~Zif;rsm;xkwfa0jcif;/ oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;rsm; aqmif&GufcJh=u onf?
odk@aomf autdktmESifh tjcm;aomwufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm; rpGrf;aqmifEdkif=uaomudpPrSm tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;udk olwdk@
.zGJ@pnf;yHkt& tm%musifhoHk;r_udkuef@owfusifhoHk;&eftwGuf vufcH&efrwwfEdkif=ujcif; jzpfonf? vGwfvyfaomvl@abmif
twGuf Oya'a=umif;t&ae&mrsm;/ tcGifhtvrf;rsm;zefwD;ay;&ef rpGrf;EdkifcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? olwdk@u (1980) ckESpf=o*kwf vwGif
tus,ftjyef@aomt=urf;rzufonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? (1970) ckESpfu trSm;rsm;udkoifcef;pm xkwf,lI/
autdktm. tawG@tóuHrsm;udkaygif;pyfI abmvfwpfyifv,furf;ajca'o&Sdvkyfom;rsm;onf &ufowWygwfaygif; rsm;pGm
tus,ftjyef@aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk vkyfcJh=uonf? vlxkrsm;udk xºuGapcJh=uonf? puf&Hkrsm;twGif;&Sd ygwDXmersm;udk
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;vm&avatmif tiftm;oHk;zdtm;ay;EdkifcJh=uonf?
aemufydkif;wGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~onf vltrsm;tm;vHk;vdkufygEdkifrnfh ,mOfwckozG,fjzpfvmcJhonf? or*~topfu

oydwfarSmufrnf[laom+cdrf;ajcmufr_udkoHk;I tm%mydkiftpdk;&udkxdef;csKyfxm;EdkifcJh=uonf? olwdk@.wnf&Sdaer_udk tod
trSwfðy&Hkomru/ tvkyform;rsm;twGuf vGwfvyfaomajyma&;qdkcGifh&&ef tajctaersm;zefwD;ay;EdkifcJhonf? tu,fI
autdktmtaejzifh vGwfvyfaomvlxkae&m/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf t=urf;rzufaomjymufusm;ppfyGJudkomqifE$JcJh&if;/
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh yifv,furf;ajca'owav#mufvHk;wGif vGwfajrmufr_&&eftwGuf vlxkaxmufcHr_rsm;udk
pkpnf;EdkifcJh=uonf? Todk@wdkawmif;aom awmufajymifvif;vufonfhumvtwGif; uGefjrLepfpepfjzifhtkyfcsKyfaeaomydkvef

EdkifiHwGif vGwfvyfaom/ vlxktajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk zefwD;xm;EdkifcJhonf? acsr_ef;a&;+yD;aemuf or*~òzdcGJcHcJh&+yD;aemuf
wGifvnf; twdkuftcHrsm;taejzifh ydkvefEdkifiHvlxkrsm;. b0rsm;jyefvnf&&Sdap&eftwGuf wdkufyGJqifcJh=u&ao;onf? ppftkyf
csKyfa&;umvatmufwGifyif/ rdrdzmomzGJ@pnf;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; qufvufIjzpfay:aecJhonf? Todk@jzifh q,fpkESpfwckukefqHk;aom tcg
,m&lZJpuD;taejzifh epfðryfaeaompD;yGg;a&;tajctaeudk u,fwifEdkif&ef/ aemufw}udrfvd_if;wefydk;xefvmrnfhtajc taeudk
ukpm;Edkif&ef tjcm;aomtm%mtiftm;pkrsm;xHrS tultnDudkawmif;cHcJh&awmhonf? Todk@jzifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf a&;or*~ydkI
awmufajymifvm&onf? odyfr=umrdyif ,m&lZJpuD;tzdk@ed*Hk;udk awG@vdkuf&awmhonf?
ydkvefEdkifiH.ordkif;udk ajymif;vJapcJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifhwufvmcJh&jcif;onf jynfolvlxkrsm;.tm%m rnfr#}uD;rm;onf

udkjycJhjcif; jzpfonf? TonfrSm r[wWr *ENDtaejzifh +Adwdo#rsm;.tdENd,tkyfcsKyfa&;tajccHudk udkifv_yfcJh+yD;aemufydkif;wGifjzpf
cJhaom }uD;rm;onfhOyrmwck jzpfcJhonf? &mpkESpfwckESifh w0ufeD;yg;wGif +Adwfdo#rsm;u tdEd, N vlrsKd;rsm;.yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_
udk&,lI tdENd,udktkyfpdk;xm;EdkifcJh=uonf? tvm;wlyif ydkvefEdkifiHwGifvnf; vlxkrsm;.ra=ueyfr_rsm;udk xdef;odrf;&if;uGefjrL
epftpdk;&taejzifh ESpfaygif; (30) ausmftkyfcsKyfcJh=uonf? olwdk@u ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;udk odrf;oGif;&if;/ tjcm;twdkuf
tcHtoHrsm;udk z,fusOfxm;&if; tkyfcsKyfxm;Edkif=uonf? zdESdyfr_udkqef@usiftHwkEdkifaom tjcm;aomenf;emrsm;róuH&rDrcsif;/
cHcJh=u&onf? aemufydkif; tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh qufqHr_jzwfawmuf&if;/ jynfolrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;xlaxmif&if;enf;emopf
rsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uawmhonf?
bpfe,l; bl*sufu Amqvuf[mA,f. tufaq;wyk'fjzpfonfh “tm%mrJholrsm;. =oZmcGeftm;”[laomtufaq;wGif

azmfjyxm;csufjzpfaom vrf;!$efrsm;u ol.vkyfief;rsm;twGuf&Sif;jy&mwGif rsm;pGmtaxmuftuljzpfapcJhonf[k qdkonf?
[mA,fuawG@&SdcsufrSm tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;tay:rSDcdkae&aom/ vlxkrsm;u yl;aygif;aqmif&GufaeaomtajctaerSm tm;
enf;csufwckjzpfonf[kqdkonf? ta=umif;rSmxdkolrsm;udk rkom;jzifhqufvuf&Sifoefap&ef axmufcHxm;ay;aoma=umifhjzpf onf?
trSefw&m;ESifhaexdkifr_twGuf tcGifhae&mudkawG@&Sdvmolrsm;u wckwnf;aom/ aygufuGJvG,faom/ rwdkif;qEdkifaom
EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk vrf;yGifhap&efzefwD;ay;Edkif=uawmhonf[k qdkonf? rkom;ESifhaexdkifjcif;Y qufvufusefaeolrsm;ESifhrl
trSefw&m;ESifhaexdkifolrsm;u tcsdefra&G;xdyfwdkufawG@Edkif=uonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh olwdk@udkajymif;vJvmonfESifhtr#
trSefw&m;udkvltrsm;uydkI odjrifvmEdkif=uonf[k qdkonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;&kwfcsnf;aygufuGJvmaomumvwGif/ ,cif u
wpkwpnf;wnf;oHr%dyrm&Sdaom tm%mzGJ@pnf;yHktwGif;Y yÉdyuQrsm;xif&Sm;pGm ay:aygufvm&awmhonf[k qdkonf?
awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif vGefcJhaomESpf (80) cef@u/ *ENDu TtrSefw&m;ESifh ywfoufIazmfxkwfcJhonf? olu “p=u*[”

[kac:onf? Toludk ckcHqef@usifolrsm;uudkifpGJcJh=u+yD;/ zdESdyfolrsm;xHrSaeI tm%mudk qGJ,lodrf;ydkufEdkifcJh=uonf? tvm; wlyif
ydkvefEdkifiHwGifvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uonf? vufcsf bm0ifqmu oabFmusif;wGifvGwfvyfaomae&mrsm;zefwD;ay; EdkifcJh+yD;/
aemufqHk;tpdk;&u vdkufavsmawG@qHkaqG;aEG;vm&onf? bl*sufu ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_tjzpfqif;oGm;+yD;/ (8) ESpf
=umaomumvwGif ,m&lZJpuD;u jyefvnfzdwf=um;&aomtajctaeudk qdkufa&mufvmcJh&onf? bm0ifqmESifh tjcm;
aomacgif;aqmifrsm;udk EdkifiHjyefvnfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf zdwfac:vm&awmhonf? (1989) ckESpfwGif pm;yGJ0idk f;awG@qHkaqG; aEG;yGJY
yg0ifcJh=uaomtwdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk;/ Tae&modk@a&muf&SdvmcJh=ujcif;rSm rlvyxru tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh
yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef jiif;qefcJh=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? olwdk@udk,folwdk@ rkom;jzifhvdrfnmaexdkif&ef jiif;qefcJh=uonf? olwdk@.
b0rsm;twGif;/ olwdk@.vkyfief;cGifrsm;twGif; trSefw&m;ESifhaexdkif&eftwGuf olwdk@. udk,fydkifae&mudkzefwD;cJh=u onf?
Tonfuyif v_yf&Sm;r_.tajccHjzpfonf?
Todk@jiif;y,fcJhonfhtvm;wl t=urf;zufaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf&efvnf; olwdk@ujiif;qefcJh=uonf?

[mA,fuajymonfrSm ppfrSefaomtwdkuftcHwOD;qdkonfrSm “t=urf;zufajymif;vJa&;enf;vrf;rsm; a&G;cs,f&efudk tajccH
ususjiif;y,folrsm; jzpf&rnf” [kqdkcJhonf? bl*sufuvnf; “t=urf;zufvkyf&yfrsm;” udkjiif;qefcJh=uonf? aemufqHk;
t=urf;zufr_udk &ifqdkifae=u&aomtcsdefwdkif jiif;y,fcJh=uonf? (1981) ckESpf *'ef@pfcftjzpftysufjzpfyGg;+yD;aemufydkif;/ tvkyf
orm;wOD;u ol.ae@pOfrSwfwrf;wGif a&;om;cJhonf? “usaemfwdk@taejzifh ycHk;ay:wGifxrf;xm;aom vuf0g;uyfwdkifudk vSrf;,l&ef
toifhjzpfae=u+yD? Tvuf0g;uyfwdkifrSm wifhum;rsm;. csdef;oGm;rsm;vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif&Sdaom vuf0g;uyfwdkif jzpfonf?
Todk@qdkygu rdrdwdk@udk xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufvmOD;awmhrnf? ”
ESpfq,f&mpktwGif; vufeufudkifvGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif;Y aoewfudkifaomajymufusm;acgif;aqmifrsm;u ol&J

aumif;rsm;jzpfcJh=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh acsa*GAm;&m;qdkv#if wurBmvHk;twGuf ol&Jaumif;ozG,fjzpfcJhonf? Tolrsm;udk
jy,k*frsm;ozG,f xm;cJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u atmifyGJrsm;udkxkwfvkyfay;Edkifjcif; r&SdcJhay? aoG;
pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~. vrf;av#mufcsDwufyGJrsm;ESifh tcrf;tem;rsm;aqmif&GufaecJh=uaom tcsdefrsm;wav#mufvHk;wGif/
t"duudkifaqmif=uaom jy,k*f"gwfyHkrSm ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD; *|efayg."gwfyHkyif jzpfonf? olu ydkvefEdkifiHrsm;om;udk bmom
w&m;rJholrsm;tjzpf oGwfoGif;vmcJhr_udk rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfae=uolrsm; jzpfonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~. t"dutcrf;tem;
jyifqifr_yHkpHrSmvnf;/ puf&HkwHcg;0rsm;ESifh txdfrf;trSwfausmufwdkifrsm;wGif jzpfcJhonf? acgif;aqmifrsm;upkqHk=u+yD; usqHk;ol rsm;odk@

yef;pnf;rsm;/ yef;jcif;rsm;ay;cJh=uonf? wl wHpOfrsm;/ vufoD;qkyfxm;aomyHkrsm;/ aygufqdefyHkrsm; pojzifh awmfvSef
a&;rsm;.oauFwrsm;rSmvnf; trsm;uvufeuftjzpftoHk;ðyEdkifaom ypPnf;rsm;oauFwrsm; jzpfae=uonf? TuJhodk@ r[kwf/
olwdk@uyef;rsm;udk oHk;cJh=uonf?
tm%m&Sifrsm;udk ypfy,fjcif;rSmvG,fvSonf? odk@aomftm%m&Sifrsm;. pdwfóudufvufeufwckjzpfaom t=urf;zufr_udk

ypfy,f&efrSm rvG,fulvSay? txl;ojzifh oifh.&yfwnfr_udk+cdrf;ajcmufvmaomtajctaewGif ydkIrvG,fulvSay? odk@aomf
Todk@t=urf;zufr_udk jiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh jyefvnf&&Sdvmrnfh&vm'frSm cGeftm;tm%mjzpfonf? ydkvefEdkifiH&Sd vkyfom;rsm;
taejzifh (1970) ckESpfESifh (1976) ckESpfu tm%mydkifrsm;.taqmuftOD;rsm;udk rD;&_d@zsufqD;jcif;jzifh wdk;wufr_tenf;i,fom
&&SdcJh=uonf? tu,fI aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ydkifqdkifaom vufeufodkavSmif&Hkrsm;udkom awG@cJhygu/ rvG,fay?
b&ufZnufAfu uefeD,mxHodk@ Todk@zefwD;&avatmif wdkufwGef;cJhao;onf? tu,fI bl*sufu ol.tpkrsm;udkacgif;
aqmifrsm;udk vkyf=uH&efapcdkif;cJhygu/ ygwDwGif;&Sd oabmxm;jyif;xefolrsm;u bl*sufudk&_H@cs=uaomtcsdefwGif/ (1989) ckESpf wGif
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;&mZ0wfaumifrsm;[k pGyfpGJ=uaomtcsdefY vufydkuf=unfhaevdkuf rnf
jzpfonf? oifpdkufor#om oif&dyfodrf;&ayvdrhfrnf? TuJhodk@ *ENDu tENd,vlxkrsm;udk ajymcJhonf?
Todk@t=urf;zufr_udk óudwifjiif;y,fjcif;twGuf jzpfay:vmrnfh&vm'fudk (1980) ckESpf=o*kwfvu óudwifIodjrifEdkifcJhrnf

r[kwfay? odk@aomfvufiif;óuH&rnfh tEW&m,fursm;vGef;vSonf? vDeifoabFmusif;&Sd oydwfarSmufqENjyolrsm; oabm
aygufxm;=uonfrSm tpdk;&/ EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHwumtpdk;&toD;oD;u olwdk@rnfodk@qufvufaqmif&Guf=urnfudk apmifh
=unfhae=ujcif;yif? tu,fI oabFmusif;tkyfcsKyfoludkom jiif;y,fcJhygu/ ol@udkom tvkyform;rsm;u &dkufESufI vrf;ay:
armif;xkwfcJhygu/ tpdk;&zufrS awG@qaHk qG;aEG;&eftwGuf urf;vSrf;vmrnf[k xifygovm;? tu,fIaemufydkif;wGif or*~rS
olrsm;u bpf*dk0pf&Sdtvkyform;rsm;vlxkrsm;udk aoG;xdk;v_H@aqmfcJhygu/ &Jrsm;udkwdkufcdkuf=u&ef v_H@aqmfcJhygu/ ydkIjrefjref ppf
tkyfcsKyfa&;a&mufvmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? Todk@ rif;rJhz&dkz&JtajctaetwGuf wkef@jyef&ef tpdk;&zufrSta=umif;jycsuf&oGm;
cJhvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? rnfolrqdk t=urf;zufr_udkpwifcJhygu xdktwGufjzpfvm&aom emrnftqdk;&r_udk oluompwifcHpm; &rnf
jzpfonf? tu,fI t=urf;rzufpnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_tpm;/ aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfrnfh ckcHawmfvSefr_ompwifcJhygu tpdk;&
tm%mydkifrsm;u aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk TuJhodk@tav;w,lkðyqufqHvmrnfavm[kvnf; pOf;pm;p&m&Sdonf?
ESpfumv=um&Snf “ppfyGJumvtajctaeqdkonfrsKd;”ESifh ydkrdk=um&SnfpGm óuH&vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? vufcsf bm0ifqmu (1983)
ckESpfwGif Edkb,f+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&&SdcJhonf? EdkifiHwumu ydkvefjynfolrsm;. ta&;udkpmemaxmufcHvmcJhonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_udk
aemufjyefqGJaeolrsm;twGuf aemufxyft&Suf&p&m tcsufjzpfapcJhonf?
pm;yGJ0dkif; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJukvm;xdkifrsm;wGif xdkifae=uaomolrsm;tzdk@/ ydkvefEdkifiHtem*gwfonf olwdk@.ycHk;ay:wGif&Sdae a=umif;

cHpm;rd=uonf? aemufydkif;wGif olwdk@onfvlxk.acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfvm=uonf? tpdk;&wck. t&m&Sdrsm;rjzpf vm=uay? olwdk@.
aemufausmrsm;wGif ordkif;.avvd_if;wGef;tm;&Sdaeonf? vGefcJhaom ESpf (20) twGif;wGif olwdk@. t&Sdeft[kefudk
pkaqmif;EdkifcJh=uonf? qkwf,kwfoGm;onfvnf; &Sdonf? wzefjyefI jrifhwufvmcJh&onf? uGefjrLepf0g' udk
vGifhxGufoGm;atmifwdkufcdkufrnfh avjyif;xefwdkufcdkufr_twGuf tiftm;onf t=urf;zufr_&moDOwk r[kwf? Tavvd_if; u
vlxktajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. &moDOwkrSay:aygufvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? tm%m&Sifrsm;. rsufapha&S@atmufY qEN rygyJ
}uD;xGm;vmcJhaom &moDOwkjzpfonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;. wHpuf+rdwfrsm;/ jyLwif;aygufrsm;aemufrS
twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm; awG@qHk&if;ay:aygufvm=ujcif; jzpfonf? tvkyform;rsm; odrf;ydkufaompuf&Hk0if;rsm;rS ay:ayguf
vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? ajratmuftzGJ@0ifrsm;udk vufcHaomtdrfrsm;/ rdom;pkrsm;. tcef;rsm;rSay:aygufvm=ujcif; jzpfonf?
vGwfajrmufr_EG,fyifrsm;udk uGefjrLepfydkvefajrom;wGif pdkufysK;d &eftwGuf/ (1970) ckESpfrsm;ESifh (1980) ckESpfrsm;wGif jzpfcJhaom

vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u tm%m&Siftpdk;&udkpdefac:EdkifcJhonf? Ttpdk;&onf acwfrDtm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;teuf a=umufp&m
taumif;qHk;rdom;pk0ifrsm;teufrS wckjzpfonf? pwmvifed*Hk;csKyfcsdefrSpI ul;vyftxd/ uarBm'D;,m;&Sd ydkayghrsKd;ðzwfyGJrsm; txd/
vltrsm;pkonf uGefjrLepf0g'[laomtrnfatmufwGif olwdk@.b0rsm;udk pGef@v$wfcJh=u&onf? odk@aomfTpepf. pH
wefzdk;xm;owfrSwfcsufrsm;u Todk@r[kwfay? ydkvefEdkifiH&Sd uGefjrLepftrsKd;rsm;onfvnf; Todk@qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm;rdp>mrsKd;awmh
r[kwfay? odk@aomfvnf; twdkuftcHðyolrsm;udk óudqdkaecJhaomtusOf;axmifcef;rsm;uawmh twdkuftcHrsm;twGuf vdkvm; csuf
rufvHk;wckawmh r[kwfcJhay? ,ckwdkif Todk@&JwdkufudkckcHwGef;vSefae&aom v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh olwdk@.&Sif;vif;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm;
csrSwfEdkifcJh=uonf? vlxktrsm;pk.axmufcHr_udk&atmif pnf;&Hk;EdkifcJh=uonf? bk&m;ausmif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiH&yf jcm;axmufyHhr_rsm;udk
pkaqmif;EdkifcJh=uonf? tv#iftjrefacsr_ef;cH&aprnfh zdESdyfrsm;rjzpfapatmif a&Smifv$JEdkifcJh=uonf? oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;ESifh
rdrdzmompnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tajccHIt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_.ordkif;wGif tjrifhrm;qHk;aom zGH@òzd;r_udk &atmif
wdkufyGJ0ifEdkifcJhonf? ppfwyfrSacsr_ef;&eftwGuf rjzpfEdkifapaom tajctaejzpfcJhonf?
ydkvefEdkifiHwGif rnfuJhodk@tajctaerSerf sm;jzpfaeonfudk od&ef vspfvsL&_xm;cJhaom vD,dkepf b&ufZnufzftaejzifh

aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk ol.tifyg,m.tonf;ESvHk;udk axmufxm;aom'g;ajrmifwvuftjzpf jrifaeonfrSm/ rSefcJh onf?

xdkolrsm;u ygwD.OD;aqmifvrf;!$efr_udk jiif;y,fcJh=uonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&. trdef@tm%mrsm;udkzDqeftmcHcJh=u onf?
xdkolrsm;u ydkvefvlxkrsm;.qENudk awmif;cHcJh=uonf? tpdk;&. oem;n‡mwmr_udk rawmif;qdkcJhay? b0ESifh vkyftm;
.tajctaersm; wdk;wufap&efawmif;qdkcJh=uonf? pD;yGg;a&;uarmufur jzpf&rnfhtajctae/ EdkifiHa&;a&S@rwdk;om aemuf
rqkwfomtajctae/ EdkifiHwumrsufESmysuf&r_rsm;rjzpfatmif +cdrf;ajcmufr_vufeufudkudkifI olwdk@.awmif;qdkcsufrsm; jynfh
0ap&ef aqmif&GufcJh&onf? Tonfrsm;tm;vHk;udk aqmif&Guf=u&if;/ ydkvefEdkifiHuGefjrLepfygwD. OD;acgif;wckudkomru/ uGefjrL
epf0g'. ordkif;a=umif;udkvSnfhajymif;EdkifcJhonf? olwdk@OD;wnf&mtwdkif;/ olwdk@.tiftm; tm;udk;jzifh tm%m&,la&;udk
rvkyfcJh=uay?

tcef; (4)
&m;urfh (1923)
usL;ausmfolrsm;udkwGef;vSefjcif;
“*smrefawGudk tiftm;omjyvdkuf”
yxrurBmppft+yD; ig;ESpft=um/ wckaomaqmif;&moD naecif;wGif jyifopfESifhb,fvf*sD,H ppfwyfrsm;onf

*smr%DEkdifiH. òrd@}uD;wòrd@jzpfaom tufqef (Essen) òrd@}uD;twGif;odk@ ajymifajrmufaom wdusaooyfr_jzifh
csDwuf0ifa&mufvmcJh=uonf? usLl;ausmfa&;wyfrsm;twGuf trdef@ay;pcef;rsm;tjzpf toHk; ðy&ef
ausmif;rsm;ESifh[dkw,frsm;udk odrf;ydkufcJh=uonf? jrif;wyfESihf armfawmfqdkifu,fwyfzGJ@rsm;u w,fvDzHk;ESifh
a=u;eef;&Hk;rsm;udk odrf;ydkufcJhonf? ta&;t}uD;qHk;jzpf&yfrSm ausmufrD;aoG;qif'DudwfESifh rD;&xm;Ïme
!$ef=um;a&;rSL;&Hk;rsm;udk odrf;ydkufcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? wòrd@vHk;udkodrf;ydkuf&onfrSm vG,fulvGef;vSonf?
“*smrefawGudktiftm;omjyvdkuf/ wcgxJwef;OD;usKd;oGm;wmyJ” [kaemiftcgwGif jyifopf ppfom;wOD;u
ajym=um;cJhygonf?
xdk (1923) Zefe0g&Dv =umoyaw;ae@rwdkifcif tawmfapmpGmuwnf;uyif *smr%DEdkifiH. t"du pufr_a'o

}uD;jzpfaom &m; (Ruhr) jynfe,f. tufqefòrd@uav;onf aemifwdkufcwfvmawmhrnfh rkefwdkif;.
A[dkcsufrjzpfaecJhavonf? ppf&H_;EdkifiHtay:csKyfqdkxm;cJhaom pmcsKyfygpnf;urf;csufrsm;twdkif; xdkEdkifiHtwGif;odk@
0ifa&mufI o,HZmwrsm;udk xkwf,l&ef jyifopfESihf b,fvf*sD,Hwdk@u qHk;jzwfxm;cJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? *smref vlrsKd;wdk@rSm
Ttvm;tvmudk apmpD;pGmuyif jrifcJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? bmvif&Sdolwdk@tpdk;&u Tt=uyftwnf; udk
rajz&Sif;EdkifcJhjcif;twGufvnf; tvGefa'goxGufaecJh=uonf? xdkae@reufcif;u tufqef òrd@olòrdom;wdk@ onf
òrd@awmf.t"duaw;*Dw&Hk}uD;a&S@wGif pk&Hk;vm=u+yD; usL;ausmfr_udk wGef;vSef&eftwGuf wdkufwGef;
ajym=um;ae=uavonf? vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@xu G fI “*smr%D *smr%D wdk@&Gmwdk@jynf” “Deutschland, Deutschland,
über alles!” [laom oDcsif;rsm;udk oHòydifoDqdkaecJh=uonf? odk@aomftcsdef=umvmonfESifh tr# usL;ausmfa&;
tEW&m,f}uD; eD;uyfvmaomtcg rsKd;cspfoDcsif;oHrsm;vnf; wjznf;jznf;avsmyh g; vmav awmhonf?
ppfom;rsm; òrd@wGif;odk@w[kefxdk;0ifa&mufvm+yD; ae&m,lvdkufaomtcg pm;aomufqdkifESifh bD,mqdkif

ydkif&Sifrsm;u qdkifwHcg;rsm;udkydwfvkduf=uawmhonf? A[dkblwm&Hkywfvnf&Sd &ifjyifESifhvrf;rsm;ay:wGif vltrsm;
pk&Hk;a&muf&Sdvm=u+yD; olwdk@rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;+idrfoufaecJh=uavonf? qENjyyGJrsm;ay:aygufvmrnfh t&dyf
ta,mifvnf; r&Sd? rGef;vGJydkif;tukefavmufwGif ppfom; (4000) ausmfESifh oHcsyfumum; w'gZifausmf
0ifa&mufvmonfudk òrd@olòrd@om;rsm; pdwfroufrom=unfhae=u&awmhonf? xdkwyfzGJ@rsm;rSm &m;a'o&Sd
ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;rS ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;xkwf,lrnfh b,fvf*sD,H/ jyifopf/ tDwvD tif*sifeD,mrsm;udk
tumtuG,fay;&ef oufoufr[kwfqdkonfudk olwdk@pwif oabmayguf pdk;&drfvm=uawmhonf?
(1870) ckESpfu jyifopfudktEdkifwdkuf+yD;/ *smrefEdkifiHawmf}uD;udk xlaxmifpOfu yg0ifcJhaom y&yf&Sif;

ppfom;tdk}uD;rSm òrd@awmf &efol@vufatmufusa&mufoGm;&onfudk=unfh&if; vufudkifyk0gtkyfI wtdtd idkaeavonf?
tbdk;bmvdk@idkaeovJ[k ar;aomtcg olu “wae@rSmolwdk@igwdk@udk 'Dvdkvkyfvdrfhr,fvdk@ wcgrS rawG;cJhrdbl;”
[kajz=um;cJhonf?

“*smr%D. tonf;eSvHk;”
r[mppfyGJ}uD;[kolwdk@ac:=uaom ppfyGJ}uD;wGif a=umufrufzG,f tustqHk;rsm; &SdcJhvifhupm; xdkppfyGJ }uD;rSm

jyifopf.xkwfvkyfa&;a'o}uD; tawmfrsm;rsm;udk t}uD;tus,f zsufqD;ypfcJhavonf? ajrmufbuf
tpGeftzsm;ae&mrsm;qdkv#if jym;jym;0yfoGm;cJh&avonf? olwdk@taejzifh usdef;aoaygufEdkifajc&Sdonf[k xifae csdefwGif
*smrefAdkvfcsKyfrsm;u jyifopfjynfajrmufydkif;&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;rdkif;rsm;ESifh b,fvf*sD,H. owWKrdkif;rsm;udk
t+yD;wkdifodrf;ydkuf&ef}uH&G,fcJh=uonf? olwdk@&H_;awmhrnfqdkwm aocsmoGm;v#ifawmh *smrefAdkvfcsKyf tD&pf vl'efa'ghzf
(General Eric Ludendroff) u owWKwGif;rsm;udk azgufcGJzsufqD;vdkuf&efESifh vkd%facgif;rsm;xJodk@ a&oGif;+yD;
zsufqD;ypfvdkuf&eftrdef@ay;cJhonf? &nf&G,fcsufrSmwckyJ&Sdonf? &efbufEdkifiH. pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk
vHk;0O\HkzsufqD;ypf&efjzpfonf?
ppf&yfqdkif;a&;pmcsKyf csKyfqdkt+yD; ajcmufvt=um/ t}uD;tus,f zsufqD;cHxm;&aom a'o}uD;udk =unfh+yD;

jyifopfqD;edwftrwf aygvf'dkrm (Paul Doumer) u “vloluif;rJh+yD; vkyf}uHr_/ aoqHk;r_eJ@ ysufokOf;r_ awGeJ@om
jynfhESufaewJha'o}uD;” [kajym=um;cJhavonf? ppfrjzpfcifurl/ xdka'o}uD;rSm wEdkifiHvHk;wGif qefa&pyg; taygrsm;qHk;/
pufr_vkyfief; txGufrsm;qHk;a'o}uD;jzpfcJhavonf? xkdajrmufydkif;a'o}uD; jyefvnf &Sifoef+yD;
toufjyef0ifrvmbl;qdkv#ifawmh jyifopfEdkifiHvnf; jyefvnfemvefxlvmp&m ta=umif;r&Sd qdkonfrSm
,cktcgaocsmvmawmhonf?
ajrmufydkif;a'o}uD;. emusifbG,fjzpf&yfrsm;udk yk*~dKvfa&;t& xdxdcdkufcdkufcHpm;ae&olwOD;rSm a&rGef ydKG ifuJ

(Raymond Poincaré) jzpfonf? olonfjyifopfESifh *smr%D ESpfEdkifiHpyf=um;&Sd avm&def; (Lorraine)
e,frSvmoljzpfonf? xdk avm&def; e,fonfvnf; aygºuG,f0vSaom o,HZmwrsm;a=umifh usL;ausmfol
wOD;+yD;wOD;ajymif;um &mpkESpfwckpmr# vk,ufodrf;ydkufjcif;ukdcHcJh&avonf? ydGKifuJ (Poincaré) onf ppftwGif;u
jyifopf0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf xrf;&GufcJholjzpfonf? (1870) ckESpfu y&yf&Sm;wyfrsm; jyifopfudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufpOf ydGKifuJrSm
(10) ESpfom;t&G,fom &Sdao;onf? *smrefwyfrsm; ol@Zmwdajr. vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@csi;f eif;0if a&mufvmonfudk
jrifcJhbl;onf? jyifopfu ppfavsmfa=u;rsm; ay;+yD;onftxd xdk jynfodrf;wyfrsm;wyfpGJ xm;cJh=uonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf
ydGKifuJu xdktcsufudk ta=umif;ðy+yD; ol.*smr%DESifh ywfoufonfh &yfwnfcsufudk umuG,fajym=um;cJhonf?
“*smrefawG[m (1873) ckESpftxd jyifopfEdkifiHxJrSm wyfpGJxm;cJh=uw,f/ jyifopfe,fajray:u xGufroGm;cif
ppfavsmfa=u;aiGtjynfhay;cJh&w,f” [kajymqdkcJhonf?
ydGKifuJ. oufwrf;rSm jyifopfwdk@ Amqdkif;pmcsKyf (Treaty of Versailles) udk twnfðy+yD;aemuf r=umrDyif

ukefqHk;oGm;cJhonf? odk@aomf tjcm;aom ppftwGif;umv acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym;uJhokd@
uG,faysmufoGm;cJhjcif;awmhr&Sday? olonf vlxku toJpGJ=unf!kdaom acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfavonf? ppfajr
jyifwGifusif;yaom ppftcrf;tem;rsm;odk@ oGm;wdkif; olonf pmcsKyfygpnf;urf;csufrsm;udk vdkufema&;ESifh pyfvsOf;+yD;
*smrefwdk@. &nf&G,fcsufudk t+rJwrf;ar;cGef;xkwfavh&Sdonf? csDwufvmaom *smrefwyf}uD;tm; (1916) ckESpfwGif
[ef@wm;xm;EdkifcJhonfh Am'Gef; (Verdun) wGif usif;yaom ppftcrf; tem;wckY pdwfv_yf&Sm; wufºuGbG,f
rdef@cGef;wckudkajym=um;cJh&mwGif olu “*smrefawG olwdk@udk,fwdkif vufrSwfxdk; xm;wJhpmcsKyfudk rvdkufemrSmudk
b,folu cGifhðyrSmwJhvJ” [kar;cGef;xkwfcJhzl;avonf?
pmcsKyfygpnf;urf;csufrsm;t& *smrefppfwyfrsm;onf olwdk@odrf;ydkufxm;aom a'orsm;tm;vHk;rS

qkwfcGgay;&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@jyifol@wyfrsm;tm;vHk;udk &dkif; (Rhine) jrpf.taemufbufodk@qkwfcGgay;+yD;
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u ta&S@bufurf;wGifae&m,l&rnfjzpfonf? *smrefppfwyfudk ppfonfOD;a& (100˜000) txdav#mhcs+yD;
a&wyfudkppfonf (15˜000) om xm;&SdcGifhðycJhonf? tvm;wlyif ta0;ypftajrmuf}uD;rsm;/ wifhum;rsm;/
ppfav,mOfrsm; toHk;ðycGifhudk ydwfyifxm;rnfjzpfonf? &m;a'owGif ykvdyfwyfzGJ@rsm;udk ajymif;wkd aoewfrsm;om
udkifcGifhðyonf? t,fvfpufESifh avm&def;e,frsm; udkjyifopfodk@ay;vdkuf&onf? ajrmufydkif;wGif &S,fpf0pfe,f (Schleswig)
. wpdwfwydkif;udk 'def;rwfodk@ay;vdkuf&onf? ta&S@bufwGifrl e,ftrsm;pkrSm ydkvefbufodk@ ygoGm;onf?
Todk@e,fajrtrsm;tjym; ay;tyfvdkuf&jcif;twGuf EdkifiHom; (6³ 5) oef;udk qHk;&H_;vdkuf&+yD; o,HZmw

tajrmuftjrm;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;trsm;tjym;vnf; odrf;ydkufcHcJh&avonf? TpmcsKyfonf ppfEdkifolwdk@u wzufowf
csKyfqdkxm;aompmcsKyf/ r#wr_vnf;r&Sd[k *smrefwdk@u,lqonfrSm tHh=obG,fr&Sd? bmvifòrd@wGif ujyaom
e,fvSnfhZmwftzGJ@rsm;Y Zmwfaqmifrsm;u xdkpmcsKyfrdwWLrsm;udk Zmwfpifay:wGif qkwf+zJypf=uonf?
jyifopfwdk@u ppfavsmfa=u;rsm;udk tcsdefrSefay;&efawmif;qdkonfhtcg *smrefwdk@ua&Smifv$J&ef óud;pm;wdkif;

olwdk@acgif;aqmifrsm; Tr#pdwf&Snfjcif;twGuf jyifopfjynfolwdk@u nnf;jiL=uonf? topfwuf vmaom 0ef}uD;csKyf
t&pfpwdkuf b&dkif,ef (Aristide Briand) rSm 0g&ifhoHwrefwOD;jzpfonf? olonf *smrefwdk@ESifh aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;vdkonf?
odk@aomf+AdwdefEdkifiHu oufoufn‡mn‡mvkyfvdk+yD; jyifopfjynfolwdk@url cyf=urf;=urf; udkifwG,fta&;,lapvdkonf?
xdkESpfck=um;wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfrSm =um;n‡yfae+yD; (1922 ck Zefe0g&D) wGif E_wfxGufvdkuf&awmhonf? ol@ae&mwGif
ydGKifuJa&mufvmonf? ydGKifuJ onf jyifopfEdkifiHa&;&mZ0ifY 0ef}uD;csKyf ESpfcgjyefjzpfol jzpfonf?
ol&mxl;jyef&+yD;onfhtcg ol@udk *smrefpufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. 0g'jzef@csda&;vk_yf&Sm;r_wckta=umif;

today;=uonf? olwdk@vk_yf&Sm;r_rSm olwdk@EdkifiHppfðycJhjcif;udk tjypfrSv$wfa&;jzpfonf? ,if;udk xif&Sm;I =oZm&Sdaom
pufr_vkyfief;&Sif [l*dkpwif; (Hugo Stinnens) u acgif;aqmifonf? olu pmcsKyfyg pnf;urf;csufrsm;onf
tmCmw}uD;vGef;+yD; jyifopfwdk@. tawmrowfaomawmif;qdkr_rsm;udk b,fawmhrS auseyfatmif
vkyfEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwf[lI vlxkudk vH_@aqmfavonf? tu,fIom rlvtcsdefZ,m; twdkif; pnf;urf;csuftwdkif;
ppfavsmfa=u;rsm;udkay;aecJhrnfqdkv#if *smr%Donf (1970) pkESpfrsm; odk@r[kwf (1980) pkESpfrsm;txd
qufay;ae&vdrfhrnf[k aemiftcgwGif ynm&SifwOD;u cef@rSef;wGufcsufjycJhonf? *smr%Dtay:wGif usa&mufvsuf&Sdaom
0efxkyf0efydk;rsm;rSm jyifopfEdkifiH. ppf0g'ESifh e,fcsJ@pdwf"gwfa=umifh ay:aygufvmcJh&jcif; jzpfonf[k pwif;. owif;pmu
apm'uwufcJhavonf? *smr%DtwGuf ppfavsmfa=u; b¾ma&;0efxkyf0efydk;tjyif e,fajrtrsm;tjym;ESifh
vlOD;a&trsm;tjym;udkvnf; tqHk;t&H_;cHcJh&onf? *smrefe,fajr trsm;tjym;udk ueOD;wGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u
odrf;ydkufxm;cJh=uonf? olwdk@udk,fydkif pmydk@wdkufpepfESifh a&'D,dktoHk;ðycGifhudkyif ydwfyifwm;qD;cHcJh&onf? *k%foduQm
tnd‡K;EGrf;qHk;udpPrSm &duQmydwfqdk@ cH&jcif;jzpfonf? ,if;rSm (1919) ckESpftxd=umjrifhcJhonf? wcgwGifrl wywfpm &m&SifrSm
aygifrHk@av;aygifcGJ/ tom;ig;atmifp/ axmywf ESpfatmifp ESifh aumfzDESpfatmifpcGJtxd usqif;oGm;cJhavonf?
*smreftdrfaxmifpkrsm;rSm TtcuftcJt=uyftwnf;udk +idrf+idrfoufoufyif cg;pnf;cHcJh=uonf? rdom;pk
trsm;tjym;rSm &onfh&m&Sifjzifhyif òcd;+cHac|wmIaecJh=uonf? EdkifiHom;aumif;wdk@. 0wW&m;twdkif; arSmifcdktm;ray;yJ
aecJh=uonf?
(1922) ckESpfa&mufaomtcg jynfodrf;wyftrsm;pkrSm ‚if;wkd@.EdkifiH&if;odk@jyefoGm;cJh=u+yD;jzpfonf?

wyf&if;ten;fi,fudkom &dkif;jrpfwav#mufcsxm;cJh=u+yD; jyifopfwyfzGJ@rsm;udkrl e,fpyfwav#muf&Sd *smrefòrd@}uD; rsm;wGif
csxm;cJhonf? Tr[mppfyGJ}uD;udk pwifqifEGJcJhjcif;twGuf *smr%Dudk cGifhrv$wfEdkifbl; qdkv#ifyif ppf.tjcm;aom
&efvdkr_rsm;vdkyif temusuf&ef tcsdefvdkonfqdkonfudk ,cktcgodvm=u+yD jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhyif (1922) ckESpf
*sLvdkifvv,fY r[mrdwfppfavsmfa=u;aumfr&Sifu aemufxyf ppfavsmfa=u;rsm; twGuf uwd0efwmrygyJ (2)
ESpq
f ikd f;iHah y;xm;&ef pOf;pm;cJ=h uonf? ,if;rSm EGm;od;k ydGKifuJudk ydwfpteDjyI &efpvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? =o*kwfvwGif
vef'efòrd@Yusif;yaom r[mrdwfuGefz&ifhwckY olu jyifopftaejzihf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;
ðyvkyfrnfjzpfa=umif; +cdrf;ajcmufajym=um;cJhonf? “*smrefawG tay: r,Hk=unf&r_[m wae@wjcm;qdk;vmae+yD”
[kowday;ajym=um;cJhonf?
jyifopfudkay;&ef&Sdaom ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ay;tyfa&;twGuf &m;a'o&Sd tpdk;&ydkif ausmufrD;aoG; wGif;rsm;udk

taygif ypPnf;tjzpfxm;&ef jyifopfwdk@.arwWm&yfcHcsuu f dk =o*kwfv (16) &ufae@wGif *smr%Du y,fcscJhonf?
jyifopfEdkifiH. pufr_vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnfvnfywfEdkifa&;twGuf tylwjyif; vdktyfvsuf&Sdaom ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;
&&Sda&;twGuf wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;udk odrf;ydkuf+yD;xkwf,l a&;yif jzpfonf[k ydGKifuJ
u,lqcJhonf? ppfrjzpfcifuqdkv#if xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;. (40μ) r# xkwfvkyfonfyif xdkausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;rS wESpfudk
ausmufrD;aoG; wefcsdef oef;axmifaygif; (90) xkwv f kyfEdkifcJhonf? xdkxGufE_ef;rSm yifq,fvfaA;eD;,m;
jynfe,fausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;+yD;v#if 'kwd,txGuftrsm;qHk;yif jzpf onf? “bmvifudkcsDwuf&r,f[kwfvm;/ 'g
tvum;tcsdefðzef;wmbJ/ *smr%D&J@tonf;ESvHk;u &m;a'o/ jyifopfeJ@vJ ydkeD;w,f” [k tjcm;ppfol&Jaumif;wOD;jzpfol
rm&S,f zm'Deefazmh (Marshal Ferdinnand Foch) u wcguajymcJhbl;avonf?

ppfa&;tumtuG,frsm;r&Sdaom xdka'orSm jyifopftwGuf rufavmufp&myifjzpfonf? r=umcif
‚if;wdk@ðyvkyfawmhrnfh aqmif&Gufr_rsm;twGuf jyifopfwdk@wGif tjcm;ta&;}uD; aphaqmfr_rsm;vnf; &SdEdkifygao; onf?
Edk0ifbmvwGifusif;ycJhaom tiftm;toHk;ðy aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;. tusKd;tjypfudk aqG;aEG;onfh ta&;}uD;aom
uufbdeuftpnf;ta0;wckwGif ydGKifuJu *smr%Donf twdkufcH&v#if òyduGJIwppDjzpfoGm; vdrfhrnf[k
cef@rSef;ajym=um;cJhonf? Todk@jzifh jyifopfu usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufr_. tptetydkif;tp av;rsm;tjzpf &dkif;vif;
(Rhineland) a'oudk&&Sdvdrfhrnf/ ,if;rSm *smrefwdk@ pdk;&dryf lyefaeaom udpPwck jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@. pdwfqENESifh
aphaqmfr_rnfodk@&Sdonfjzpfap/ jyifopf v$wfawmfu (452) rJ (72) rJjzifh ppfwdkufa&;twGuftwnfðyay;cJhonf?
&ufowWywftenf;i,f=umaomtcg w,fvDzHk;wdkifrsm;ESifh opfrsm;udk*smr%Du jyifopfodk@ay;oGif;&ef
ysufuGufcJhonf[k ppfavsmfa=u;aumfr&Sifu a=ujimcJhonf? Zefe0g&Dv (9) &uf/ (1923) wGif
ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ay;oGif;&ef ysufuGufcJhonf[k a=unmcJhjyefonf? Todk@jzifh ESpf&uft=umwGif jyifopfESifh
b,fvf*sD,Hppfwyfrsm; *smr%DEdkifiHwGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufvmcJh=uawmh onf?
“xdef;csKyfa&;rpf&Sif”
jyifopfu *smrefawGtaejzifh avsmfa=u;ay;&ef/ jiif;qefaeonf[k jrifaomfvJ *smrefwdk@url Tjy\emudk

b¾a&;t=uyfr&dkufapa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufcsuf[kjrifonf? ppft+yD;wGif*smrefwdk@u xdkppf avsmaf =u;rsm;udk tcsed rf eS f
trSefwu,fay;qyf&ef&nf&G,fcJhonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&u vdktyfaomtcGef taumufrsm;udk raumufcHEdkifcJhI
ppfavsmfa=u;rsm;udk tcsdefrSefray;qyfEdkifcJhay? EdkifiHjcm;rS acs;iSm;jcif;udkrl rvkyfcJh? ,if;rSm
aiGa=u;azgif;yGr_udkydkrdkqdk;0g;apvdrfhrnf jzpfaoma=umifhyifjzpfonf?
ppfavsmfa=u;ESifh aiGa=u;azgif;yGr_jy\emrsm;udk rajz&Sif;EdkifcJhjcif;a=umifh/ (1922) ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm v (22)

&ufae@wGif t"dywdrSm &mxl;rS E_wx f GufcJh&onf? orw z&uf'&pf tD;Awf (Fredrich Ebert's) u t"dywdopftjzpf
0DvsH ulEdk (Wilhelm Cuno) udka&G;cs,fcJhjcif;twGuf vltrsm; tHhtm;oifhp&mjzpfcJh& onf? ‚if;rSm [rf;bm*f -
tar&duef oabmFvdkif; (Hamburg-America Shipping Line) . t}uD;tuJjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tawG@t}uHK
enf;olvnf;jzpfonf? odk@aomf cef@jim;aom ulEdkrSm *smref pufr_vkyfief;. OD;pD;yJhudkifjzpf avonf? *smrefpD;yGg;a&;udk
yJhudkifxdef;rwfay;&efqdkv#if pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. axmufcHtm;ay;r_rSm r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonf qdkonfudk tD;Awf
aumif;aumif;odxm;avonf? xdk@jyif t"dywdopfrSm t*Fvdyfpum; ajymEdkif+yD; +Adwdef/ tar&duefwdk@ESifhvnf;
tquftqH&Sdoljzpfonf? ppfavsmfa=u;udpPrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqif nd‡Ed_if;&ef qdkv#if xdkEdkifiHrsm;.
jyifopfEdkifiHtay:&Sdaeaom =oZmt&Sdeft0grSm r&Sdrjzpfvdktyf onf[koljrifonf?
Edk0ifbmv (24) &ufae@wGif &dkufpwufv$wfawmf (Reichstag) odk@ yxrqHk; rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mwGif ulEkd u

ol@ay:vpDudk “aygifrHk@u t&if/ ppfavsmfa=u;uaemuf” [k tusOf;csKyfI ajym=um;oGm;cJhavonf? &m;a'oESifh
pyfvsOf;onfh jyifopf.ay:vpDudk ol@taejzifh tHh=owkefv_yfrda=umif;vnf; ajymcJhavonf?
“u|efawmfwdk@e,fpyf&J@wbufrSm u|efawmfwdk@e,fajrudk usL;ausmfbdk@vkyfaewJh jzpfEdkifor# tvm;tvm [lor#udk
rodusKd;u|HðyraeEdkifbl;?” tvm;wlyif &dkif;vif;a'ojynfolrsm;tm;/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;. usL;ausmf odrf;ydkufxm;r_udk
“tHhbG,fpdwf&Snfonf;cHEdkifr_” twGufvnf;csD;usL;ajym=um;cJhonf? xdktcsufa=umifhyif v#rf;v#rf;awmuf
pum;ajymaumif;olwOD;r[kwfaomfvnf; ulEdkonf y&d\wf. wxifhxifh =obmay;r_ udkawmh &&SdcJhavonf?
rdef@cGef;.tqHk;owfwGif olu “'Dtpdk;&[m *smr%DEdkifiH&J@ b,ftpdwftydkif;udkrS tnHhcH ay;tyfrSmr[kwfbl;”
[kajym=um;vdkufaomtcg trwfrif;rsm;tm;vHk;u wcJeufrwfwyf&yfI oabmwl a=umif;
atmf[pfajym=um;cJh=uonf?
odk@aomf bmvifwGif&cJhaom/ xdk =obmvufckyfoHrsm;onf ol@twGuf acgif;cJp&may:vpDrsm;udk

axmufcH=uonf[kawmh ajymIr&ay? tpdk;&u aps;E_ef;rsm;ESifh vkyfcrsm;udk t}uD;tus,fwdk;jr‡ifhvdkonf?

pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;url xdkvkyf&yfudkróuduf=u/ wm;qD;vdk=uonf? ppfavsmfa=u;rsm;ay;bdk@qdkv#if tcGefrsm;
wdk;aumuf+yD; tpdk;&0ifaiGwdk;atmifvkyf&rnf? pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;uyg xdkodk@ tcGefwdk;
aumufjcif;udk róuduf=u? r[mrdwf wyfrsm;. awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk t+rJwrf;auseyfatmif vkyfEdkifyghrvm;[k
pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u oHo,jzpf=uonf? xdk@a=umifh jyifopfu &m;a'oudkodrf;ydkufrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufaom tcg
Tt&monfa&Smifv$JIr&Edkif[k olwdk@u,lq=uonf? Todk@jzifh ulEkdudk ulnDu,fwif&ef olwdk@twGuf vrf;p
tenf;i,fom&Sdawmhonf?
'DZifbmv (11) &ufae@wGif/ t"dywdu ðyjyifxm;aom ppfavsmfa=u; tpDtpOfopfudk a=unmaomtcg

,if;udk jyifopfuomuef@uGufcJhonfr[kwf/ [l;*dk;pwif;. owif;pm Deutche Allgemeine Zeitung
uvnf;tjyif;txef a0befwdkufckdufcJhonf? t"dywd}uD;. Zefe0g&Dv (2) &uf aemufqHk; urf;vSrf;csufwGif rwfa&$'*Fg;
(20) bDvD,Hay;&ef uwdðyxm;onf? ,if;udk EdkifiHwum acs;aiGrsm;ESifh ay;tyf&efjzpfonf?
tjyeftvSeftm;jzifhuGefjrLepf olykefrsm;udkESdrfeif;&ef[kqdkum (1921) ckESpfuwJu odrf;ydkufxm;cJhaom 'lqJvfa'ghzf
(Düsseldorf) / 'GdKifpfbmh*f (Duisburg) ESifh &m;a&mh (Ruhrort) a'orsm; rS jyifopfwyfrsm; qkwfcGgay;&rnfjzpfonf?
,if;udk ydGKifuJ u pOf;yifrpOf;pm;cJhacs?
r=umrDqifEGJawmhrnfh ppfqifa&;udk jyifopftpdk;&u “tif*sifeD,mrsm;om yg0ifonhf rpf&SiftzGJ@” [k

Zefe0g&Dv (9) &ufae@wGif az:jycJhonf? ,if;rpf&iS fonf “ppfoabmobm0” ESifh “EdkifiHa&;vuQ%m
aqmifaomusL;ausmfr_” rygaom ppfqifa&;jzpfonf[k ajym=um;cJhonf? xdkppfwyfrsm;udk apv$wfjcif;rSm
“rpf&SiftzGJ@udkumuG,f&ef” twGuf oufoufomjzpfonf[k ravsmw h rf;ajym=um;cJhonf? tvm;wlyif
“jynfolrsm;ae&majymif;a&$@&jcif; r&SdyJ ae+rJtwdkif;yifvHkvHkðcHðcH +idrf;+idrf; csrf;csrf; &Sdvdrfhrnf[kajym=um;cJhonf?
*smrefvlrsKd;rsm;url Tw}udrfusL;ausmfr_onf odyf=umvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k rSwfxifum usL;ausmfr_udk

umuG,f&ef jyifqifr_tenf;i,fom ðyvkyfcJhonf? ausmufrD;aoG;tenf;i,fESifh tjcm;ukef=urf; tenf;i,fr#udkom
odkavSmifxm;cJhonf? tpdk;&ucsrSwfbG,f&Sdonfh rnfonfh r[mAsL[mudkr# taumif txnfaz:rnfh tzGJ@tpnf;r&Sd?
aemufqHk;tcsdeftxdyif ol. ppfavsmfa=u;urf;vSrf;csufrsm;udk jyifopfu vufcHum ydGKifuJonf usL;ausmfa&;tpD
tpOfudkaemufqkwfoGm;vdrfhrnf[k ulEdku ar#mfvifhaecJhao;onf? ppftiftm;jzifh jyefvnfckcH&efqdkonfrSmvnf;
rjzpfEdik ?f pmcsKyft& *smrefppfwyfrsm;rSm &dki;f jrpf. (50) uDvdk rDwmtwGif;wGif wyfpGJxm;cGifhr&Sd? ulEdk ESifhol@
uufbdeuftzGJ@twGuf vkyfp&m vrf;ESpfoG,fom &Sdawmhonf? jyifopfwyfrsm; usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmonfudk
vrf;ab;rS at;at;aq;aq; vufydkuf=unfh aecsifae/ odk@r[kwfv#if [efjyjzpfjzpf eJeJyg;yg;ckcHwdkufcdkuf+yD;
urBmhaxmufcHr_udk yef=um;toem;cH&efom&Sdawmhonf?
*smrefwdk@. aoe*FAsL[mrSefor#rSm jyifopfwdk@u ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; xkwf,ljcif;udk wwfEdkifor#

aESmifhaES;=uef@=umatmifvkyf+yD; jyifopfwdk@tavsmhay;+yD; ppfavsmfa=u;udpP jyefvnfaphpyfaqG;&ef oabmwl
vmonftxd tcsdefqGJxm;a&;jzpfonf? TusL;ausmfro _ nf jyifopfwdk@twGuf aemufqHk; a&G;vrf;wckom
jzpfonfqdkonfudk ulEdkESifh tD;Awf wdk@oabmwlonf? jyifopfwdk@twGuf vef'ef/ 0g&SifwefESifh urBmwv$m;wGif
axmufcHrnfholxuf qef@usifrnfhol oGm;ykyfavvGifhajymrnfholu ydkrsm;onfqdkonfudk olwdk@odonf?
t*FvdyfESifhtar&duef wdk@udkom olwdk@udkpmemr_&Sdvmatmif eJeJyg;yg;ckcHjyvdkufv#if t*Fvdkqufqef tiftm;pk rsm;u
=um;0ifvm+yD; jyifopftay: usa&mufvmrnfh pD;yGg;a&;zdtm;a=umifh Tt=uyftwnf;onf ydkIjrefjrefyif
tqHk;owfoGm;zG,f&Sdonf?
xdk@aemuf ppfavsmfa=u;udk “EdkifiHa&;ESifh rywfouf&ef” (xdktcsdefuoHk;onfhpum;vHk;)? ,if;rSm *smrefwdk@.

aoe*FAsL[myifjzpfonf? t"dywd ulEdku orw tD;Awftm; ausjimcsufwapmif xkwfjyefay;yg&ef Zefe0g&Dv (9)
&ufae@wGif yef=um;onf? xdkausjimcsufwGif “vufeufðzwfxm;cH&+yD; tumtuG,f rJhaeaom EdkifiHwEdkifiHtm;
jyifopfEdkifiH. rw&m;tiftm; toHk;ðyae” aomfvnf; &m;a'o jynfolwdk@u qlqlylyl rvkyf=uyg&efaz:jy+yD;
a'oxkwfowif;pmrsm;odk@ ay;ydk@ay;&efjzpfonf? xdkae@ nOhfeufydkif;wGif ulEdkonf ol.0ef}uD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;/
tvkyform;or*~acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh bmvifòrd@&Sd &kdufcsf uufbdeuf v$wfawmf (Reichskabinettspaleis) Y
awG@qHkum rwljcm;em;aom *smreftusKd;pD;ygG;rsm;ESifh udkufnDEdkifrnfh vkyfief; tpDtpOf w&yfudk

aqG;aEG;az:xkwf=uonf? owWKwGif;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;url jyif;jyif;xefxef ckcHwdkufcdkufygu b¾ma&;t&qHk;&_H;r_ }uD;rm;+yD;
owWKwGif;rsm;0ifa&muf odrf;ydkufcH&rnf/ odk@r[kwf xkwfvkyfr_rsm; &yfqdkif;oGm;rnfudk pdk;&drf=uonf? tD;Awf.
EdkifiHa&;ygwDeSifh qufEG,faeaom qdk&S,fvpf or*~rsm;url ppfjzpfvmygu uGejf rLepfrsm; vusmf tpGe;f a&mufrsm;udk
awmfvSefa&;qifE$J&ef wGef;tm;ay;ovdk jzpfvdrfhrnf? qdk&S,fvpfrsm; tm%m&aejcif;rS ðywfusapvdrfhrnf[k
pdk;&drfae=uonf? orwurl tvkyf&Sifrsm;u TtpDtpOfudk oabmwlv#if or*~rsm;uvnf; yl;aygif;yg0ifvrd frh nf[k
,Hk=unfonf? odk@aomf ydkif&Sifrsm; oabmxm;ajymif;vJvdrfhrnf[krl ulEdk a&m tD;Awfyg r,Hk=unf=uacs?
aemufydkif;wGif orw ESifh t"dywdwdk@ESpfOD;vHk;u rnfr#yif jynfwGif;axmufcHr_udk &&SdonfqdkapOD;

*smr%DEdkifiHtaejzifh usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufolrsm;udk pD;yGg;a&;t& xdcdkufepfematmif vkyfrSjzpfawmhrnf qdkonfudk
olwdk@oabmaygufvm=uonf? &m;a'oESifh a'oxGuf ausmufrD;aoG;onf Oa&mytwGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfcsufjzpfonf?
Ta'o. }uD;rm;vSaompufr_vkyfief;}uD; &yfqdkif;oGm;r_ rSefor#onf Oa&my. rnfonfh ae&mwGifrqdk
,if;wkd@.pD;yGg;a&;b0udk xdcdkufepfemapvdrfhrnf? T tcsdefa&mufv#if r[mrdwftiftm;pk rsm;u pD;yGg;a&;zdtm;udk
rcHEdkifjzpfum yGdKifuJudk zdtm;ay;+yD; wyfrsm; &kyfodrf;apvdrfhrnf[k ulEdk ,Hk=unfaecJh onf? usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufr_onf
jyifopftwGuf wefbdk;}uD;vGef;vSI wvxuf ydk+yD;cHrnf r[kwf[kvnf; ol,Hk=unfavonf?
tpueOD;Yyif t=urf;zufr_tm; rESpfòrd@jcif;onf tpdk;&.ckcHa&;tawG;tac:Y pGJ+rJaeaomt&m jzpfonf?

ta&S@buf&Sd olwdk@.aemifawmf abmvf&SDApf ygwDuJhodk@r[kwfyJ/ Tqdk&S,fvpfrsm; awmfvSefa&;ygwD r[kwfawmhonfrSm
ESpfaygif; (40) =umjrifhcJh+yDjzpfonf? olwdk@twGuf t=urf;zufr_qdkonfrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwD wckESifhwck tompD;&&ef
rawmfrw&m;}uHpnfonfh rESpfòrd@zG,f&mvkyf&yfjzpfonf? jyifopfwdk@udk taxGaxG oydwfqifEGJjcif;onfyif
&efp&ma&mufonf? txl;ojzifh or*~rsm;tbdk@jzpfonf? Todk@vkyfv#if ‚if;wdk@ tvkyform;rsm;tay: xdef;csKyfxm;r_
vufvGwfoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfonf? wckawmhaocsmonf? t=urf;zufr_udk oHk;v#if tar&duefESifh +Adwdefwdk@. tjrifwGif
ckcHwGef;vSefr_. yHk&dyfudk xdcdkufysufpD;apvdrfhrnf? bmvif&Sd acgif;at;at;pOf;pm;wwf+yD; tqHk;tjzwfay;Edkifaom
y&yf&Sif;rsm;u Todk@rvkyf&ef t}uHay;=uonf?
Todk@jzifh ulEdk ESifh tD;Awfuvnf; tvkyform;or*~rsm;tm; olwdk@.or*~tzGJ@0iftvkyform;rsm;udk

“tEkenf;awmfvSefa&;” (TtoHk;tE_H;udk *END}uD;u vGefcJhaom 17-ESpfu pwifoHk;pGJcJhonf) udkom usifhoHk;=u yg&ef
wdkufwGef;ay;bdk@ajym=um;&awmhonf? t"dywdu uwdðyonfrSm &dkufpwufv$wfawmfrS cGifhðycsuf&v#if
tvkyform;rsm;tm; pD;yGg;a&;taxmuftyHhrsm; ay;rnf[kqdkonf? or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; Ttwdkif; qdkv#if
or*~tzGJ@0iftm;vHk;uvnf; oabmwlvufcH=uvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unf=uonf? tvkyform;rsm; zufuvnf;
bmvif&Sdtpdk;&. axmufcHr_qdkonfudk oHo,&Sdonf? tpdk;&u t+rJwrf; pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm; udkom
yxrOD;pm;ay;avh&Sdaoma=umifhyif? vGefcJhaom (2) ESpfcef@uyif wEdkifiHvHk; taxGaxG oydwfwdkufyGJ}uD; udk
‚if;wdk@qifEGJcJh=uao;onf/ *smrefpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;}uD;w&yfvHk; &yfwef@oGm;rwwf jzpfcJhonf? ppft&m&Sd a[mif;rsm;.
tm%modrf;yGJudk wGef;vSefEdkifcJhonf? xdk@jyif tvkyform;rsm;onf *smref EdkifiHawmf}uD;tay: opPm&Sda=umif;
=umjrifhpGmuyif jyocJholrsm;jzpfonf? ESpfaygif;w&mausmf jyifopf rkef;wD;a&;w&m;rsm; oif=um;ydk@csay;cJhonfh
*smrefausmif;rsm;udk wufcJh=uolrsm;csnf;jzpfonf? bmyJjzpfjzpf olwdk@ckcHqef@usif =uvdrfhrnfomjzpfonf?
bmvif&Sdtpdk;&url tvkyform;rsm;.wdkufyGJ0ifpdwf"gwf tvGeftu|Hjzpfrnfudkpdk;&drfaeavonf?

tu,fIom yÉdyuQonf “t=urf;zufr_ESifh ydwfqdk@r_rsm;yg” ygvm+yDqdkv#if ulEkd@tajymt& “xdef;odrf; r&Edkifaom
trsKd;om;a&;Edk;=um;r_” }uD; ay:aygufvmvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifhtpdk;&taejzifh “*smrefp=umwHqdyfudk axmufcH&mY
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"gwfESihf cHpm;csufudk roHk;rdap&ef owd}uD;pGmxm;&rnf” [k ulEdkuajymonf?
tvkyform;trsm;tjym; tvkyfrStxkwfcH&v#if ‚if;wdk@. “jyifopfqef@usifa&;jr‡m;OD;onf tpdk;&odk@ vSnfhvm
vdrfhrnf”? ckcHqef@usifa&; axmufcHr_&vmjcif;udk wm;qD;ydwfyif&ef bmvifwGif tjcm;enf; a&G;p&mvrf;r&Sd?
tvkyform;rsm;udk vkyfcaxmufyHhjznfhpGufaiGrsm;ay;&ef/ tpm;tpmaxmufyHh&ef ESifh &m;a'owGif +idrf0yfydjym;r_&Sdap&ef
aqmif&Gufjcif;rSwyg; tjcm;r&Sd[k ulEkd uxifjrifonf? “rnfodk@yif qdkapumrl” olwckawmh0efcHonf? “jzpfay:vmaom
pD;yGg;a&;tcuftcJrsm;u wjznf;jznf;ESifh &dkufpwuf v$wfawmfudk zsufodrf;&onftxd OD;wnfoGm;apvdrfhrnf?”

tp ueOD;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;Y a&S@wGifapmifhóudaeaom TtEW&m,frsm;udkausmfI aoe*FAsL[m jy\emrsm;yif
xGufay:vmao;onf? &m;a'o&Sd òrd@awmfESihf c&dkiftpdk;&rsm; twGuf vkyfief;tpDtpOfESifh ywfouf+yD; ulEdk ESifh tD;Awf
u tenf;i,fom vkyfaqmifay;EdkifcJhonf? &ufuvif;a[mpif (Recklinghausen) wGifusif;yaom
a'oEW&t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh tpnf;ta0;wGif olwdk@wGif “TckcHqef@usifa&; wdkufyGJtwGuf rnfodk@pnf;&Hk;aqmif&Guf&rnfenf;
qdkonfhenf;vrf;ESifh ywfoufI rnfonfhtpDtpOfr#r&Sd” qdkonfudk orwu oabmwlvufcHonf? oydwfwdkufyGJ ESifh
qENjyyGJrsm;u bmeJ@wlaervJ´ b,folawGygrvJ´ tvkyform;awG/ or*~awG/ owWKwGif;ydkif&SifawGu
bmviftpdk;&qDu !$ef=um;csufawGudk b,fvdk,lrvJ´ &m;a'orSmbmawGjzpfaew,fqdkwm ae@pOfeJ@tr# bmvifu
odaeatmifb,fvdkvkyfrvJ´ b,folrSrod/ rajzEdkifcJh=uay?
usL;ausmfr_jzpf+yD; ESpf&uft=um Zefe0g&Dv (13) &ufae@Y naeapmif;rSusif;y&aom &dkufpwufv$wfawmf.

wif;rmIaygufuGJvkrwwfjzpfaeaom ta&;ay: tpnf;ta0;wGif ol.tpDtpOfrsm;udk wifjy&ef ulEdk ay:xGufvmonf?
v$wfawmfacgifrdk;ay: wGif *smreftvHawmfu wdkifw0ufv$ifhxlvsuf? ol@tpDtpOfrSm Todk@jzpfonf?
usL;ausmfr_udkjypfwif&H_@csvdkuf+yD; usL;ausmfolrsm;udk pdefac:vdkufonf? “vGefcJhwJhESpf&ufu *smreforwEdkifiH&J@
vGwfvyfwJhe,fajray:udk jyifopfeJ@ b,fvf*sD,HwyfawGusL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvmcJhyg+yD? jrif;wyfzGJ@awGu "g;vGwfawGudk
ukdifpGJ +yD; ppfa=umif;awG&J@wyfOD;uae 0ifa&mufvmcJhwmyg? vHk;0vufeufzsufodrf;jcif;cHxm;&wJh EdkifiHwEdkifiHtay: ckvdk
ppfyGJwyGJqifE$Jaeovdk ðyrlaqmif&GufcJhwmyg? usaemf wurBmvHk;udk ar;cGef;av;wckavmufar;csifygw,f? b,foleJ@rS
rEd_if;omwJh cufcJyifyef;r_ pGef@v$wf tepfemcHcJh&r_awGeJ@ &ifqdkifae&+yD; tm;tifukefcef;csnfheJ@aeayr,fh
*smrefjynfolawGavmufZGJ&Sd+yD; óud;pm;wJh vlrsKd;eJ@ EdkifiHudk cifAsm;wdk@awG@bl;ygovm;?” uGefjrLepfrsm;rSty
v$wfawmftrwfrsm; tm;vHk;wcJeuf rwfwyf&yf+yD; “b,fwHk;urSr&Sdbl;/ r&Sdbl;” [katmf=uonf? xdk@aemuf
t"dywd}uD;u a&G;p&mvrf; woG,fudkcsjyonf? “*smreftpdk;&taeeJh tiftm;oHk;+yD;ckcHbdk@qdkwmrjzpfEdkifygbl;?
'gayrJhtckvdk +idrf;csrf;a&;udk csKd;azgufwJh vlawGeJ@awmh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdkpdwfr&Sdygbl;?” Todk@jzifh tpdk;&tm;
ckcHqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJudk axmufcHr_ ay;Edkif&ef &dkufpwufv$wfawmfu axmufcHrJ (283) rJ/ uef@uGufrJ (12)
rJjzifhtwnfðyay;cJhonf?
“vSHpGyfzsm;wGifxdkifae&jcif;”
tpdk;&uta&;,laqmif&Gufr_wpHkw&mrvkyfEdkifcifuyif &m;a'o&Sdjynfolwdk@onf jyifopfwyfrsm;tm;

tcuftcJrsKd;pHkawG@&ef ydGKifuJ ar#mfvifhxm;onfxufyif ydkIaqmif&GufEdkifcJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? usL;ausmfa&;wyfzGJ@
rsm;ra&mufcif ZEM0g&Dv (10) &ufae@uyif pdwfqdk;a'goxGufaeaom vltkyf}uD; (5˜000) ausmfonf tufqifòrd@&Sd
udkifZma[mhzf (Kaiserhof) [kdw,f a&S@wGifpk&Hk;rdae=uonf? xdktaqmuftODwGif jyifopf
tif*sifeD,maumfr&Sifwckvnf; a&muf&Sdwnf;cdkaeonf[laom aumv[va=umifh &m;a'orS xGufcGgoGm;a&;
ta&;qdk&ef a&muf&SdaecJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? wem&DtwGif;wGifyif tayguf0&Sd ykvdyftapmifhta&Smufrsm;udk ausmfvGef+yD;
txufxyf&Sd jyifopfwyfzGJ@rsm;tm; *kwfqGJI armif;xkwf&efyif toifhjzpfaecJh=uonf? òrd@awmf0ef udk,fwdkif
pm;yGJay:wuf&yf+yD; tdrfjyef=uyg&ef awmif;yef&onf? aemufwae@wGif a&mufvmawmhrnfh jyifopf wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh
&ifqdkif&ef tm;arG;xm;=uyg&ef arwWm&yfcH&onf? rsKd;cspfoDcsif;rsm; oDqdk+yD; vltkyfrSm vlpkuGJoGm; onf?
xdknYyif &dkif;epf-0ufpfzmvD,ef (Rhenish-Westphalian) ausmufrD;aoG; qif'DudwfrS t&m&Sdrsm;onf

ta&;}uD;onfh zdkifwGJrsm;udk [rf;bmcfòrd@odk@ xGufcGgrnfh x&yfum;rsm;ay:odk@ wifxm;=uonf? [rf;bmhcfonf
tufqifòrd@.ajrmufbuf uDvdkrDwm (320)/ rkdiftm;jzifh (199 rdkif) tuGmwGif&Sdavonf? usefzdkifwGJrsm;udk
=urf;jyifatmufwGif zGufxm;cJh=uavonf? Tqif'Dudwfonf &m;a'o ausmufrD;aoG; csKdifh0Srf;}uD; wckvHk;.
xdef;csKyfa&; A[dkXmejzpfonf? TrSwfwrf;rsm;r&Sdv#if jynfodrf;wyfrsm;onf xkwfvkyfr_ aumif;aom
owWKrdkif;rsm;udkom a&G;cs,fjcif;rðyEdkifawmhyJ/ owWKwGif;tm;vHk;udk odrf;ydkufvkyfudkif&vdrfhrnf? xifrSwfxm;onfxuf
wyfzGJ@0iftiftm; ydkrdktoHk;ðy&vdrfhrnf? qif'Dudwfudkae&majymif;a&$@&eft}uHrSm [l;*dk;pwif;. t}uHjzpfonf? olonf
owWKwGif;rsm;omru owif;pmrsm;vnf; ydkifqdkifoljzpf+yD; uGefqm aA;wpf t,ltq &Sdoljzpfonf? aemufydkif;wGifolu

zdkifwGJrsm;udka&$@ajymif;rxm;EdkifcJhv#if “jynfyusL;ausmf oludkqef@usifonfhwdkufyGJ” onf aESmifhaES;=uef@=ump&m&Sdonf[k
*k%f,l0ifhºuGm;pGmajymqdkcJhavonf? jyifopfodk@ ay;&rnfh ppfavsmfa=u;udk qdkif;iHhxm;rnfh rnfonfhudpP&yfYrqdk pwif;Y
udk,fusKd;pD;yGg;&Sdonf? ppfavsmfa=u;tjzpf taemufbufodk@wifydk@&aom ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;udk aps;uGufaygufaps;xuf
av#mha&mif;ae&onf?
,cktcg owif;pmrsm;uvnf; ckcHa&;wkdufyGJudk umuG,folrsm; jzpfvmonf? jyifopfonf &m;a'oudk

*smr%DrS zJhxkwfoGm;vkd=uonf[k olwdk@ua&;om;=uonf? &m;a'otvkyform;rsm;twGif; jzef@csdonfh qkd&S,fvpf
owif;pmwapmifu t,f'DwmhtmabmfwGif Todk@a&;onf? TusL;ausmf odrf;ydkufr_onf
“ordkif;0ifjzpf&yfwckjzpfonf”? “tiftm;jzifh t=urf;zufjcif;udk tiftm;jzifh wHk@jyef&efrSm rjzpfEdkifaoma=umifh
av;av;eufeufpOf;pm;wwfaom rnfonfh EdkifiHa&;orm;urS vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; qifEGJ&ef
wdkufwGef;vdrfhrnfr[kwf”? ,if;twGuf ol@tajzrSm “^m%fynm}uD;rm;onfh jyifopfvlrsKd;wOD;u Todk@ajymcJhbl;onf?
bufeufay: wufxdkifwmuvGJvdk@ bufeufomyg&if bmrqdk vkyfvdk@&w,fwJh? tck u|efawmfwdk@u olwdk@udk
bufeufeJ@owˆKwl;vdk@r&bl;/ owˆKo,fvdk@ r&bl;qdkwm vufawG@jy&r,f” [kjzpfonf? ydkrkdI uGefqmaA;wpfusaom
owif;pmrsm;url *smrefvlrsKd;wdk@. El;nHhaom ESvHk;om;udk qGJiif odrf;oGif;Edkif&ef *E<00fyHkjyifrsm;udk
udk;um;Iyifa&;om;wifjy=uonf? “twGif;udkeufeuf&d_if; &d_if;0ifvmav/ jyefxGuf&rnfhvrf;u &SnfavavyJ? 'ga=umifh
tmrD;eD;,yfpf (Arminius) u a&mrwyfawGudk usLwdkbm*g (Teutoburger) opfawmxJ twGif;ydkif;xda&mufatmif
r#m;ac:cJhwmr[kwfvm;? 'Dae&ma&muf&if olwdk@twGuf vGwfvrf; r&Sdawmhbl;?”
Tr#o}uFeftajr‡mufrsm; ypfaeonfh=um;uyif wjznf;jznf;&kyfvHk;ay:vm+yDjzpfonfh jyZmwfwGifyg0if

toHk;awmfcH&rnfh Zmwfaqmifrsm;rSm cyfqdkif;qdkif;cyfav;av;yif jzpfae=uao;onf? &dkufEdkifiHawmf.
o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;0ef}uD;u ckcHa&;tpDtpOfudk vufcHtwnfðy&ef Zefe0g&Dv (10) &ufae@wGif usif;yonfh
tpnf;ta0;wGif jiif;qefvdkufonf? ol@tjrifrSm Todk@vkyfjcif;jzifhtusKd;r&Sd? jyifopfwdk@onf *smref&xm;
tvkyform;rsm;udk t"rRcdkif;apjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ &xm;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pHepf}uD;w&yfvHk;udk odrf;ydkuf um
wyfzGJ@rsm;o,f,lydk@aqmifjcif;/ ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; o,f,lydk@aqmifjcif;udk aomfvnfaumif; vkyfEdkifonf
omjzpfonf[kjzpfonf? Todk@omjzpfvmv#if &m;a'owckvHk;&Sdjynfolrsm;.b0rSm onf;rcHEdkifavmufatmif
qdk;0g;vmvdrfhrnf[k acsywifjy=uonf? tpuwnf;u tifwifwifjzpfaeaom owWKwGif;ydkif&Sifrsm;uvnf;
tvkyform;rsm;om TwdkufyGJtwGif;Y ryg[kqdkv#if olwdk@bufrSvnf; ygp&mta=umif;r&Sd[k qdk=uonf?
Tt=uyftwnf;udk a&Smifv$JEdkif&ef aemufqHk;wGif rD;&xm;Xmetm; jyifopfESifhb,fvf*sD,HwyfzGJ@rsm;. trdef@rsm;udk
vkdufemaqmif&Gufjcif;rðy=u&ef !$ef=um;csufxkwfcJh&onf?
ueOD;&ufrsm;wGif vufawG@ckcHqef@usif=uonfudk tenf;tyg;om jrifawG@cJh=u&onf? r+idrfroufr_

tenf;i,frSvGJv#if tufqifòrd@Yvnf; rnfonfh qENjyyGJr#r&Sd? tvkyform;rsm;rSm bmvkyf&rnfrod/
Za0Z0gjzpfae=uonf? tpwGif &m;a'otwGuf olwdk@udk ckcHwGef;vSef=u&ef vH_@aqmfxm;cJhonf? odk@aomf
bmvkyf&rnfqdkonfudkrl ajymqdkxm;jcif;r&Sd? wckwnf;aomv_y&f Sm;r_rSm uDvdkrDwm&maygif;rsm;pGma0;aom jrL;epfòrd@Y
jzpfcJhonf? ta'ghvfzf [pfwvm (Adolf Hitler) trnf& i,f&G,fao;onfh trsKd;om;a&;0g'D acgif;aqmifwOD;u
*smrefEdkifiHawmf}uD;. 'kuQrsm;udk idk,dkjrnfwrf;um vlaygif; (10˜000) r#ta&twGuf&Sdaom
vltkyf}uD;udkvH_@aqmfay;EdkifcJhonf? “*k%foduQmrJhatmif/ vufeufrJhatmif u|efawmfwdk@ udk,fhbmomudk,f
vkyfcJh=uwmyJ? tckawmh&efoleJ@wuG wurBmvHk;twGuf &,fp&m/ rcef@av;pm;p&mjzpfae+yD” [k =op}wD;,ef;
Zmwdom; ta'gh[pfwvmu ajymcJhonf?
tvkyf=urf;orm;rsm;ESifh 0efxrf;rsm;tm; waygif;wpnf;wnf;ðyvkyf&efrSm tvGef}uD;rm;aom

pdefac:r_w&yfjzpfcJhavonf? pufr_vkyfief;ykdif&Sifrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;tay:wGif &_H@cs txifao;onhf tjrifrsKd;jzifh
jrif=u+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;tay: tenf;i,fyif a=umuf&GH@ae=uao;onf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf txl;ojzifh
&m;jynfe,fwGif tvkyform;rsm;onf uGefjrLepf0g'tay: óudufESpfoufae=uaoma=umifhjzpf avonf?
tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@.tvkyf&Sifrsm;tay:wGif apwemxm;onfhtjrifrsKd;jzifh rjrif=uacs? “tcsKd@aom
u|efawmfwkd@. tvkyform;rsm;onf jyifopfrsm;yJjzpfjzpf/ *smrefrsm;yJjzpfjzpf rnfoluyif vk,ufygap ‚if;wkd@twGuf
bmr# xl;jcm;rnfr[kwf[kyif ajymaecJh=uavonf?” [k tufqefòrd@om; wa,mufu a&;om;cJhygonf/ qufvufI

‚if;u “'gayr,fh/ tJ'D oabmxm; cH,lcsufrsm;tjyif/ tJ'DrSm vnf; uGJjym;jcm; em;r_wck&Sdygw,f/ u|efawmfwkd@[m &m;
uGefjrLepf0g'ukd qef@usif+yD;awmh u|efawmfwkd@&J@ atmifyGJukd qkyfukdifxm;=uw,f/ bmjzpfvkd@vnf;qkdawmh
*smreftpkd;&[m csdeJ@tm;enf;aeonfhtjyif/ u|efawmfwkd@&J@ vkyfief;&SifawGrSmvnf;/ u|efawmfwkd@ukd qef@usifESdrfESif;zkd@
ppfwyfr&Sdygbl;?” tu,fI xkd tpOftvmjzpfaeonfh rvkdrkef;xm;r_rsm;udk qufoG,faygif;ul;zkd@ vrf;pawGukd
&SmrawG@EkdifcJhbl;qkdv#if/ ckcHawmfvSefr_ukd qufvufxdef;rxm;Edkifawmhay?
vmrnfh ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif/ urBm}uD;. tqkd;&Gm;qkH;aom ppfyGJ}uD;onf jzpfvmawmhayrnf?

xkdppfyGJ}uD;. yËdyuQ A[kdcsufrrSm &m;jynfe,frS uDvkdrDwm tenf;i,fom uGmvSrf;ayonf? xkd tjzpftysuf rsm;onf
urBm}uD;tm;/ bmvkyfI bmukdif&rSef;rodatmif =uufaoaooGm;apavonf? tcsKd@olrsm;onf ppfyGJopfwck
jzpfvmrnfukd a=umuf&GH@aecJh=uavonf? tjcm;aomolrsm;onf jyifopfonf *smr%Dtm; ‚if;. taºuG;rsm; ay;acs&ef
wGef;tm;ay;&mwGif rSefuef w&m;r#wr_&Sdonf[k ,lqae=uonf? okd@&mwGif t*Fvdyf ESifh tar&duefwkd@onf/ bmvifrS
pdwf"mwfysKd;axmif&ef óud;yrf;onfh wkef@jyefr_wckESifhywfoufI *smrefwkd@ tay:wGif u&k%mwdrf;!Gwfae[ef &Sdavonf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf ppfyGJ. t"du atmifyGJcHoltjzpf owfrSwfcHxm;&olkjzpfonf/ okd@aomf ,cktcg
tar&duefwkd@onf Amqkdif;pmcsKyf (Versailles Treaty) . tpdwftykdif;rsm;udk uGef*&ufrS y,fcsxm;pOfuwnf;u/
tajccHtm;jzifh =um;ae aeavonf? tu,fI awmfvSefa&;onf ‚if;wkd@.ESvkH;om;ukd atmifjrifoGm;ygu/
tar&duefwkd@omv#if *smrefwkd@tm; avmifòrdufaeonfh ppfavsmfa=u;tm; aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf vkHavmufaom
=oZm/ t&Sdeft0g&Sdol jzpfonf[k ,kH=unfaecJhavonf?
wcsKd@tar&duefrsm;onfvnf; xkdar#mfvifhcsufukd tm;jznfhay;=uavonf? tawG;tjrif

*sme,fwapmifjzpfonfh ae;&Sif; (The Nation) *sme,fonf/ vwfwavmumvrsm;twGif;Y urBm}uD;.
w0ufausmfausmfokd@wkdif a&muf&Sdjyef@ESH@aeonfh *END}uD;. tawG;tac:rsm;/ enf;vrf;rsm;ukd oabmuspGm
axmufcHa&;om; az:jyay;aeavonf? “,cktcsdefrSm *smr%D[m bmukd vkdtyfaeovJqkd&ifawmh/ &efvkdwJh
vufoD;r[kwfyJ/ pdwf0d^m%fcGeftm;ukd xkwfazmfjyornfh *ENDwa,mufvkdtyfaew,f?” [k xkwfazmfajymqkd avonf?
qufvufI “rdrdukd,fukd rdrd wGe;f vSefatmifjrifcJhaom wrefawmfwyg;jzpfonf? ,ae@EkdifiHrsm;u
ykdrdk}uD;rm;wJhvufeuftiftm;ykdifqkdifolrsm;ukdqef@usifzkd@twGuf/ xkdwckom EkdifiHrsm; &&SdtokH;csEkdifonfh
enf;vrf;jzpfonf? tu,fI ryl;aygif; raqmif&Gufa&; vrf;pOf;ukd usifhokH;jcif;onf +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifr_
&SdoGm;aomtcg/ jyifopfwkd@. usL;ausmfr_onf tusKd;&Sd xda&mufr_&Sdygonf[kajzqkd&efrvdkawmhay? tu,fI
ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;vkyfom;rsm;ESifh &m;jynfe,f. enf;ynm&Sifrsm;onf &JpGrf;owWd&Sd=u+yD;/ vkHavmufpGm
pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_&SdcJh=uv#if/ jyifopfwkd@twGuf tvkyfvkyfay;&ef &kd;&Sif;pGmyif jiif;qefvkduf&kHomjzpfonf? xkdtcg
jyifopfwkd@. tiftm;okH;I atmifjrif&ef óud;yrf;r_onf pD;ygG;a&;t& rjzpfEkdif/ atmifjrifr_r&Sd[lI olwkd@onf
jyifopfwkd@tm;/ xda&mufaom csufjcif;wkef@jyefr_ukd ay;cJh+yD; jzpfayvdrfhrnf?
usL;ausmf0ifa&muf+yD;aemuf/ tDrkdif;vf ukd@pf (Emile Coste) OD;aqmifonfh/ jyifopf tif*sifeD,m tzGJ@ESifh
jyifopfwyfrSL; AkdvfcsKyf *sKd;Zuf 'Da*g (General Joseph Degoutte) wkd@onf/ *smref ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; ykdif&Sifrsm;tm;/
‚if;wkd@. ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ukd wifykd@ay;ygu/ aiGay;acs&ef tmrcHcsuf ay;+yD; pnf;&kH;&efóud;pm;avonf?
jyifopfrsm;onf *smrefrsm;tm; aps;uGuaf ygufaps;atmufay;I 0,f,l+yD;/ tjcm;aom EkdifiHrsm;okd@ tjrwftpGef;,lI
a&mif;csEkdifavonf? Tenf;tmjzifh jyifopfrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. z&ef@aiG wpf bDvD,H cef@&Sdaom ysufpD;qkH;yg;oGm;onfh
ppfp&dwfukefusr_rsm;ukd jyefvnfaxrdrnfjzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;Yyif/ olwkd@onf *smreftpkd;&. (40) &mckdifE_H;
ausmufrD;aoG;tcGefaumufcHr_ukd umuG,fwm;qD;Edkif cJhvdrhfrnfjzpfonf? thHtm;oifhp&mrSm/ xkd 40 &mckdifE_H;aom
ausmufrD;aoG;tcGefrsm;ukd vGefcJhonf (3) v uwnf;uyif aumufcHcJhjcif; r&Sdacs? bmvif. wkef@jyefr_rSm
v#ifjrefvSayonf? tu,fI ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; ykdif&Sifrsm;onf oabmwlnDoGm;cJhygu/ awmfvSefa&;onf
òyduGJoGm;cJhvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? ulEkd onf usL;ausmfol rsm;tm;ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; wifykd@a&mif;csjcif;rðy&[k
wGif;ykdif&Sifrsm;tm; wm;jrpfxm;vkdufavonf? okd@aomf ukd@pfonf 'lqJvfa'ghzf (Düsseldorf) wGif
wGif;ykdif&Sifrsm;ESifhawG@qkH+yD;/ ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; pwifwifykd@&efESifh ysufuGufygu csufjcif; tjypfay;zrf;qD;cH&rnf[lI
trdef@xkwfjyefvkdufavonf? wGif;ykdif&Sifrsm;rSvnf; ukd@pf. trdef@ukd jiif;qefvkduf+yD;/ tz*smr%DEkdifiHawmftm;
opPm&Sd&ef uwdðyvkduf=uavonf?

wkdifqef pufr_vkyfief;}uD;ukd tarGqufcHxm;ol i,f&G,fonfh z&uf'&pf wkdifqef (Friedrich Thyssen) onf/
ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. ajyma&;qkdcGifh&Sdol ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf vkyfaqmifaeol jzpfonf? 'lqJvfa'ghzf
tpnf;ta0;+yD;aemuf/ owif;pm/ r*~Zif;/ *sme,frsm;ESifh jynfolwkd@onf ‚if;tm; ol&Jaumif;tjzpf ac:a0:
orkwf=uavawmhonf? “wGif;ykdif&Sifaomfvnf;aumif;/ tvkyform; aomfvnf;aumif;/ &l;&kdwfom; (native Ruhrite)
rsm;onf acgif;rmI/ r,drf;r,kdif pdwf"gwfckdifrmaom olrsm;jzpf=uonf” [k ‚if; ausnmcJhavonf? okd@aomf
wkdifqefonf ododomomyif ukd,fhtwwfESifhukd,f pl;ygavawmhonf? ukd@pfonf wkdifqefESifh tjcm;aom
=oZmtm%m&SdonfhausmufrD;aoG;vkyfief;&Sif}uD; (5) OD;udk/ ZEM0g&Dv (20) &ufae@wGif/ ausmufrDaoG;wifykd@&ef
jiif;qefr_jzifh/ zrf;qD;cJhavonf? ‚if;wkd@tm;/ rifhZf (Mainz) òrd@&Sd/ jyifopfppfzufqkdif&m w&m;&kH;wckwGif
ppfaq;=um;em&ef ac:aqmifoGm;avonf? rifhZfwGif ‚if;wkd@onf EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tjzpf qufqHcHcJh&avonf?
zrf;qD;r_onf }uD;rm;aom rSm;,Gif;wGufcsufr_wckjzpfcJhavonf? ZEM0g&Dv (22) &ufae@wGif/ wkdifqef

ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; (9) wGif;rS a,mufsm;/ rdef;r (75˜000) ESifh &m;jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd oHr%dpuf&kHrsm;onf
oydwfarSmuf=uavawmhonf? tkdbma[mqef (Oberhausen) wGif/ rD;&xm;vrf; tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@.
vkyfief;cGifrsm;ukd pGef@ypfum/ tcsufjy v#pfppfrD;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd jzwfawmufypfvkduf=uavonf? &ufuvif;a[mqef
(Recklinghausen) wGifvnf;/ owˆKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. vkyfief;cGifrsm;ukd pGef@cGgcJh=uavonf?
tkdpwmzJvf'f (Osterfeld) wGif/ owˆKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;onf/ jyifopf ppfwyfrsm; r&kyfodrf;ygu/ ‚if;wkd@.
vkyfief;cGifrsm;ukd qif;&ef jiif;qefcJh=uavonf? wkdifqeftm; tr_ppf &kH;xkwf&efae@onf eD;uyfvmaomtcg/ rifhZfòrd@&Sd
vlxkonf zrf;qD;r_tm; uef@uGuf qENjy=uavawmhonf? jyifopfwkd@onf/ qENjyr_}uD;rsm;onf t=urf;zuf
t"du&k%f;}uD;rsm;tjzpf toGifajymif;oGm;rnfukd a=umuf&GH@ =uaoma=umifh/ +idrf0yfydjym;r_rsm; xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf
rifhZfòrd@okd@ ppfwyfrsm; ykdrkdapv$wf&avawmhonf? xkd@tjyif/ tu,fI jyifopfppfom;rsm;onf vufeufrJh
t&yfom;jynfolrsm;tm; tiftm;okH;òzdcGif;cJhygu/ +Adwdo#ESifh tar&duefwkd@onf jyifopfwkd@. odrf;ykdufxm;r_rsm;tay:
qef@usifvm=uawmhrnfjzpfavonf?
tr_ppfaq;onfhae@wGif/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@onf w&m;&kH;awmf. tjyifwGif pka0;ae=uavonf?

&kH;awmftwGif;Yvnf; pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm vma&muf=unfh&_aeolrsm;ESifh jynfhusyfaeavonf? OD;aqmifppfaq;ol t&m&Sd/
'k-AkdvfrSL;}uD; 'Dblae; (Lieutenant Colonel Debugny) onf tr_ppfaq;aer_tm; [ef@wm; aESmifh,Sufol
wOD;OD;onf ppfckH&kH;wifcH&rnf[k owday;xm;avonf? jyifopf tpkd;&a&S@aerS wkdifqeftm;/ ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;
ykd@aqmifay;&ef trdef@ukd jiif;qefcJhygovm;[k ajymifusus wkH;wdwdar;jref;vkdufaomtcg/ wkdifqefrS jyefajzonfrSm -
“u|efawmfh wkdif;jynf&J@ Oya'ukd vdkufemapmifhxdef;&rSm[m u|efawmf&J@ wm0efyJ jzpfw,f? u|efawmfhtpkd;&&J@
tvdkt&rl/ jyifopfppfwyfrsm; &m;a'oukd 0ifa&mufusL;odrf;ykdufjcif;onf w&m;r#wr_r&Sdbl;jzpfw,f?” wkdifqefrS
0efcHonfrSm/ tu,fI *smreftpkd;&onf uef@uGufjiif;qefr_ rðycJhygu/ tpyxrY ykdif&Sifrsm;onf ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;
jznfhqnf; yHhykd;ay;&ef oabmwlnDxm;cJhavonf? okd@aomf bmvifonf rnfonfh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;r# rykd@aqmif&[k
trdef@xkwfjyefvkdufaomtcgwGif/ ol ESifh ol. a&mif;&if;rsm;onf/ tqkdyg oabmwlnDxm;r_ukd rnfokd@r#
rvkdufavsmEkdifawmhacs? ol. a&S@aerS wkdifqeftm; tr_rSv$wfay;&ef awmif;qkdcJhavonf/ tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf/
olonf !ïef=um;vmonfh trdef@rsm;twkdif; vkyfaqmifjcif;omjzpfonf? 'Dblae;onf tpkd;&rS xkwfjyefxm;cJhonfh
trdef@onf tjypf'%fukd av#mhaygh oufomap&ef tajctaewGif&Sdaeavonf/ w&m;cHtm; tjypfrSv$wfay;&rnf/
okd@aomf z&ef@ '*Fg; (30˜7000) ukd '%ftjzpfay;av#maf p&rnf[lI qkH;jzwfcsufcs+yD;aemuf v#ifjrefpGm
jyefxGufoGm;avonf?
tjyifbufwGif qENjyaeaomolrsm;onf/ aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;pGmjzifh “&kdif;ajrukd apmifh=uyfumuG,f=u” “(Die

Wacht am Rhein)” ESif “*smr%D *smr%D igwkd@&J@ jynf” “(Deutschland, Deutschland, über alles)” [laom
oDcsif;rsm;udkoDqkdI uckefae=uavonf? wkdifqefonf rD;&xm; blwm&kHokd@ tuGmta0; wkdawmif;aomfvnf;
atmifyGJqifEGJI xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? “obm0w&m;&J@ jyif;xefvGef;aom tiftm; [m xkdvlrsm;ukd
odrf;,loGm;cJhwJhtwkdif;ygbJ”[k tufqifòrd@ukd jyefckwfarmif; vmonfh &xm;ay:rSaeI ‚if;. a&S@aerSa&;om;cJhygonf?
“ckqkd&if odrf;ykdufxm;cH&onfh e,fajrwck. pdwf"gwfceG ftm;ukd odem;vnfoGm; =u+yDjzpfygw,f? ae&mwkdif;rSm
tvHawGukd a0S@,rf;ae=uw,f? &xm;blwm&kHwkdif;rSmvnf; trsKd;om; aw;oDcsif;ukd oDqkdwJhtoHawGeJ@
zkH;v$rf;aecJhygw,f? 'gawGtm;vkH;[m jyifopfppfom;rsm; tajrmuftjrm; &Sdaeonfh a&S@arSmufrSmyif

jzpfay:aecJhwmjzpfygw,f/ jyifopfppfom;awG[m ,ckvkd jzpfay:vmwJh rsKd;cspf pdwf"gwfukd qef@usifESdrfESif;zkd@twGuf
vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; tm%mr&SdjzpfoGm;=uyg+yD?”
w&m;pGJr_onf &ufowWywf wywfcGJ=umaom tkwfatmfaomif;wif;/ 0&kef;okef;um;jzpfr_wck tav;teuf

jzpfyGg;oGm;cJhavonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf/ ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;ykdif&Sifrsm;onf ausmufrD;aoG; rsm;v$Jajymif;&ef
jiif;qefcJh=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf/ yGdKifuJonf owˆKwGif;rsm; tjyif/ &xm;vrf;rsm;ESifh wl;ajrmif;vrf;qkHrsm;ukd ykdrkdI
,laqmifxm;vkdufjcif;tm;jzifh/ awmfvSefr_rsm;tm; atmifjrifausmfv$m;Ekdif vdrfhrnf[kar#mfvifhaecJhavonf? okd@aomf
jyifopfwkd@onf qef@usifuef@uGufr_rsm;ESifhom ykdrkdI &ifqkdifcJh& avonf? “t"du&k%;f jzpfymG ;r_ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rSm/ &m;
jynfe,ftESH@tjym;rSaeI a&muf&SdvmcJhavonf?” [k tar&duef owif;axmufwOD;rS a&;om;cJhavonf?
“tufqefòrd@wGif/ jynfol (20˜000)onf/ vrf;rsm;ay:wGif &SdaecJh=uavonf? jyifopfwkd@onf [kdw,fw0kdufwGif
vSHpGyfukdifwyfrsm;jzifh 0kdif;ywfxm;vkduf=uonf? ppfom;rsm;onf pufaoewfwvufukd xkwf,lvm=uonf?
vltyk fonf a&S@okd@qufvufwkd;oGm;avonf? a'gow}uD;jzifh atmf[pfvkdufaom }uD;rm;aomtoHwck
xGufay:vmavonf? tu,fI aoewf rz,f&Sm;ygu/ ‚if;wkd@. axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tiftm;}uD;ESifh
vufcsnf;Avm 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmuf=uavonf? jyifopfwkd@taejzifh xkd }uD;rm;aom vltkyf}uD;tm;
atmifEkdif&efenf;vrf;wckrSm/ aemufa=umif;jyef qkwfcGg&efom&Sdavonf?”
“vlwa,muf&J@ tiftm;ukd b,fawmhrS ra=umufeJ@”
usL;ausmfodrf;ykduf&onfhpDrHudef;. t"dtcsufrSm *smr%DrS ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;xkwf,l+yD; jyifopfokd@ &xm;jzifh

o,f,lvm&efjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh jyifopfwkd@ pwif 0ifa&mufusL;ausmfaomtcg/ olwkd@onf yxrOD;qkH;
wl;+yD;om;ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ukd/ tqifoifh o,f,l&ef wGif;E_wfcrf;rsm;tay:Y pkykHxm;onfh
ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;&Sd&mokd@ OD;pGm oGm;a&mufcJh=uonf? tcsKd@ae&mrsm;rSm ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; xkwf,l&&Sd&ef twGuf
ESpfv (okd@r[kwf) okH;v =umatmif &if;ESD;jr‡yfESH&rnfjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh rnfonfh awmfvSefonfh r[mAsL[mrqkd
ppfaq;prf;oyf&efrSm/ jyifopfwkd@. &xm;jzifh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; ykd@aqmifr_ukd aESmifhaES; =uef@=umatmif
ðyvkyfonhfprf;oyfr_yifjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh tpkd;&onf ausmufrD;aoG;wifxm;onfh &xm;wGJrsm;ukd &m;jynfe,f.
jyifyokd@ tv#iftjrefqGJ,lavawmhonf? jyifopfwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdiftwGJ rsm;jzifho,faqmifaepOftwGif;/
ajrjyifay:Yvkyfaqmif&ef &xm;tvkyform;rsm; vkdtyfaeao;qJyifjzpfonf? rnfonfhae&mwGifrqkd *smref
&xm;tvkyform;rsm; oydwfarSmuf=uonfhtcgwkdif;/ jyifopfwkd@rSm ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif tif*sifeD,mrsm;ukd
tokH;ðyae=u&avonf? okd@aomf &m;wjynfe,fvkH;twGufrl vkHavmufpGm r&Sdonfhtjyif/ xkdtxJrS tenf;i,fom
*smrefbmompum;ukd ajymEkdif=uavonf? xkd@tjyif Oa&mywGif &xm;ykd@aqmifa&; pHepfrsm;rSm wae&m ESifh wae&m
rwlnD=uay? xkd@a=umifh tokH;ðyonfh ypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;ukd avhvm&ef tcsdef,l=u&jyefonf?
a'ghwfrGef; (Dortmund) &Sdtvkyform;rsm; oydwfarSmuf=uaomtcgwGif/ jyifopfppfom;rsm;

o,faqmifvmonfh &xm;wpif;onf/ jyifopf tif*sifeD,mrsm;rS rD;&xm; pufacgif;wGJudk rxdef;csKyfEkdifrDtxd/
em&Daygif;rsm;pGm &xm;vrf;ay:wGif rv_yfr&Sm;EkdifyJ &SdaecJh=u&avonf? xkd@aemuf tufqeftxd armif;ESifvmcJh=uonf?
tufqefwGif *smreftvkyform;rsm;onf c&D;onfwifwGJrsm;ukd &xm;vrf;ay:okd@ o,faqmifvm+yD;/
&xm;a&S@qufroGm;Ekdifatmif ydwfqkd@xm;vkduf=uonf? bkdc|rf (Bochum) ESifh &ufuvif;a[mqef
(Recklinghausen) wGif oydwfarSmufr_onf tvkdtavsmuf wòydifeufwnf; jzpfay:cJhavonf? jyifopfokd@oGm;&ef
ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; ESifh ukwfrD;aoG;rsm; tjynfhwifaqmifxm;aom &xm;rsm;onf/ pufacgif;wGJrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom
twGJrsm;. aemufwGifydwfrdaeavonf? a'owckvkH;wGif *smref &xm;tvkyform;rsm;onf
tokH;rðyawmhonfh&xm;wGJa[mif;rsm;/ ausmufwkH;}uD;rsm;/ y&dabm* ta[mif;tjrif;rsm;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ukd
&xm;vrf;rsm;ay:okd@ o,faqmifvm+yD;/ jyifopfwkd@ xdef;csKyfonfh &xm;rsm;ukd roGm;Ekdifatmif ydwfqkd@xm;=uavonf?

tjcm;aom ta&;}uD;onfh &xm;tcsufjyrD;rsm;ukd vnf; tvkyform;rsm;onf z,f&Sm;xm;=uojzifh/
vrf;a=umif;vGJacsmfr_rsm; tajrmuftjrm; jzpfay:cJhavonf?
òrd@wòrd@wGif jyifopfwkd@onf t"dublwm&kHrSaeI wae@v#if &xm;wpD;om apv$wfEkdifavonf?

jyifopfwyfrSL;i,fwa,mufonf *smreftvkyform;rsm; vkyfief;cGifokd@jyefqif;&eftwGuf aphpyfnd‡E_dif;&ef
t}uHðycJhavao;onf? okd@aomfor*~. tajctaeatmufwGif rnfonfh jyifopfppfom;r# tcsufjy blwm&kH rsm;tm;
rodrf;ykdufEkdifcJh=uacs? ppfom;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@vHSpGyfrsm;tm; blwm&kHrsm;teD;wGif wyfqifrxm; EkdifcJhay? ausmufrD;aoG;
&xm;wGJrsm;ukdvnf; jyifopfppfwyfrsm;rSaeI vkdufyg rapmifh=uyfay;EkdifcJh=uay? t&m&Sdonf
xkdtajctaersm;tm;vkH;ukd jiif;y,fvkduf+yD;/ jyifopftif*sifeD,mrsm;rS ppfom;rsm;tm; pufacgif;wGJrsm;ukd
rnfokd@xdef;csKyfukdifwG,f&rnfukd oifay;&ef óud;yrf;avawmhonf? ppfom;rsm;onf acgif;wGJ twGif;Y
&xm;armif;olwOD;. ab;wGifxkdif&+yD;/ armif;wHrsm;/ tcsufjyrD;rsm;/ cvkyfrsm;ESifh tylcsdeftqifhrsm; ukd
avhvmoif,l=u&avawmhonf? okd@rSom oydwfrsm;jyefESH@vmcJhygu/ &xm;vrf;rsm;ukd xdef;csKyf ukdifaqmif
xm;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf?
jyifopfrsm;onf ZGJaumif;aumif;jzifh xyfwvJvJom rvkyfaqmifygu bmrS vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfr[kwf acs?

&xm;rsm;tm; a&G@vsm;ap&eftwGuf/ olwkd@onf tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;rsm;ukd umuG,fwm;qD;&eftwGuf
v#yfppfpD;qif;r_ jywfawmufoGm;aoma=umifh/ tcsufjyowday; rD;rsm;rvif;awmhonfukd *&krpkdufyJ/ cvkyfrsm;ukd
oHr_djzifh pGJESufxm;vkduf=uavonf? xkd@aemuf awmfvSefqef@usifv_yf&Sm;olrsm;rS rD;&xm;oHvrf;
rsm;,laqmifoGm;rnfukd pkd;&drfonfhtwGufa=umifh/ vrf;a=umif;wav#mufwGif tapmifhrsm;ukd csxm;vkduf=u avonf?
jyifopfrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. trdef@ukd remcHaom rnfonfh rD;&xm;t&m&Sdrqkd &m;jynfe,ftwGif;rS
ESifxkwfvkduf=ujcif;jzifh/ oydwfarSmufr_rsm;tm; wefjyef&eftwGufóud;yrf;cJh=uavonf? Tokd@vkyfaqmifjcif; tm;jzifh/
rD;&xm;0ef}uD;Ïme ESifh or*~rsm;t=um;wGif qlyltkHºuGr_rsm; jzpfvmvdrhfrnf[k ar#mfvifhaecJh=uonf? okd@aomf
ar#mfvifhonfhtwkdif; jzpfvm&eftwGuf tcsdef ,lcJh&onf? xkdpOftwGif;Y ausmufrD;aoG;ukd iwfrGwfawmifhwaeaom
jyifopfwkd@onf t*FvefrS wefcsdef (1) oef;ukd 0,f,lcJhavonf? xkd@tjyif usyfwnf;aeaom jyifopfpD;yGg;a&;ESifh
jyifopfjynfolrsm;ESifh twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;rS. &m;jynfe,f pGef@pm;r_vkyfief;tm; tqkH;owf&eftwGuf
zdtm;rsm;wkd;yGg;aecJhavonf?
a'otwGif;&Sd owˆKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;rSmvnf; jyifopfwkd@. trdef@rsm;ukd vkdufem&ef jiif;qefae

=uavonf? tufqefòrd@. ajrmufzufykdif;av;wGif&Sdaom/ owˆKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;. uHaumif;jcif;[k t"dy`g,f&onfh/
bmh*fref;pfvuf (Bergmannsglück Mine) owˆKwGif;rS/ rkdif;tvkyform;rsm;onf/ ZEM0g&Dv (19) &ufae@wGif/
yxrOD;qkH;t}udrftjzpf jyifopfwkd@. wzswfzswfvufaeaom vHSpGyfrsm;ukd pwifawG@zl;vkduf =uavonf? eHeuf (8) em&D
(30) rdepftcsdefwGif/ ar,m (Mayer) trnf&Sdonfh jyifopf AkdvfrSL;}uD; wa,mufESifh ‚if;. vufatmuft&m&Sd
wtkyfpk/ tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh ppfom; (100) cef@onf/ owˆKwGif;&Sd &kH;rsm;a&S@Y ‚if;wkd@. um;wef;ukd
&yfwef@vkduf=uavonf? ppfom; (15) a,muf&Sdonfh tkyfpkwpkonf +idrfoufpGmyif 0ifaygufwHcg;r}uD;qDokd@
csDwufoGm;=uavonf? xkd@aemuf !$ef=um;a&;rSL;&kH;cef;okd@ qufvuf csDwufoGm;=uavonf? olwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@.
aoewfrsm;wGif vHSpGyfrsm;wyfqifI tcef;twGif;okd@ w[kefxkd; 0ifa&muf oGm;=u+yD;/ AkdvfrSL;}uD; ar,m ESifh
tif*sifeD,mrsm; tcef;wGif;okd@ 0ifrvmrD/ tcef;ywfywfvnfwGif ae&m,l vkduf=uavonf? xkd@aemuf AkdvfrSL;}uD;onf
zkdrsm;twGif;&Sd ukwfrD;aoG;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd &xm;jzifh o,faqmif&ef twGuf wGJrsm;ay:okd@ wifxm;&rnf[k
awmif;qkdvkdufavonf? okd@aomf owˆKwGif;. !$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf tkdbmbm*&uf at&ef (Oberbergrat Ahrens)
onf awmif;qkdcsufukd aqmif&Guf&ef jiif;qkdvkdufaomtcg/ ‚if;tm; zrf;qD;vkduf+yD;aemuf teD;tem;&Sd
pmoifausmif;uav;wckqDokd@ ac:aqmifoGm;avonf? xkdausmif;uav;wGif ol@tm; ar;cGef;rsm;ar;+yD;aemuf/
txkyftykd;rsm;jyifI &m;jynfe,frS xGufcGgoGm;&ef trdef@ ay;vkdufavonf? ar,m/ ppfom;rsm;ESifh tif*sifeD,mrsm;onf
ukefpnfo,f,lykd@aqmifa&; 0efxrf;pma&;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom t&mxrf;/ 0efxrf;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd ar;cGef;rsm; ar;avonf?
tm;vkH;aom 0efxrf;rsm;onf tultnDay;&ef jiif;qef=uavonf? ar,monf 0efxrf;rsm;tm;vkH;avmufeD;yg;tm;
zrf;qD;vkduf+yD;aemuf/ jynfe,frS xGufcGgoGm;&ef armif;xkwfvkdufavonf? qufvufI ar,mrS ol.
awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd rvkdufavsmrjcif;/ rnfonhfukwfrD;aoG;ukdr#/ jyifopfEkdifiHrSvGJI rnfonfhae&mukdr#
ykd@aqmifjcif;rðyvkyf&efESifh zkdrsm;twGif;&Sd rnfonfhukwfrD;aoG;ukdr# pkykHjcif; rðyvkyf&[k trdef@xkwfjyefvkdufavonf?

xkdtjzpftysufonf eHeufcif; cyfapmapmykdif;wGif jzpfyGg;oGm;aoma=umifh/ yxrtqkdif; rkdif;tvkyf orm;rsm;rSm
ajratmufrkdif;wGif;Yyif &Sdae=uavao;onf? okd@aomf tcsKd@aom 0g&ifh tvkyform;}uD;rsm;onf ajray:&Sd
ukwfrD;aoG;zdkrsm;ukd wm0ef,l }uD;=uyfvkyfaqmifaeonfh tzGJ@ukdqufoG,fvkdufavonf? xkd@aemuf olwkd@onf
csufjcif;yif aumufumiifum pka0;vkduf=u+yD;/ awmif;qkdcsuf pm&if;wckudk tv#iftjrefa&;om; xkwfjyef
vkduf=uavonf? zrf;qD;xm;cH&onfh t&m&Sdrsm; ESifh tvkyform;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&efESifh rkdif;wGif;rS aeI
jyifopfppfom;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd jyefvnf&kyfodrf;&efwkd@ukd awmif;qkdvkdufavonf? tu,fI tqkdyg awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd
rvdkufavsmygu rkdif;wGif;tvkyform;rsm;tm;vkH; vkyfief;cGiftwGif;rS xGufcGgoGm;=u+yD;/ tjynfht0 oydwfarSmuf&ef
pwifrnfjzpfonf? AdkvfrSL;}uD;onf acgif;+idrfhvkdufavsmvkduf+yD; zrf;qD;xm;onfh 0efxrf;pma&; trsm;pkukd
v$wfay;vkdufavonf? okd@aomf rkdif;wGif;&Sd txufwef;t&m&Sdrsm; wa,mufr# ryg0ifay? olonf usif;E_wfcrf;rsm;&Sd
wyfzGJ@trsm;pkukdvnf; z,f&Sm;ay;vkdufavonf? ukwfrD;aoG;zkdrsm;tm; apmifh=uyf&eftwGuf ppfom; (4) a,mufom
csefxm;cJhavonf?
okd@aomf rkdif;tvkyform;rsm;rSm zkdrsm;tm;pkykH&efESifh ‚if;wkd@.ukwfrD;aoGrsm;ukd jyifopfokd@ wifykd@&ef

qufvufjiif;qefae=ujcif;jzifh/ taiG@jyefvG,fonfh xGufaygufr&Sdaomtajctaeukd zefwD;ae=uavonf? tu,fI
ukwfrD;aoG;zkdrsm;ukd &uftenf;i,ftwGif; &Sif;vif;jcif; rðyvkyfygu/ ukwfrD;aoG;rsm;onf aygufuGJ xGufoGm;rnfjzpf+yD;/
zkdrsm; ysufpD;oGm;rnfjzpfonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf xkdtcsufukd !$efjy=uavonf? okd@aomf ar,mrS cg;cg;oD;oD;
jiif;y,fvkdufavonf? xkd@aemuf olonf oHjywfESifh rmqwfqwf ajymvkdufonfrSm- “rif;wkd@taeeJ@ igwkd@&J@
trdef@awGukd rvdkufembl;qkdv#if” “ukwfrD;aoG;rsm;onf zkdrsm; twGif;Yyif &Sdae&rnfjzpfonf? tu,fI rkdif;ukd
zsufqD;vkdufrnfqkdv#if pDrHcef@cGJolrSm wm0ef&Sdw,f”? okd@aomf rkdif;vkyfom;rsm;onf AkdvfrSL;}uD;ESifh tòydif zkdrsm;tm;
tEW&m,f&Sdaom tylcsdeftwGif;Y qufvufI upm;=uav&m/ AkdvfrSL;}uD;rS tav#mah y;&kyfodrf;vkduf&avonf?
aemufqkH;wGif ukwfrD;aoG;rsm;ukd &xm;wpD; ay:wGif pkykHvkduf=u+yD; jyifopfokd@r[kwfyJ/ *smr%Dajrmufykdif;okd@
o,faqmifoGm;avawmhonf?
tvm;wl vdyfcJwnf;vnf;tajctaeonf &m; wjynfe,fvkH;&Sd owˆKwGif;rsm;wGif jzpfygG;cJhavonf?

jyifopfppfom;rsm;onf rkdif;wGif; 'g&kdufwmrsm;tm; ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; ykd@aqmif&ef jiif;qefr_twGuf xdef;odrf;&ef
ac:aqmifoGm;aomtcg/ tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;ukd ypfcsvkduf =u+yD;/
rkdif;wGif;rsm;twGif;rS xGufvm=uum/ ‚if;wkd@. t&m&Sdrsm;tm; jyefvnfv$wfray;rjcif;aomf vnf;aumif;/ ppfom;rsm;
wGif;rsm;rS xGufcGgoGm;ray;rjcif;aomfvnfaumif; tvkyfjyefr0if[k awmif;qkd qENjy=uavonf?
tcsKd@aomae&mrsm;wGif rkdif;tvkyform;rsm;onf/ wGJay:wifxm;aom ausmufrD;aoG; rsm;ukd oJrsm;ESifh a&rsm; a&mI
jzef;yufvkduf=uavonf? Tokd@jzifh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;onf jyifopf&Sd oH&nfusKd rD;jyif;zkdrsm;okd@ a&mufonftxd
vufawG@tm;jzifh tokH;r0ifawmhacs? tm;vkH;rS ajymjyonfrSm - jyifopfrsm;onf ausmufrD;aoG;tenf;i,fukd
odrf;ykduf&&Sdrd=u+yD;/ jyifopfokd@ a&mufaomtcg xkdxufyif ykdenf;yg;oGm;avonf?
yxr&ufowWywftenf;i,ftwGif;Y/ ‚if;wkd@taeESifh tenf;i,fomvkyfaqmifEkdif =uonf? ppfom;rsm;twGufrl
rkdif;wGif;tvkyform;rsm;tjzpf vkyf&onfu/ &xm;pufacgif; tif*sifeD,mtjzpf vkyf&onfxuf u|rf;usifr_r&Ekdif=uacs?
uzsuf,zsuf taESmifht,Sufrsm;tjyif/ jyifopfrsm;onf &m; wjynfe,fvkH;wGif&Sdaom/ owˆKwGif; tr_xrf;/

t&mxrf;rsm;tm;/ aESmifh,Sufr_rsm; pwifðyvkyfavawmhonf? wae&mwGifrl/ jyifopfonf &m; c&kdif b¾ma&;rSL;ESifh
awG@qkH+yD;/ a'owGif;&Sd owˆKwGif;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tay:/ tcGefaumufcHr_qkdif&m owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;ukday;&ef
awmif;cHavonf? “usaemf[m *smrefvlrsKd;wa,mufjzpfw,f/ jyifopfxHrSvmaom trdef@rsm;ukd
usaemfvufrcHygbl;”[k ‚if;rS jyefajymvkdufavonf? jyifopf b¾ma&;t&m&Sdonf wc%r# tHtm;oifh
=uufaoaooGm;+yD;aemuf “rSwfwrf;awGukd ay;tyfzkd@ rif;rSm (10) rdepfyJtcsdef&Sdw,f” [k jyefvnf
wkH@jyefvkdufavonf? c&kdifb¾ma&;rSL;onf rwfwyf&yfvkduf+yD;/ xGufcGgoGm;&ef jyifqifI/ jyifopft&m&Sd a&S@Y
acwW&yfvkduf+yD; - “tJ'D wefzkd;&SdwJh 10- rdepftcsdefukd ròzH;wD;ygeJ@/ usaemf&J@ tajzuawmh t&iftwkdif;ygbJ” [k
jyefajymvkdufavonf? xkd@aemuf zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;jcif; cH&avawmhonf?
ckcHawmfvSefr_rsm;rSm &xm;ykd@aqmifqufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh owˆKwGif;a'orsm;wGifyif &yfwef@raecJhay?

òrd@}uD;tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif/ txl;ojzifh tufqef (Essen) / a'grh eG ;f (Dortmund) / ESifh bkdc|rf; (Bochum)/ wkd@onf

jyifopf-b,fvf*sD,Hrpf&SiftwGuf trdef@ay;Ïmersm;jzpfvmcJhavonf? tqkdygòrd@}uD; rsm;wGif *smrefwkd@onf EkdifiHjcm;om;
tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh t&m&Sdrsm; wnf;ckdaexkdif=uaom [kdw,frsm;wGif/ [kdw,fokd@ qufoG,fxm;onfh/
w,fvDzkH;auA,fóud;rsm;ESifh v#yfppfóuD;rsm;tm; jzwfawmufjcif;rsm;ukd ðyvkyf=uavonf? t&yfom;jynfolrsm;.
ckcHawmfvSefr_tay: jyifopfwkd@. jyefvnf wkef@jyefr_rSm r=uc% qkdovkd tcsKd;tpm;tm;jzifh nDr#r_r&Sday? ,if;wkd@onf
ykdrkdI qef@usifykefuefr_rsm;ukdom wGef;tm;ay;cJh avonf? tufqefòrd@wGif “&kdif;ajrukd apmifh=unhfumuG,f=u” “(Die
Wacht am Rhein)” ESif “*smr%D *smr%D igwkd@&J@ jynf” “(Deutschland, Deutschland, über alles)” ponfh
trsKd;om;aw;oDcsif;rsm;ukd oDqkdygu *smref rwfaiG 2 odef; (okd@r[kwf) axmif'%f (6) vuscH&rnfjzpfonf?
rnfonfhtvHtrsKd;tpm;ukd rqkd xkwfazmfjyojcif; (okd@r[kwf) txdrf;trSwft0wftpm;rsm;ukd 0wfqifjcif;wGifvnf;
tvm;wl jypf'%frsKd;yif uscHap&rnfjzpfavonf?
*sJvfqefuD&fcsef; (Gelsenkirchen) òrd@wGif/ *smref &Jom;wa,mufonf jyifopfwa,muf armfawmf

um;armif;vmpOf rD;xGef;rxm;onfhtwGuf um;ukd&yfcdkif;cJhavonf? um;ay:wGif pD;eif;vmaom jyifopf
ppfom;rsm;onf xkdykvdyftm; aoewfjzifhypfvkdufav&m/ vnfyif;wGif aoEkdifavmufaom '%f&m&&SdoGm; avonf?
&kwf&kwfoJoJjzpfyGg;aejcif;ukd apmifh=unhfavhvmae=u+yD;/ tcif;jzpfyGm;&mokd@ *smreft&yfom;tcsKd@
tajy;tv$m;a&mufvm=uavonf? ppfom;rsm;. tvGeftu|Hvkyfaqmifr_rsm;a=umifh ‚if;wkd@tm; 0kdif;I
&kdufESufvkduf=uavonf? vufwkH@jyefonfhtaejzifh/ jyifopfwkd@onf oHcsyfumwifhum;rsm;ESihf pufaoewf rsm;ukd
òrd@wGif;okd@ apv$wfvkdufavonf? ‚if;wkd@ ppfom;rsm;. xdckdufepfemr_twGuf avsmfa=u;aiG *smref rwfaiG (1) oef;ukd
òrd@rS ay;qyf&rnf[k awmif;qkdvkdufavonf? òrd@rsufESmzkH; acgif;aqmifrsm;rS jiif;qefvkduf aomtcg/ jyifopfwkd@onf
ppfwyfrsm;ukd ykdrdkI apv$wfvkduf+yD;/ òrd@awmfcrf;r ESifh rD;&xm;blwm&kHrsm;ukd 0kdif;&H xm;vkduf=u+yD;/ òrd@. *smref
rwfaiGpuULaxmufyHhr_tm;vkH;ukd odrf;,lvkduf=uavonf?
xkdxdyfwkduf&ifqkdifawG@r_rsm;tm;vkH;twGuf ppfwyfrsm; ykdrkdvkdtyfavonf? jyifopfrsm;rSm t&efwyfzGJ@

0ifrsm;ukdac:,l&eftwGuf twif;jzpfnp‡ fI vkyfae&avonf? ,if;wkd@onf jyifopfjynfolrsm;. t=um;wGif
rauseyfr_rsm; jzpfay:aeaponf? &m;jynfe,fxJwGif/ tcsKd@ jyifopfppfom;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. odrf;ykdufxm; &onfh
&nf&G,fcsufta=umif;t&if;rsm;ukd pwifar;cGef;xkwfae=uav+yD? tqufrjywfvkyfaqmifaeaom
ckcHqef@usifa&;orm;rsm;onf ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ukd jyifopfokd@ ykd@aqmifvdrfhrnfr[kwfqkdonfukd em;vnf
oabmaygufae=uavonf? tdENd,wGif +Adwdo#rsm; tkyfpkd;cJhpOfuuJhokd@r[kwfyJ/ jyifopfrsm;onf &m;jynfe,fwGif
aexkdif&ef qENr&SdcJh=uacs? olwkd@&&ef&Sdonfrsm;ukdonf vkdcsif=uolrsm;jzpf+yD;/ &+yD;aemuf
jyefvnfxGufcGgvkdcsif=uolrsm;jzpfonf? vlxktm; zdESdyfjcif;onf ‚if;wkd@. OD;wnfcsufr[kwfay?
okd@&mwGif/ ckcHqef@usifaejcif;rsm;. OD;wnfcsufrsm;onf/ jyifopfrsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@. tvkyfrsm;ukd

&m;jynfe,fwGifvkyfaqmifaejcif;rS umuG,fwm;qD;&efjzpfonf? ,if;onf tusyf&kdufr_wckukdzefwD;ap+yD;/ *smrefwkd@rS
xkdtusyf&kdufr_udk rjrif=uacs? ckcHqef@usifr_rsm; ykdI atmifjrifavav/ jyifopfrsm; jyefvnfxGufcGg oGm;&ef jiif;qefr_
&Snf=umavav/ yGJ+yD;&ef ykdI =umjrifhavavyifjzpfonf?
xkd@tjyif *smrefrsm;twGuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. ukefusr_wefbkd;}uD;rm;rvmrDtxd/ t=urf;rzuf

v_yf&Sm;r_ukd =umjrifhpGm qGJqef@xdef;xm;&efrSm b,fawmhrS rvG,fulacs? xkduJhokd@aom qef@usifr_ðyonfh
trsKd;tpm;twGuf oabmwlem;vnfxm;r_wck&Sdavonf? xdwfvef@a=umufrufzG,f&m ppfyGJwckESifh &ifqkdif
jzwfoef;cJh&onfhtwGuf/ *smreftrsm;pkwGif aemufxyf t=urf;zufr_ðyvkyf&eftwGuf cGeftm; r&Sdawmhacs?
ckcHqef@usifa&;orm;wOD;jzpfonfh/ oDtkd a*g'pf (Theo Gaudig) rS jyefajymif;atmufarhonfrSm -
“t=urf;rzufqef@usiftHwkr_onf tcsdefumv. tajctaeESifh cHpm;r_. aemufokd@ vkdufoGm;&kHomjzpfonf?”
,if;onfvnf; a'oEW& tvkyform;aumifpD0ifrsm;rSaeI axmufcHtm;ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI
jyifopfrsm;tm; wkdufckdufr_rsm; jzpfawmhrnfhqJqJtajctaersKd;wGifqkdv#if/ ‚if;wkd@rSaeI r=umc% tajctae
+idrfoufavsmhusoGm;atmif ðyvkyf=ujcif;jzpfonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzpf&rnf[laom vkdtifqENonf tpyxrY ckcHqef@usifvkdonfh }uD;rm;onfh

tmoDoESifh wGJzufqufpyfaeavonf? ,if;onf ‚if;wkd@. vkyfaqmifaer_rsm;onf rSefuefonfqkdaom

,kH=unfcsufrsm;rS vmjcif;jzpfonf? *smrefrsm;rSm ‚if;wkd@. trdajrukd ‚if;wkd@umuG,faejcif;jzpfonf? z&uf'&pf &SDvm
(Friedrich Schiller) . Wilhelm Tell jyZmwfwckukd tufqefwGif ujyaepOfwGif/ yGJ=unfhy&d\wfonf ‚if;wkd@.
xkdifckHrsm;rSxI/ ‚if;wkd@&if;ESD;u|rf;0ifaeonfh pma=umif;wcsKd@ukd òydifwleD;yg;yif xyfcgxyfcg &Gwfqkd=uavonf? “igwkd@.
bkd;bGm;rsm;uJhokd@ igwkd@vnf; vGwfvyfvkd=uonf/ ol@u|efb0wGif &Sifae&mwmxuf/ ao&wmu ykdaumif;. ² ² ²
vlwa,muf&J@ tiftm;ukd b,fawmhrS ra=umufeJ@”? xkd jyZmwf+yD;aemuf/ jyifopfwkd@onf &m;wjynfe,fvkH;wGif
Wilhelm Tell Zmwf ujyjcif;rsm;ukd ydwfyif wm;jrpfcJh avonf? bkdc|rfòrd@wGif jyZmwf ujy&eftpDtpOfukd
zsufodrf;jcif;ESifh bkdc|rf jyZmwf&kH tm;ydwfvkdufjcif;onf vl (5000) &Sdonfh csDwufqENjyr_wckudk jzpfyGg;apcJhavonf?
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"gwf'Da&onf *smr%DwjynfvkH;wGif jrifhwufaeavonf? “aps;}uD;aom qkdifrsm;ESifh

aumfzDqkdifrsm;wGif/ jyifopfqef@usifa&;pum;rsm;ukd us,favmifpGmajymqkdae=uavonf? trSefwu,fyif
vltm;vkH;onf tzsuftarSmifh vkyfief;rsm;wGif ‚if;wkd@ukd,fwkdif tenf;i,fpDawmh yg0ifvkyfaqmifae=u avonf?
uav;i,frsm;onf vdyfpm pkHprf;ar;jref;vmonfh ppfom;rsm;/ olpdrf;rsm;tm; vrf;a=umif; trSm;rsm;ukdom
!$efjy=uavonf?” [k tar&duef pma&;q&mwOD;rS ae&Sif;owif;pm}uD;tm; owif;ay;ykd@cJh avonf?
pm;aomufqkdifrsm;onf jyifopf0kdift&ufrsm;ESifh aygifrkef@rsm;ukd tpm;taomufpm&if;u'fjym; xJrSaeI
z,fxkwfxm;=uavonf? tu,fI *smrefrdef;cav;rsm;onf jyifopfppfom;rsm;ESifh cspfóuduf aeonfukd awG@&Sdygu/
‚if;wkd@. qHyifrsm; ukdufjzwfypfjcif;ukd cH=u&avonf? *smref&kyf&Sifrif;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf onf jynfolvlxktm;
jyifopfxkwfukefypPnf;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd oydwfarSmuf=u&ef wkdufwGef;aqmf=oavonf? “*smr%DEkdifiHonf
jyifopfjynfrSwifoGif;vmonfh npfnrf;aom&kyf&Sifum;rsm; ESifh tEkynmwefzkd; uif;rJhonfh ypPnf;rsm;jzifh &kd;&Sif;pGmyif
v$rf;rkd;aeavonf?”
jyifopfrsm;onf *smrefrsm;. qef@usifawmfvSefr_ jynfol@toHrsm;ukd wdwfqdwfoGm;atmif a'o

owif;pmrsm;wGif wnf;jzwf/ jzwfawmufjcif;ESifh ydwfypfjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;jzifh/ óud;yrf;avonf? tapmykdif;Y/
ckcHqef@usifr_rsm;ukd tm;ay;a&;om;aom t,f'Dwmhtmabmfrsm;/ okd@r[kwf trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;. arwWm &yfcHv$mrsm;/
okd@r[kwf tvkyform; tkyfpkrsm;ta=umif; ykHESdyfa&;om;xkwfa0ygu xkdowif;pmtm; '%f&kdufjcif; ESifh xkwfa0cGifh
,m,Dydwfyifypfjcif;wkd@ukd ðyvkyf=uavonf? xkdtcg owif;pmrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. &kH;cef;rsm; twGif;okd@ a&$@ajymif;oGm;+yD;
qufvufxkwfa0=uavonf? jyifopfwkd@. wif;=uyfr_rsm;ukd raxrJhjrifðyaom owif;pmrsm;onf
ykdIykdIrsm;jym;vmaomtcg/ ppfom;rsm;onf xkd&kH;cef;rsm;twGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufI tdwfoGef zmarSmuf&SmazG=u+yD;/
xkdolwkd@. vufESdyfpufrsm;/ pmykHESdyfpufrsm; ESifh puULrsm;tm;vkH;ukd odrf;,ljcif;/ zsufqD;ypfjcif;rsm;ukd ðyvkyf=uavonf?
t,f'Dwmrsm;ESifh owif;pmrsm;tm;vnf; '%faiG&kdufjcif;/ ESifh axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;/ e,fESif'%fay;jcif;rsm;ukd
ðyvkyf=uavonf?
*smr%DEkdifiH&Sd jynfwGif; ESifh jynfyrSaeI/ ESpfzufpvkH;onf jynfolwkd@. rsufESmomay;r_ &&Sdatmif

óud;yrf;=uavonf? *smrefpufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm; ESifh aemufqkH;ydwftaotaus wkdufyGJwcktjzpf/ yËdyuQukd
ykHazmfxm;=uonfh jyifopf vufurf;pmapmifrsm;/ pm&Gufi,frsm;ESifh ykdpwmrsm;ukd uGrf;,mqkdifrsm;/ tkwfeH&H/rsm;
wGifuyfxm;=uavonf? *smrefpufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tm; tvkyform;rsm;. vkyftm;crsm;ukd tqkH;&_H;tepfemcHv#uf
&if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;jzifh/ ppf+yD;aemufykdif; aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ukd tjrwfxkwfae onf[k pGyfpGJxm;avonf? *&m[rf
*&if; (Graham Greene) [kac:onfh touf (18) ESpft&G,f&Sd t*Fvdfyf vli,fwa,mufonf/ vef'ef&Sd *smrefoH&kH;okd@
pma&;om;cJhavonf? pmxJwGif ‚if;. 0g'jzef@csda&;orm; wa,muftjzpf xkdvkyfief;ukd vkyfaqmifay;&ef
urf;vSrf;xm;avonf? qufoG,f&rnfh pm&if;wckESifh axmufyHha=u;aiG&&Sd+yD;aemuf/ &m;jynfe,ftwGif;okd@
at;at;vlvlvrf;av#muf0ifoGm;avonf? “vlwkdif;. rkef;wD;aer_rsm;ESifh aysmf&$ifESpfvkdzG,f&m tm&kHcHpm;r_wck
&SdaecJhavonf?” [k ol@rdcifxH pma&;om;cJhavonf? jyifopft&m&Sdrsm;twGuf EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;rSm
rSm;,Gif;p&mjzpfaecJhavonf[k &Sif;jyavonf? “naecif; qkdv#if u|efawmfwkd@onf npmpm;yGJ&kHwckokd@
oGm;a&mufcJh=uonf? t0wfAvm ESifh zufwD;rwa,mufonf csdef;óud;rsm;jzifh *smr%Dwkd@.
oauFwtxdrf;trSwftuukd ujytokH;awmfcHavonf? olr. oHa,mZOf csnfaESmifxm;r_rsm;tm; jzwfawmuf+yD;/
u|efawmfwkd@. vm&if;&nf&G,fcsufukd tqkH;owfcJh=uavonf?”

wv=umodrf;ykdufr_onf jyifopftpkd;&tm; w&ufv#if tar&duefa':vm (60˜000) ukefusapcJh avonf?
,if;onf tpkd;&. b¾maiGavsmhenf;r_tm; jrifhwufvmapcJh+yD;/ EkdifiHjcm;aiGa=u; vJvS,fr_wGif jyifopfz&ef@aiGudk
tm;enf;apcJhonf? yGdKifuJonf jyifopfv$wfawmfaumfrwDwGif azaz:0g&Dwav#muf ‚if;wkd@. wkd;csJ@r_twGuf
jyifopfz&ef@aiG (45) oef;ukd xkwfay;&ef awmif;cH&avawmhonf? tif*sifeD,mrsm;onf owˆKwGif;rsm; ESifh ‚if;wkd@.
acgif;aqmifukd tjynfht0 xdef;csKyfr_ r&Ekdifao;acs? (Emil Coste) onf tufqef&Sd ‚if;. &kH;csKyfudk pGef@cGm+yD;/ jyifopfokd@
jyefvmcJhavonf? jyifopfwGif 0ef}uD;rsm;aumifpDtpnf;ta0; Y olajymcJhonfrSm/ olwkd@Y a&G;cs,fp&mwckom&Sdonf
&m;jynfe,frS ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; xkwfvkyfr_ukd pGef@v$wf vufav#mhvkduf&efESifh/ okd@r[kwfygu a'owckvkH;ukd
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif qGJ,lxm;&Sdvkduf&efwkd@ jzpfonf?
yGdKifuJonf txl;ojzifh *smreftvkyform;rsm;. wkef@jyefr_rsm;jzifh acgif;&_yfaecJhavonf? ol@taejzifh

tvkyf&Sifrsm;xuf/ olwkd@. tvkyform;rsm;tm; ulnD&ef &nf&G,fI/ temtusifcH/ 'kuQcHum rpf&Sifwckukd
ykHazmfcJhaomfvnf;/ tvkyform;rsm;onf *smreftcsKyftjcmtm%mukd ckcHumuG,f&eftwGuf wpnf;wvkH; wnf;
&SdaecJh=uavonf? &m;jynfe,fom;rsm;twGufrl yËdyuQonf ppfyGJ}uD;+yD;aemuf *smr%Dtay:wGifzdpD; vmaom
0efxkyf0efykd;ukd av#mhcsoufomap&eftwGuf óud;pm;&kef;uefr_wckomjzpfcJhavonf? xkd@twGuf a=umifh/
avmavmq,ftwGufrl aiGa=u;OpPmxuf aoG;csif;eD;zkd@u ta&;}uD;cJh=u&avonf? ausmufrD;aoG;
wGif;tvkyform;rsm;/ oHr%dvkyfief; tvkyform;rsm;/ ESifh ukefypPnf;trmxnfrsm; xkwfvkyfaom
tvkyform;rsm;twGufrl cufcJyifyef;aomtvkyfrSm/ tcuftcJ 'kuQ t=uyftwnf;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wkd@ aeom;us
oGm;&efom jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ jrifhwufaecsdef/ ‚if;wkd@twGuf pm;0wfaea&;rsm; cufcJae csdefwGif/
olwdk@onf txl;ojzifh jyifopfrsm;tm;/ &kwfw&uf csufjcif;}uD; tav#mhay;tnHhcHvkdufrnf r[kwfacs? olwkd@wGif
qkH;&_H;p&m[lI bmr# r&Sday/ xkd@a=umifh rnfonfhtwGuf awmfvSefqef@usifr_rsm;ukd rðyvkyf&rnfenf;?
“pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_rS om,mrdef;armr_okd@”
awmfvSefqef@usifolrsm;twGuf axmufyHhr_rsm;ESifh jyifopfwkd@. omvGefr_rsm;ta=umif;ukd urBmtm;

ajymjy&eftwGuf tcsKd@aom atmifjrifr_rsm;&SdcJhaomfjim;/ bmvifonf a&S@wef;wGif&Sdaomolrsm;tm;
axmufyHhaiGa=u;xkwfacs;&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ &m;jynfe,f&Sd tzGJ@tpnf;qkdif&m uGef,ufukd A[kdrS aeI
OD;pD;csKyfukdifr_ zGH@òzd;vmatmif vkyfaqmif&ef aES;auG;aecJhavonf? xkdtpm; tpykdif; ueOD;tqifhrsm;rSm a'oor*~rsm;/
tvkyform; aumifpDrsm;/ &JÏmersm;/ ESifh òrd@}uD;rsm; ESifh jrLeDpy,f tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;rS aqmif&GufcJh=ujcif;jzpfavonf?
yxrtywftwGif;Y odrf;ykdufa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;. tiftm;t&G,ftpm;rsm;/ owˆKwGif;rsm;&Sd&m a'orsm;/
rD;&xm;blwm&kHrsm; ESifh wl;ajrmif;rsm;tjyif/ òrd@wckpD. t&G,ftpm; yrm%rsm;wGif qef@usifawmfvSefonfh t&Sdeft[kef
jr‡ifhwif&eftwGuf/ v_yf&Sm;r_pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh jzpfEkdifacs &Sdonfhenf;vrf;rsm;a&G;cs,f&ef òrd@wkdif;eD;yg; avmufwGif
tpnf;ta0;rsm; ðyvkyfcJh=uavonf? Oyrm - *vwfbuf (Glacbeck) wGif/ ckcHumuG,fa&; tkyfpkwckonf
awmfvSefr_rsm;wGif ylaygif;aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf wywfv#if (2) }udrf awG@qkHcJh=uavonf? tvm;wltkyfpkrsm;ukd
tufqef (Essen)/ bltm (Buer) ESifh &ufuvifa[mhqef (Recklinghausen) òrd@rsm;wGifvnf;
wnfaxmifcJh=uavonf?
ZEM0g&Dv (17) &ufae@wGif/ rGefpwm (Münster)òrd@Y a'oqkdif&m uGefz&ifhwckukd usif;ycJhavonf?

&kdif;jynfe,f. 0ef}uD;vnf;jzpfaom/ &m;jynfe,fwGif bmvif. t"du =um;0ifaqmif&Gufay;olvnf;jzpfaom
tm;eufpf rJvpf (Ernst Mehlich) wufa&mufcJhavonf? rJvpfonf us,fjyef@pGm tvkdtavsmufjzpfaom
a'owGif;óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm;ay:wGif pdwf0ifpm;r_&SdaecJhavonf? okd@aomf/ tu,fI qef@usifawmfvSefr_ rsm;onf
atmifjrifcJhv#if/ bmvifonf ykdrkdI wkduf&kduf vkyfaqmif&vdrfhrnfqkdonfukd pOf;pm;cJhavonf? ulEkd (Cuno) ESifh
tJbmhwf (Ebert) wkd@onf ‚if;wkd@. a'otwGif;&Sd/ ‚if;wkdk@.vlrsm;xHrS ajymufwdajymufusm;
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukdom &&Sdae=uolrsm;jzpfonf? olwkd@ESpfOD;onf oabmwlnDcJh=u+yD; &kdif;-&m; Zefx&,f
(Rhein-Ruhr Zentral) ukdwnfaxmifcJh=uavonf? Rhein-Ruhr Zentral onf owif;pm *sme,frsm;/
pnfyifom,ma&;tzJG@rsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh or*~rsm;tm; bmvif. !$ef=um;rsm;

pD;qif;&mvrf;a=umif;wckjzpfcJhavonf? rJvpfonfvnf; vkyfom;pDrHcef@cGJr_ ckcHumuG,fa&;aumfrwDukd zGJ@pnf;
cJhavonf? xkdaumfrwDonf v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh axmufyHhaiGa=u;jzifh vkyftm;crsm; xkwfay;&ef pDrHcsuf rsm;
a&;qGJcJhavonf?
okd@aomf xkd us,fus,fjyef@jyef@tao;pdwfpDrHjyifqifxm;onfh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_onf tenf;i,f rajyrjypf

cyfaxmifhaxmifhjzpfaeavonf? umv=um&SnfpGm wnf&SdaecJhonfh tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvkyf&Sif rsm;t=um;&Sd
oHo,rsm;onf ,cktcg rsufESmjyifay:okd@ yvkHpDI qlyGufwufvmaeavonf? ulEkd. xkwfjyef a=unmcsufwGif/
tpkd;&onf owˆKwGif;ykdif&Sifrsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@. qkH;&_H;r_rsm;twGuf avsmfa=u;aiGrsm; ay;rnf [laomtcsufonf
qkd&S,fvpfrsm;tm; tvGeftrif;pdwfqkd;a'goxGufapavonf? ‚if;wkd@rS awG;xifonfrSm rkdif;wGif;ykdif&Sifrsm;. rwfaiG
bDvD,H (40) jyefay;&eftwGuf/ tcGeftwkwfrsm;ukd OD;pGmaumufcH&vdrhfrnf jzpfonf? yk*~vdu jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
&HyHkaiGtzGJ@wckudk/ tvkyf&Sifrsm;. xnfh0ifaiGrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;. vkyftm;cxJrS &mckdifE_ef;
tcsKd;tpm;jzifhaumufcH,lI wnfaxmif&ef bmvifrS óud;pm;aom tcg/ or*~rsm;rS jiif;y,fcJhavonf? ‚if;wkd@.
tvkyform;rsm;tm; ykdrkdI tusKd;&Sdxda&mufpGmjzifh ‚if;wkd@onf ta&;ay: &HykHaiGrsm;ukd xkwfa0ay;oifhonf[k
‚if;wkd@rS,lq=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rSm ‚if;wkd@. &S,f,mxnfh0if&rnfhaiGrsm;ukd
jyefvnf&kyfodrf;oGm;=uavonf? aemufqkH;wGif tpkd;&. jyefvnf xlaxmifa&; tzGJ@tpnf;onf/ rwfaiG
bDvD,Haygif;rsm;pGmukd qENjyoydwform;rsm;twGuf v#Kd@0Sufb%f pm&if;wckrSaeI aiGukduJhI
xkwf,loGm;avawmhonf? bmvifonf &uf&ufa&ma&m &SdaecJhaomfvnf;/ ulEkdonf pD;yGg;a&;tusKd;tjrwfwck.
ckdif;zwf/ vufukdifwkwfjzpfonfqkdonfukd or*~rsm;rS ,kH=unf xm;=uavonf? trsKd;om;a&;udk a&S@wef;wifI
qifaoukd qdwfa&jzifhzkH;tkyf&efóud;pm;r_rSm cufcJvSonf?
ZEM0g&Dv (22) &ufae@wGif/ b¾ma&;0ef}uD;Ïmeonf/ rwfaiG oef; (30) ukd &kdufb%f (Reichsbank) rSwqifh
jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tvkyform; pDrHcef@cGJa&; ckcHumuG,fr_ aumfrwDrsm;xHokd@ óudwif
acs;aiGrsm;xkwfay;avonf? xkdxkwfacs;aiGrsm;ukd a'owGif; 0g'jzef@csDa&;tzGJ@rsm;/ tvkyfvufrJh tusKd;cHpm;cGifh twGuf
ay;aiGrsm;/ yifpifpm;rsm;twGuf ulnDaxmufyHhr_rsm;/ ESifh tvkyform;rsm; ESifh ‚if;wkd@. rdom;pkrsm; twGuf
tpm;tpmrsm;0,f,la&;rsm; ponfwkd@twGuf tokH;ðycJh=uavonf? cGifhðyonfh xkwfacs;aiG yrm%onf
vkHavmufr_r&Sday/ tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf tajccHvkdtyfcsufrsm;twGuf ukefaps;E_H;rsm; v#ifjrefpGm
jrifhwufaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf[k ulEkdxHokd@ rJvpfrS tpD&ifcHcJhavonf? xdk@a=umifh azaz:0g&Dv (1) &ufae@wGif/
*smrefv$wfawmf &kdufpwuf (Reichstag) onf/ todrf;ykdufcHxm;&onfh e,fajrrsm;twGif;/ cGJa0jzef@jzL;&eftwGuf
aemufxyf rwfaiG bDvD,H (500) wefbkd;&Sdonfh xkwfacs;aiG vrf;a=umif;wckukd zGifhvSpf&ef vkyfykdifcGifhtm%m
Oya'rl=urf;wcku b¾ma&;0ef}uD;tm; cGifhðyvkdufavonf?
tpkd;&onf b¾ma&;EGHtkdiftwGif;okd@ ajccsrv d kdufavonf? ,if;onf &m;tvkyform; (12) oef;ukd

jyefvnfay;qyf&ef tcsdefumv tuef@towfwckrygyJ axmufyHha=u;aiGrsm; xkwfacs;&ef cGifhðyvkdufjcif; jzpfonf?
xkd@tjyif xkduJhodk@vkyfaqmifvkdufonfhtwGuf &kdufb%f (Reichsbank) wGif/ wjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m vrf;r&SdyJ/
rwfaiGtopfrsm;ukd &kdufESdyf&avawmhonf? xkd@twGufa=umifh/ tvkyform;rsm;. vufwGif;okd@ xkwfacs;aiGrsm;
a&muf&SdoGm;aomtcsdefwGifrl/ rwfaiG wefbkd;onf wpkHw&modompGm usqif;oGm;av+yD jzpfonf? b¾ma&;upm;r_.
aemufxyf&nf&G,fcsufwckrSm *smr%D. pdwfqif;&JzG,f&m b¾ma&;tajc taeukd [ef@wm;ydwfyifvkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf?
vrsm;pGmrwkdifrDu/ qkd&S,fvpfygwDonf tvGeftrif; aiGa=u; azmif;yGr_udk av#mhcs&eftwGuf tpdwftykdif;wcktjzpf/
pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tm; tcGefaiGaumufcHr_ukd wkd;jr‡ifh&ef awmif;qkdcJhavonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl/
pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;acgif;aqmifrsm;u ‚if;wkd@. pD;ygG;a&;vkyfief; vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf/ *smr%Dtm; urBmhtiftm;}uD;
EkdifiHwcktjzpfokd@ ykd@aqmifay;cJhonfhtjyif/ ,ckwcg xyfrHI *smr%D. qkH;&_H;oGm;onfh pD;ygG;a&;tiftm;udk
jyefvnf&&Sdatmif vkyfaqmif&mY tajccHvkdtyfcsuf jzpfonfqkdonfudk EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; owday;cJhavonf?
xkd@a=umifh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf tcGefpnf;rsOf; topftm; ydwfqkd@wm;jrpf&eftwGuf pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh r[mrdwf
ðyvkyfcJh=uavonf? awmfvSef qef@usifr_ta&;twGuf/ pGef@v$wftepfemcHr_rsm; ðyvkyf&efESifhywfoufI/
ukefxkwfvkyfr_rsm; av#mhcsjcif;rSaeI &&Sdwkd;yGg;vmonfh qkH;&_H;r_rsm;onf tqkdygpGef@v$wftepfemcHr_rsm;twGuf
vkHavmuf+yDjzpfonf[k pufr_ vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rSaeI jyefvnfacsyjiif;qefcJhavonf?

òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif pdwf"gwfusqif;ysufjym;r_vuQ%mrsm;ukd awG@ae&avonf? òrd@jyvlOD;a&. trsm;pk
tpdwftykdif;onf npOfvkdvkd t&ufaopmxJwGif epfarsmae=uavonf[k tar&duefowif;axmufwOD;rS
owdðyrdcJhavonf? “usaemfwkd@ wjcm;ukd bmvkyfEkdifvkd@vJ´” qkdonfrSm xkdolrsm; tm;vkH;rSay;aeaom
qifajcwckjzpfaeavonf? “usaemfwkd@[m t&kduftESufcHae&w,f/ tusyfukdifcHae&w,f/ vufeufvnf; r&Sdbl;/
'gayr,fh usaemfwkd@ t&ufrl;aewJhtcgrSm 'Da0'emawG[m oufomoGm;ovkd cHpm;ae&w,f”? (*ENDwkdufwGef;cJhonfh
ol. urBmw0ufausmfwkdif jyef@ESH@cJhaom ryl;aygif; raqmif&Gufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif/ rdrdukd,fukd rdrdxdef;ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;
“self-rule”rSm/ ‚if;ukd rvkyfaqmifyJ a&SmifusOfaeonfh *smrefrsm;twGuf r[kwfay?) tar&duef ae;&Sif;owif;pm}uD;rS
a&;om;cJhonfrSm - “aumfzDqkdifrsm;ESifh yGJvrf;obifazsmfajz&m ae&mrsm;onf jynfhESuf pnfum;aeqJyif
jzpfonfqkdonfrSm trSefyifjzpfavonf?” “okd@&mwGif naecif; bD,mwcGuf.wefzkd; (okd@r[kwf) &kyf&Sif&kHrsm;&Sd
ukvm;xkdifwckpm. tzkd;tc (2) qifhonf tdrfwGif naecif; twGuf rD;vif;zkdavmifpmukefusrnfhp&dwfxuf/
xkdae&mrsm;wGif oGm;a&muftcsdefðzef;ae&onfu ykdI ukefusp&dwfoufomaeavonf?” [k
qufvufa&;om;cJhavonf? jynfolrsm; tat;'%fukd ckcHumuG,f&ef twGuf ulnD&ef rkdif;tvkyform;rsm;onf
vufwGef;vSnf;rsm;/ tdwfrsm;jzifh ‚if;wkd@. rdom;pkrsm;ESifh tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;twGuf o,faqmifoGm;Ekdif=uavonf?
tcsKd@aom ausmufrD;aoG;usif;E_wfcrf;xdyfrsm;wGif rkdif;vkyfom;rsm;onf a'otwGif;tokH;ðy&eftwGuf
ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;udk pkykHxm;cJh=uavonf? tcsKd@onf ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif ,m,D r&SdokH; wGif;rsm;wl;=u&m wGif;òydusr_
tEW&m,frsm;ESifh óuHawG@=u&avonf?
pD;yGg;a&;tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh vlr_a&;pdwfaomuzdpD;r_rsm; &Sdaeaomfjim;vnf;/ qef@usiftHwk

awmfvSefr_rsm;rSm ZEM0g&D wvvkH;ESifh azaz:0g&DvxJtxd ae&mwumysH@ESH@vsuf&Sd+yD;/ tvGefyif wufºuGae=u avonf?
xdk@tjyif/ yGdKifuJonf jyifopfwkd@. ppfqifa&;ukd wkd;csJ@rnfukd a=umuf&GH@aecJhavonf? tb,fa=umifh qkdaomf ‚if;onf
+Adwdef/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwkd@ESifh qufqHa&;rsm;wGif taESmifht,Suf/ ab;tEW&m,frsm; jzpfvmaprnfhtjyif/
jynfwGif;Yvnf; tv,ftvwf Oya'ðytrwfrsm;. axmufcHr_rsm;udk ysufjym;oGm;apEkdif aoma=umifhjzpfavonf?
tHhbG,fyif/ olukd,fwkdifonfvnf; *smrefrsm;ESifh ruif;uGmapa&;ukd ywfouf vkdvm;olwOD;jzpfonf?
tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf Oa&my. aemufqkH;wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_onf jyifopf-*smref r[mrdwfðy qufqHa&;tay:wGif
tajccHrDSwnfaeonf[k ,kH=unfxm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? okd@&mwGif xkd tjrift,ltqonf/ xkdtcsdefumv.
[kd;t&ifwcsdefwGif &SdaecJhjcif;jzpfavonf? ppfzufol&Jaumif;wOD;tae ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ jyifopfjynfvkHòcHa&;twGuf
ckcHumuG,fol wOD;tjzpfESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ yGdKifuJ. tjyifyef;ay:vGifaeonfho&kyfouefonf xkd
EkdifiHtcsif;csif;t=um; em;vnfr_ qufqHa&; oabmxm;rsm;ukd v$rf;rkd;oGm;cJhavonf?
wcsdefwnf;Yyif/ ulEkdESifh tD;bmhwf wkd@onf aphpyfajy+idrf;a&;twGuf ao;i,faom qGJaqmifr_ukd

awG@cJh=uonf? *smr%D. zGH@òzd;p'Drkdua&pDonf òydvJusumeD;vkeD;yg; ,kdifwD;,kdifwkdif av#mufvSrf; ae&avonf?
xkd@a=umihf olwkd@onf vufsm0g'D qkd&S,fvpfrsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ vuf0J0g'D uGefjrLepfrsm; ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;
uif;uGmtqufjzwfae&ef rpGef@pm;&JcJh=uacs? olwkd@ awG;xifxm;onfrSm jyifopfrsm;tm; qef@usifawmfvSef&eftwGuf
0g'rwlnDaom twkduftcHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH; twlwuG wnDw!Gwfwnf; yl;aygif;vkduf=ujcif;jzifh
twkduftcHqef@usifaer_rsm;tm; ajz&Sif;+yD;jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqaecJh=uavonf? yxrykdif;&ufowWywfrsm;twGif;Y
bmvif&Sd xkdvl}uD;rsm;. t,ltqrsm;onf rSefuefae[ef&SdcJhavonf? okd@&mwGif olwkd@onf rD;cJjymzkH;jzpfaeaom
rwnfr+idrfjzpfr_rsm;ESifh wkef@jyefr_ oufoufjzpfaejcif;ukd vpfvsL&_cJh=uavonf? qef@usifawmfvSefr_onf
r[mAsL[mvrf;a=umif;rsm; r&SdcJhacs? qef@usifawmfvSefr_onf touf0ifaecJhaomfvnf; yJhudkifxdef;ausmif;r_ r&Sdacs?
‚if;ukd tm;jznfh xdef;xm;&efrSm tpkd;&onf EkdifiH. t"dupD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;udk ydwfypf&rnfjzpfonf? qkH;&_H;oGm;aom
0ifaiGrsm;ukd umrdap&eftwGuf aiGpuULrsm;ukd &kdufESdyf xkwfa0&rnfjzpfonf? ‚if;onf tcsdefukd 0,f,ljcif;yifjzpfonf/
odrf;ykdufxm;olrsm;. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd oufqkd;&Snaf p&ef ar#mfvifhae&avonf? tar&duef ESifh +Adwdo#wkd@
=um;0ifajz&Sif;r_rsm;ukd ar#mfvifhae&avonf? jyifopfwkd@. ukefus p&dwfonf ‚if;wkd@. ukefusp&dwfxuf
omvGefaevdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhae&avonf?

“rnfolrqkd zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;ukd cH&rnf”
azaz:0g&Dv (4) &ufae@wGif/ 0ef}uD;csKyf ulEkdonf &m;jynfe,fokd@ (2) &ufc&D; wckukd v#Kd@0SufI
oGm;a&mufcJhavonf? xkd@aemuf olonf bmvifokd@jyefvmcJhavonf? &m;jynfolwkd@. awmfvSefqef@usif vkdonfh
pdwfqENonf vGefcJhaom (3) ywftwGif;u jyifopfwkd@ tufqefòrd@twGif;okd@ yxrOD;qkH; p0ifvmpOf uwnf;u&Sdaeonfh
ckdifrmaompdwfqENrsm;twdkif; qufvuf&Sdaeao;onfudk owdðyrdcJhavonf? aemifwGif ‚if;rS a&;om;onfrSm-
“usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufxm;onfh e,fajrrsm;twGif;&Sd ae&mwkdif;okd@ u|efawmf oGm;a&muf vnfywfcJhavonf?
pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;/ ESifh tv$mtoD;oD;rS t&yfom;jynfolrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm; wkd@ESifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
aqG;aEG;ajymqkdcJhavonf? ae&mwkdif;[m jyifopfwkd@. usL;ausmfxm;r_ukd/ ydkrkdI t=urf;rzuf qef@usifawmfvSefr_enf;eJ@
wpkdufrwfrwfqufvufI qef@usifoGm;rnfjzpfonfhta=umif;/ olwkd@&J@ r,kdifrvJwJh oHEMdÏmefukd tmrcHcJh=uavonf?”
,if;ukd EkdifiHom;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@. “vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf” “tjynfh t0 todw&m;&Sdr_” ESifh “&efvkdaeaom
vSHpGyfrsm;. a&S@arSmufrSm OD;r!Gwf” vkdonfh pdwfqEN&Sdaom EkdifiHom;rsm;[k ‚if;rS xnfhoGif;rSwf,lcJhavonf?
0ef}uD;csKyf. vnfywfr_onf yGdKifuJtm; ‚if;. csOf;uyfr_rsm;onf tvkyfrjzpfqkdonfukd trSeftwkdif;

odem;vnf;oGm;atmif vSef@E_d;&mwGif tultnDay;cJhavonf? ulEkd. c&D;pOfonf “txl;ojzifh pufr_vkyfief; &Sifrsm;/
t&mxrf; 0efxrf;rsm;/ ESifh tpkd;& ÏmecGJrsm; t=um;wGif tEW&m,f&Sdaom pdwfv_yf&Sm;r_” udk xkwfvkyf ay;cJhonf[k
jyifopfacgif;aqmif}uD;rS ,kH=unfaecJhavonf? xkd@a=umifh olonf *smreftpkd;&tzGJ@0ifrsm;. aemufxyfvnfywfr_rsm;ukd
wm;jrpfydwfyifcJhavonf? (2) ywfr#=um+yD;aemuf/ *smreftvkyform; (22˜000) wkd@onf
oydwfarSmuf=uavawmhonf? jyifopf owif;pmrsm;ESifh v$wfawmfrS zdtm;rsm;jrifhwufaer_ atmufwGif/ ,if;onf
usL;ausmfr_xJrSaeI v#ifjrefaom &v'frsm;ukd &&Sdvmvdrhfrnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh&onf? jyifopftif*sifeD,mtzGJ@onf
xdwfvef@wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;aecJh=u+yD;/ wyfzGJ@rsm;tm; u,fq,fa&;rsm; ðyvkyf&ef t}uHay;cJh=uavonf? okd@aomf
r=umrDwGif a&G;aumufyGJwcktm; &ifqkdif&awmhrnfjzpfonfh yGdKifuJonf wyfzGJ@ rsm;tm; qGJxkwf&kyfodrf;vkdufygu tnHhcH/
t&_H;ay;vkdufonfh oabmoufa&mufoGm;awmhrnf qkdonfukd odem;vnfaecJhonf?
0ef}uD;csKyf. tckdiftrmajymqkdcJhr_rsm;rSm pl;&SxufjrufcJhavonf? wkdif;jynfonf ppfyGJrwkdifrDu &&SdcJhaom

ausmufrD;aoG;ESifh ukwfrD;aoG;rsm;rSm (30) &mE_ef;om&SdcJhavonf? *smr%DrS xkwfvkyfvmatmif rnfuJhokd@
ðyvkyfrnfenf;´ “tdrfwtdrf.eH&Hukd xkduJhokd@aom=urf;wrf;r_rsKd;jzifh oifhtaejzifh taygufwayguf jzpfatmif
xkd;azmufEkdifrnf? tJ'DeH&Honf ('grSr[kwf taqmufttkHwckvkH;vnf; jzpfaumif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf)
òydusoGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf[k/ tufqef&Sd *smreftif*sifeD,mwOD;rS &Sif;jycJhavonf? ‚if;rS qufvufI “oifh taejzifh
tdrfwckudk jzwfI taygufwaygufukd *&kwpkduf owd}uD;pGmjzifh taygufwckudk azmufEkdifonf/ Tenf;tm;jzifh eH&Ha&m/
taqmuftOD;yg +rJ+rHpGm qufvufwnf&Sdaernfjzpfonf?” usL;ausmfolrsm;onf t=urf;zufr_rsm; rðyvkyfcifu/
olwkd@onf wckr# aumif;pGm tm&kH rpl;pkdufcJh=uay? ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; xkwv f kyfay;&efESifh o,f,lykd@aqmifay;&ef
tpG,fjy rmefzD [def;a[muf +cdrf;ajcmufaeaom oydwfarSmuf olrsm;tm; &ifqkdif&mwGif tiftm;okH;cJh=uavonf?
olwkd@onf &m;jynfe,ftm; qufvuf vnfywfaeatmif vkyfaqmif&rnfhtpm; qef@usifawmfvSefolrsm;ESifh
vufa0S@xkd;avhusihfaecJh=uonf? ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;ESihf &xm;vrf;a=umif;rsm;tm; tjynfht0xdef;csKyfr_ r&&Sdv#if
usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufr_onf t"dy`g,f&Sdrnf r[kwfacs?
ZEM0g&Dvukefykdif;wGif/ yGdKifuJonf ‚if;wkd@. tajctaersm;ukd =unfh&_&efESifh awmfvSefqef@usifaer_rsm;

avsmhyg;ap&eftwGuf enf;vrf;rsm; &SmazGEkdif&ef/ AkdvfcsKyf rufZkdif;rf a0*ef; (General Maxime Weygand) ESifh
jyifopfjynfol@tvkyform;a&;&m0ef}uD;wkd@ESpfOD;tm;/ apv$wf&ef qkH;jzwfcJhavonf? okH;&ufr#=um+yD;aemuf/ ‚if;wkd@onf
jyefvmcJh=u+yD;/ jyifopfwkd@onf &xm;vrf;rsm;/ pmwdkufESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; odrf;ykdufxm;&ef/
ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; ykdif&Sifrsm;tm; oydwfarSmufr_rsm; &yfwef@&efESifh avsmfa=u;ay;&rnfh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;tm;
jyifopfokd@wifykd@&eftwGuf +cdrf;ajcmuf&ef/ xkd a'otm; wif;=uyfaom tcGefpnf;=uyfZkHe,fajrrsm;jzifh tjcm;aom
*smr%Djynfe,frsm;ESihf tquftoG,f jzwfawmufxm;&ef ponfwkd@ukd vkyfaqmif&ef vkdtyfonf[k
ajym=um;cJhavonf? xkdtpD&ifcHpmonf 0ef}uD;csKyftm; wif;rmcufxefoGm;apavonf? *smrefwkd@onf
ppfavsmfa=u;ay;&ef a&$'*Fg; oef; (500) ukd ay;qyfrnfr[kwfa=umif; aocsmoGm;aomtcg/ ausmufrD;aoG; (okd@r[kwf)

ukwfrD;aoG; &xm;wpD;/ wwGJ/ wwef/ (okd@) waygifukdr#yif *smr%D&Sd jyifopfwkd@ odrf;ykdufrxm;aome,fajrrsm;qDokd@
xGufoGm;cGifhrðy&ef wif;=uyfaom trdef@ukd xkwfjyefvkdufavonf? e,fjcm;a'orsm;tm; apmifh=uyf&efESifh
ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; wl;ajrmif;rsm;ESifh &xm;vrf;rsm;rSaeI arSmifckdxkwfr_rsm;tm; wm;qD;&eftwGuf ppfom;rsm;ukd
ykdrkdIapv$wf vkdufavonf?
awmfvSefqef@usifr_rsm; pwifvkyfaqmifpOfuwnf;uyif/ jyifopfwkd@onf a'otwGif;&Sd *smref pufr_vkyfief;

ESifh òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m t&m&Sdrsm;tm; pwifI armif;xkwfaecJhavonf? ,cktcg ‚if;wkd@onf jyifopfwkd@.
trdef@rsm;ukd remcHaomol/ rkdif;vkyfom;rsm;tygt0if/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ ray;aom &xm;tvkyform;rsm;ygrusef/
rnfolrqkdtm; tpkvkduftòyHvkdufxkwfypfjcif;rsm;ukd pwifðyvkyfae+yDjzpfonf? azaz:0g&Dv. tapmykdif;
&ufowWywfrsm;wGif/ &m;jynfe,frS w&ufv#if vl (40) avmufonf ae@pOf xGufcGmaecJh=u&+yD;/
wpkHvkH;twkdif;twmtm;jzifh/ pkpkaygif; vl wodef;av;aomif;ausmfcJhavonf? òrdjy tkyfcsKyfa&;tpkd;&rsm;pGmESifh
pufr_vkyfief;qkdif&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;pGmwkd@rSm rnfonfh vkyfief;tawG@tóuHr# r&Sdonhfolrsm;jzifhom
csefxm;&pfcJh=u&avonf? trmcHawmfvSefqef@usifa&;orm;rsm;rSm txdem=u avonf? tvkyform;rsm;ESihf
EkdifiHom;rsm;tm; rdrdwdk@zmom rdrdwkd@tm;ukd;&ef csefxm;&pfcJh=uavonf? vufwkef@jyefr_taejzifh/ oydwfarSmufr_rsm; ESifh
qENjyr_rsm;. t&Sdeft[kefrSm ykdI t&Sdefjr‡ifhvmavonf? okd@&mwGif ykdrkdeJyg;aom pnf&kH;a&;rSL;rsm;ESifhtwl/ olwkd@onf
enf;y&d,m,fxda&mufr_ESifh xdef;csKyfr_rsm; qkH;&_H;=u avonf? oydwfarSmufr_rsm;onf t=urf;zufr_rsm;tjzpf
toGifajymif;oGm;+yD;/ ,cktcg odrf;ykdufxm;olrsm; tay:wGifomr[kwfawmhyJ/ t}udrfrsm;pGm vkyfief;cGifrsm;Yyg
&nf&G,fvmcJhavonf?
jyifopfrsm;onfvnf; rkdif;wGif;rsm;qDokd@ pwifOD;wnfvmavawmhonf? tvkyftukdifr&Sdaom jyifopf
rkdif;vkyfom;rsm;rSm oydwfarSmufxm;aom *smrefrsm;. ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;0if,lukef=uavonf? ykdvefESifh csuf
tvkyform;rsm;rSmvnf; jyifopfrsm;ESifhtwl aysmf&$ifpGmjzifh 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;=uavawmhonf? olwkd@onf
*smreftvkyf&Sifrsm;. ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm;ukd cHpm;ae=u&olrsm;jzpfonf? okd@&mwGif
*smref&xm;tvkyform;rsm;. qef@usifawmfvSefr_rsm;rSm tusKd;oufa&mufr_ &SdaeqJyifjzpfonf? Oyrm -
tJvfbmzJvf'f rD;&xm;pufacgif;tvkyf&kHrsm; (Elberfeld Locomotive Works) wGif jyifopfwkd@onf
&ufowWywfaygif;rsm;pGm tokH;rðyyJ ypfxm;onfh/ rD;&xm;pufacgif; (11) ckukd acsmqGJavawmhonf? jyifopf
tif*sifeD,mrsm;onf jyifopfwyfzGJ@wcktm; +cH&Hvsuf &xm;tif*sifrsm;tm; óud;pm;jyifqifI armif;xGufoGm;&ef
jyifqifaeaomtcg/ *smreftvkyform;rsm;onf rD;&xm;oHvrf;rsm;ukd pwif z,f&Sm;av awmhonf?
vufwkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh jyifopfwkd@onf &xm;pufypPnf;yHhykd;r_qkdif&mÏmersm;rS !ïef=um;a&;rSL; (3) OD;udk
zrf;qD;vkduf+yD;/ w&ufv#if rwfaiG (1) oef;ukd/ ae@pOfae@wkdif;ay;aqmifoGm;&rnf[k '%fwyfvkduf+yD; tif*sifrsm;ukdrl
odrf;ykdufvkdufavonf?
+Adwdo#avhvma&;orm;wOD;rS a&;om;cJhonfrSm - “tufqef c&kdif&Sd rD;&xm;blwm&kHaygif; (170) wGif/

blwm&kH (66) ckrSm ydwfxm;+yD;/ (44) blwm&kHrSm jyifopfwkd@rS odrf;ykdufxm;avonf? jyifopfrsm; rodrf;ykdufrDu
tufqefrS ae@pOf (112) pD;xGufcGmavonf? ,ae@tcgwGifrl t&m&mwkdif;onf vufawG@ tm;jzifh vkH;0O\kH
&yfqkdif;oGm;avawmhonf? jyifopfvkdif;rsm;twGif;rS wckonf &xm;tpif;a& (50) ajy;qGJ &rnfhtpm; (6) pif;om
ajy;qGJEkdifawmhavonf?” xkd@a=umifh AkdvfcsKyf a0*ef; ESifh ol. taz: 0ef}uD;wkd@ axmufcHajymqkdcJhonfrSm “a
Commission de reseau de chemins de fer des pays occupes.” ‚if;wkd@ac:onfhtwkdif;/ &,f*D(Regie) ukd
t"duusaom &xm;vrf;rsm;tm;vkH;odrf;ykdufxm;&efESifh qENjyyGJrsm;ukd tqkH;owfap&eftwGuf
rnfonfhtiftm;rsKd;ukdrqkd tokH;ðycGifhay;tyfvkdufonf?
tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf/ jyifopf ESifh b,fvf*sD,Hwkd@onf rD;&xm;pufacgif;wGJrsm;ukd vkHavmufpGm

rwifykd@ay;Ekdifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? &,f*D (Regie) onf *smrefrsm;tay: atmifEkdif&efóud;pm;avawmhonf? xkdvlonf
olwkd@twGuftvkyfvkyfay;&ef vkHavmufpGm xif&mpkdif;I =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; vkyfay;rnfhykH&Sd avonf? ylaEG;aom
tpm;tpmrsm; ESifh jyifopfz&ef@aiGjzifh tmrcHxm;onfh vkyt f m;crsm; urf;vSrf;xm;onfh a=umfjimrsm;rSm
ae&mwkdif;wGifuyfxm;avonf? opPm&Sdr_rS xGufay:vmjcif;r[kwfyJ/ a=umuf&GH@r_rS xGufay: vmaoma=umifh/
ae&mtrsm;pkwGif *smrefrsm;rSm razmufrjyef ckdifckdif+rJ+rJ &Sdae=uavao;onf? a'ockcH umuG,fa&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm/
jyifopfwkd@twGuf tvkyfvkyfay;aom rnfolrqkd opPmazmuf wa,muftjzpf owfrSwfcH&rnfjzpf+yD;/ e,fESif'%f
(okd@r[kwf) tqkd;qkH;ukd óuHawG@&rnfjzpfonf[laom ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif owday;a=umfjimrsm;jzifh wefjyef=uavonf?

ulEkdonf ‚if;. tapmykdif;u xkwfjyef xm;onfh trdef@jzpfonfh/ rD;&xm;tvkyf orm;rsm;tm;vkH;onf/ rnfokd@yif
+cdrf;ajcmufonfjzpfap/ jyifopf ESifh b,fvf*sD,Hwkd@. trdef@rsm;ukd/ jiif;qef&ef Oya't& wm0ef&Sdonfqkdonfukd
xyfavmif;I ajymqkdvkduf avonf?
Tokd@jzifh/ azaz:0g&Dv wjznf;jznf;ukefvGefoGm;aomtcg/ EkdifiHjcm;om;tvkyform;rsm; wifoGif; vmr_

a&pD;a=umif;onf/ jynfhv#H v$rf;rkd;r_wckjzpfvmavonf? xkdolrsm;tm; avhusifhoifwef;ay;&ef twGuf/ tcsdefESifh
0d&d,xkwftm;pkdufr_ ,l&onfhtwGufa=umifh/ ESifh xkduJhokd@aomtvkyfrsm;ukd vkyfaqmif&ef u|rf;usifonhf
jyifopftif*sifeD,mrsm; vkHavmufpGmr&Sdr_wkd@a=umifh/ AkdvfcsKyf 'Da*gonf (,cktcg jyifopf rpf&Sif. t}uD;tuJ)/ rwfv
(20) &ufae@wGif *smref rD;&xm;tvkyform;rsm;tm;vkH;tm;/ vkyfief;cGifrsm; twGif;okd@ jyefvnf0ifa&muf&ef ESifh
Tokd@r[kwfygu/ e,fESif'%fay;cH&rnfjzpfa=umif; qifhqkdvkdufavonf? qifhqkdonfhtwkdif; vkyfief;cGifokd@
0ifa&mufrvmaomtcg/ jyifopfwkd@onf tpkvkduftòyHvkduf e,fESif'%frsm;/ ESifh tvkyform;rsm; ESifh ‚if;wkd@.
rdom;pkrsm;tm; zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;rsm;ukd pwifðyvkyfavawmhonf? trnfrsm; ESifh ae&yfvdyfpmrsm;twGuf
tvkyform; vpmay;onfh pm&if;pm&Gufrsm;tm;tokH;ðyI/ ppfom; 2 a,muf (okd@) 3 a,mufonf/
tvkyform;wa,muf. tdrfokd@ oGm;a&mufI zrf;qD;um/ a'owGif;&Sd tusOf;axmifokd@ ykd@aqmifvkdufavonf? ZGefv
(2) &ufae@okd@a&mufaomtcgwGif/ rD;&xm;tvkyform; (17˜837) a,mufonf jynfESif'%faomfvnf;aumif;/
axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;aomfvnf;aumif; cHcJh=u&+yD;/ *smref &xm;0efxrf; t&m&Sdrsm;tm;/ pdwfESvkH;n‡Kd;i,fpGmjzifh
csefxm;&pfcJh=u+yD;/ xGufcGmoGm;cJh=uavonf?
tvkyform;trsm;pkrSm axmifcscH&jcif;xuf/ e,fESif'%fay;jcif;ukd ykdrkdóudufESpfouf=uavonf? jyifopfwkd@
tkyfcsKyfaeonhf qif;&JpkwfysufI rowDp&maumif;aomtusOf;axmifrsm;ta=umif;rSm v#Kd@0Suf xm;r_r&SdonfhtwGuf/
tjyifrSaeI =um;aecJh=u&aoma=umifhjzpfavonf? “oef@&Sif;a&;tajctaersm;rSm tvGeftrif; qkd;&Gm;aeavonf/”[k
*smrma&S;rf (Germersheim) tusOf;axmif. tajctaeudk oGm;a&muf avhvmcJhaom *smref =uufajceDtoif;rS
tpD&ifcHcJhygonf? qufvufI tpD&ifcHpmxJwGif - “tusOf;om;rsm; tvGeftrif; jynfhusyfaer_rsm;a=umifh ² ² ²
a&csKd;uefY tusOf;om;wa,mufonf/ w}udrf ESifh w}udrf=um;wGif &ufowWywfaygif;rsm;pGmjcm;+yD;rS a&csKd;Ekdifavonf
² ² ² tusOf;om;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. tnpfta=u;pGef@jcif; tvkyfukd/ ‚if;wkd@. tusOf;wkduftwGif;Yyif/ avsmhwdavsm&h J
tumjzifh/ vufpGJbmvDykH;xJokd@ pGef@ypfjcif;ukd vkyfaqmif& avonf ² ² ²?” &xm;tvkyform;rsm;om
tusOf;cscH&onfomr[kwfay? “rnfolrqkd rdepfwkdif;Y tzrf;qD;cH&Ekdifavonf”/ tar&duef
owif;axmufwa,mufrS a&;om;cJhavonf? “oGm;yGwfwH wacsmif;rSvGJI/ ‚if;wkd@ESifhtwl bmr#,laqmifcGifhray;yJ/
&maygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolrsm;onf/ ‚if;wkd@tdrfrsm;rS ae@pOfqGJxkwfcHae=u&avonf?” [wfwD*sef (Hattingen) wGif/
zrf;qD;&eftwGuf usL;vGefr_trsm;qkH; tr_rsm;rSm/ pmykd@ckdwaumif vuf0,f&Sdxm;r_/ ppfom;wa,muftm; E_wfrqufr_/
vufurf;a=umfjimpmrsm; jzef@a0r_/ jyifopfykdpwmrsm;tm; pkwf+zJr_/ ESifh cGifhðycsuf vkdifpifr&SdyJ aygifrkef@a&mif;csr_/
ponfwkd@jzpfonf?
,cktcg/ ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; ESifh ukwfrD;aoG;rsm;ukd taemufbufokd@OD;wnfI ae@pOfvkdvkd ykdrkdI

ykd@aqmifaeonfukd awG@jrif&avonf? owˆKwGif;rsm;rSm aemufqkH;wGif r[mrdwfrsm; vma&muf&onfh
&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf xkwfvkyfay;ae&avonf? {+yDvtv,fokd@a&mufaomtcg/ jyifopfwkd@rS tcGefpnf;=uyf xm;onfh/
ausmufrD;aoG;ukefwif/ ukefcs ESifh taumuftcGefZkHe,fajrrsm;rSm &m;jynfe,ftm;/ *smr%DEkdifiH.
tjcm;aoma'orsm;ESifh vkH;0tqufjzwfxm;vkdufavonf? *smrefrsm;onf e,fpyfwav#muf&Sdawmifwef;rsm; ESifh
opfawmrsm;tm;jzwfI v#Kd@0Sufvrf;a=umif;rsm;ukdazmufvyk f+yD;/ tcsKd@aom ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; ESifh/ a&eHESifh
uwW&mrS&aom AifZif;"gwfaq;&nfwkd@ukd ckd;xkwf,l+yD;/ tpm;tpmESifh tjcm;aom tajccHvkdtyfukefrsm;ukd
ckd;a=umifckd;0SufwifoGif;ae&avonf? ,cktcg vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;yif/ awmfvSefqef@usifr_rSm xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smif
ae&avonf?
awmfvSefqef@usifr_rSm aES;vnf; aES;auG;vmonf? rwfv/ {+yDv/ ESifh arvwkd@wGif/ 0ifa&muf vmonfh

ppfvufeufypPnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;wkd@rSm/ armfawmfum;rsm;/ ukefwifum;rsm;tokH;ðyjcif;ukd/ txl; cGifhðycsufygrpf
&Sdolrsm;omtokH;ðyEkdif&ef uef@owfvkdufjcif;jzifh/ t&yfom; jynfolrsm;. v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmr_rSm qkd;qkd;0g;0g;
jzwfawmufcHvkduf&avonf? ZGefv (10) &ufae@aemufykdif;wGif/ armfawmfum;rsm;rSm jyifopfrS xkwfay;onfh
,mOfarmif;vkdifpif&Sdolrsm;om armif;ESifcGifh&Sdavawmhonf? ,if;wGifvnf; ,Ofarmif;ol. aexkdif&mòrd@.

tjyifokd@oGm;vkdygu/ rxGufcGmrD jyifopftm%mykdifrsm;xHrS axmufcHcsuf&,l+yD;rSom òrd@tjyif okd@xGufcGifh&Sdrnfjzpfonf?
bwfpfum;rsm; ESifh "gwf&xm;rsm; tygt0if/ tjcm;aomo,f,lykd@aqmifa&; armfawmf,mOfrsm;tm;vkH;onf
òrd@}uD;rsm;twGif;Y tpm;tpmrsm;ESifh tjcm;tajccHvkdtyfonfh ukefypPnf;rsm; ukd o,faqmifae&onfhtwGuf/
xkdpnf;rsOf;wif;=uyfr_rsm;tm;vkH;onf *smrefrsm;tm; Regie-operated &xm;rsm;tm; tokH;ðy&mwGif rjzpfrae
0ifa&muftultnDay;&rnfh tajctaeokd@ a&muf&Sd&eftwGuf &nf&G,favonf?
aES;auG;aomfjim;vnf;/ taotcsmyif/ odrf;ykdufxm;olrsm;. pnf;rsOf;wif;=uyfr_topfrsm;onf

tcsdef=umvmaomtcg *smrefwkd@. wkdufcsifckdufcsifpdwf &JpGrf;owWdrsm;ukd yGef;yJhvmcJhonf? tvkyform; rsm;pGmwkd@rSm
tqufrjywf/ qufwkdufvkdvkdjzpfay:aeonfh t=uyftwnf;}uD;xJwGif yifyef;EGrf;e,fvm=uav awmhonf? olwkd@onf
pOf;pm;I r&Ekdifavmufatmifyif vkyfaqmifcJh=u+yD;jzpfavonf? xkd@a=umifh tvkyfcGifokd@
jyefvnf0ifa&mufoGm;cJh=uavonf? jyifopfwkd@. &mZoHxGufvm+yD;aemuf/ arv (6) &ufae@wGif rifhZfc&kdif&Sd
&xm;tvkyform; (1000) ausmfwkd@onf vkyfief;cGifokd@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufcJh=uavonf? “jyifopf tm%mykdifrsm;onf/
tvkyform;rsm;tm; nae (5) em&Drxkd;rDtxd vkyfief;cGiftwGif;Y &Sdae&rnf[k rae@naeu &mZoHay;cJhavonf?
ysufuGufygu tvkyfrS xkwfypfrnfjzpf+yD;/ e,fESif'%fay;cH&rnfjzpfonf?” [k onfe,l;a,mufwdkif;rf The New York
Times owif;pm}uD;rS owif;ay;ykd@cJhavonf? “tu,fI ‚if;wkd@taejzifh vkyfief;cGifxJokd@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufygu
tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vkH;/ yifpifrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh ,cifu&&SdcHpm;ae&onfh tcGifhtm%mrsm;ukdvnf;
jyefvnf&&SdcHpm;ap&rnfjzpfa=umif; tmrcHcJhavonf ² ² ² oydwfarSmuftvkyform; rsm;.
rsufESmpkHnDtpnf;ta0;wckY/ tusKd;tjrwfrsm;/ tav;omr_rsm;/ tajctaeaumif;rsm; tm;vkH;onf
vkyfief;cGifjyefvnfpwifjcif;tay:wGif &Sdaeonfqkdonfukd aemufqkH;wGif tm;vkH; oabmwlqkH;jzwfvkduf=u avonf?”
arv (20) &ufae@okd@ a&mufaomtcg/ usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufr_onf aemufqkH;wGif ukefusr_rsm;twGuf

jyefvnfpwif&&Sdvm+yDjzpfonf? xkdae@wGif/ jyifopftpkd;&onf usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufr_ESihfywfoufonfh udef;*%ef;
pm&if;tif;rsm;ukd ausnmcJhavonf? pm&if;xJwGif/ odrf;ykdufr_twGuf ukefusp&dwfrSm jyifopfz&ef@ aiG (145) oef;&Sd+yD;/
ausmufrD;aoG;ESifh ukwfrD;aoG;rsm; a&mif;I&onfh pkpkaygif;aiGrSm z&ef@ (102) oef;&SdcJhav+yD? xkd@tjyif a&mif;&aiGrsm;rSm/
&if;ESD;aiGrsm;xuf ykdrdkv#ifjrefpGmyif pkykHwkd;yGg;aeavonf? yGdKifuJonf ar#mfvifhcsuf a&mifjcnfukd rD;a&mifukd jrifae&av+yD?
“t&l;trl;jzpfaeolrsm;. a&S@wef;wkdufyGJwck”
jyifopf0ef}uD;csKyfawG@cJh&aom tvif;a&mifae&mwGif/ &m;jynfe,ftvkyform;rsm;rSm teDa&mifukd

awG@cJh&avonf? olwkd@onf odrf;ykdufr_tm; “Die Bajonette” “vSHpGyfrsm; usqkH;ygap” [lI
atmf[pfaºuG;a=umfcJh=uavonf? rsm;pGmwkd@rSm jyefvnfvufwkH@jyef&ef toifhjyifxm;cJh=uavonf? tufqef&Sd u&yf
(Krupp) puf&kHwGif/ olwkd@onf xkdtwkdif;yifvkyfaqmifcJh=u+yD;/ wEkdifiHvkH;tm; wkefv_yfapcJhavonf?
u&yf tvkyform;rsm;onf oydwfarSmufr_rsm;ukd rðyvkyfcJhpOfwGif/ olwkd@onf jyifopfppfom;rsm;ESifh

yxrOD;qkH;awG@óuHrnf wkdufyGJokd@ xGufcGm&ef toifhjzpfaecJh=uavonf? puf&kHtwGif;&Sd qkdifwkdif;wGif
ta&;ay:tcsufay;óud;rsm;ukd csdwfqGJxm;=uavonf? tu,fI jyifopfppfom;rsm; puf&kHtwGif;okd@ 0ifa&muf vmygu
xkdtcsufay;óud;ukd qGJ&efjzpfonf? tDpwmyGJawmfrprD/ rwfv (31) &ufae@. eHeufcif;wGif/ jyifopf Akdvfuav; 'l&ufpf
(Lieutenant Durieux) ESifh ppfom; (11) a,mufwkd@onf/ puf&kH. um;*kda'giftwGif;&Sd/ armfawmfum;rsm;ESifh
ukefwifum;rsm;. tao;pdwfpm&if;tm; ppfaq;&eftwGuf/ a&;qGJxm;onfh tpDtpOf twkdif; xGufcGgvmcJh=uavonf?
*kda'gifwHcg;zGifh&ef olwkd@ apmifhaepOfwGif/ tcsufay;O=oqGJoHrsm; xGufay:vm avonf? 'l&ufpfonf tHtm;oifh
=uufaoaooGm;+yD;/ tvkyf=uyftm; xkdO=oqGJoH. t"dy`g,fukd ar;jref;av onf? “vufeufud&d,mrsm;udk
csxm;vkduf=u” [k tvkyf=uyf rS jyefajzavonf? ppfom;rsm;onf tjyifokd@ vSrf;=unfhvkdufaomtcg/
&maygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@tm; pkduf=unhfaeonfukd awG@vkduf &+yD;/ wjznf;jznf;csif;
ykdrkdeD;uyfvmum/ ‚if;wkd@tm; *kda'giftwGif;okd@ acsmifydwfwGef;ykd@aeonfukd awG@vkduf& avonf? xkdpOftwGif;Y/
acgifrdk;ay:rS tvkyform; (2) a,mufonf/ a&aEG;aiG@tylay;onfh tqkd@ukd zGifhvkduf &m/ tcef;onf xlxyfaom

a&aEG;aiG@rsm;jzifh jynfhESufoGm;avawmhonf? xkdtcg 'l&ufpfonf ol@vlrsm;tm;/ owday;ypfcwfr_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef
trdef@ay;vkdufavonf? okd@aomf tvkyform;rsm;rSm ykdIeD;uyfvmavonf? ,cktcg
vkH;0rjrif&awmhonfhtajcjzpfoGm;+yD jzpfavonf/ xkd@a=umifh 'l&ufpfonf ol@&Jabmfrsm;tm; vlrsm;ukd ypfcwf&ef
trdef@ay;vkdufavonf? yGJ+yD;oGm;aomtcgwGif/ tvkyform; (13) a,mufaoqkH;+yD;/ (52) a,mufrSm '%f&m&
&SdoGm;cJh=uavonf?
jyifopfppfom;rsm;onf rdrdwkd@ukd,fukd rdrdwkd@ ckcHumuG,f&eftwGuf ypf&ygonf[k tcsKd@aom *smref rsm;onf

cHpm;rdaecsdefwGif/ xkd “&m;ajray:u aoG;pGef;aom tDpwm”onf *smreftrsm;pkudk a'goaygufuGJapcJh avonf?
aoqkH;oGm;aomolrsm;. tokbrSm cHhnm;wnf+idrfI/ rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwfa&;&m ta&;ygaom tcrf; tem;wck jzpfcJh+yD;/
*k%foduQm&SdpGm usqkH;r_twGuf *k%fðyrSwfwrf;wifcJhavonf? òrd@awmfacgif;aqmifrsm;xHrS pdwftm;xufoefaom
rdef@cGef;rsm;.aemufwGif/ tufqefvrf;rsm;wav#muf pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjyr_wckonf uyfv#ufvkdufygvmcJhavonf?
òrd@awmfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf &m;jynfe,f. jynfolvlxt k m;/ xkdol&Jabm a=umifaomtðytrltwGuf/ ‚if;wkd@.
qef@usifawmfvSefaer_rsm;tm; t&Sdeft[kef ykdrkd jr‡ifhwifjcif;tm;jzifh/ wkH@jyef&kHwifr[kwfyJ/ t=urf;zufenf;jzifh
vufwkH@jyefjcif;udkvnf; a&SmifusOf&ef wkdufwGef;E_d;aqmfvkduf avonf?
xkdtrSmpum;rSm tajccHtm;jzifh ZEM0g&DvwGif xkwfjyefcJhaom trSmpum;rsm;ESifh twlwlyifjzpf onf?

okd@aomf aemufqufwGJ tjzpftysufrsm;rSm ododomom}uD;ukd ajymif;vJaeavonf? jyifopfrsm;onf rD;ukef,rf;ukef
ykdrkdjyif;xefpGm zdESdyfavawmhonf? rsm;pGmwkd@rSm jyefvnf rwkH@jyefEkdifcJh=uacs? a=umuf&GH@=u onfukd od&Sdaoma=umifh/
tufqef&Sd jyifopfwyfrSL;onf wifhum;rsm; ESifh pufaoeufrsm;ukdifaqmifxm;onfh wyfpdwfwpdwfukd
ac:,lvkdufavonf? okd@&mwGif ppfaoG;ºuG trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;rSm/ u&yfowfjzwfr_twGuf vufpm;acs vufwkH@jyef&ef
qkH;jzwfcJh=uavonf? xkd@a=umifh xkdae@ rGef;vGJykdif;wGifyif/ b,fvf*sD,rfppfom; wa,muf/ jyifopf&Jom;wa,muf/ ESifh
jyifopftif*sifeD,m ESpfa,mufwkd@tm; wkdufckduf/ &kdufESufcJh=uav onf? aemufykdif;wGif 'lqJvfa'hgzf (Düsseldorf) &Sd
jyifopfppfom;rsm;tm; vufypfAkH;rsm;jzifh ypfoGif;cJh=u avonf? tufqef&Sd t"durD;&xm;blwm&kHwckwGif
tapmifhwa,mufrSm *smrefaoewform;wa,muf. vufcsufjzifh towfcHcJh&avonf?
av0ifavxGufaygufwcktwGif;rSaeI v#Kd@0SufpGm acsmif;ajrmif;I ypfcwf oGm;jcif;jzpfonf?
u&yfjy\emonf trsKd;om;a&; t=urf;zuf0g'Drsm; ESihf uGefjrLepf t=urf;zuf0g'D/ ESpfzufpvkH;ukdyg

t&Sdeft[kefwkd;jr‡ifhapcJhavonf? ‚if;wkd@onf a&yef;pm;aeonfh t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_tay:wGif pdwfysuf
aeaomfvnf;/ zdESdyfr_rsm;ukd t=urf;zufr_rygyJ rnfuJhokd@ wkH@jyefrnfqkdonfh/ wzufoufzdESdyfaer_rsm;ukd
wzufapmif;eif;rjzpfatmif tav;wif;ay;onfh rnfonfhtjrifrsKd;rSvnf; r&Sdacs? rwfv (1) &ufae@wGif/ ukdifZm 0DvsH
(2) (Kaiser Wilhelm II) ./ yk*~dKvfa&;qkdif&m oli,fcsif;wOD;jzpfol AkdvfcsKyf AGef z&efpGm (General von François)
onf ajymufusm; ppfyGJ qifEGJ&ef v_H@aqmfóud;yrf;cJhavonf? “vlOD;a& (60˜000˜000) &Sdonfh EkdifiHwckonf/ &m;jynfe,f&Sd
‚if;wkd@. nDtukdrsm;tm;/ jyifopfvljzLESifh vlrnf;rsm;rS vnfyif;n‡pfaeonfhtjzpfukd rnfokd@r# vufwkH@rjyefyJ
rxkHwufaw;jzifh qufvuf=unfhaernfvm;´” [lI ‚if;rS ar;jref;cJhavonf? “u|Ekfyfwkd@. ajray:wGif
aumif;pGmzGJ@pnf;avhusifhxm;aom ajymufusm;ppfyGJwckonf &efolwkd@.ysufpD;qkH;&_H;r_rsm;ESihftwl r=umciftwGi;f rSmyif
tqkH;owfoGm;vdrfhrnfqkdonfukd u|efawmhfhtaejzifh oHo,r&Sday?” [k qufvufajymcJhavonf? AkdvfcsKyfonf
omref*smrefwOD;r[kwfay? jyifopfrsm;onf &m;okd@vm&mwGif ‚if;wkd@. wyfzGJ@rsm;twGif;Y tmz&duefwyfzGJ@rsm;ukdvnf;
yg0ifxnfhoGif;xm;cJhonfukd owdðyrdcJhavonf? xkd@twGufa=umifh/ olonf *smreftrsKd;orD;rsm;tm;/
vlrnf;ppfom;rsm;. +cdrf;ajcmuf aeonfh t"rRrk'def;usihf r_rsm;rS umuG,&f eftwGuf toif;tzGJ@rsm;ukd
zGJ@pnf;xm;cJhavonf?
&m;wjynfe,fvkH;&Sd vli,frsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ tvkyfvufrJhjzpfaeonfh vkHòcHa&; ykvdyfrsm;/ ESifh

ppfjyefppfr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;ukd/ t&m&Sda[mif;}uD;rsm;. tultnDjzifh apwemh0efxrf;wyfzGJ@rsm; (Free Corps) ukd
zGJ@pnf;cJhavonf? wcsed fwnf;wGifyif/ Reichswehr High Command onf ppfwyftm; wkd;csJ@&eftwGuf v#Kd@0SufpGm
qkH;jzwfcJhavonf? Black Reichswehr tjzpfvlodrsm;onfh tqkdyg topfzGJ@pnf;r_rsm;wGif ppfom;rsm;vnf;
yg0ifavonf? xkdppfom;rsm;rSm &m;jynfe,fwGif &xm;vrf;rsm;/ &xm;wGJrsm; azmufcGJzsufqD;&efESifh jyifopf ESifh
b,fvf*sD,Hppfom;rsm;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&eftwGuf apv$wfjcif;cH&ol rsm;jzpf=uonf? aemifwGif

*smref0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmrnfholwOD;onf ppfwyftwGuf tvkyfvkyfcJhavonf? xkdolrSm [def;&pf b&leif; (Heinrich
Bruning) qkdoljzpf+yD;/ tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmifrnfh olrsm;tm;/ axmufyHhulnD&eftwGuf/
aiGpuULtjynfhxnfhxm;onfh vufqGJaowWmrsm;jzifh &m;jynfe,ftwGif; okd@0ifa&mufcJhavonf?
xkd “t=urf;zufqef@usiaf wmfvSefr_” (active resistance)tm; wkdufckduf&eftwGuf/ jyifopfrsm; onf

t=urf;zufr_rsm; jzpfyGg;aom òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif/ rnfonfhw&m;cHr# &SmazGrawG@&Sdygu/ xkdòrd@ukd '%f&kduf avonf? uwf0*f
(Kettwig) òrd@wGif jyifopfppfom; (2) a,mufrSm acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwf owfjzwfjcif; cHvkduf&aomtcg/ rwfaiG
woef;ay;aqmif&ef '%f&kdufvkdufavonf? òrd@tkyfcsKyfa&; t&m&Sdrsm;onf '%faiG ay;aqmif&ef jiif;qefaomtcg/
ppfom;rsm;onf wtdrfwkdif;pD. xnfh0if&rnfhaiGukd wtdrfwuf/ wtdrfqif; vkdufvHaumufcHavawmhonf? rwfv
(11) &ufae@wGif/ bltm (Buer) òrd@teD;&Sd/ aus;vuf um;vrf;rwck tay:wGif/ jyifopf uif;vSnfhwyfzGJ@wckonf/
aemufausmrSaeI ypfcHxm;&onfh jyifopfppfom;ESpfa,muf. tavmif;ukd awG@&SdcJhavonf? vufpm;acs
vufwkH@jyefonfhtaejzifh/ jyifopfppfom;rsm;onf òrd@wGi;f &Sd/ *smref (8) a,mufukd/ 0&kef;okef;um; owfyGJwckY/
ypfowfcJhavonf?
t=urf;zufr_rsm;onf ppfom;rsm;odrf;ykdufxm;onfh ae&mrsm;wGifomruawmhyJ/ jyifopfwkd@ xdef;csKyfxm;onfh

&xm;vrf;rsm; ESifh wl;ajrmif;rsm;wGifvnf; jzpfyGg;cJhavonf? azaz:0g&Dvv,fwGif *smref
azmufcGJzsufqD;a&;toif;rsm;onf/ tcsuftjcmusaom &kdif;-[ef; wl;ajrmif; (Rhine-Herne Canal) .
toufaoG;a=umae&mrsm;ukd ydwfqkd@&eftwGuf ausmufrD;aoG;wif a&,mOfwGJrsm;ukd ESpfjr‡KyfcJhavonf?
xkdwl;ajrmif;rSwqifh ausmufrD;aoG;wif a&,mOfwGJtrsm;pkonf vma&mufqkH=u+yD; jyifopfokd@ jzwfoef;oGm;
vmjcif;jzpfonf? wl;ajrmif;&Sd jyifopfppfom;rsm;onf jrifuGif;xJokd@ a&muf&Sdvmonfh rnfolrqkdtm; ypfcwf&ef
trdef@&&Sdxm;=uavonf? okd@&mwGif *smrefrsm;onf a&S@okd@ óudwifa&mufESifhae=u+yD;/ t"duusonfh wl;ajrmif;cGJwckukd
azmufcGJzsufqD;ypfvkdufjcif;jzifh/ usef&Sdaeaom a&,mOfrsm;ukd cef;ajcmufaeaom a&atmuf=urf;jyifay:wGif
aomifwifaeapavonf? 'GdKifpfbmh*f (Duisburg) wGif/ òrd@wGif;okd@0ifonfh t"du rD;&xm;wHwm;wckudkvnf;
azmufcGJzsufqD;ypfvkduf+yD;/ b,fvf*sD,Hppfom; (9) a,mufvnf; towfcHcJh=u &avonf? vufwkH@jyef
uvJhpm;acsr_rsm;onf '%faiG&kdufjcif;ESifh nrxGuf& umzsL;trdef@rsm; xkwfjyef vkdufjcif;jzpfonf? *smrefrsm;vnf;
rD;&xm;. tv,fwGJrsm;wGif vkdufygpD;eif;&ef vkdtyfvmavawmhonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf xkdtv,fwGJrsm;rSm
trsm;qkH;wkdufckduf cH&Ekdifonfh twGJrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
txufyg tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;rsm;. aemufuG,fwGif&Sdaeaomolwa,mufrSm tJvfbwf &Svf*Dwm (Albert

Schlageter) jzpfavonf? xkdvlonf y&yf&Sef; t&m&Sda[mif;wOD;jzpf+yD;/ arvwGif tzrf;cHcJh&I/
ao'%fpD&ifcsufcscHcJh&+yD;/ towfcHcJh&avonf? jyifopfwkd@onf xkdvltm; ‚if;wkd@. ppfom;rsm;ukd
vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhaom trsKd;om;a&;0g'D*kd%f;rsm;. acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf[k ,kH=unfaecJh=uavonf? aemufykdif;
&ufowWywfrsm;twGif;Y trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;onf tJvfbwf &S,fvf*Dwm (Albert Schlageter) tm;/ *smref aeoef
a[;vf (Nathan Hale) tjzpf bdodufoGef;ajr‡mufcJh=uavonf? ‚if;tm; ao'%fay;owfjzwfjcif;onf
t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_awmfvSefa&;. rD;awmufrsm;ukd tm;jznfh ,yfcwfay;jcif;jzpfonf[k ar#mfvifhae cJh=uavonf?
“tu,fI Schlageter . owfjzwfcH&r_onf/ b,fwkef;ur# *smrefvlrsKd;wkd@. p&kdufobm0 r[kwfcJhonfh/
rwkefrv_yfjzifh wkH%Sdbma0qdwfqdwfaeum acgif;ikH@cHaejcif;/ a0'emukd }udwfrSdwfcHpm;jcif;ESifh atmufusKd@toem;cH
t&_H;ay;&jcif;wkd@xufykdonfh rnfokd@ aom wkH@jyefv_H@aqmfcHpm;r_rsKd;rS jzpfay:rvmcJhbl; qkdv#if/ *smrefEkdifiHawmf}uD;onf
'kuQvSvSawG@awmh rnfjzpfavonf” [k owif;pmwapmifrS atmf[pfjrnf wrf;cJhavonf? &S,fvf*Dwm.
aoqkH;jcif;onf usEkyfwkd@tm;/ +idrf;csrf;a&; w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;r_ atmufwGif aexkdifae&jcif;r[kwfyJ/ *smr%D.
aojcif;w&m;ESifh &ifqkdif&kef;uef wkdufckdufae&r_t=um;wGif aexkdifae =u&onfqkdonfukd owday;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?”
ta'ghzf [pfwvmrS atmufarhzG,ftcrf;tem;wckY jynfol (25˜000) tm;ajymcJhonfrSm “usaemfwkd@ vkdtyfaewmu
tm;enf;csdeJ@aeolawG&J@ pkpnf;nD!Gwfr_wck r[kwfbl;/ t&l;trl;eJ@ a&S@wef;xGufwkdufrnfh xkd;ppfwckyJjzpfw,f?”

“vufav#mht&_H;ay;vkdufjcif; ² ² ²”
0ef}uD;csKyf ulEkdonf t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_udk vufav#mht&_Hay;&eftwGuf jyifqifxm;r_ r&SdcJhao;ay?

um;vfp&l; (Kalsruhe) Y ol@taejzifh jiif;csufxkwfcJhonfrSm “t=urf;rzuf/ }uhH}uHhcH tHwk ckcHr_qkdonfrSm/
pwifvkyfaqmifrdonfESifh qufvufI awmufav#mufvkyfaqmif&onfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsKd;jzpfay onf?” okd@aomf ulEkd.
arwWm&yfcHcsufukd rnfolr# em;raxmifcJh=uay? tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;rsm;rSm ,cktcg ‚if;wkd@a&G;cs,fvkdufonfh
qef@usifawmfvSefr_ enf;vrf;jzpfoGm;avonf? t=urf;zufenf;vrf;jzifh qef@usif awmfvSeftHwkr_onf
tvkyform;rsm;tay:wGif =urf;wrf;jyif;xefaom vufpm;acs/ vufwkHjyefr_rsm; a&muf&Sdvmwwfonfukd
em;vnfxm;=uaom/ tvkyform;rsm; acgif;aqmifrsm;onfyifv#if/ ulEkdtm; xdk t=urf;zufqef@usif awmfvSefr_tm;
vpfvsL&_aeonfrsm;ukd &yfwef@ygawmh&ef ,cktcg toem;cHae=uawmh avonf? okd@aomf xkd
t=urf;rzufv_tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_jzpfay:vmatmif &yfwef@vkdufaom vkyfaqmifr_onf wefbkd;}uD;}uD;wckukdyg
,laqmifvmavonf? wif;=uyfaom nrxGuf&trdef@rsm;ukd xkwfjyefvkduf+yD;/ &m;wjynfe,fvkH;wGif *smref rsm;onf
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufapmfum;cH&r_rsm; ykdrkdIjzpfay:p&m jzpfae avonf? EkdifiHom;rsm;rSm ajray:wGif wGef;vSJcH=u&+yD;/
‚if;wkd@. pufbD;rsm;ukd uefausmufjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcH=u&avonf? jyifopfwyfzGJ@ rsm;. "m;jywkdufjcif;ukdyif
cHae=u&avonf?
&m;. pnf;urf;&Sdaom òrd@}uD;om;yDor_rSaeI/ vlr_a&;qkdif&m r+idrfroufz&kdz&Jjzpfr_rsm;qDokd@ euf&_dif;pGm

xkd;pkdufusqif;oGm;jcif;onf rwfaiGòydvJusqif;r_ukd jzpfapcJhavonf? {+yDv (18) &ufae@wGif/ *smrefrwfaiGonf
tar&duef (1) a':vmv#if (23˜000) rS (33˜000) txd usqif;oGm;avonf? &kdufcsfb%f (Reichsbank) onf
‚if;.t&Ha&$rsm;jzifh EkdifiHjcm;aiGa=u;vJvS,f&m aps;uGurf sm;Y *smrefrwfaiGrsm;ukd 0,f,lI aiGa=u;wnf+idrfap&ef
óud;yrf;cJhavao;onf? okd@&mwGif xkd aiGa=u;wefbkd; xkd;pkdufusqif;oGm;jcif;ukd ppfaq;&efrSm A[kdb%ftwGuf
ta&;}uD;ayonf? ,if;onf ulEkdtpkd;&twGuf wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;r_wcktjzpf jzpfvmcJhavonf?
ppfavsmfa=u;ay;qyfr_ukd jyefvnfpwif&efrSm a&Smifv$JIr&Ekdifqkdonfukd qkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf oabmaygufcJh=uavonf?
olwkd@onf tpkd;&tm; ‚if;. a&$ESifh EkdifiHjcm;aiG ukdifaqmifxm;r_rsm;ukd/ rwfaiG wefbkd;xdef;odrf;xm;&eftwGuf
ar#mfvifhcsufr&Sdaom óud;yrf;r_ rsm;wGif tcsnf;ESD; ðzef;wD;r_rsm;ukd rðyvkyfyJ/ xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufxm;&ef
tvkd&Sd=uavonf? trsKd;om;a&; 0g'Drsm;onf qef@usifawmfvSefaer_rsm;tm; qufvufaxmufyhHulnDaejcif;tm;jzifh/
rwfaiGonf a':vmtm; E_ef;xm;w&yfwGif uef@owfxm;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k ,kH=unfaecJh=uavonf? “TwkdufyGJwGif/
&kdufcsfb%f. a&$rsm;onf u|Ekfyfwkd@. aoewfusnfqH,rf;r_ef@rsm; yifjzpfonf? 'gawGeJ@ usaemfwkd@ ypfcwf&rnf?” [k
‚if;wkd@. ajyma&;qkdcGifh&SdolrS *smrefv$wfawmf (Reichstag) twGif;Y a=unmcJhavonf? b¾ma&; t"du&k%f;onf
vufawG@t=urf;zuf t"du&k%f;. ulazmf avmifzuftdrfazmfyifjzpf&rnf?
aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ta=umif;aqG;aEG;ajymqkdaejcif;rsm;onf/ ppf}uD;pwif+yD;qkH;onf tapmykdif;ae@rsm;

uwnf;uyifjzpfonfhtwGuf ae@pOfvkyfukdifae&onfh a0,sm0pPozG,f +iD;aiG@zG,f&mjzpfaecJhavonf? okd@aomf ‚if;onf
,cktcg wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;zG,f&m 'kuQwckjzpfvmav+yD? “&kwfw&ufqkdovkdyif/ b%frsm;wGif jynfolwkd@ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
pkaqmif;vmcJhaom aiGpkvufrSwfrsm;onf bmr#wefbkd;r&SdawmhovkdjzpfoGm;av awmhonf?” [k oDtkd a*g'pf (Theo
Gaudig) rS jyefajymif;atmufarhonf? puf&kHrS vkyftm;crsm;ukd tvkyform;rsm;tm; ay;+yD;aomtcg ‚if;wkd@.
tdrf&Sifrrsm;onf/ tvkyform;rsm;xHrS vpmaiGudk vufcH,l+yD;/ vdktyfonfrsm;ukd tv#iftjrefcsufjcif;0,f&eftwGuf
puf&kH*dwfwHcg;rsm;qDokd@ csufjcif;a&mufvm=uavonf? okd@r[kwfygu aemufwae@wGif aiGa=u;wefzkd;
xyfrHusqif;oGm;Ekdifaoma=umifhjzpfavonf? “v,form; rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@. xkwfukefrsm;ukd aps;uGufxJrSma&mif;cszkd@
rwkdufwGef; rpnf;&kH;oifhygbl;/ rufaiGwefzkd;[m tqufrjywfusqif;aeygw,f/ olwkd@ukd
twif;t=uyfwkdufwGef;+yD;a&mif;csvkd h&wJh rufaiG[m olwkd@ tdrfukd jyefra&mufcifrSmyJ wefbkd;xyfrHusqif;oGm;rSmrkd@
v,form;rsm;ukd 'kuQ ray;oifhygbl;” [k +Adwdo# owif;pm q&mwOD;rS a&;om;cJhavonf?
rwfvwGif/ a'owckvkH;Y &m&Sifpepfukd pwifusifhokH;cJhavonf? tu,fI bmviftpkd;&onf

&m;jynfe,fwGif;okd@ tpm;tpmrsm; wifoGif;r_ukd &yfwef@vkdufygu tcuftcJjzpfrnf pkd;aoma=umifh/ jyifopf wkd@onf
(2) ywfpm &duQmrsm;ukd tefwGmhyf (Antwerp) ESifh a&mhwm'rf (Rotterdam) wkd@wGif 0Sufxm;vkduf=uavonf?

urBmhtjrifrsm;wGif *smrefwkd@. iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_rsm;onf rdrdwkd@wGif wm0ef&Sdonf[laom tjrifrsKd; jrifvmrnfukd
a=umuf&GH@=uaoma=umifhjzpfavonf? olwkd@onf 0g'jzef@csdr_ taejzifh tcrJhpm;aomufEdkifonfh
pwk'Dompcef;rsm;ukdvnf; zGifhvSpfay;cJhavonf? *smrefrsm;onf tpkvkduf/ tòyHvkdufaejcif;rsm;ukd a&Smif&Sm;=uavonf?
vufpm;acs vufwkH@jyefr_udk a=umuf&GH=uaoma=umifhESifh pufr_ vkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif pm;zkdaqmifrsm;ukd
zGifhvSpfvkduf=uaoma=umifhjzpfavonf?
jzpfcsifawmh tvGeftrif;qkd;0g;aeaom *smrefrsm;onf xkdpufr_vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;. pwk'Domukd

vufcH,lcJh=uavonf? xkdpufr_vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;onf tpkd;&. aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ukd &yfwef@atmif óud;pm;&m wGif
rjzpfpavmuftenf;i,fom yg0ifulnDvkyfaqmif=uolrsm;jzpfonf? vufawG@trSefwu,fwGifrl/ xkdpufr_
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf xkdokd@ vkyfaqmif=ujcif;jzifh tjrwftpGef;rsm;yif &&Sd=uao;onf? olwkd@onf &kdufcsfb%frS &&Sdonfh
tcsKd@aomacs;aiGrsm;jzifh vkyfief;twGuf vkdtyfonhf taqmufttkHopfrsm;ukd wnfaqmuf=u+yD;/ aemifwGif
acs;aiG;rsm;ukd jyefqyfaomtcg usqif;aeaomaiGwefbkd;jzifh jyefqyf&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? [l*kd pwif; (Hugo
Stinnes) onf bkdc|rf ESifh tufqefòrd@ (2) òrd@t=um;wGif }uD;rm;aom puf&kHopf}uD;wckudk pwif wnfaqmufcJh+yD;/
wkdifqefpuf&kHonf ukwfrD;aoG;zkdtopfrsm;ukd aps;E_H;csKdompGmjzifh 0,f,lEkdifcJhavonf?
tvkyfvufrJhrsm;/ vlr_a&; r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm;/ ESifh tvkyform;rsm;. ‚if;wkd@. vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tay:

rauseyfcsuftopfrsm; ponfwkd@ jrifhwufvmaoma=umifh/ jyifopfqef@usifawmfvSefa&; a&S@wef;rsm;wGif
vkyfukdifae=uaomolrsm;onf/ ,cktcg uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh qufoG,faygif;zuf=uavawmhonf? {+yDv (18) &ufae@wGif
rlvf[drf; (Mülheim) òrd@Y/ xkdolrsm;. qENjyr_rsm;/ oydwfrsm;onf a&S@wef;okd@wufvmavawmhonf? *smref
rufaiGwefbkd;rsm; usqif;+yD;aemufwae@wGif/ (2000) cef@&Sdonfh/ *smref tvkyfvufrJh vltkyf}uD;wtkyfonf/
rlvf[drf;òrd@awmfcrf;rukd ydwfqkd@vkduf+yD;/ 0efxrf;t&m&Sd (300) cef@ukd "m;pmcHtjzpf jyefay;qGJxm;vkduf avonf?
òrd@v,facgifukd tjcm;aom ae&mrsm;ESifh tqufjzwfxm;vkduf+yD;/ qkdifrsm;tm;vkH; ESifh &kH;rsm;ukd ydwfypfvkdufavonf?
xkdae@wGifyif/ tufqefòrd@Y vl (1800) wkd@onf tufqifòrd@awmfcrf;rokd@ csDwufvm =u+yD;/ jyifopfwkd@tm;
qef@usifaeonfhumvtwGif;Y ‚if;wkd@ qkH;&_H;cJh&onfh vkyfief;cGif epfemr_avsmfa=u;aiG rsm;ukd csufjcif;vufiif;
aiGom;jzifh ay;aqmif&ef awmif;qkd=uavonf? xkdv_yf&Sm;r_ (2) ckpvkH;onf bkdc|rfòrd@ tpnf;ta0;wckY
qkdAD,ufoHukd,fpm;vS,f (2) a,mufrS rdef@cGef;rajymrD 2 n qufwkdufvkyfaqmif&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
arv (22) &ufae@wGif/ *smref rufaiGonf tar&duef 1 a':vmv#if (57˜000) txd xkd;pkdufusqif;
oGm;avawmhonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;. aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;onf tv#iftjref jyef@ESH@vmavawmhonf? arv (24)
&ufae@wGif/ *Jvfqefumcsef (Gelsenkirchen) òrd@Y uGefjrLepftvkyform;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHom;rsm;. umuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;
t=um; t"du&k%f;wckjzpfyGm;cJhavawmhonf? (8) a,mufaoqkH;cJh=u+yD;/ vl (70) ESifh (80) t=um; xdckduf'%f&m
&&SdcJh=uavonf? xkd@aemuf uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ykvdyf&kH;csKyftm; odrf;ykdufvkduf =u+yD; rD;wif&_d@vkduf=uavonf?
tvm;wl t"du&k%f;rsm;onf &m;wjynfe,fvkH;wGif jzpfyGg;cJhavonf? tufqefESif a'ghrGef; (Dortmund) ESpfòrd@pvkH;wGif
pwkd;qkdifrsm; ESifh t0wftxnfqkdifrsm;rSm vk,ufzsufqD; jcif;rsm;cH=u&+yD;/ rD;&_d@cHcJh=u&avonf?
arvukefykdif;okd@ a&mufaomtcg tcsKd@aom owˆKwGif; tvkyform; (800˜000) wkd@onf oydwf

arSmufr_rsm;ukd ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? okd@aomf tpkd;&rS taxmuftyHhay;onfh t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh ‚if;wkd@.
tvkyfrsm;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifae=uolrsm;t=um;wGif jzpfygG ;onfqadk om pma=umif;ukrd l r_efr_e0f g;0g;om
azmfjyxm;avonf? tcsKd@aom òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif ESpfzufpvkH;onf twlwuG tvkyfvkyf&ef óud;pm;cJh=uaomfvnf;/
òrd@i,faygif;rsm;pGmwGif t=urf;rzuf tHwkv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;t=um;wGif 0g'jzef@csdjcif;rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/
oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;jzifhvnf;/ wefjyefoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tjyef tvSef wkdufckdufaecJh=uavonf?
,if;wkd@onf òrd@wkdif;wGif ‚if;wkd@zmom ‚if;wkd@ jzpfyGm;ae=ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ tvkyform;wkdif;onf ‚if;wkd@. vkHòcHa&;twGuf
‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdifpdwful;jzifh ‚if;wkd@ vkyfaqmif=ujcif;jzpfonf?
jyifopfwkd@tm; qef@usifawmfvSef&eftwGuf ‚if;wkd@. cGeftm;rsm;ukd tajrmuftjrm;tokH;ðycJh=u

aomor*~rsm;onf/ jyifopfwkd@tm; odrf;ykdufxm;r_onf ppfavsmfa=u;pmcsKyfukd topfjyefvnfcsKyfqkdjcif;xuf
rsm;pGmukefusaiGwefbkd; }uD;rm;onfqkdonfukd jyifopfwkd@tm; jzm;a,mif;pnf;&kH;&mY wpkHw&m wkd;wufr_r&Sd ygyJ/

‚if;wkd@. &if;ESD;jr‡yfEHScJhonfh cGeftm;rsm; jrifhwufvmonfukd *smrefrsm;t=um;&Sd t"du&k%f;rD;ckd;rsm; twGif;Y
pwifawG@&Sd&avawmhonf? rwfv (20) &ufae@xuf apmvsifpGm/ rkdif;wGif;vkyfom;rsm;or*~onf tpkd;&tm;
“&m;wkdufyGJtqkH;owf&eftwGuf jzpfEkdifacs&Sdonfh rokH;pGJ&ao;onfh cGeftm;rsm;ukd tokH;rðyyJxm; vkduf&efESifh
ppfavsmfa=u; jy\emukd aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;jzifh tajz&Sm&ef” wkdufwGef; awmif;qkdvkdufav onf? okd@&mwGif
trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;rSm aysmhajymif;r_r&Sd=uacs? ulEkdonf ‚if;. trSefwu,f &yfwnfcsufoabmxm;rsm;onf
xkdolrsm;ESifh ykdrkdeD;uyfvmavonf? (aemufykdif;wGif/ &mxl;rS E_wfxGuf+yD; aemuf/ olonf ukdifZm. tvHukd [rf;bmh*f&Sd
oltvkyf vkyfaeaom taqmuftOD;. tay:Y v$ifhxlxm; vkdufavonf? (1933) ckESpf ol raoqkH;rDtxd ta'ghvfzf
[pfwvmtm; jywfjywfom;om; axmufcHcJh avonf?)
aemufqkH;jzpfEkdifajc&Sdonfh tcsdefrwkdifrDtxd jyif;jyxufoefaom tHwkckcHr_onf tEW&m,frsm;aom

pGef@pm;onfh AsL[mwckjzpfcJhavonf? wkdif;jynfrSukefqkH;oGm;onf pD;yGg;a&;qkdif&m qkH;&_H;r_ukefuswefbkd;rsm;ESifh/
&m;jynfe,ftwGuf qkH;&_H;vkduf&aom vl@toufrsm;. wefbkd;wkd@twGuf rnfonfh oufom&moufom a=umif;r#
r&Sd[k uwday;cJhavonf? ulEkd ESifh tD;bwf wkd@onf awmfvSefqef@usifr_. a&csdef tjrifhqkH;trSwfokd@
a&muf&Sdaeonfhtcsdefukd od&SdcJhygv#if/ (jyifopfwkd@ ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ukd r&&SdrDtcsdef/ *smrefwkd@. pnf;vkH; nD!Gwfr_onf
jyif;xefaecsdef/ xkd@tjyif &m;urfh[k udef;*%ef;wefzkd;rsm;onf }uD;rm;rvmao;rDtcsdefwkd@ jzpfonf?) yGdKifuJtm;
t=urf;zuf ESdrfESif;òzdcGif;r_rsKd;r[kwyf J/ ‚if;. taoa&ukdq,fEkdifaom wjcm;aomenf;vrf;ukd zGifhay;cJhygv#if/ olwkd@onf
jyifopfwkd@ESifh t"dy`g,fjynfh0aom/ wefbkd;&Sdaom aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_wckudk ðyvkyfEkdifcJhvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?
upm;yGJ.tqkH;Y olwkd@ trSefwu,f&ifqkdifcJh&onfrSm/ awmfvSefqef@usifr_onfh tpGef;ESpfzufpvkH;&Sd

t,ltqrwlol EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;. jyefay;qGJjcif;ukdcHvkduf&jcif;omjzpfonf? vufsm0g'Drsm;bufwGif/
yxrurBmppf}uD;wGif &_H;edrfh&r_ESifh t&Sufr&Sdaom wzufapmif;eif; Amqkdif;pmcsKyftay: vufwkH@jyefcsifolrsm;.
óud;yrf;&kef;uefr_onf ppfyGJwckjzpfvmcJhavonf? vuf0J0g'Drsm;bufwGif/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_.'%fudkr&_rvS cHvkduf&aom
tvkyform;rsm;onf tvGeftrif;pdwfysufvmcJh=u+yD;/ tcsKd@onf vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; uGefjrLepf0g' zufokd@
OD;vSnfhoGm;cJhavawmhonf? &ufowWywfrsm;pGm=um+yD;aemuf/ ulEkd ESifh ol. 0ef}uD; tzGJ@onf tqkd;0g;qkH;aom
aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_rsm;/ wkd;jrifhvmonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ ESifh or*~rsm;ESifh ckcHumuG,fa&; aumfrwDrsm;twGif;Y
wkdufcsifckdufcsifpdwfrsm; w[kefxkd;usqif;oGm;jcif;wkd@ESifh &ifqkdif&avawmhonf? aemufqkH;wGif *smrefv$wfawmf
(Reichstag) twGif; t,kHt=unfr&Sd tqkdwckESifh &ifqkdif&avawmhonf? olwkd@wGif a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;r&Sdawmhay?
olwkd@onf ajy+idrf;&efom&Sdawmhavonf?
0ef}uD;csKyfESifh ol. vlrsm;onf awmif;qkdcsuftopfrsm;yg0ifonfh oHwrefa&;&may;pmwapmifukd

rl=urf;a&;qGJcJh=u+yD;/ ‚if;udk arv (2) &ufae@wGif jyifopfESifh b,fvf*sD,rftpkd;&rsm;okd@ ay;ykd@cJh=uavonf? ,if;onf
ppfavsmfa=u;jy\emukd oyGwftlvkdufaeI ajz&Sif;I r&aoma=umifh t=urf;enf;jzifhajz&Sif;&ef rxl;Zmwfcif;vkdufonfh
urf;vSrf;r_wckyifjzpf+yD;/ usL;ausmfodrf;ykduf&jcif;. &nf&G,fcsufukd odrfzsif;ap avonf? (4) ESpfwm
w&m;0ifqkdif;iHhxm;r_tay: ra&r&mjzpfaer_ESifh EkdifiHjcm;acs;aiG tajrmuftrsm;ukd pkpkaygif; ay;qyf&rnfh
ppfavsmfa=u;aiGrS/ rwfaiG bDvD,H (30) ukd aiGom;jzifh ay;acs&ef urf;vSrf;jcif; jzpfonf? okd@&mwGif rausreyf
atmifhoufoufjzpf&r_wckonf ol. &nf&G,fcsufukd ysupf D;qkH;yg;oGm;ap&ef taxmuftxm;jzpfcJhavonf?
usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufxm;onfh a'orsm;tm; ru,fwifEkdifao;rDtcsdeftxd/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd
qufvufvkyfaqmifaernfjzpfonf[k ulEkd rS ajymcJhavonf? “usL;ausmfodrf;ykduf r_onf xkda'o&Sd jynfolvlxktm;
t=urf;rzufqef@usifawmfvSefr_ vkyfaqmif&ef wGef;tm;ay;vkdufjcif; yifjzpfonf? *smreftpkd;&onf
rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl ‚if;. w&m;0if&yfwefaeaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd pGef@v$wfvkduf&ef (okd@r[kwf) &yfwef;u
&yfvkduf&ef ðyvkyfrnfr[kwfygyJ/ ae@pOfjrifhwufvmaeaom wif;rmr_rsm;ukd av#mhcs&efESifh/ wrifoufouf
ta=umif;rJhzsufqD;aeaom pD;yGg;a&;wefbkd;rsm; &yfwef@oGm; ap&ef qENrsm;ukd r#a0cHpm;r_ðyvkyfaernfjzpfygonf?”
jynfolvlxkonf awmfvSefqef@usifr_tm; aqmf=opnf;&kH;r_rsm; ðyvkyfae&rnfjzpfonf/ okd@&mwGif tpkd;&onf

&yfwef@vkduf&ef ajymcJhvdrfhrnf[k ulEkdrS ajymqkdcJhavonf? yGdKifuJonf ,kHvG,fvGef;ol wa,muf r[kwfay?
“awmfvSefqef@usifr_ukd ðyvkyf&ef qEN&Sd+yD;/ pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfaeonfrSm jynfolvlxkr[kwfyJ/ *smref tpkd;&omjzpfonf” [k
‚if;rS jyefajymcJhavonf? “aphpyfajy+idrf;+yD;rSom qef@usifawmfvSefaer_rsm;onf &yfwef@oGm;vdrfhrnf[k ,cktcg

*smreftpkd;&onf tºuGif;rJh todtrSwfðy vufcHxm;+yD; jzpfavonf? tu,fI awmfvSefqef@usifaer_rsm;onf
tvkdtavsmufjzpfvmcJhonfqkdygu/ *smreftpkd;&onf rnfuJhokd@ &yfwef@Ekdifrnfenf;/ (okd@r[kwf) rnfr#
=umanmif;apEkdifrnfenf;´ b,fvf*sD,HESifh jyifopftpkd;&rsm;onf qef@usifawmfvSefaer_rsm; &Sdaeao;oa&G@/ *smrefwkd@.
rnfonfh urf;vSrf;t}uHðycsufukdr# vufcHpOf;pm;Ekdifrnf r[kwfay?” *smrefrsm; t&_H;ray;oa&G@ jyifopfrsm;onf
ajy+idrf;cJhvdrhfrnfr[kwfacs?
‚if;. urf;vSrf;r_topfukd +Adwdo#ESifh tar&duefwkd@onf pdwf0ifpm;r_tenf;i,fukd jyovm=uaom tcg/

ulEkdonf ol. EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;rSaeI ol@tm; E_wfxGuf&ef zdtm;ay;avawmhonf? olonf jiif;qkdvkduf+yD;/ xkdtpm;
'kwd,ajrmuf oHwrefpmrl=urf;ukd a&;om;cJhavonf? xkdpmonf +Adwdeftm; jyifopf ESifh a0;&mokd@uavmfxkwf&ef
óud;pm;aompmjzpfavonf? ,ckt}udrfwGifvnf; yxrt}udrfwkef;u pum;vkH; rsm;ukdom okH;xm;avonf? okd@aomf
t=urf;rzuf tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_ta=umif;ukdrl razmfjyawmhacs? jyifopfrS vnf; ,ciftwkdif;yif xyfrHI
jiif;qefvkdufavonf?
ZGefvtukefokd@a&mufaomtcg/ EkdifiHawmftm; a'0gvDcH&rnfh tajctaeokd@ wGef;ykd@aeonfhtwGuf

awmfvSefqef@usifr_ukd qufvufwnfwHhatmifxdef;rxm;Ekdifawmhbl;qkdonfrSm/ *smreftpkd;&twGif;&Sd vlrsm;
tm;vkH;tm; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odoGm;apavawmhonf? t"du&k%f;rsm;tm; pkaygif;I/ uGefjrLepfrsm;onf
&m;jynfe,ftwGif;Yomr[kwfawmhbJ/ *smrefwEkdifiHvkH;wGif oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;ukd aoG;xdk;v_H@aqmfavawmh onf?
[rf;bmh*f (Hamburg)/ b&Dref (Bremen) ESifh trf'ef (Emden) &Sd yifv,ful;oabFmom;rsm;rSm/ qufZkdeD
(Saxony)/ b&ef'efbmh*f (Brandenburg)ESifh rufuvefbmh*f (Mecklenburg) &Sd oH ESifh oHr%d
tvkyform;rsm;uJhokd@oydwfarSmuf=uavawmhonf? bmvifuJhokd@ ta&S@zsm;usonfh a0;uGmonfhae&mwGifyif oHESifh
oHr%d tvkyform; (100˜000) wkd@onf vkyfief;cGifokd@ r0if=uawmhacs? wpkHw&m pdk;&drf&onfh tEW&m,f&Sdaom
tpmiwfcHqENjyyGJuJhokd@ vlxkvkyf&_m;r_wck ESifh rxl;Zmwfcif; xif&mpGyfvkyfawmhrnfh tajctaersm;onf
pka0;vmavonf? ulEkdtm; axmufcHyHhykd;cJhonfh ygwDrsm;onf ,cktcg +cdrf;ajcmufcHae =uonfhtwGuf/ zufajymif;um
ulEkdtm; qef@usifvmcJh=uavonf?
=o*kwfv (8) &ufae@wGif *smrefv$wfawmf (Reichstag)onf ta&;ay:nDvmcJhukd ac:,lusif;yav

awmhonf? ulEkdonf =urf;jyifay:okd@ ajccsrdonfESifhwòydifeuf uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ‚if;tm;qJqkdatmf[pf=uav
awmhonf? “Executive of Stiners' Republic/ vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;ol/ uvdefuusp/f vlnpf vlqkd;/ &mZ0wfaumif/
vlvdrf/ opPmazmuf” ponfh atmfoHrsm;ukd us,favmifpGm =um;&avawmhonf? okd@&mwGif ulEkdY xkdolrsm;tm;
topfurf;vSrf;&ef bmr# r&Sday? “t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_ukd *smr%D[m qufvuf vkyfaqmif&rnf/
qufvufvkyfaqmifvdrfhrnf”[k olu qufvufwkdufwGef;oGm;avonf? pdwfysufaeaom qkd&S,fvpfygwDonf
ulEkdtpkd;&tm; t,kHt=unfr&SdtqkdukdwifoGif;&m rJ&&SdcJh+yD;/ =o*kwfv (11) &ufae@wGif E_wfxGufoGm;&avonf?
‚if;. ae&mwGif/ (Deutsche Volks Partei) ygwDrS trsKd;om;a&;0g'D acgif;aqmif/ a'gufwm *lpwyf
px&ufpfref (Gustav Stresemann)/ qufcHvkdufavonf? tpyxrY *smr%DEkdifiH. b¾ma&;ukd
jznfhqnf;&eftwGuf tvGef=urf;wrf;jyif;xefaom trdef@rsm;jzifh qufwkdufxkwfjyef vkyfaqmif aepOfwGif/ wzufYvnf;
ol@taejzifh awmfvSefqef@usifr_rsm;ukdvnf; qufvufvkyfaqmifcsifaeao;onf? pufr_vkyfief; &Sifrsm;xHrS tar&duef
a':vm (100˜000) vSL'gef;&ef wGef;tm;ay;jcif;/ *smrefpuf&kHrsm;tm; EkdifiHjcm;okd@ ykdrkdwifykd@&ef wGef;tm;ay;jcif;/
jynfwGif;okd@ wifoGif;onfh pm;aomufukefrsm; ESifh ukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;ukd uef@owfjcif;/ ponfwkd@udk
twif;t=uyfvkyfaqmifavonf? okd@aomf EkdifiH. pD;yGg;a&;onf wkef@jyefrvmaomtcg qkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf
px&ufpfref (Stresemann) tm;/ awmfvSefqef@usifaer_rsm;tm; &yfwef@&ef/ (okd@r[kwf) t,kHt=unfr&Sd qENrJukd
ukd,hfzmomukd,f vufcH&ifqkdif&ef ajymavawmhonf? trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;twGufrl/ awmfvSefqef@usifr_rsm;wGif
wefzkd;}uD;rm;aom &if;ESD;ay;qyfr_aygif;rsm;pGmukd ay;qyfcJh+yD;jzpfonf/ xkdt&mrsm;ukd OyauQmðyvkyfjcif;onf
opPmazmufr_wckyifjzpfonf? okd@&mwGif yGdKifuJonf ‚if;wkd@tm; awmfvSefqef@usifaer_rsm; usqkH;roGm;ao;oa&G@
rnfonhfaphpyfaqG;aEG;r_r# ðyvkyfrnfr[kwf qkdonfukd ckdifrmpGm qkyfukdifxm;avonf?

orw tDbmwf. axmufcHr_ ESifh usef&Sdaeao;aom a&G;cs,fp&m tenf;i,fESifhtwl/ px&ufpfref
(Stresemann) onf &m;jynfe,ftwGif;Y awmfvSefqef@usifaer_rsm; +yD;qkH;oGm;+yDa=umif;/ pufwifbmv (26)
&ufae@wGif ausnmvkdufavonf? “t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk vufav#mht&_H;ay;vkdufjcif;onf/ ‚if;ukd
tokH;ðyI wkdufyGJ0ifaejcif;xuf ykdrkdI rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf&Sdwm jzpfaumif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf?” [k ‚if;ae@pOf
rSwfwrf;wGifa&;om;cJhavonf? “ig[m ighygwDtwGif;rSm&SdwJh igh&J@EkdifiHa&;tqifhtwef;ukd tEW&m,fjzpfvm atmif
igukd,fwkdif vkyfvkdufjcif;jzpfw,fqkdwmukd/ igvkyfaqmifvkduf+yD;wJhtcsdefusrSyJ igodvkduf&awmhw,f/ [kwfw,f/ 'g[m
igh&J@ toufukdawmif tEW&m,fjzpfvmapEkdifw,f? 'gayr,fh/ ig wkd@*smrefvlrsKd;awG&J@ csKd@wJhaer_[m bmvJ/ igwkd@
csKd@wJhaewmuawmh wm0ef,l&JwJhowWdbJjzpfw,f?” [k qdkcJhonf?
§ § §
(1923) ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvokd@a&mufvmaomtcg/ &m;jynfolvlxk}uD;rsm;rSm &kyfykdif;qkdif&m

cGeftm;rsm;vnf; okH;pGJI ukefqkH;oGm;cJh+yDjzpf+yD;/ pdwf"gwfykdif;qkdif&m tm;jzifhvnf; okH;pGJcJh+yD;jzpfavonf? ‚if;wkd@twGuf
atmifyGJ[lonfrSm/ tajz (2) ckukdomv#if qkdvkdjcif;jzpfaumif;jzpfayvdrhfrnf? jyifopfrsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@.ausmif;rsm;/
[kdw,frsm;ESifh vkyfief;cGifrsm;rS armif;xkwfjcif;/ ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; ESifh ukwfrDaoG;rsm; ,laqmifjcif;rS
jiif;qefjcif;yifjzpfonf? tu,fI olwkd@onf &efoltwGuf tvkyfvkyfay;&ef jiif;qefygu/
usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufxm;r_rsm;onf usqkH;oGm;+yD;/ &efolppfwyfrsm;vnf; ‚if;wkd@. tdrfokd@jyefacgufoGm;=u vdrfhrnf[k
olwkd@tm;ajymjycJh=uonf? okd@&mwGif bmvif&Sdtpkd;&Y aemufxyf &nf&G,fcsufyef;wkdif rsm;&Sdaeavonf?
ppfavsmfa=u;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfrsm;ukd jyefvnfokH;oyf&ef ESifh/ ppfyGJ+yD;aemuf jyifopfwkd@.
twif;t=uyfawmif;qkdaer_rsm;tay:wGif/ *smrefwkd@. jyifopfvufatmufcHjzpfae&r_tay: tqkH;owfoGm;
ap&efjzpfavonf? awmfvSefqef@usifaeolrsm;onf xkdta&;}uD;aom t"dutcsufrsm;ukd wcgr#zrf;qkyf
em;vnfEkdifjcif;r&SdcJh=uacs? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf tpkd;&onf olwkd@tm; wcgr# jynfhpkHpGm &Sif;vif;ajymjyjcif; r&SdcJhacs?
(20) &mpkESpftwGif;YjzpfygG;cJhaom/ tjcm;aom yËdyuQtrsm;pktwGif;&Sd/ ppfwyfrsm;tm; qef@usifaom

awmfvSefa&;rsm;xJwGif yg0ifcJhonfh/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ rif;om;rsm;uJhokd@r[kwfyJ/ *smrefrsm;wGif ‚if;wkd@.
ukd,fykdiftpkd;&w&yfvkH;/ ‚if;wkd@bufwGi&f Sdaeavonf? okd@&mwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfonf ulEkd ESifh ‚if;. 0ef}uD;tzGJ@onf
usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufxm;olrsm;tm; qef@usifa&;twGuf/ pepfwus&Sdaom v_yf&Sm;r_ ta&;awmfykHjzpfvmatmif
pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;&eftwGuf tenf;i,fomvkyfaqmifcJhavonf? xkd@tjyif qef@usifawmfvSefr_. tajccHtaqmuf
ttkHonf/ &m;jynfe,ftwGif;Yomv#if t"dutm;jzifh ‚if;zmom zGH@òzd;cJh&avonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf
odrf;ykdufxm;r_twGif;Y ta&;}uD;aom ae&mrsm;ukd cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&eftwGuf/ ppfe,f0ef;ukd tuef@vkduf tuef@vkduf
vkyfaqmifxm;onfh tpDtrHrsm;r&Sday? (okd@r[kwf) qef@usifawmfvSef aeolrsm;tm; axmufyHh ulnDaer_rsm; ESifh
‚if;wkd@tm; wae&mrS wae&mokd@ a&$@ajymif;jcif;rsm;r&SdyJ/ awmfvSef v_yf&Sm;r_rSm a'otwGif; Yyif &yfwef@oGm;vkduf/
jyefvnftouf0ifvmvkdufjzpfaeavonf?
(20) &mpkESpftwGif;&Sd tjcm;aom yËdyuQrsm;rS usL;ausmfolrsm;/ zdESdyfolrsm;uJhokd@r[kwfyJ/ jyifopf wkd@onf

‚if;wkd@. &nf&G,fyef;wkdifukd t+rJwrf; tuef@towfjzifhom xm;&SdcJhavonf? &m;jynfe,f. tzkd;wef
ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ukdxkwf,l+yD;ygu/ jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;&efjzpfonf? tuef@towfrJh odrf;ykduftkyfcsKyfoGm;&ef
txdr&nf&G,fay? ,if;onf *smrefrsm;tm;/ usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufxm;olrsm; ESifh tjyeftvSeftusKd;&Sda&;ukd
vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf/ ykdrkdusOf;ajrmif;aomtjrifwckukd ay;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf? qkdvkdonfrSm jyifopfwkd@tm;
tpuwnf;u tpGrf;ukefqef@usifawmfvSef&efa&G;cs,fvkdufjcif;onf/ usL;ausmfolrsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@. tqDtESpf
xkwf,lr_vkyfief;ukd/ a'ocHtultnDrygyJESifh atmifjriffatmifðyvkyf&ef tm;ay;vkdufjcif;yifjzpf+yD;/ *smrefrsm; tm;
yËdyuQukd xdef;csKyfEkdifap&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd usKH@oGm;apcJhavonf? tu,fI *smrefrsm;onf olwkd@.
jyifopfwkd@xHrS yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ &kyfodrf;onf ajcvSrf;ukd xdef;n‡dEkdifcJhrnfqkdv#if/ odrf;ykdufxm; olrsm;onf *smrefwkd@.
tultnDay:wGif qufvufI ykdrkdrDSckdae&rnfjzpfonf? xkdtcg *smrefwkd@. pD;ygG;a&;tay:wGif ay;aeaom zdtm;rsm;ukd
ykdrkdav#mhcsay;vmrnfjzpfonf?

*smrefwkd@. ajray:wGif ckcHqef@usifr_rsm;onf &ufowWywfaygif;rsm;pGm tusKd;oufa&mufr_&SdaecJh avonf?
a'owckvkH;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;. &JpGrf;owWdESifh pGef@v$wftepfemcHr_rsm;ukd us,fjyef@}uD;rm;pGm aus;Zl;wif&rnf
jzpfayonf? urBmay:&Sd tiftm;t}uD;qkH;aom wyfrawmfukd olwkd@ vaygif;rsm;pGm ckcHwGef;vSefcJhavonf? okd@&mwGif
ckcHawmfvSefolrsm;. a'otwGif; pwifOD;aqmifr_ESifh jyif;jyxufoefaom pkaygif;pdwf"gwfrsm;onf tpkd;&tm;
awmfvSefa&;onf aemuffqkH;wGif &kyfykdif;qkdif&matmifyGJwckukd tEdkif&&SdcJh vdrhfrnf[k ,kH=unf&ef qGJaqmifapcJhavonf?
xkd@twGufa=umifh/ jyifopfrsm; aphpyfajyat;&awmhrnfh tcsdeftcgukd vufv$wfqkH;&_H;cJh=uavonf? xdef;csKyfxm;r_.
wefbkd;onf xkwf,l&&Sdonhf ausmufrD;aoG;. tjrwftpGef;xuf ykdrkd}uD;jrifhaeaomtcg/ odrf;ykdufxm;olrsm;onf
‚if;wkd@. qkH;&_H;r_rsm;ukd jzwfawmuf&ef qGJaqmifcHcJh=u&avonf? xkdtqifhukd a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/ okd@&mwGif
*smrefwkd@onf xkdtqifhukd jrifatmif r=unfhEkdifcJh=uacs? xkdokd@jzpfvm&rnfhtpm;/ jyifopfwkd@onf ykdrkdjyif;xefpGm
zdESdyfòzdcGif;avawmhonf? zdESdyfòzdcGif;r_rsm;ukd jyefvnfwkH@jyef&eftwGuf AsL[mrsm;r&SdcJhbJ/ t=urf;zufvufwkH@jyefr_twGuf
pdwf'dG[ jzpfaecJhavonf? xkdtcg awmfvSefqef@usifr_onf wpnf;wvkH;wnf;jzpfr_ qkH;&_H;oGm;avawmhonf?
qef@usifawmfvSefr_ tvHawmfukd v$ifhxlcJhonfqkdaomfvnf;/ qufvufwnfwHhatmif xdef;odrf;xm;

&eftwGuf tvGeftrif; wefbkd;}uD;rm;vm+yDjzpfavonf? awmfvSefr_ukd axmufulyHhykd;ay;&onfh 0efxkyf 0efykd;onf/
awmfvSefa&;tm; tus,favmifqkH;atmf[pfaeolrsm;t=um;wGif nDwn l Dr# yHhykd;ykd;jcif;rsKd;r&SdcJhacs? pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;
ESifh trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;onf/ bmviftm; rsufjcnfrysuf apmifh=unhfppfaq;aecJh avonf? okd@aomf
oydwfarSmuftvkyform;rsm;twGuf trawmfa=u;xkwfay;r_rsm;. ukefusr_wefbkd;rsm; onfvnf; bmr# r[kwfay/
*smrefaiGpuULrsm;ukd ykdrkd&kdufESdyfcJhjcif;omv#ifjzpfonf? xkdtwGuf wkdif;jynf. pD;ygG;a&;onf
c|wfòcHusqif;oGm;avawmhonf? {+yDvwGif/ *smref rwfaiG òydvJysufpD;oGm;aomtcg/ t"du&k%f;rsm; jzpfyGg;&eftwGuf
tdrfwHcg;rsm;onf jzef;ueJ yGifhxGufvmcJhavawmhonf? wefbkd;r&Sdaom aiGpuULrsm;jzifh tvkyform;rsm;.
vpmay;acsr_rsm;onf/ jyifopfwkd@tm; tpGef;a&mufenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh wkdufckduf&ef/ &efvkdaeaomolrsm;tm; tvG,fwul
*k%fðyvkdufjcif;omjzpfcJhavonf? ‚if;onf awmfvSef qef@usifaer_tm; ykdI atmufajcrSv_dufpm;oGm;apcJhavonf?
&mpkESpftwGif;&Sd t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_ tm;vkH;. wefzkd;jzpfaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_.
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;onf/ b¾ma&;wnf+idrfvmr_rsm;ESifh twl òyduGJysufpD;oGm;cJh=u&avonf?
xdktcsdefu/ usL;ausmfolrsm;udk ckcHawmfvSefvkdaom *smrefwkd@. &JpGrf;owWdrsm;onf/ *END}uD;. +Adwdo#tpkd;&ESifh

ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufa&; pdwf"gwfcGeftm; ESifh us,fjyef@pGmqufoG,faecJhavonf? vufeufrJh qef@usifawmfvSefr_onf
atmifyGJ&&SdumeD;+yD[lI/ *smrefrsm;onf pdwf"gwfa&;&m omvGefr_tjzpf toHaumif; [pfatmf aysmfjrL;ae=uavonf?
okd@aomf/ *ENDuJhokd@r[kwfyJ/ olwkd@onf t=urf;rzufoydwfarSmufr_rsm;. u|rf;usifwwfajrmufxm;&rnfh
u|rf;usifr_tpkpkudk wkd;wufvmatmif rvkyfaqmifcJh=uacs? ,if;onf ‚if;wkd@ òydifbuf&efol.
AsL[mcif;usif;r_twkdif;twmukd usOf;ajrmif;apcJh+yD;/ t=urf;zuf zdESdyfr_rsm;twGuf wefbkd;rsm;ukd ukefusapcJhonf?
xkdtpm;/ abmvf&SDApf aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfolrsm;rSonf vufsmtpGef;a&muf rsufuef;rsKd;cspfrsm;txd/ *smrefwkd@.
t=urf;zufr_ukd ukd,fykdif axmufcHtm;ay;r_jzifh &m;e,ftm; z&kdz&J/ 0&kef;okef;um;jzpfoGm;txd upm;cJh=uvonf?
jyifopfqef@usifr_awmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJukd o,faqmifvmaom tvkyform;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHom;rsm;rSm pGef@ypfjcif;ukd
cHcJh=u&avonf? aemufxyf (16) ESpfyifr=umjrifhaom tcsdef umvokd@ a&mufvmaomtcg/
t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_tawG;tac:ukd rkef;wD;onfh ta'ghvfzf [pfwvm (Adolf Hitler) OD;aqmifonfhwjcm;aom
*smreftpkd;& wufvmcJh+yD;/ ppfyGJukdpwifI jyifopfwkd@tm; odrf;ykdufcJhavonf?
ppfavsmfa=u;onf yËdyuQudk zefwD;cJhonfh jy\emjzpfonfhtwGuf/ tusKd;&vm'fonf txifESifh tjrif

wjcm;pDjzpfoGm;cJhavonf? &ufowWywftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif/ +Adwdo#ESifh tar&duefwkd@onf u,fq,fr_rsm;ðyvkyf&ef
a&mufvmcJh=uavonf? *smrefwkd@. pD;yGg;a&;onf wppDuGJxGufoGm;+yDqdkonfukd
todtrSwfðyvufcHvkduf+yD;onhfaemuf/ tar&duefESifh +Adwdo#wkd@onf ppfavsmfa=u;ukd tjynfjynfqkdif&m
jy\emwcktjzpf ðyvkyf+yD;/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_twGuf taqmufttkHopfwckukd t}uHðy wifjyvmcJh=uavonf?
tar&duefrS csm;vf 'g0ufpf (Charles Dawes) OD;pD;onfh aumfrwDwckonf/ ig;ESpfpDrHudef;wckukd t}uHðyvmcJh
=uavonf? xkd ig;ESpfpDrHudef; t}uHðycsufwGif *smreftm; tjynfjynfqkdif&m acs;aiGwckESifh ‚if;. aºuG;+rDrsm;udk
av#mhcsjcif;jzifh axmufulyHhykd;&efjzpfonf? twdtusyif xkdtajz&Smr_onf ulEkd awG;xifxm;cJhonfhtwkdif; jzpfEkdifacs
&SdvmcJhavonf? (1924) ckESpf/ {+yDvokd@a&mufaomtcg/ *smr%Donf touf&SLacsmifvmcJhavawmh onf?

&m;jynfe,ftm; usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufr_onf atmifjrifcJh&vdrfhrnf[k a&rGef yGdKifuJonf t+rJwrf;
xdef;odrf;xm;cJhavonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf/ odrf;ykdufr_onf *smrefrsm;tm; t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_udk
vufav#mh t&_H;ay;vkduf&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? okd@aomf/ ,if;onf ‚if;. &nf&G,fcsuf yef;wkdif
r[kwfcJhay? jyifopfwkd@onf Amqkdif;pmcsKyfrS uwdu0wfðyxm;r_rsm;ukd tjynfht0 taumiftxnf azmfaqmif&ef
tvkdqEN&Sdaer_ESifhtwl/ taemufOa&myukd v$rf;rkd;csKyfukdifxm;vkdr_jzpfonf? xkdtpm; a*s yD armf*ef ukr`%D (J. P.
Morgan & Company) onf/ tu,fI jyifopfwkd@ &m;jynfe,ftwGif;Y qufvuf&Sd aecJhv#if/ *smrefwkd@.
ay;qyf&ef&Sdonfh aºuG;+rDrsm;tm; jyefvnf b¾ma&;axmufyHhr_ ðyvkyf&eftwGuf/ tar&duef &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHolrsm;ukd
aiGacs;pmcsKyfrsm;tm; a&mif;csEkdifrnf r[kwf[k jyifopfwkd@tm; ajymcJhavonf? jyifopfwkd@onf
tdrfrsm;okd@jyefoGm;cJh=u&avonf? olwkd@vkdtyfaom ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;udkvnf; b,fawmhrS r&&SdcJh=uay? ‚if;wkd@.
ysufpD;qkH;yg;oGm;aom ajrmufykdif;jynfe,frsm;ukd/ ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif &if;jrpfrsm;jzifhyif
jyefvnfwnfaqmufcJh=u&avonf? Oa&mywkduftwGif;Y jyifopfwkd@. tqkH;tjzwfay;r_ tm%mpGJukdifxm;r_
onfvnf; b,fawmhrS xyfrHjzpfrvmcJhawmhacs?
&m;urfhonf qkH;&_H;cJhygonf? &m;urfhonf atmifjrifcJhygonf? wcgw&HwGif orkdif;onf vrf;a=umif;

ESpfckpvkH;ukd &&SdoGm;wwfavonf?

tcef; ig;
'def;rwf/ e,fomvef/ (&dkqefw&mhpf) *sL;ZeD;*smreftrsKd;orD;wdk@rS

emZDrsm;udk qef@usifawmfvSefjcif;
'def;rwf? tjcm;enf;vrf;jzifh ppfyGJqifE$Jjcif;
“'def;rwfudk olwdk@odrf;vdkuf+yD”
(1940) ck/ {+yDv (9) &uf t±k%fwufvmcsdefwGif 'def;rwfEdkifiH. wl;ajrmif;rsm;ESifhòrd@&Gmrsm;ay:tvif;a&mifzsmusvmcsdefY/

'def;rwf vlrsKd;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynfudk rdrdwdk@ rydkifqdkifawmhay? vGefcJhonfhntwGif;uyif *smrefppfwyfrsm;onf
udkyifa[*if/ ,Gwfvef; ESifh zifu|ef;rsm;ay:odk@ v#yfwysuf0ifa&mufpD;eif;+yD; 'def;rwfwyfzGJ@rsm;udk
vsifjrefpGmatmifEdkifcJhonf? òrd@awmfudkvnf; tvG,fwul yif odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf? ppfom;wifoabFm ‘[ef;pufpwuf'f
'ef;Zpf’ onf òrd@awmf. A[dkcsufrwGif qdkufuyfxm;cJhonf? reuf (5) em&DwGifrl *smrefppfom;rsm;onf qdyfurf;udk
pD;rdk;aeonfh a&S;a[mif;cHwyf}uD;xJwGif tjynfhae&m,lxm;=uawmhonf? aoewfwcsufrazmufyJ 'def;rwfppfom;
ckepfq,fudk zrf;rdcJhonf?
Todk@jzpfysufaecsdefwGif *smrefAHk;=uJav,mOfrsm;u òrd@awmfay:rS uyfysH=u&m òrd@olòrd@om;rsm;rSm

*smrefavwyfwHqdyfudkyif &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif;jrifEdkifavmufatmif edrfhvSonf? xdkav,mOfrsm;u pm&Gufrsm;=uJcs&mY
“+Adwdo#usL;ausmfr_udk óudwif[ef@wm;&ef twGuf” *smrefrsm;vma&mufjcif; jzpfonf[ka&;xm;aomfvnf;
‚if;wdk@.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm jynfolvlxkudk a=umufvef@ ajcmufjcm;ap+yD; +idrf+idrfqdyfqdyf 'l;axmufap&efom
jzpfavonf? udkyifa[*ifòrd@rS qdkifta&mif;pma&;wOD;jzpfol ,pfwfb&Gef; u jyefajymif;ajymjyonfrSm
“*smrefav,mOfawG ysHvmw,f? æ æ usaemfwdk@ tdyf&mux+yD; jywif;aygufu xGuf=unfhawmh olwdk@ a&mufae=u+yD?
tJ'DtcgrSyJ 'g[m qdk;qdk;0g;0g;wckckawmh jzpfoGm;+yD/ olwdk@ 'def;rwfudk odrf;vdkuf+yDqdkwm usaemfwdk@csufjcif; oabm
aygufoGm;=uw,f?”
[pfwvm. ppf,EW&m;}uD;u (1939) pufwifbmwGif ydkvefEdkifiHudk v#yfwjyuf odrf;,lvdkufum 'kwd,urBmppfudk

rD;ar$;vdkuf+yD; aemufydkif;vrsm;wGif/ rnfonfhppfAsL[myg&*l odk@r[kwf urBmhacgif;aqmifurS 'def;rwfEdkifiHonf
*smrefxdk;ppfudk ckcHEdkifvdrfhrnf[k vHk;0udk rawG;xifxm;cJhay? (1940) azaz:0g&DvwGif 0ifpwefcsmcsDu “'def;rwfjynfu
emZDudktnHhcHvdkuf&if usaemfhtaeeJ@ tjypf rwifEdkifygbl;” [krSwfcsufcscJhzl;onf? “wjcm;puif'Dae;AD;,m;EdkifiHawGjzpfwJh
aemfa0;eJ@qGD'ifwdk@u usm;udktpmau|;wJhae&mrSm usHK;uav;jcm;aeao;w,f? 'gayr,fh 'def;rwfuawmh *smr%DeJ@
wtm;udkuyfaevdk@ tultnDac:zdk@udk rjzpfEdkifbl;?”[k qdkcJhonf?
'def;rwfbk&if '\rajrmufc&pf&SefESifh tpdk;&tzGJ@onf wdkif;jynf.tEW&m,fudk odjrifcJh=u+yD; *smr%DESifh (1939) arvY

rusL;ausmf a&;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkum/ ‚if;tay:om ar#mfvifhcsufrsm; yHkatmxm;cJh=uonf? [pfwvmudk,fwdkifu
,if;odk@aom *smrefpdwfaumif; ESvHk;aumif;&Sd[ef xifap&ef yHhydk;ay;cJhonf? atmufwdkbm (6) &ufwGif
v$wfawmfa&S@arSmuf rdef@cGef;ajym&mY [pfwvmu 'def;rwf vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh “opPmuwdwnfI cifrif&if;ESD;aom
aygif;azmfr_” udk wnfaqmufxm;onf[k ajymcJhonf? odk@&mwGif emZDwdk@onf rdrdwdk@. taygif;tazmfrsm;udk ta¹cGt&H/
y%mqufEdkifiHrsm;tjzpf ydkvdkvm;onfudk urBmuawG@vmavonf?
(1939) ckwGifrl 'def;rwfjynfom;tenf;i,fuom xdkodk@odjrifcJhonf? ppfyGJ}uD; pwifjzpfyGm;onfhtcg 'def;rwfEdkifiHonf

rdrd vufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk tiftm;av#mhcsypfonfh wckwnf;aom Oa&mywdkif;jynfjzpfonf? usL;ausmfr_ðyonfhae@wGif
'def;rwfwyf tiftm;rSm (15000) yifrjynfhy/J ,cifu&SdcJhzl;onfh tiftm;w0ufausmf±Hkom&Sd.? odk@&mwGif *smref
r[mAsL[mqGJolrsm;onf ppftiftm;omvGefaeapumrl wdkufppfudk aocsmusepGm jyifqifpDpOfcJhonf? ta=umif;rl
'def;rwfwdk@. wnDw!Gwfwnf;aom qef@usifckcHr_onf *smrefxdk;ppftcsdefZ,m;udk uarmufur jzpfoGm;apEdkif+yD;
aemfa0;EdkifiHudk wòydifeufwnf; usL;ausmfa&;udkyg ysufjym;oGm;apEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? odk@jzpfI {&mrxdk;ESufcsufudk
rvGJraoG vdktyfavonf?

vGefchJonfhig;&ufu udkyifa[*ifòrd@odrf;wm0efusaom *smrefwyf&if;rSL;onf udk,fwdkifudk,fusaxmufvSrf;&ef
òrd@awmfodk@a&muf vmcJhonf? ‚if;onf omrefpD;yGm;a&;orm;[efaqmifvsuf qdyfurf;udk avhvm=unfh±_um yifr
ppfonfwifoabFm qdkufuyf&ef oifhawmfaomqdyfudk a&G;cs,fcJhonf? xdk@aemuf olonf
'def;rwf=unf;wyfppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf pcef;csvsuf&Sdaom cHwyfa[mif;}uD;odk@ oGm;a&mufcJhonf?
uif;apmifhwm0efusppfom;rsm;u pyfpyfpkpkEdkifaom ukefonfudk vd_ufvSJpGmóudqdk+yD; rdrdwdk@. wyf=uyf}uD;ESifh
rdwfqufay;cJh&m ‚if;wyf=uyf}uD;u {nfhonfawmfudk ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf/ qufoG,fa&;XmeESifh cHwyf.
yifr*dwfaygufESpfaygufwdk@udk vdkufvHjyocJhonf? *smrefwyf&if;rSL;onf rdrdwdk@usL;ausmfr_.
atmifjrifr_tvm;tvmtwGuf tyltyifuif;pGm jyefvmcJhonf?
*smrefwyfrsm; rpD;eif;rDnwGif usL;ausmfa&;wyfzGJ@ppfOD;pD;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;umhwf[kdif;rm;u 'def;rwfEdkifiHqdkif&m

*smrefoHtrwf}uD; pDpif;vfAGef&ifax;zifhufxH oGm;a&mufI 'def;rwftpdk;&tm; aemufem&Dtenf;i,ft=umY ay;tyf&ef
pmwkdwapmif ay;cJhonf? 'def;rwfwkd@ESifh &if;ESD;vSaom *k%foa&&SdoHwrefwOD;jzpfonfh AGef&ifax;zifhufrSm
wkefv_yfoGm;cJh&onf? ,if;pmrSm &mZoHwapmif jzpf+yD; 'def;rwfwdk@udk 'l;axmuftnHhcH&ef awmif;qdkxm;onf? pmxJY
puif'Dae;AD;,m;udk ppfwvif;jzpfapzdk@ r[mrdwfwkd@. t=uH tpnfqdkonfht&mrS tumtuG,fay;&ef *smrefwdk@
a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpfa=umif;/ *smr%DEdkifiHwGif &efvdkonfht=uHtpnfrsm;r&Sd aomfvnf; qef@usifckcHr_rSefor#udk
acsr_ef;ypfrnfjzpfa=umif; qdkxm;onf? xdk@tjyif aemufxyftmrcHr_wckvnf; ay;xm;onf? ,if;rSm *smrefwdk@onf
“'def;rwfEdkifiH. e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHkr_udk‚if;/ EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_udk‚if;” 0ifa&mufpGufzufrnfr[kwf[lI jzpfonf?
tr,fvD,ifabmh*feef;awmftjyifY aoewfoHrsm; jrnf[D;aecsdefwGif bk&ifc&pf&Sefu 0ef}uD;csKyf

aomfAm;vf'fpawmif;eif;/ EdkifiH jcm;a&;0ef}uD; tuf'Gyfref@csftygt0if rdrd0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh bmvkyf&rnfudk
aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfcJhonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; wdk@u tnHhcHa&;zufrS aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? reuf (6) em&Drxdk;rD
rdepftenf;i,ftvdkwGif bk&if}uD;u tnHhcHzdk@oabmwlvdkufonf? xdk@aemufodyfr=umrD bk&ifESifhawG@qHkcJhaom
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;[dkif;rm;u bk&if}uD;onf “tjyifyef;tm;jzifh &mZÁa¹ENudk tjynfht0” xdef;xm;aomfvnf;
“twGif;o±kyftm;jzifh wkefv_yfòydvJ” oGm;yHk&onf[k qdkcJhonf? bk&if}uD;u rdrdESifh rdrdtpdk;&onf “*smref wyfrsm;ESifh
rdrdwdkif;jynft=um; rnfonfhyËdyuQudkrqdk ajzazsmufypf&ef æ æ tpGrf;ukefaqmif&GufoGm;rnf? rdrdwdkif;jynfudk aemuf
xyf'kuQokuQrcHpm;apvdk” [k qdkcJhonf?
xdkae@wm=umanmif;vmonfESifhtr# 'def;rwfwdk@rSm r,HkEdkifatmifjzpf=u&onf? pawmif;eif;u 'def;rwfEdkifiHom;wdk@tm;

Oya' vdkufem+yD; *smrefwyfrsm;udk “rSefrSefuefuef” qufqH=u&ef wdkufwGef;cJhonf? “'def;rwftpdk;&[m
odrf;ydkufr_eJ@ywfouf+yD; qef@ usifuef@uGufwJhtaeeJ@ wdkif;jynf&J@tajctaet&yf&yfudk pDpOfaqmif&Gufzdk@
qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f” [k oluajymjyonf? “tpdk;&[m wdkif;jynfukd 'Dhxufydkqdk;wJh =urRmuae u,fwifEdkifcJhw,fvdk@
±dk;om;pGm,Hk=unfcH,l+yD; aqmif&GufcJhw,f æ æusaemfwdk@[m jynfol vlxk&J@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_tay:
rSDcdktm;xm;rSmjzpfygw,f?”[k xkwfjyefa=ujimcJhonf?
TonfrSm vufeufcst±H_;ay;jcif;r[kwfyJ vdkufavsmay;jcif;omjzpfonf? Tay:vpDonf wdkif;jynf

odrf;ydkufcHxm;&aomfvnf; ±H_;edrfhoGm;jcif;r[kwfrlbJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiH/ jzpfjrJjzpfaeonf[lonfh
tusdK;&Sdaompdwful;Zmwfvrf;ESifh wGJqufaeonfh ay:vpDjzpfonf? Tyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpD
(samarbejdspolitik) onf udk,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifh&Sdaom trsKd;om;b0twGuf wwfEdkifor# v_yfomvSnfhom&Sd&ef
óud;yrf;onfh r[mAsL[mvnf; jzpfonf? “usrwdk@[m {+yD (9) &ufwHk;uom ckcHcJh&if/ ol&J aumif;yDowJh
udk,fhudk,fudk,faoa=umif;=uHr_rsKd; jzpfoGm;Edkifw,f” [k'def;rwfordkif;ynm&Sif yJav;avm&if;u aemufykdif;wGif
ajymonf? “&Sifoef&yfwnfa&;[m t"duyef;wdkifjzpfvmw,f?” Tt,ltqudk 'def;rwfjynfom;tm;vHk;u
oabmwl=uonf awmhr[kwfyg? tar&duefEdkifiHqdkif&m 'def;rwfoHtrwf}uD;u rdrdudk,frdrd “vGwfvyfaom”
'def;rwfoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf a=unmcJh onf? Tonfudk 'def;rwfwdk@. yxrqHk;aomqef@usifawmfvSefa&;vkyf&yftjzpf
trsm;ujrif=uonf?

TppfyGJonf EdkifiHaygif;rsm;pGmESifh vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk tusKH;0ifaprnfh urBmhyËdyuQ}uD;wcktjzpfodk@
t&SdefjrifhoGm;rnfqdkonfudkrl xdkpOfu rnfolr# rod=u? ppfyGJonf c%om=um+yD; Oa&mywdkufwckvHk;
[pfwvmhvufatmufwGif waygif;wpnf;wnf;jzpfoGm; um oD;jcm;EdkifiHrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;zdk@rsm;onf[k
'def;rwfacgif;aqmifrsm;u ,lqcJh=uonf? Ttwdkif;jzpfvmygu 'def;rwftcsKyf tjcmtm%mydkifr_udk *smr%Du
todtrSwfðyxm;r_u 'def;rwfjynftay: xD;rdk;umuG,fay;&ma&mufEdkif+yD; *smreftifyg,mtwGif; odk@ 0g;òrdrcH&bJ
aeEdkifrnf? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;rSm tqdk;}uD;xJrS tqdk;av;jzpfonf? *smrefwdk@bufrS=unfhv#if 'def;rwfEdkifiHonf
usdK;usdK;EGHEGH&SdrS ‚if;. vkyftm;/ pdkufysdK;a&;ESifh obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk toHk;csEkid frnfjzpfonf? 'def;rwftxnftvdyfrsm;/
ppfoHk; ypPnf;rsm;ESifh pm;eyf&duQmrsm; tzEdkifiHawmf ¡*smr%D¢ odk@ rSefrSefpD;0ifap&efrSm wdkif;jynfudk
twif;t"rRodrf;oGif;jcif;xuf udkyif a[*iftpdk;&ESifh ajyvnfatmifvkyfjcif;u ydkIvdrfrmyg;eyf&ma&muf.[k
,lqonf?
*smrefwdk@onf 'def;rwfjynfwGif at;at;csrf;csrf;&Sdap&eftvdk@iSm todrf;ydkufcHwkdif;jynftrsm;pkudk udkifwG,fqufqHyHkESifh

odompGm uGJuGJjym;jym;udkifwG,fzdk@ toifhjyifxm;cJhonf? *smrefppfXmecsKyft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;u *smrefppfom;rsm;
'def;rwfwdk@. cGJwrf;usukef ypPnf;rsm;udk rawmif;0,f&efwm;jrpf+yD;/ *smrefppfwyfowif;pmwapmif jzef@csDr_udkvnf;
&yfqdkif;ypfcJhonf? wyfwGif; jzef@a0aom !¸ef=um;pmwckwGif *smrefppfom;rsm;udk 'def;rwftrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh
rdef;cav;rsm;tm; av;av;pm;pm;qufqH&ef/ EdkifiHa&; jiif;cHk aqG;aEG;r_rsm; rvkyf&ef/ xdkr#omru
'def;rwfjynfom;rsm;onf &efolr[kwfa=umif;/ emZDvrl sKd;a&;owfrSwfcsufZ,m;wGif txl; tcGifhta&;&
taetxm;Y&Sda=umif; owday;xm;onf? *smrefwdk@. ,Ofaus;txufwef;usr_udk oufaojyonfhtaejzifh bmvifu
'def;rwfudk urBmha&S@arSmufwGif “pHjytapmifhta&SmufcHEdkifiH” jzpfapvdkonf? xdk@jyif 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm; +idrf0yfusKd;EGHr_ &Sdyg
u tjcm;wzufwGifvnf;/ csKyfudkifa&;twGuf *smrefppfom; odyfvdkrnfr[kwfawmhacs?
'def;rwftrsm;tjym;u usL;ausmfr_a=umifh wpHkw&mpdwfoufom&m &oGm;cJhonf? ta=umif;rSm Tokd@jzifh ppfyGJ.

tedÏm±Hktjynfh tpHk a&mufrvmatmif xdef;xm;Edkifrnfhoabm&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? at;at;aq;aq;ae=uzdk@
bk&ifht=uHay;csufrSm oifhavsmf yHk&aeonf? 'def;rwfEdkifiHwGif zufqpfygwDrsm;/ trsKd;om;a&;ygwDrsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf;
EdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;u tpGef;a&muf rsm;udk ab;a&mufaeaponf? emZDrsm;odrf;ydkufcJhonfh
Oa&mywdkufae&mwdkif;wGif jzpfaeonfh jyif;xefaom/ t=urf;zufonftxd r=umc%jzpfwwfaom 0g'a&;yËdyuQrsKd;
'def;rwfjynfvrf;rrsm;ay: rjzpfatmif xdef;EdkifcJhonf? 'def;rwftaqmufttHktzGJ@tpnf; rsm;rSm tedrhfqHk;tm;jzifh
'def;rwftm%mydkifr_ oauFwrsm;tjzpf e*dktwdkif; qufvufwnf&Sdaeojzifh qef@usifawmfvSefzdk@wGef; tm; ta&;w}uD;
jzpfyHkr&cJh? twdtvif;qef@usifawmfvSefjcif;onf tm%mydkifudk zDqefonfhoabm jzpfoGm;vdrhfrnf?
odk@aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynfrS vHk;0jyefrwdkufcJhjcif;udk 'def;rwfjynfom;tawmfrsm;rsm;u &Suf=uonf?

rdrdwdk@acgif;aqmifrsm; tnHhcHvdkufonfrSm jrefvGef;tm;}uD;onf[k trsm;tjym;u ,lq=uonf? 'def;rwfESifh
*smrefwdk@onf &SvJpf0pf*fe,fajr (awmif zuftpGefqHk;'def;rwfjynfe,f odk@r[kwf ajrmufzuftusqHk;*smrefjynfe,f)
ESifhywfouf+yD; &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsif;rsm;cJh&m (1864) ck 'def;rwf-y&yf&Sm;ppfyGJwGif txGwftxdyfa&mufcJh+yD;
'def;rwfwdk@ ±H_;edrhfcJhonf? xdk@aemufydkif;q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif ,if;e,fajr&Sd 'def;rwfrsm;udk *smrefwdk@ rw&m;ðyrlqufqHr_u
'def;rwfwdk@. &efvdkpdwfudk wdk;jrifhapcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh wdkif;jynf.tjyifyef; +idrf oufr_ESifh w&m;0iftm;jzihf
vdkufavsmajyvnfr_atmuf wGif rausreyfa'gopdwf &SdaecJhonf? “udk,fxdvufa&mufqef@usifwm
enf;enf;av;yJ&SdcJhw,f” [kxdkpOfu toufq,fhoHk;ESpft&G,fausmif;om; [m;bwfyef'pfu jyefajymif;ajymjyonf?
“'gayr,fh æ æ 'def;rwfawG[m *smrefawGudk rvdkvm;bl;qdkwmudkawmh cHpm;aerd=u+yD?” oluajymcJhonf?
“'def;rwfvlaumif;qdkwm bmvJ”
*smrefrsm;usL;ausmfcsdefwGif tm;efq,f,mrSm taemufydkif;ZDvefjynfe,f&Sd qvmh*sJvfpDòrd@uav;wGif rdbrsm;ESifh

twlaeaeaom q,fhckepfESpft&G,f ausmif;om;wOD;jzpfonf? {+yD 9 &ufae@reuf ausmif;toGm;wGif
avmavmvwfvwfa&mufvmonfh ppfom; rsm;udk jynfolvlxkrsm;u w&if;wESD;cifcifrifrif&Sd=uyHk/
*smrefppfwD;0dkif;wzGJ@u 'def;rwf*Dwjzifh av[mjyifazsmfajzyGJvkyfay;onfudk vlxku vufckyfwD;=obmay;yHkwdk@udk
thH=owkefv_yfoGm;cJhrdonf? olonf a'oxkwfowif;pmwapmifudk aumuf=unfh&m jynfol jynfom;rsm;udk

'def;rwfvlaumif;olaumif;rsm;ozG,f ðyrlusifh=uH=uzdk@ bk&if.rSm=um;csuf yg&SdonfudkawG@&onf? “'def;rwfvl
aumif;qdkwm bmvJ” [kol@udk,folar;rdonf? “tckvdktajctaersKd;/ udk,fhwdkif;jynfudk
&efoluodrf;ydkufxm;wJhtcsdefrSm 'def;rwf vlaumif;olaumif;wa,mufu b,fvdkðyrlusifh=uH&rvJ?” olu
ol@udk,foljyefar;cGef;xkwfonf?
q,f,m tdrfjyefvm+yD;aemuf ol@tajzrsm;udk 'def;rwfwdk@twGuf ynwfawmfq,fyg; trnfjzifh csa&;cJhonf? olonf

rdwWL (25) apmif vufESdyfpufjzifh¶dkufcJhonf? Todk@a&;xm;onf?
1? oifonf *smr%DEdkifiHESifh aemfa0;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ oGm;a&muftvkyfrvkyf&?
2? oifonf *smrefrsm;twGuf tvkyfudk qdk;qdk;0g;0g;vkyfay;&rnf?
3? oifonf *smrefrsm;twGuf tvkyfudk jznf;av;pGmvkyfay;&rnf?
4? oifonf ta&;ygaom puf,EW&m;rsm;/ u&d,mrsm;udk zsufqD;ypf&rnf?
5? oifonf *smrefrsm;twGuf tusdK;&SdEdkifrnfh t&mrSefor#udk zsufqD;ypf&rnf?
6? oifonf o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;tm;vHk;udk aESmifhaES;atmifvkyf&rnf?
7? oifonf *smrefESifh tDwvD¶kyf&Sifrsm;/ pmapmifrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&rnf?
8? oifonf emZDpwdk;qdkifrsm;wGif aps;r0,f&?
9? oifonf opPmazmufrsm;udk xdkufwefonfhtwdkif; qufqH&rnf?
10? oifonf *smrefrsm; tvdkufcH&ol rnfol@udkrqdk umuG,fay;&rnf?
'def;rwfjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if=u?
xdk@aemuf q,f,monf qvmh*sJvfpDòrd@rS òrd@awmf0ef/ b%fvkyfief;&Sifrsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ pme,fZif;orm;rsm; tygt0if

=oZm wduUrt&SdqHk; òrd@olòrd@om;rsm;pm&if;wck a&;qGJcJhonf? aemufwnwGif olonf pufbD;jzifh
olwdk@aetdrfrsm;odk@oGm;+yD; ynwf awmfq,fyg;udk pmxnfhyHk;rsm;xJ xnfhcJhonf? rdrdEdkifiHom;'def;rwfwdk@u *smrefrsm;udk
ay:ay:xifxif vd_ufvSJysLiSmaejcif;u tawmf}uD;rm;vSonfh qef@usifawmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwftm; zHk;uG,fxm;onfudk
r=umrD q,f,mawG@vmonf? q,f,monf qef@usifawmfvSefa&;enf;emopfrsm;udkvnf; awG@&SdazmfxkwfEdkifcJhonf?
olESifhol@rdwfaqGrsm;u *smrefum;rsm;/ ppfoHk;,mOfrsm;. "mwfqDwdkifuDxJ o=um;avmif;xnfh=uonf?
*smrefqef@usifa&; vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk ul;,l+yD; EdkifiHtESH@tjym;&Sd txufwef; ausmif;om;rsm;xHodk@ pmwdkufrSaeI
ydk@=uonf? odwfr=umcif ynwfawmfq,fyg;onf wa,mufvufrSwa,mufjyef@oGm;um tqHk;wGif
'def;rwfjynfom;wdk@ trsKd;om;awmfvSefa&; qifE$J&mY trGeftjrwfxm;p&mjzpfvmavonf?
arvwGif udkyifa[*ifòrd@Y vli,ftzGJ@wcsdK@ awG@qHkpnf;a0;=u+yD; bmoma&;qdkif&mygarmuQ [,fvfaumuf.

vrf;!¸efr_atmuf wGif 'def;rwfvli,ftoif;}uD;udk wnfaxmifvdkufonf? ,if;toif;rSm 'def;rwfo¶kyfvuQ%mESifh
'Drdkua&pDwefzdk;pHrsm; xdef;odrf; a&;twGuf &nf&G,fzGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? aumufonf *smrefqef@usifa&;/
'def;rwfemZDqef@usifa&;twGuf trsKd;om;aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&; vdktyfr_udk tav;ay;onfh 'def;rwfordkif;qdkif&m
a[majymyGJrsm; ðyvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh y&dowfrsm;pGmudk qGJaqmifEdkifovdk owif;pmwGifvnf; owif;rsm;ygapEdkifcJhonf?
olu 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk odrf;ydkufjcif;onf EdkifiH.tiftm;ESifh w&m;Oya'a=umif;nDr_ udk racszsufEdkif[k aqG;aEG;jycJhonf?
jrifhrm;vmaeaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfav[kefonf &yf&Gmaw;csif;yGJawmfrsm;Y tjyef@ESH@qHk;wdkufcwfcJhonf?

,if;yGJawmfrsm; onf trsm;tm;jzifh }uD;rm;vSaom a'oqdkif&myGJvrf;rsm; jzpfavh&Sdonf? Zlvdkif (4) &ufY
t,fvfabmh*fòrd@teD;wGif vl (1500) cef@pka0;um (1864) ck *smr%DESifhppfyGJta=umif;/
ppfom;rsm;.&JpGrf;owWdta=umif;ESifh ‚if;wdk@csefxm;&pfcJhaom rdef;cav;rsm; ta=umif; aw;csif;rsm;udk oDqdkcJh=uonf?
=o*kwfvESifh pufwifbmv wav#mufvHk;wGif vl ckepfodef;cGJonf tvm;wlyGJawmfrsm; Y oDcsif;rsm;qdkcJh=uonf?
pufwifbm (26) &uf bk&ifhoufawmf ckepfq,fjynfharG;ae@wGif udkyifa[*ifòrd@awmfvrf;rsm;ay:Y axmif
ESifhcsDaomvlxkrsm;onf EdkifiH. toa&udkaqmifxm;aom yk*~dKvf}uD;twGuf arG;ae@oDcsif;rsm; oDqdkcJh=uonf?
“'DavmufvlawG trsm;}uD; udkyifa[*ifw0dkufu yef;jcHawGxJpka0;+yD; oDcsif;qdk¶HkyJqdkaewm[m *smrefawGtwGuf
rcHcsifp&mjzpfaew,f” [k *sD ,ufb&Gef;u jyefajymif;ajymjyonf?

odrf;ydkufr_tm; xdyfwdkufpdefac:jcif;onf tpdk;&. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDudk azmufzsuf&musvdrfhrnf? odk@&mwGif
'def;rwf. *k%fyk'fESifh vuQ%mtm; ,Ofaus;r_t&&yfcHjcif;udkrl tay:,Htm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;rqHapyJ t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif;
azmfjyEdkifonf? odk@aomf jim;vnf; trsm;jynfol@cHpm;csufrsm;udk tjcm;enf;vrf;jzifhjyygu csKd;ESdrfcH&Edkifonfh tcsdefwGif
xdkokd@aom ,Ofaus;r_enf;vrf;onf *smref=oZmcHa&;t,ltqudk oG,f0dkufpdefac:aecJhonf?
qef@usifawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf (1941) rwdkifrDtxd aumif;aumif;yHk ray:ao;aomfvnf; aw;csif;yGJawmfrsm;ESifh
tjcm;aom ae@pOfESifhtr# vkyfaeonfh oauFwoabmqef@usifuef@uGufr_rsm;onf pdwf"mwfa&;yEMufudk csay;cJhonf?
TonfrSm aemufESpfoHk;q,ft=umY uGefjrLepfvufatmufydkvefjynfwGif ppfaoG;ºuGtvkyf orm;rsm;/ twdkuftcH
ynmwwfrsm;wdk@. vkyf&yfu v_yf&Sm;r_toGifraqmifao;aom twdkuftcHtwGuf vlr_a&;cGifudk zefwD; ay;vdkufyHkESifh
qifwlaeonf?
'def;rwfpme,fZif;orm;wdk@uvnf; qef@usifawmfvSefa&;udk rD;ar$;ay;&mY ueOD;tp tcef;u¾u yg0ifcJhonf?

usL;ausmf+yD;p tcsdefwGif *smrefjyef=um;a&;oHrª;onf 'def;rwfEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xmeodk@ udk,fwkdifvma&mufI
yHkESdyfxkwfa0r_rsm;twGuf tajccH pnf;urf;csufrsm; csay;cJhonf? ,if;pnf;urf;rsm;rSm EdkifiHjcm;owif;ESifh
acgif;}uD;ykdif;tm;vHk; óudwifcGifhðycsuf,l&rnf? odrf;ydkufa&; wyfzGJ@rsm;tm; a0zefcGifhrðy/ óudwifcGifhðycsufr&yJ
rnfonfhppfowif;udkrS yHkESdyfcGifhrðy ponfwdk@jzpf.? odk@aomf vHk;0O\HkvGwfvyfr_ udk tom;usxm;aom
'def;rwfrD'D,mu [efaqmifyefaqmifodwfr&Sdaom &GH&Smrkef;wD;r_jzifh wkef@jyefcJhonf? ae@vnfxkwf tpfuf
px&mbvm'uf owif;pmu owif;rsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pma=umif;vGwfwa=umif; wa=umif;jcm;+yD; yHkESdyfcJhonf?
owif;pm zwfolrsm;udk pma=umif;rsm;udk ausmf=unfhzdk@ t&dyft¹rGufjyjcif;jzpfonf? uvGefabmh*fa&'D,dkESifh
udkyifa[*ifa&'D,dktoHv$ifh orm;rsm;u qifqmjzwfxm;onfh ppfowif;rsm;udk zwf=um;&mwGif “,cktcsdefrSpI
aemufqHk;0ifa&mufvmwJh *smrefowif; xkwfjyefcsufukd zwf=um;ygawmhr,f” [laom xHk;pHtzGifhpum;ESifh
“aemufqHk;0ifa&mufvmwJh *smrefowif;xkwfjyefcsufudk zwf =um;vdk@+yD;yg+yD” [laom xHk;pHtydwfpum;wdk@udk zwf&mY
r=umc%qdkovdk oa&mfawmfawmfaighawmhawmhavoH ododomomESifh zwfavh&Sdonf?
'def;rwfjynfwGif usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufa&;orm;rsm;udk xdyfwkdufrawG@&onfhtajcY 'def;rwfo¶kyfvuQ%mudk

azmfusL;tr$ef;wifvdk onfh qENtm;jzifhvH_@aqmfr_udk rcH&onfhae&m r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf? EdkifiHu
rdrd.pdwf"mwfa&;&mtwGuf rdrdzmomwm0ef,lae csdefwGif tpdk;&u &ufowWywfwywf+yD;wywf
ukefqHk;vmonfESifhtr# ydkIydkI wdkufwdkif;atmifyHkaygufvmonfh usL;ausmfolrsm; ESifh
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;vkyfief;&yfrsm;twkdif; vkyfaqmifaeonf? 'def;rwftm;odrf;ydkuf+yD; ajcmufywfr=umcif
*smrefwdk@onf e,fomvef/ b,fvf*sD,HESifh jyifopfEdkifiHrsm;udk odrf;&cJhonf? emZDppf,EW&m;}uD;udk &ifqdkifaeonfh
t"duOa&mycHuwkwfrSm +AdwdefEdkifiHom usef&Sdawmhonf?
“opPmazmufawG tvdkr&Sd”
*smrefwdk@. ppfajrjyifatmifyGJrsm;a=umifh pdwrf mefºuGvm+yD; *smrefemZDrsm;u t}uD;tus,f

aiGa=u;axmufyHhay;xm;cH&aom/ 'def;rwfemZDygwDonf (1940) ZGefvwGif udkyifa[*ifòrd@Y tm%modrf;zdk@
óud;yrf;cJhonf? ,if;vkyf&yfonf ratmifjrifcJhaomfvnf; tpdk;&udk emZDZmwfoGif;a&; aemufxyfóud;yrf;csufrsm;rS
umuG,fEdkif&ef 'def;rwfacgif;aqmifrsm;u vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? Zlvdkif (2) &ufwGif ygwDig;cku udk;OD;aumfrwD[kac:aom
ygvDreftpkwckudk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? ,if;tpkonf xdktcsdefrSpI tpdk;&tzGJ@twGif; wu,fhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
csrnfjzpfonf? 0ef}uD;rsm;udk ðzwfypfcJh&m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDtwGuf t"duwm0ef&Sdaom EdkifiH jcm;a&;0ef}uD;
ref@csfvnf;ygoGm;onf? ref@csfudk xkwfypfcJhaomfvnf; ‚if;.ay:vpDrSmrl ðywfroGm;ay?
EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;opfrSm tJ&pfpau AD;eD;,yfjzpfonf? olonf ,cifuvnf; T&mxl;Y xrf;aqmifcJhzl;+yD; 'def;rwfEdkifiH

=um;ae EdkifcJhonfh yxrurBmppftwGif;u *smr%Dqdkif&m 'def;rwfoHtrwf}uD;vnf; jzpfcJhzl;onf? pauAD;eD;,yfonf
rmeaxmifv$m;um vlóudufenf;vSaomfvnf; bmvifrS om;&Jaumif}uD;ESifh qufqH&mwGifrl oifhavsmo f nfh
vufawG@usol[k ,lqcH&onf? olonf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDudk taumiftxnfazmf&mY
uHudkydktm;udk;onfhoabmxm;rsKd;jzifh vkyfaqmifcJhonf? olonf *smref vdkvm;olr[kwfaomfvnf; *smr%DppfEdkifrnf[k

aocsmayguf,Hk=unfaeonf? xdk@a=umifh olonf wdkif;jynftm; emZDzdESdyfr_rS u,fwifa&;udk &nfrSef;csuftjzpf
xm;cJhonf?
pauAD;eD;,yfonf 'def;rwfEdkifiH. t&Sifocifopfrsm;bufodk@ ododomom ,drf;,dkifcJhonf? olu 'def;rwfEdkifiHonf

“rnfonfh tajctaersKd;wGifrqdk rdrd. awmifbufrS r[mtdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH}uD;ESifh yËdyuQrjzpfoifh” [kajymcJhonf? olu
*smrefppfajrjyif atmifyGJrsm;udk csD;ajr‡muf*k%fðyum “Oa&mywdkufwGif acwfopfw&yf” pwifcJh+yD[kqdkonf?
'def;rwfjynfom;rsm;udk *smr%DESifh “wufºuGaom tjyeftvSefyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_” ðy=uzdk@ wdkufwGef;v_H@aqmfcJhonf?
TazmfvHzm;csOf;uyfcsufonf 'def;rwfemZDrsm; twGuf tm;wufp&mjzpfoGm;+yD; ‚if;wdk@u bk&ifhtm;
pauAD;eD;,yfrSvGJI 0ef}uD;tm;vHk;udkxkwfypfum emZDrsm; odk@r[kwf “acwf opfudk em;vnforl sm;” ESihf tpm;xd;k &ef
awmif;qdk=uonf? bk&ifu jiif;y,faomfvnf; tpdk;&url *smreftvdkus vdkufavsmay; aeqJjzpfonf? (1941) ck
tapmykdif;wGif 'def;rwf.EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;udk xdcdkufapaom trsm;odajym=um;xkwfjyefcsufrsm;udk &mZ0wfr_tjzpf
owfrSwfvdkufonf? ESpfa,mufcsif;pum;ajymr_uyifv#if axmif'%fusEdkifonf? Oya'opfrsm;u “odrf;ydkufa&; EdkifiH.
&efolrsm;” udk woufwu|ef;jypf'%fcszdk@ tm%may;xm;onf?
(1941) ck ZGef (22) &ufwGif *smrefwyfrsm;u qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkudk wdkufcdkufcJhonf? *smrefwdk@u 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk

qdkAD,ufrsm; ESifh oHtquftoG,f jzwfypf&efESifh 'def;rwfuGefjrLepfygwD acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;&ef
awmif;qdkcJhonf? Tonfu 'def;rwfacgif;aqmifydkif;udk tusOf;t=uyfqdkufapcJhonf? Tawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk
vdkufavsm tav#mhay;vdkufygu 'def;rwfEdkifiH om;wdk@. tajccHOya'yg tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xyfrHcsKd;azmuf&musvdrfhrnf?
rvdkufavsmjyefuvnf; *smrefrsm;u uGefjrLepfrsm;udk vdkufzrf;apzdk@ Ed_;qGay;&ma&mufEdkifonf?
a&S;¶dk;pGJjynfol@ygwD0ifrsm;u ,if;awmif;qdkr_onf “xHk;wrf;pOfvm 'def;rwfw&m;r#wr_ t,ltqESifh yËdyuQjzpfaeonf”
[k0efcHcJhaomfvnf; wzufwGif “uGefjrLepfrsm;onf “t=urf;zufr_ESifh tzsufvkyfief;” udk usL; vGefolrsm;jzpfonf[k
pGyfpGJcJhonf? =o*kwfvwGif 'def;rwfygvDrefu 'def;rwfuGefjrLepfygwDudk rw&m;oif;a=unmum trwf (3) OD; tygt0if
ygwD0if (300) udk &Ju zrf;qD;cJhonf? Todk@jzifh 'def;rwf. vGwfvyfr_cGifrSm csKyfcs,fuef@owfcHvm&onf?
ta&S@zufppfrsufESmwGif wdkufyGJqufvufjzpfaeonfhtcg [pfwvmu rdrd. abmf&SDApf0g'qef@usifa&;wdkufyGJwGif

Oa&mywwdkuf vHk; yg0if&rnf[k qHk;jzwf+yD; 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk ppfyGJ0ifEdkifiHtjzpfyg0if&ef (1941) ck Edk0ifbmvY “zdwfac:”
vdkufonf? 'def;rwf0ef}uD; rsm;onf ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;ac:+yD; a0hvnfa=umifywfvkyf=uonf? Edk0ifbm (23) &ufwGif
AGef&ifax;zifhufu bmvif. zdwf ac:csufudk ,ckvdkxyfavmif;ajymcJhonf? “'def;rwfEdkifiHonf pmcsKyfudk
csufcsif;vufrSwfxdk;&rnf? tu,fI rxdk;ygu æ 'def;rwf EdkifiHtm; &efolEdkifiHtjzpf oabmxm;&vdrfhrnfjzpf+yD;
rv$Jra&Smifomaom tusKd;qufrsm;udk &ifqdkif&rnf?” pauAD;eD;,yfonf bmvifokd@oGm;a&mufcg
vufrSwfxdk;vdkufawmhonf?
aemufwae@wGif udkyifa[*ifausmif;om;rsm;onf tr,fvsifabmh*f&ifjyifwGif pk¶Hk;um 'def;rwfemZDowif;pmwdkufodk@

csDwuf=u onf? xdkrSwzef &pf*fpf'uf*fv$wfawmfodk@ csDwuf=uonf? vef'efwdkif;rf owif;pmu “ausmif;om;rsm;onf
ykvdyfwdk@udk wGef;z,f ypf+yD; òrd@ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif qENjy=uonf? ‘pauAD;eD;,yf tvdkr&Sd’ ‘opPmazmufawG tvkdr&Sd’
pojzifh aºuG;a=umf=uonf” [kowif;ydk@cJhonf? “ykvdyfwkd@u rD;armif;rsm;xdk;um eHywf'kwfrsm;jzifh +zKdcGJonf?
usnfqHbvdkif;awmifhrsm;jzifhvnf; ypfum/ *smref ppfXmecsKyfwnf&Sd&modk@ æ oGm;onfh vrf;udk
atmifjrifpGmydwfqdk@EdkifcJhonf?” pauAD;eD;,yf bmvifrS jyefvmonfhtcg twif;=uyf qHk;vHkðcHa&;jzifh jyefvm&onf?
odk@r[kwfygu aemufxyfqENjyyGJrsm; jzpfoGm;Edkifonf?
Tjzpf&yftm;vHk;u *smrefrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ 'def;rwftpdk;&udkvnf;aumif; tHhtm;oifhoGm;apcJhonf?

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;rl tm; vlxkaxmufcHr_ wu,f&Sdonf[laom xifa,mifrSm;r_udk 'def;rwftpdk;&taejzifh ,cktcg
pGef@v$wfvdkuf&awmhonf? r=um rD&ufydkif;wGif tpdk;&u qENjyorm;rsm;tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef¶_wfcscJhaomfvnf;
tu,fI 'def;rwfwyfrsm;ESifh ppfvufeufypPnf;rsm; udk ta&S@zufppfrsufESmwGif toHk;ðy&ef twif;t=uyfawmif;qdk
vmyguvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf *sL;qef@usifa&;Oya'csrSwf&ef awmif;qdkvmyguvnf;aumif; jiif;y,frnf[k
tpdk;&tzGJ@u wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfqHk;jzwfxm;onf? odk@aomfvnf; &SdpkrJhpkydkif;jzwf csufrSm &ufowWywftenf;i,ftwGif;
aysmufuG,foGm;cJhonf? ta=umif;rSm tpdk;&onf *smrefa&wyfodk@ awmfyD'dkoabFmopf (6) pD;ay;tyf&ef

t=uyfudkifcH&aoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdkr#omru 'def;rwfppfom;rsm;udk *smrefwyfxJoGif;jcif;udkvnf; rnfodk@r#
[ef@wm;r_rðycJh? r=umciftawmtwGif; ppfr_xrf;Edkifonfh t&G,fa&muf+yD; 'def;rwfa,mufsm;tm;vHk;
'def;rwf¶kyfao;wyfwGif;odk@ oGif;cH&awmhonf? usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufa&;orm;rsm;tm; wkef@jyefyHkwkef@jyefenf;ESifhywfoufI
,cifvdk oDcsif;qdkyGJrsm;/ odk@r[kwf vrf;ay:pDwef;vrf;av#mufjcif;rsm;udkom a&G;p&m&Sdonfr[kwfawmh? ,cktcgYrl
&efoludkwdkufrvm;/ odk@r[kwf &efolESifhvufwGJI wdkufrvm;[lI a&G;p&mjzpfvmav+yD?
“'dk@tm;vHk; v_yf&Sm;zdk@vdkw,f”
(1942) ckESpfOD;wGif 'def;rwfrsm;onf *smrefwdk@udk udk,fxdvufa&muf pwifpdefac:vm=uonf? tzsufvkyfief;yif

vkyfvm=uonf? tzGJ@wzGJ@rSm t,fvfabmh*fòrd@rS ausmif;om;av;rsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; ‚if;wkd@udk,f ‚if;wdk@ csmcsDuvyf
[kemrnfay;xm;onf? ‚if;wdk@.aºuG;a=umfoHrSm “tu,fI vl}uD;rsm; wckckrvkyf&if igwdk@vkyfr,f” [l.?
“usaemfwdk@rSm emZDqef@usifa&; oauFwwck vkyfxm;w,f? tJ'gu p=umwHqdyf&J@ vufwHawGxdyfrSm r#m;acgif;yHkawG
vkyfxm;wm? 'gudk usaemfwdk@ tkwfeH&HawGay:rSm/ avScg; twuftqif;ab;awGrSm/ qGJvdk@&wJhae&mrSm qGJw,f”
[k‚if;wdk@. acgif;aqmifwa,mufu jyefajymif;ajymjyonf? “usaemfwdk@ taumif;qHk;vkyfEdkifcJhwmu ppfypPnf;awG
tjynfhwifxm;wJh ukef&xm;wpD;udk rD;¶d_@ypfEdkifcJhwmyJ” [kqdkonf?
tv_yf&Sm;qHk;tzsufvkyfief;tzGJ@udk uGefjrLepfrsm;uacgif;aqmifonf? ‚if;wdk@onf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkudk *smr%Du

0ifwdkuf+yD; aemuf ajratmufv#Kd;oGm;cJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? uGefjrLepfbufawmfom;tzGJ@ KOPA [kzGJ@pnf;um
ppfypPnf;u&d,mxkwfvkyfonfh puf¶Hkuav;rsm;udk pD;eif;wdkufcdkufr_rsm; ðyvkyf=uonf? vtenf;i,ft=umwGif
uGefjrLepfr[kwfolrsm;udkvnf; xdktzGJ@rsm;Y yg0if cGifhðyvdkufum tzGJ@trnfudk vlvwfwef;pm;bufawmfom;tzGJ@
BOPA [k ajymif;cJhonf? Tppfqifa&;rsm;a=umifh xdcdkufysufpD; r_rSm tenf;tusOf;omjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif
Twdkufcdkufr_rsm;onf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDudk uarmufurjzpfapcJhonf? tu,fI tpdk;&u
tzsuform;rsm;udk ESdrfeif;ygu ,ckyifv#if avsmhenf;ae+yDjzpfaom trsm;jynfol@axmufcHr_udk ydkIqHk;¶_H;oGm;
apvdrfhrnf? tu,fI bmrSrvkyfbJ aejyefv#ifvnf; rdrd. *smreft&Sifocifrsm;ESifh &efyGm;vdrfhrnf? pifppftm;jzifh
*smrefwdk@. vdkufavsmcsuftay:rlwnfI tpdk;&wnf&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf?
wcsdefwnf;wGif topfay:xGef;a0pnfvmaom ajratmufyHkESdyfvkyfief;u odrf;ykdufa&;wyfrsm;tm;

qef@usifv_yf&Sm;a&;udk tm;ay; vH_@aqmfvmonf? 1941 aqmif;OD;&moDwGif ‘'Dz¶dkiftD'def;puD;’ owif;pmxGufvmonf?
xdkaemufydkif;wGif *smrefqef@usifa&;EdkifiH a&;orm;rsm;u pDpOfaom =oZmwduUr&Sdonfh ‘z&pf'def;rwf’
owif;pmxGufvmonf? tjcm;owif;pmrsm;vnf; xGufvmonf? yg0ifywfouf=uolrsm;rSm pme,fZif;vkyfief;
tawG@t=uHK tenf;tyg;om&Sdonfh vli,frsm;jzpf+yD; vufESdyfpuftenf;tusOf;ESifh pmul;pufa[mif;enf;enf;yg;yg;om
&Sd=uonf? aiG&if;aiGESD;/ puUL/ rSifESifh pdwfcstm;udk;avmufonfh vufaxmufrsm;rSmvnf; &Sm& cufovdk &efolrS
azmfxkwfawG@&SdroGm;bJ vkyfief;vnfywfEdkifrnfh ae&mrsm;rSmvnf; &Sm;yg;onf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap ajratmuf
owif;pmvkyfief;onf vsifvsifjrefjref &ifhusuf}uD;xGm;vmum wcgrSvHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; aysmufuG,foGm;onftxd
ESdyfuGyfr&EdkifcJh? (1942) ckaESmif;ydkif;wGif w&m;r0ifowif;Xmewckjzpfaom ‘jyef=um;a&;’ owif;Xmeu bDbDpD/ qGD'if/
'def;rwf0ef}uD;Xmersm;ESifh qifqmjzwfrcH&aom owif;&if;jrpfrsm;rS owif;rsm;udk pkaqmif;xkwfjyefay;r_udk
pwifvkyfaqmifcJhonf? (1943) wGif w&m;r0if yHkESdyfxkwfa0r_ pkpkaygif;rSm apmifa& (2 '\r 6) oef;txd &SdcJhonf?
xdk@jyif w&m;r0ifowif;vkyfief;nd‡Ed_if;a&;aumfrwDw&yfESifh yl;wGJowif;crf;rwckudkvnf; xlaxmifcJhonf?
qvm*sJvfpDrS xGufcGmvmI udkyifa[*ifwuUodkvfwGif ausmif;wufaeaom tm;efq,f,mESifholi,fcsif; wodkufvnf;

yHkESdyf xkwfa0a&;ppfrsufESmodk@ 0ifa&muf=uonf? pmul;pufta[mif;wckudk &Sm=uH&,l+yD;aemuf
‘ausmif;om;jyef=um;a&;Xme’ udk wnfaxmifvdkufonf? r=umrDwGif olwdk@onf w&m;r0ifpmtkyfrsm;udk
yHkESdyfxkwfa0ae=uawmhonf? xdkpmtkyfrsm;udk u'fpuUL rsm;jzifhzHk;tkyf+yD; rdrdwdk@aetdrfrsm;/ wdkufcef;rsm;rSaeI
jzef@csD=uonf? *|efpwdef;bwf. v0ifae+yD 0wˆKrSm bufq,fvmjzpfum 'def;rwfxkwf pmtkyfjzL
rSmvnf;a&mif;aumif;vSonf? pmtkyjf zL rSm *smrefusL;ausmfcsdefumv tpnf;ta0;rsm;ESifhywfoufonfh tpdk;&ESifh
ppfwyfpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk jyefvnfyHkESdyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? pmtkyfxJwGif azmfxkwfxm;onfh tpdk;&.tav#mhay;vdkuf
avsma&;vkyf&yfrsm;u 'def;rwftrsm;tjym;udk xdwfvef@wkefv_yfapcJhonf? Tpmtkyfudk tkyfa& (20000)

ausmfa&mif;cJh&onf? aemufpmtkyfwtkyfrSm [pfwvm.rdef@cGef;rsm;udk pkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpf+yD; rsufESmzHk;wGif
jrif;jzLwaumifpD;um tv,facwfol&J aumif;oHcsyftusô0wfvsuf p=umwHqdyfwHcGefwckudk udkifxm;aom
[pfwvmhyHkudk [moqHqHa&;qGJxm;onf? ,if;pmtkyfudk *smrefppfwyfpmwdkufvdyfpmrsm;odk@ tkyfa& (2000)
ydk@ay;cJhonf? ,if;o¶kyfazmfyHkrSm acgif;aqmif}uD;udk rav;rpm;ðy&musonf[k emZDrsm;,lq+yD; t}uD;tus,f
a'goxGufcJh=uonf?
yHkESdyfpmrsufESmrsm;ay:wGifjzpfap/ trsm;jynfol=um;wGifjzpfap yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;r[kwfbJ ckcHqef@usifa&;uom

usL;ausmfodrf; ydkufr_tay: 'def;rwfwdk@. wke@f jyefa&;acgif;pD;jzpfvmonf? (1942) ckarvwGif
0ef}uD;csKyfpawmif;eif;twGuf EdkifiHawmfpsmyeY jynfoltenf;qHk; (120000) onf udkyifa[*ifòrd@awmf.
t}uD;qHk;pnf;a0;crf;raqmifodk@ vma&mufI *g&0ðycJh=uonf? c&pf&Sef bk&if}uD;onf
psmyetcrf;tem;wufa&mufzdk@&SdI crf;raqmifaemufzufrSm v_yfv_yf&G&Gjzpfonfhtcg tm;vHk;u bk&ifvm+yDxif+yD;
rdrdwdk@cspfjrwfEdk;vSaom acgif;aqmif}uD;udk jrifEdkif&ef rwfwyf&yf=uonf? odk@aomf bk&iftpm; *smrefoHtrwf}uD;
AGef&ifax;zifhuf 0ifvmonf? “vlawG b,favmufjrefjref xdkifcsvdkuf=uw,fqdkwmudk o¶kyfazmfzdk@awmifcufw,f?
crf;raqmif}uD;uvnf; }uD; awmh tJ'Dhv_yf&Sm;r_u vd_if;vHk;av;wvHk;vdk jyef@xGufoGm;vdkufwm wu,fhudkxl;jcm;vSwJh
toHwdwfqENjyyGJwck jzpfoGm;w,f” [k avhvmolwOD;u owif;ydk@onf? bk&if}uD; wu,fa&mufvmonfhtcgwGifrl
olwdk@u vd_ufvSJpGmóudqdk=uonf?
c&pf&Sefrif;}uD;onf 'def;rwfwdk@.a&S;tarGudk qufcHudk,fpm;ðyr_tjzpf aomhcsuu

f saom vlr_a&;ESifh pdwf"mwfa&;jy,k*f
jzpfvm onf? ppf}uD;rjzpfrDu olonf udkyifa[*ifòrd@awmfvrf;rsm;ay: ae@pOfjrif;pD;xGufavh&SdcJhonf?
,ckusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcHumvwGif vnf; Tjrif;pD;vSnfhyGJudk qufvkyfcJhonf? tapmifhta&SmufrygbJ jrif;pD;oGm;pOf
vlxky&dowfrsm;u vrf;ab;wav#mufpDwef; um vufckyfwD;=obmay; odk@r[kwf bk&ifhxHyg;vmI
vufqGJE_wfqufwwf=uonf? *smrefppfom;rsm;uvnf; owdqGJay;=u onf? odk@aomf bk&if}uD;u olwdk@udk
b,fawmhrS vSnfhr=unfh? udkyifa[*if*dk%f;tkyfbkef;awmf}uD;u “bk&if}uD;[m usaemfwdk@udk tm;wuf&Sifoefapw,f/
pkpnf;nD!Gwfapw,f/ vrf;!¸efay;aew,f” [krSwfcsufcscJhonf?
vlxkudk pkpnf;tm;wufaponfh aemufxyftrSwftom;wckrSm *|efc&pPrwfrdk0,fvm jzpfonf? olonf

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; rvkyfaom v$wfawmftrwfjzpfum (1941) ckwGif ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0ef}uD;tjzpfrS E_wfxGufzdk@
*smrefwdk@u zdtm;ay;jcif;udk cHcJh&onf? olu ajratmufowif;pmrsm;ESifh vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif *smrefay:vpDudk
qufvufa0zef¶_wfcscJh+yD;aemuf ol@udk ygvDreftrwftjzpfrS xkwfy,fypf&efESifh *smrefqef@usifa&;rdef@cGef;rsm;
ajymjcif;tm; wm;jrpfay;&ef AGef&ifax;zihfufu awmif;qdkcJh onf? 'def;rwfwdk@u jiif;qefaomtcg *smrefrsm;u
ol@udkzrf;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvkdufonf? odk@&mwGif rdk0,fvmonf vef'efodk@ xGufajy; vGwfajrmufoGm;+yD;
awmfvSefa&;umvwav#mufvHk; a&'D,dkrS wufºuGp&maumif;aom toHv$ifhyef=um;csufrsm;tm;jzifh tHwk
zDqefr_.wHydk;c&moHtjzpf tusKd;ðycJhonf?
(1942) ck =o*kwfvwGif *smrefrsm;u wdk;jrifhvmaeonfhawmfvSefa&;udk wefjyefEdkif&ef owif;pmqifqmvkyfief;

wdk;csJŒa&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;udk ao'%fay;a&; awmif;qdkcJhonf? tpdk;&u Tawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk
y,fcscJhaomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;udk vnf; jypfwif¶_wfcscJhonf? &uftenf;i,ft=umwGifrl rdk0,fvmu bDbDpDrSwqifh
rdrdwdkif;oljynfom;rsm;udk ,if;ESifhuGJjym;onfh yef=um;csufw&yf ðyvkyfcJhonf? Tyef=um;csufrSm trdEdkifiH.pdwf"mwfudk
ydkIxif[yfaeonf? “usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; v_yf&Sm;=uzdk@vdk w,f? usaemfwdk@rSm ta=umif;udpPwckwnf;udkyJ jrifxm;zdk@
wm0ef&Sdw,f? tJ'guawmh *smr%Dudk txdtemqHk;jzpfapr,fhupd PyJ? æ æ udk,fhwm0efudk udk,fxrf;=uyg? udk,fhtvkyfudk
udk,fvkyf=uyg?” [k yef=um;xkwfjyefcJhonf?
apmfum;r_rsm;/ wHqdyrf sm;ESifh oydwfrsm;
'def;rwf.tHwkr_ t&SdefjrifhvmonfESifhtr# wkdif;jynfonf olykefxvkeD;tajc a&mufae+yD[k [pfwvmu

,Hk=unf,lqvmonf? xdktcsdefwGif +Adwdo#ESifh tar&duefwdk@onf ajrmuftmz&duudk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufzdk@
tpDtpOfrsm; t+yD;owf a&;qGJjyifqifae =u +yD; r[macgif;aqmif}uD; ¡[pfwvm¢ rSm r[mrdwfwdk@udk [ef@wm;zdk@

tav;xm;óud;yrf;aeonf? 'def;rwfjynfvdk tm¶Hkv$JEdkifp&m rSefor#udk vufOD;r_,lESdrfeif;ypf&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh
*smrefacgif;aqmif}uD;u *smref-'def;rwfqufqHa&; tajymif;tvJvkyf&ef vdktyfonf[k qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? odk@aomf
‚if;.tajymif;tvJvkyf&yfrsm; vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufa=umif; jyEdkif&ef &efpr_ xdk;qGr_wck vkd tyfaeonf?
tqdkygtcGifhta&;rSm (1942) pufwifbm (26) &uf c&pf&Sefbk&ifh ckepfq,fhESpfESpfajrmufarG;ae@wGif ay:vmonf?

[pfwvmu bk&ifhxHodk@ 0rf;ajrmuf*k%fðya=umif;ESifh qkrGefaumif;awmif;a=u;eef;wapmif ydk@vdkufonf? bk&ifu
at;pufpufwdkawmif;awmif; jyef=um;vdkufonf? “trsm;}uD;aus;Zl;wif/ c&pf&Sef &ufcfpf” [lIjzpf.? Tonfudk
[pfwvmu yk*~dKvfa&;t&apmfum;r_wck/ 'def;rwfjynf. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rJhjcif; vuQ%mwcktjzpf rSwf,lcJhonf?
xdk@a=umifh wkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh [pfwvmonf AGef&if ax;zifhufudk jyefvnfac:,lvdkufum 'def;rwfEdkifiHtaejzifh
*smrefwyfrawmftwGuf vli,fvl&G,f (30000) oGif;ay;&efESifh 'def;rwf tpdk;& E_wfxGufay;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf?
vef'efxkwf a';vD;w,fvD*&yf owif;pmu “[pfwvmu 'def;rwfudk vHk;0odrf;ydkuf zdk@ toifhjzpf/
*ufpwmydktkyfcsKyfa&;u c&pf&Sefbk&ifudk +cdrf;acsmuf” [kowif;acgif;pOfwyfcJhonf?
*smrefwdk@u 'def;rwfwdk@tay: csKyfudkifv$rf;rdk;&ef vuf&if;vl,HkawmfESpfOD; apv$wfvdkufonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;

[mrefAGef[ifeDuifudk wyfrawmfOD;pD;uGyfuJr_wm0ef,l&ef apv$wfcJhonf? 0g&ifhemZDAsL¶dku&ufwOD;jzpfol
tufpftufpfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; a'gufwm0gembufpf u 'def;rwfEdkifiHqdkif&m *smrefoHtrwf}uD; jzpfvmonf? ‚if;udk
[pfwvmu oD;oef@awG@qHk+yD; “oHr%dvufoD;jzifh tkyfcsKyf&ef” !¸ef=um;cJhonf? bmvif.aemufqHk;trdef@rSm
emZDwdk@.umv&Snf tcspfawmfEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; pauAD;eD;,yfudk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf cef@tyf&efjzpfonf? pauAD;eD;,yfu
tpdk;&tzGJ@udk *smrefvdkvm;aom vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;jzifh jznfhwif;cJhonf? ‚if;tm; e*dkurS twdtvif;&GHrkef;ae=uaom
'def;rwfvlxku ae&mtESH@wGif uef@uGufyGJrsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm; tkwfatmfaomif;wif; ðyvkyfcJh=uonf?
0gembufpfonf 'def;rwfEdkifiH. ‘axmufyHhvdkpdwf’ udk rxdcdkufapzdk@ oH"dÏmefcsxm;onfjzpf&um; yxrOD;pm;ay;rSm

ppfEdkifa&;jzpf+yD; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&;vkyf&yfrsm;onf ckcHawmfvSefa&;udkom ydkrdk}uD;xGm;apvdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;onf?
Tt,ltqu ol@tm; [ifeD uifESifh xdyfwdkufyËdyuQjzpfapcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; bufpfrSm bmvifrS
tjcm;!¸ef=um;csuf rvmygu aemufqHk;tm%mwnfol jzpfonf? olonf 'def;rwfv$wfawmftrwfrsm;ESifh
&if;ESD;aEG;axG;aom qufqHa&;rsm; xlaxmifonf? oltvkyfp0ifonfh a&S@ydkif; vrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh
tpD&ifcHpmydk@&mwGif olu 'def;rwfEdkifiHom;rsm;onf ppfyGJudk “pdwfysuf+iD;aiG@” aeonfhta=umif;/ *smr%D EdkifiHodk@
'def;rwfydk@ukefrsm; wdk;wufaea=umif;ESifh pufr_ESifhpdkufysKd;a&;xkwfvkyfr_ wdk;jrifhvma=umif; rSwfcsufcsxm;onf? bmvifu
a=ueyftm;&aeonf? odk@&mwGif pifppftm;jzifh bufpfu tajctaeudk xHk;okwfjyxm;jcif;omjzpfonf?
tay:,HrsufESmjyifatmuf wGif usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufolrsm;udk qef@usifonfh a&pD;a=umif;rsm; tm;aumif;aeavonf?
(1943) rwfv (23) &ufwGif bufpf.t}uD;qHk;trSm;wcktjzpf 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJrsm;

usif;ycGifhðycJhonf? todrf; ydkufcHEdkifiHrsm;. udk,fydkifvGwfvyfr_udk *smr%Duwefzdk;xm;onf[k jycsifonf?
qef@usifuef@uGufonfhtaejzifh rJray;=uzdk@ 'def;rwfueG fjrLepfrsm;u rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk wdkufwGef;cJhaomfvnf;
tjcm;ygwDrsm;url rJEdkifa&;udk óud;yrf;=uonf? awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@ trsm;pku 'Drdkua&pDygwDrsm;. !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@udk
axmufcHtm;ay;cJh=uonf? 'def;rwfvli,fyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@u trsKd;om;tvHESifh “rJay;+yD;” pmwrf;yg
&ifxdk;wHqdyfwoef;ausmfukd jzef@a0cJhonf? TwHqdyfwyfjcif;onf oauFwoabm aqmif¶Hkomru rJray;vdkolrsm;udkyg
t&Suf&aprnfjzpfonf? odk@ESifh aemufqHk;wGif rJay;Edkifol (89 '\r 5) &mcdkifE_ef; rJay;cJh=u onf? EdkifiHordkif;wGif
trsm;qHk;jzpfonf? !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@0ifygwDrsm;u rJqEN (94) &mcdkifE_ef;&um &pf*p'uf*fv$wfawmfwGif trwf ae&m (149)
ae&mteuf (141) ae&m tEdkif&cJhonf? 'def;rwfemZDrsm;rSm 3 ae&mudk yGwfcgoDcgom&cJhonf?
emZDwdk@ta&;edrfhr_ ta=umif;&if;rSm 'def;rwfemZDygwDacgif;aqmif z&pfZfuavmhpif t&nftcsif;nHhzsif;r_a=umifh

jzpfonf[k bufpf u tjypfyHkcscJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJonf jynfolwdk@u EdkifiHjcm;tkyfpdk;r_xuf wdkif;&if;'Drdkua&pDudk
ydkvdkvm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;jywfom; pGm twnfðyvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh *smr%DtwGuf t"du¶H_;edrfhr_}uD; jzpfoGm;onfudk
bufpf rjrifEdkifcJh? ESpfq,f&mpkESpf. tm%m&Sif tpdk;&rsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJwck usif;yay;jcif;tm;jzifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk
tm;jzpfoGm;apEdkifonfh pdwf"mwfpGrf;tm;/ twdkuftcHudk tm;aumif;oGm;apEdkifonfh tvm;tvmwdk@udk
oabmaygufEdkifcJvSonf?

,cktcg awmfvSefa&;vkyf&yfrsm; rSefuefoifhawmfa=umif;udk ppfyGJ}uD;twGif; 'def;rwfEdkifiHu tajymif;tvJvkyfEdkifonfh
tcGifh tvrf;ESifh ydkIydkI qufpyfwGJzufvmonf? bDbDpDu 0g'jzef@ppfqifa&;udk t&Sdefjr‡ifhum *smr%DESifhvrf;cGJzdk@
'def;rwfwdk@udk wdkuf wGef;onf/ vlqdk;pm&if;rsm;a&;qGJ+yD; *smrefvdkvm;aomvkyf&yfrsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeonfh
'def;rwfwdk@.trnfrsm;udk a&'D,dkrS toHv$ifhonf? +Adwdo#ocif}uD;ESifhaygif;onfh ukvm;rsm;udk oduQmcst&SufcGJcJhyHkudk
jyefvnfowd&p&mjzpfonf? r[mrdwfwdk@ .atmifyGJrsm;/ txl;ojzifh pwmvif*&ufrS t&Sdeft[kef}uD;rm;vSonfh
*smrefppf¶H_;yGJudk aoaocsmcsmtjynfhtpHk toHv$ifhay; onf? 'def;rwfrsm;uvnf; awmfvSefykefuefzdk@ tm;wufvmap&ef
ar#mfvifhcsufESifh v$ifhjcif;jzpfonf?
Tt&mtm;vHk;u tzsufvkyfief;rsm;udk ydkrdktm;ay;vdkufonf? ZlvdkifvxJwGif tzsufvkyf&yf (93) ck jzpfcJh+yD;

=o*kwfvwGif t}udrf (220) jzpfcJhonf? rdrdwdkif;jynftEW&m,fuswdkif; tdyfaysmf&mrSEdk;vmonfh '¾m&Dvm
'def;rwfol&Jaumif;trnfudk ,lxm; aom a[mfvf*g'def;puD;tzGJ@onf t"du tzsufvkyfief;aqmif&Gufoljzpfonf?
“*smrefawG vrf;awGay: jynfhaewmudk =unfh&wm usaemf pdwyf suf+iD;aiG@vmw,f” [k *sif;pfvDvlvGef; u xdktzGJ@udk
olpwifwnfaxmif&onfh ta=umif; ajymjyonf? “usaemf [m&Jvfp*dwf wav#muf pufbD;pD;aewkef;ayghaemf/ æ æ
tJ'DrSm ppfom;awG wyfcGJwcGJ ab;ujzwfoGm;awmh usaemf aygufuGJ oGm;rdw,f? usaemf 'DaumifawGudk
wHaxG;eJ@axG;w,f? 'Dawmh &JESpfa,mufu usaemfhzrf;csKyf+yD; *wfwJac:oGm;w,f? aemufwcg tzrf;cH&&ifawmh
*smrefawGudkematmif wckckvkyf+yD;rSyJ tzrf;cHr,fvdk@ tJ'DrSm usaemfqHk;jzwfvdkufw,f” odk@&mwGif usL;ausmfol rsm;udk
ydktxdemaponfu tzsufvkyfief;r[kwfyJ tjcm;vkyfief;wckjzpfavonf?
udk,fxdvufa&muf ckcHawmfvSefa&;vuQ%mrsm;. v_H@aqmfr_a=umifh tvkyform;rsm;onf oydwfarSmufr_rsm;

pvkyfvmonf? 'def;rwfjynfom;wdk@onf Tuef@uGufqENjyr_yHkpHESifh rpdrf;yg? (1920) wGif
tajccHOya'tajymif;tvJrsm;udk awmif;qdkum tvkyf orm;acgif;aqmifrsm;u EdkifiHvHk;u|wftaxGaxGoydwf}uD;
ac:cJhzl;onf? (,if;oydwfa=umifhtpdk;& tzGJ@ESifh v$wfawmfodk@ qHk;jzwf EdkifcGifhtm%m ydkIcGJay;cJh&onf?) ,cktcgYrl
ypfrSwfrSm jyify&efoljzpfaeonf? jyifqifrGrf;rHr_rsm; vkyfaeaom *smrefu¶lZm ppf oabFmwpD;udk azmufcGJzsufqD;r_wck
jzpfoGm;+yD;aemuf tdk'ifpDòrd@awmf. *smrefwyfrª;u oabFmusif;twGif;odk@ wyfrsm;apv$wf vdkufonfhtcg
oabFmusif;tvkyform;rsm;u tvkyfcGifrSxGufcGmI oydwfarSmufvdkuf=uonf? &m;a'orS *smreftvkyform;
rsm;enf;wl 'def;rwfrsm;rSmvnf; EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;twGuf t"rRvkyftm;ay;&onfudk emusnf;cg;oD;=uonf?
oydwfowif; òrd@ awmf&Sdtjcm;puf¶Hkrsm;odk@ ysHŒoGm;aomtcg tvkyform;rsm;onf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_udk jyonfhtaejzifh
oydwfarSmuf=uawmh onf?
tdk'ifpDòrd@rSaeI oydwfrsm;onf ,Gwfvif;taemufbufurf;rS qdyfurf;òrd@wòrd@jzpfaom tufpfb,mh*fodk@ ysHŒoGm;onf?

xdkòrd@wGif (5) *dka'gifwckrS oydwfrSm òrd@vHk;u|wf “vlxkoydwf” jzpfoGm;onf? a&vkyfom;/ ykvdyf/ rD;owform;/
¶Hk;0efxrf;/ tpdk;&tr_xrf;/ tm;vHk; tvkyf&yfypfvdkufum tvkyfcGifwHcg;rsm;ydwfypfvdkuf+yD; òrd@v,fodk@
vma&mufpka0;=uonf? *smrefrsm;u a'gow}uD;ESifh nrxGuf&trdef@xkwfvdkufaomfvnf; vlxku *¶krpdkuf?
jynfolrsm;u vrf;rsm;ay: pka0;ae=u+yD; nrxGuf&trdef@ r¶kyfrcsif; tvkyfjyefvkyfzdk@udk jiif;qef=uonf?
ig;&uft=umwGif *smrefwdk@ av#mhay;vdkufonf? ESpf&uft=umwGif tdk'ifpDY aemufxyfoydwf wck jzpfjyefonf?
awmfvSefa&;onf tm;vfabmh*fESifh tm;[yfpftygt0if òrd@}uD;}uD;rsm;odk@ ysHŒoGm;onf? tdk'ifpDwGif 0ef}uD;Xme
t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh òrd@awmf0efwdk@u tvkyform;rsm;udk vkyfief;cGifjyef0if&ef yef=um;wdk;v#Kd;=uonf? tvkyform;or*~
acgif;aqmifrsm; uyif oydwfvSefzdk@ yef=um;=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; oydwfa=umifh *smrefppfom;rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfolrsm;
rnfr#a,muf,ufcwfoGm; onfudk tvkyform;rsm; awG@jrifcJhav+yD? *smr%DEdkifiHtwGuf 'def;rwfpD;yGm;a&;
aumif;rGefpGmvnfywfaezdk@ vdktyfaeoa&G@/ tvkyf orm;rsm;taejzifh ,if;pD;yGm;a&;udk csdeJ@&yfwef@oGm;atmif
wwfEdkifor#vkyf=uawmhrnfjzpf.?
tdk'ifpDòrd@rSoydwfrsm;rSm t=urf;zufr_rsm;jzpfvmonf? wcgY a'goxGufaeaom vltkyf}uD;. pdefac:&efpr_a=umifh

*smrefppfom; wa,mufu aoewfxkwf+yD; vltyk ftwGif;odk@ tcsuftawmfrsm;rsm;ypfxnfhvdkuf&m
aumifav;wa,muf tygt0if vl (4) a,muf '%f&m&oGm;onf? xkdtcg vltkyf}uD;rSm a'goaygufuGJ+yD;
tqdkygppfom;udk twif;0ifvHk;um tao¶dkufowfypfvdkuf onf? Towif;udk [pfwvm=um;onfhtcg òrd@udk

u¶dkemaiG woef;'%f¶dkufonf? aiGudk *smrefwyfrawmfodk@ ay;oGif;&rnfjzpf onf? nrxGuf&trdef@vnf;xkwfvdkufum
Zmwf¶Hkrsm;/ ¶kyf&Sif¶Hkrsm;udk ydwfypfvdkufonf? “*smreft&m&Sdwa,mufudk rawmfwa&mf ðyusifh&mY tjypf&Sd” olrsm;udk
rv$Jtyfygu zrf;qD;r_rsm; vkyfrnf[k+cdrf;ajcmufonf?
oydwfrsm;rSm 0gembufpftwGuf t}uD;tus,ftae&cufaponf? olu t&m&mudk jyefvnfxdef;csKyfEdkifa&;twGuf

'def;rwf ygvDrefudk ra&rwGufEdkifatmif yef=um;csufrsm;ðyonf? odk@&mwGif tvkyform;rsm;u
awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wom; wnf;&yf=uojzifh 'def;rwftpdk;&tzGJ@ESifh ygvDref. “at;csrf;+idrf0yf”
=uzdk@yef=um;r_rSm vspfvsL¶_cH&onf? bmawGjzpfaeonfudk xkacs&eftwGuf bufpfrSm bmvifokd@ qifhac:cH&onf? ‚if;u
xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;qufvkyf&ef t=uHay;+yD; oydwfrsm;rSm aumuf¶dk; rD;omjzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;jyonf? odk@aomf
,ckw}udrfwGifrl ol@tay: AdkvfcsKyf}uD;AGef[ifeDuifu tompD;&oGm;onf? [ifeDuif um; ppfa&;t&ajz&Sif;a&;udk
umv=umjrifhpGmuwnf;u &yfcHvmoljzpfonf? oydwfarSmufr_rsm;ESifh tzsufvkyfief;rsm; xdef;rEdkif odrf;r& ysHŒESH@ae+yD;
ppfyGJ}uD;uvnf; tajctaeraumif;onfhbuf a&mufvmonfhtcg [pfwvmu aemufqHk;wGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ESifh
oabmxm;wlnDoGm;onf? 'def;rwfrsm;taejzifh cyf=urf;=urf;tcsuftvufrsm;udk oabmwlnDr_rðyygu ppfa&;t&
ta&;ay: tajctaea=unm+yD; AGef[ifeDuifu wdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyfrnfjzpfonf?
“'g[m tvSnfhtajymif;yJ”
(1943) ck/ =o*kwf (28) &ufwGif *smrefrsm;u 'def;rwftpdk;&udk &mZoHay;vkdufonf? ta&;ay:tajctaea=unmyg/

txl;pDrH csuf (8) ckudk aqmif&Gufyg [lIjzpfonf? txl;pDrHcsuf&SpfckrSm oydwfarSmufr_rsm;/ vlig;a,mufxufydkaom
vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;/ wHcg;ydwf odk@r[kwf tdrfjyifY rnfonfhoD;oef@tpnf;ta0;udkrqdk ydwfyifa&;/ nrxGuf&trdef@
xkwfjyefa&;/ vufeuftm;vHk;odrf; qnf;a&;/ qifqmvkyfief;udk *smrefrsm;tm; v$Jtyfa&;/ Tpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;tm;
azmufzsufr_rSefor#udk udkifwG,f&eftwGuf tusOf;w&m;¶Hk;rsm;wnfaxmifa&;/ tzsufvkyfief;vkyfaqmifr_ odk@r[kwf
*smrefppfzufudk zDqeftHwkr_ odk@r[kwf vufeufydkifqdkif udkifwG,fr_wdk@twGuf ao'%fay;a&; wdk@jzpf.? wdkwdkajym&v#if
'def;rwfEdkifiHudk qGH@t um ðrHoGm;apzdk@ jzpfonf?
&mZoHudk vHk;0y,fcsvdkufavonf? “*smrefawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfygu tpdk;&onf

jynfoljynfom;rsm;udk at;aq;wnf+idrfatmif xdef;xm;Edkifrnfhtvm;tvmrsm; ysufokOf;oGm;vdrfhrnf” [ktpdk;&u
jyef=um;cJhonf? yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf a&;ay:vpD edÏw
d HoGm;av+yD? pauAD;eD;,yfESifh ol@tpdk;&tzGJ@ E_wfxGufvdkufonf?
aemufwae@wGif *smrefwyfrsm;u rD;&xm;blwm ¶Hkrsm;/ "mwftm;ay;pufrsm;/ puf¶Hkrsm;ESifh
tjcm;aomhcsuftaqmufttHkrsm;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufonf? ppfom;rsm;onf vlae&yf uGufrsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufum =oZm&Sd
wuUodkvfygarmuQrsm;/ owif;pmt,f'Dwmrsm;/ v$wfawmftrwfrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; &Sifrsm;udk zrf;qD;=uonf?
t"duusaom taqmufttHkwdkif;/ ae&mXmewdkif;wGif *smreftapmifhppfom;rsm; csxm;vdkufonf? 'def;rwfwdk@onf
a&'D,dkzGifh+yD; owif;em;axmif=uonf? a&'D,kdrS AGe[ f ifeDuif. a=unmcsufu olwdk@tm;E_wfqufvdkufonf?
“tpdk;&tr_xrf;rsm;onf tvkyfudkqufvkyf=u&rnf/ *smreftm%mydkifrsm;. !¸ef=um;csufrsm;udk vdkufem&rnf? æ
oydwfarSmuf r_tm;vHk;udk wm;jrpfonf/ usL;vGefygu aopm;aoaptjypf'%fcH&rnf?” aemufwck&Sdao;onf?
w,fvDzHk;tm;vHk; qufr&awmh/ pmydk@vkyfief;udkvnf; &yfwef@ypfvdkufonf?
ppfwyfu tm%mudkxdef;csKyfvdkufjcif;onf 0gembufpfudk ajrmif;xJa&mufoGm;aponf? olonf t&musr_twGuf

wa,mu fa,muftay: tjypfyHkcscsifaeonf? ESpfq,f&mpkrS tjcm;aom rdrdudk,fom*¶kpdkufwwfol
EdkifiHa&;t¶_H;orm;rsm;twdkif; olonf owif;pmrsm;udk tjypfwifonf/ *smrefrsm;udk pdwfqdk;atmifrvkyfzdk@
ol@owday;csufrsm;udk vspfvsL¶_onfhtwGuf tjypfqdkonf? “'Dayga=umifa=umifwkdif;jynfuav;rSm owif;pmawGu
*smr%D[m tm;r&Sdbl;qdkwJh tjrifudk zefwD;ay;xm;w,f” [k olu xif&Sm;onfhowif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJwckwGif ajymonf? “'Dawmh rae@nu cifAsm;wdk@eJ@ xdkufwefwmudk cifAsm; wdk@&oGm;wmyJ?”
'def;rwfawmfvSefa&;twGufrl wu,fyJ xdktwdkif;jzpfoGm;.? zdESdyfr_onf awmfvSefa&;.wm0efudk &Sif;jywfoGm; aponf?
ajratmufowif;pm z&pf'def;rwf u “'g[m trSefyJ tvSnfhtajymif;jzpfw,f” [kqdkonf? “'gayr,fh wu,fhvufawG@
rSmawmh 'g[m wjznf;jznf; jzpfay:xGef;um;vmcJhwJh tajctaew&yfudk vlod&Sif=um; twnfðyay;vdkufwJh
oabmyJjzpfw,f?” =o*kwfoydwfrsm;u 'def;rwfjynfom;wdk@onf *smrefwdk@tm; xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifrnfh ta=umif;

azmfjyaeonf? ,cktcg 'def;rwfonf ydkrdk}uD;rm;aom ppfyGJ}uD;. tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfa=umif;udk vrf;rrsm;ay: rS
ppfom;rsm;u owd&aponf?
odk@&mwGif 'def;rwfjynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;twGufrl yk*~dKvfa&;tEW&m,frSm trsm;jynfol@awmfvSefa&;. wGJbufjzpfvmonf?

vGefcJh onfhoHk;ESpftwGif;Y ‚if;wdk@.tpdk;&onf vlwum&GHrkef;vSaom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDudk usifhoHk;aeapumrl
tnw& 'def;rwfjynfom;rsm;ESifh *smrefrsm;t=um; =um;cHtjzpf toHk;awmfcHcJhonf? tpkd;&tzGJ@E_wfxGufoGm;+yD;aemuf
trsm;jynfol qdkif&mESifh vlr_a&;0efaqmifr_rsm; vnfywfaeEdkif&ef 0ef}uD;Xmersm; qufvuf tvkyfvkyfae=uaomfvnf;
txufyg 'dkif;umrSm ,cktcg r&SdoavmufjzpfoGm;um AdkvfcsKyf}uD;AGef[ifeDuif bmvkyfrnfudk
rnfodk@r#odEdkifp&menf;vrf;vnf;r&Sd jzpfaeonf? 'def;rwfEdkifiHrS *sL;vlrsKd; (8000) twGufqdkv#if
rjrifEdkifaomtEW&m,fudk pdk;&drfa=umufvef@r_rSm ydkIyif}uD;rm;aeonf? usL;ausmf odrf;ydkufr_puwnf;u
'def;rwftpdk;&onf ‚if;wdk@tm; wef;wltcGifhta&;rsm; tmrcHcJhonf? *smrefrsm;uvnf; qlylr_rsm;rjzpfa&; twGuf
ar#mfvifh+yD; 'def;rwf*sL;udpPudk arS;xm;cJhonf? rlvueOD;usL;ausmf+yD;p ajcmuf&ufajrmufuwnf;u AGef&ifax;zifhufu
“wu,fvdk@ 'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; vdktyfwmxuf enf;enf;avmufydkvkyfvdkufrd&ifudk EdkifiHa&;eJ@pD;yGm;a&;b0rSm
oGufcsmyg' vdkuf oGm;vdrhfr,f/ 'grSr[kwfvnf; tifrwefqdk;qdk;0g;0g; z¶dkz&Jjzpfukefvdrfhr,f? 'Djy\em&J@ta&;}uD;r_udk
av#mhrwGufoifhbl;” [k bmvifudkowday;cJhonf?
0gembufpf tm%m&SdpOfu TrpGufzufa&;enf;vrf;udk awmufav#mufusifhoHk;cJhonf? ta'ghvfzftkdufcref;ESifh

[def;e&pfcsf[if;rvm;wdk@u zdtm;ay;aomfvnf; bufpf.txufvl}uD;jzpfol EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;
*sKdcif;AGef&pfbifxa&mhu ay:vpDajymif;&ef wcgrSzdtm;ray;cJh? odk@aomf 1943 ck =o*kwfvY oydwfarSmufr_rsm;ESifh
tzsufvkyfief;rsm; tusyftwnf;tqifhodk@ a&mufvmaomtcg EdkifiHa&;&moDOwk tajymif;tvJudk
tjrJwrf;}uKdwifwGufqEdkifolbufpfonf vrf;pOfajymif;vdkufonf? olu pufwifbm 8 &ufwGif bmvifodk@
a=u;eef;&Snfwapmif a&;ydk@vdkuf&m 'def;rwf&Sd*sL;tm;vHk;udk zrf;qD;a&;tm; axmufcHawmif;qdkxm;onf? TudpPonf
tdkufcref;/ [if;rvm;ESifh txl;ojzifh [pfwvmudk oabmawG@aprnf[k oloabmayguf+yD;jzpf.?
zrf;qD;r_rsm;aqmif&Guf&ef ykvdyftzGJ@rsm;udkvnf; olawmif;cHcJhonf?
pufwifbm (15) &ufwGif tufpftufpfwyf&if;rsm;ESifh vHkðcHa&;t&m&Sdrsm; udkyifa[*ifodk@ pwifa&muf&Sdvm=uonf?

ESpf&uf t=umwGifrl bufpfonf [pfwvm. w&m;0ifrD;pdrf;jyr_udk vufcH&&SdcJhonf? odk@aomf ,cktcgY *sL;rsm;udk
tpkvdkuftðyHvdkuf zrf;jcif;onf r+idrfroufr_udk t}uD;tus,fqdk;0g;oGm;aprnf[k bufpfu pdk;&drfrdjyefonf? olu
rdrd.pdk;&drfr_rsm;udk udkyifa[*ifrS t&if;ESD;t,Hk=unf&qHk;rdwfaqGwOD;jzpfol a*smh'yfuGpfZfudk ajymjyonf? 'yfuGpfZfrSm
+rD;aumifayguft&G,fuwnf;u emZDygwD ESifhqufpyfcJhol *smrefoabFmvkyfief;qdkif&moHrª;jzpfonf? oluvnf;
tpkvdkuftðyHvdkufzrf;qD;jcif;onf *smref-'def;rwfqufqH a&;udk xdckdufepfemaprnfjzpfI ,if;vkyf&yfudk qef@usifonf?
[pfwvmu bufpfxHjyef=um;pmudk olzwf&onfhnY “igbmvkyf& rvJqdkwm igod+yD” [k ol@'dkif,m&DpmtkyfxJ
a&;cJhonf?
rnfodk@yifjzpfap bufpfonf trdef@udkvdkufem+yD; pDrHudef;udktaumiftxnfazmf&rnfudk em;vnfonf? pufwifbm

(30) &uf =umoyaw;ae@wGif *sL;ESpfopful;yGJpwifonfhtcg *sL;rdom;pkrsm;onf xdkae@ESifh atmufwdkbm (1) &uf
aom=umae@wdk@wGif rdrd wdk@aetdrfrsm;Yom &Sdae=urnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh zrf;qD;r_rsm;udk aom=umae@ n 10 em&DwGif
pwifum paeae@reuftxd qufvkyfzdk@ bufpfu !¸ef=um;vdkufonf? tpDtpOftwdkif;om tm;vHk;tqifajyygu
*sL;rsm;rSm tidkufrd+yD; ¶kwf¶kwfoJoJ odyf rjzpfbJ aetdrYf yifzrf;rdrnfjzpfonf? odk@aomf a*smh'yfuGpfZf bmvkyfrnfudk
rnfonfh*smrefwOD;wa,mufrS ar#mfvifhrxm;/ 0gembufpfyifv#if ar#mfvifhrxm;?
pufwifbm (28) &uf t*Fgae@Y bufpfESifhawG@qHk+yD;aemuf 'yfuGpfZfu 'def;rwfvlrsK;d EdkifiHa&;ESifh yk*~dKvfa&;rdwfaqG

[ef;pf[uf'f awmhzfudk zHk;quf+yD; olESifhwuG ol.qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDvkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;ESifh awG@qHkzdk@
yef=um;cJhonf? xdkae@vnfY qHk pnf;=uaomtcg 'yfuGpfZfu *smrefpDrHcsufudk t&if;twdkif;azmufonfcsonf? *sL;wdk@udk
owday;r_pvkyf&ef wdkufwGef;onf? csufjcif;yif olwdk@onf *sL;todkif;t0dkif;rSm ta&;tygqHk;yk*~dKvfrsm;udk
qufoG,f=uonf? xdktxJwGif *sL;*dk%f;csKyfbkef;awmf}uD; rm;uyfpfr,fvfcDa,mfESifh *sL;vD;,yfrm*dkvifpuD;wdk@
yg0ifonf? rm*dkvifpuD;u *sL;rsm;ykef;a&Smifzdk@ ta=umif;=um;onfh qufom; pepfwckudk pDpOfonf?

owif;u v#yfjyufovdk jyef@oGm;onf? TonfrSm wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifh
*sL;r[kwfonfh'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;a=umifhvnf;jzpfonf? ta&;ay:vlemwifum;armif;ol a,mf*ifemh'fqifu
a'oEW&zHk;pmtkyfrsm;xJwGif “*sL;[kxif&aom emrnfrsm;” &Sdonfh rdom;pk wdk@.vdyfpmrsm;udk vdkuf&Smonf? xdk@aemuf
ol. ta&;ay:aq;¶Hkum;udk armif;um owdoGm;ay;onf? owday;cH&olrSm ykef;cdk p&mae&m r&Sdygu aq;¶Hkodk@jzpfap/
awmfvSefa&;xJwGif wufºuGpGmyg0ifaeonfh q&m0efrsm;.aetdrfodk@jzpfap ac:oGm;onf? tjcm;*sL;rsm;rSmvnf;
vrf;oGm;&if;ESifh vHk;0rjrifzl;rawG@zl;onfh vlpdrf;rsm;u csOf;uyfum ‚if;wdk@.wdkufcef;aomh odk@r[kwf tdrfaomhrsm;
tay;cH&onf? “'g[m tkdufcref;eJ@ ol@vlawG rawG@zl; r}uKHzl;wJh[myJ” [k [dkifzgwuUodkvf acwfopf*sL;ordkif; ygarmuQ
aveD,m[Dvfuqdkonf? 'def;rwfEdkifiH.*sL;rsm;onf “wntwGif; 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm; wnfaqmufvdkufaom ouf&Sd
wHwdkif;aemufuG,fodk@” tomav;a&Smifwdrf;oGm;cJh=uonf? “usaemfwdk@ tifrwef}uD;rm;wJhtawG@tóuH&vkdufw,f?
bmvdk@ vJqdkawmh t&ifwHk;u *smref@tiftm;udk txif}uD;a=umufvef@/ ‘igwdk@u bmrsm;wwfEdkifrSmvJ’
vdk@udk,hf[mudk,f +iD;aewJh vlxku ¶kwfw&uf wnDwnf;xwnfh+yD; *smrefawGudk qef@usifwJhtaeeJ@ tjypfr&SdwJh
EdkifiHom;csif;nDaemifawGudk wufwuf ºuGºuGulnDwm awG@vdkuf&vdk@yJ” [k 'def;rwfwa,mufua&;onf?
*sL;rsm;udku,fwifr_u wdkif;jynfudk v_yf&Sm;wufºuGoGm;aponf? 'def;rwftrsm;tjym;udk awmfvSefa&; tm;&Sdyg;&Sdvkyfzdk@

wGef;tm; ay;vdkufonf? “wu,fvdk@ usaemfhwdk@[m *sL;vlrsKd; wEdkifiHwnf;om;csif;awGudk ulnDvdk@
jyif;xefwJhtjypf'%feJ@ *smr%Dudk ac: oGm;cH&r,fh tvm;tvm &Sd&if&Sdaeyap” 'def;rwfawG[m *smref+cdrf;acsmufr_awGudk
OD;r!Gwf 'l;raxmufEdkif[k z&pf'de;f rwf owif;pmua=unmonf? “usaemfwdk@[m olwdk@udk
tpGrf;ukefqufvufulnD&r,f? +yD;cJhwJhESpfn tjzpftysufawG[m usaemfwdk@ twGuf 'def;rwfuH=urRm&J@ tpdwftydkif;
jzpfoGm;cJhw,f? tu,fI usaemfwdk@[m *sL;awGudk olwdk@'kuQa&mufaecsdefrSm pGef@ypfvdkuf &if usaemfwdk@[m
udk,fhZmwdEdkifiHudkvnf; pGef@ypfwmjzpfoGm;r,f?”
'def;rwfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. a'gifhwdkif; ae&mwdkif;vdkvdkudk udk,fpm;ðyaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u *smrefvkyf&yfudk ¶_wfcs=uonf?

udkyif a[*ifESifh tm;&f[yfpfwuUodkvfrsm;u uef@uGufonfhtaeESifh wywfausmif;ydwfvdkufonf? 'def;rwf
omoema&;0ef}uD;Xmeu 0gembufpfxH uef@uu G fpmwapmifydk@vdkuf+yD; ,if;pmudk bk&m;0wfðyyGJrsm;wGif toHk;ðyEdkif&ef
omoemq&mrsm;odk@ jzef@a0vdkuf onf? (TtcsdefrSpI bk&m;ausmif;rsm;u ajratmufueG f,ufrsm; ulnDwnfaxmif
=u+yD; bk&m;ausmif;wufolrsm;vnf; &Sdaeaom awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@rsm;xJ tHkvdkufusif;vdkuf0ifa&muf=uawmhonf?)
aemufqHk;tm;jzifh awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@trsKd;rsKd;udk udk,fpm;ðy+yD; r=umrDav;urS xlaxmifvdkufaom vlckepfOD;yg
vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu “*smrefrsm; toufoGif;vdkufaom *sL; ESdrfeif;yGJrsm;” udk ¶_wfcsonfh
a=unmcsufxkwfvkdufonf?
odk@&mwGif *sL;rsm;rSm tEW&m,fruif;ao;? atmufwdkbm 2 &ufae@xkwf *smreftrdef@wcku *sL;rsm;udk tm%mydkifwdk@xH

tyfESHzdk@ *sL;r[kwfoltm;vHk;udk !¸ef=um;onf? xdk@a=umifh *sL;wdk@rSm EdkifiHwGif;Y vHkðcHpdwfcspGm qufvuf ykef;atmif;aezdk@
rjzpfEdkifawmh? olwdk@rSm =um;aeEdkifiHjzpfaom qGD'ifEdkifiHodk@ xGufcGmzdk@enf;vrf; &Sm=uH&rnfjzpfonf? *sL;rsm;udk
twGif;ydkif;ykef;cdk&mrsm;rS urf;¶dk; wef;odk@ o,f,lydk@aqmifay;onfhtzGJ@rsm; 'gZifESifhcsDI ay:aygufvmonf?
urf;¶dk;wef;a&mufv#if ig;zrf;avSrsm;/ pufavSi,f rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ vufavSmfavSrsm;ESifhyifvnf;aumif;
wifIydk@Edkifonf? a[mfvf*g'def;puD; tzsuftzGJ@rSm ,cktcg *sL;rsm;tm; u,fq,fa&;udk tm¶Hkpl;pdkufaeonf?
‚if;wdk@tm; udkyifa[*ifqdyfurf;e,fajrrStdrfrsm;wGif zkef;uG,fay;xm;+yD;aemuf ae0ifcsdefY tzGJ@. ig;zrf;avS
q,fhESpfpD;jzifh qGD'ifEdkifiH odk@ ydk@aqmifay;onf?
ausmif;om;jyef=um;a&;XmerS tm;ef;q,f,mESifhtazmfrsm;onf *sL;ajy;vrf;wav#mufrS *smrefppfwyfv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;

owif;udk pkaqmif;ay;=uonf? Tvkyf&yfrSm wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom tusKd;ðycsufw&yfjzpf+yD; }uD;rm;vSaomay;qyfr_
ðycJh&onf? axmufvSrf; a&;c&D;pOfwcktwGif; ausmif;om;ig;a,muf towfcHvkduf&onfh ay;qyfr_yifwnf;?
ae&Sife,fwD'if; owif;axmufrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@rsm;/ ajratmufu,fq,fa&;tzGJ@av;rsm;ESifh
tquftoG,fvkyfum ajy;vrf;a=umif;rsm;ESifh *smrefwyftiftm; rsm;owif;udk ay;onf?*sL;'kuQonfrsm;udk “tmvl;”
[kpum;0Sufjzifhac:onf? “,ae@ tmvl;q,fh&Spftdwfudk rpPpftd*Dtm; a&mif;vdkufonf? æ æ tmvl;tdwfESpfq,fudk

vif*fbD&Sd=um;yGJpm;rSwqifh a&mif;vdkufonf? æ tmvl;rsm;udk aemufwae&m odk@a&$@xm;v#if aumif;ygvdrfhrnf”
[laom owif;ydk@csufwckudk owif;pmq&mwOD;u owdw&jyefajymjyonf?
qGD'ifjynfodk@ *sL;'kuQonf avSwpD;wdkuf xGufxGufoGm;wdkif; 'def;rwfawmfvSefa&;twGuf atmifyGJwyGJcHvdkuf&jcif; jzpf+yD;

atmifyGJ wck&vdkufv#if oH"dÏmef ydkcdkifrmvmum rdrdtiftm;rsm;vnf; wdk;yGm;vmonf? *smrefppfom;rsm;u
'def;rwf*sL;rsm;udk aemufxyf vwcsKd@=umatmif qufvuf&SmazGaeaomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh tcsnf;ESD;om jzpfcJhonf?
ta=umif;rl *sL;vlrsKd; (7220) rSm qGD'if EdkifiHodk@ atmifjrifpGmxGufajy; vGwfajrmufoGm;cJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
atmufwdkbm (1) &ufae@ESifh (2) &ufae@ pD;eif;&SmazGr_rsm; twGif; (472) a,mufudkom zrf;rdcJhonf?
u,fwifjcif;ppfqifa&;udk atmifjrifxajrmufapcJhaom trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_u 'def;rwfudk *smrefwdk@ESifh
ydkwif;rmaom twdkuftcHjzpfr_qD a&mufoGm;apcJhonf? xdk@jyif vufqkyfvufudkifjyEdkif+yD; vufawG@us aom &nfrSef;csuf
rsm;xm;&Sdonfh aocsmusepGmpnf;¶Hk;pDpOfxm;aom awmfvSefa&;óud;yrf;r_w&yfonf wwd,r[mEdkifiHawmf}uD; .
pGrf;tm;udk+zKdzsufypfEkdifa=umif; r[mrdwfrsm;ESifh tqdk;jrif'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;tm; oufaojycJhonf?
“'def;rwfjynfolwdk@. t}uD;us,fqHk;atmifyGJ”
txufygatmifjrifr_vd_if;udkpD;aepOfrSmyif wdkif;jynf.tav;pm;cH&qHk; uAsmq&m jyZmwfa&;q&mwOD;jzpfol

uyf*sfref@uf towf cH&r_u 'def;rwfawmfvSefa&;udk xyfrHrD;xdk;ay;vdkufonf? omoemq&mtvkyfvkyfaom ref@ufonf
ESpfopful;tóudae@ 0wfðyyGJ w&m;a[m&mY *smrefodrf;ydkufr_udk xnfhoGif;¶_wfcs+yD; w&m;emy&dowfudk tzsufvkyfief;
vkyfzdk@ wdkufwGef;cJhonf? r=umciftwGif; ol@udk *smreft=urf;zufwyfzGJ@u aetdrfrSqGJac:oGm;+yD; ypfowfvdkufonf?
xdknrSmyif udkyifa[*ifòrd@ awmf0ifZmwf¶HkY yGJrprD o¶kyfaqmif u,JvfatbJvf u “,ae@uG,fvGefoGm;aom
'def;rwfEdkifiH.t}uD;us,fqHk;jyZmwfq&mtwGuf wc%+idrfouf” ay;=uzdk@ y&dowfudk arwWm&yfcJhonf? Zmwf¶HkwckvHk;
wdwfqdwfoGm;+yD;aemuf atbJvfonf rdrdukwftusôudkaumufum xGuf oGm;awmhonf? *smrefwdk@u
ydwfyifwm;jrpfaomfvnf; aemuf&uftenf;i,ftwGif; owd&qkawmif;yGJ trsm;tjym;vkyfcJh=u onf? pmtkyfqdkifrsm;u
vnf; rdrdwdk@.jywif;aygufrsm;udk puULtrnf;jzifh qifcJhonf?
Todk@aom jyif;xefonfhcHpm;r_udk toHk;csum ajratmuf vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDonf bk&ifu tpdk;&opfw&yfukd

vGwfvyfpGm rzGJ@ pnf;EdkifrD umvtawmtwGif; rdrdwdk@aumifpDtm; EdkifiH. wu,fhvufawG@tpdk;&tjzpf
'def;rwfwyfrawmfu todtrSwfðyatmif oabmwlnDcsuf&,lEdkifcJhonf? awmfvSefa&;. yxr&nfrSef;csufonf
*smrefwyfrsm;udk wufºuGxufoefpGmqef@usifa&; jzpf&rnf [k aumifpDu oabm&+yD; awmfvSefa&;vkyf&yftm;vHk;udk
qufpyfxdef;nd‡&ef OD;pD;aumfrwDwck xlaxmifvdkufonf? ae&ma'o w&mcef@wGif aygufzGm;vm+yD; aygif;jrufxovdk
}uD;xGm;oefpGrf;vmcJhaom 'def;rwfawmfvSefa&;onf ,cktcg A[dkOD;pD;uGyfuJr_ESifh wrdef@-woHudk &&Sdvdkufav+yD?
(1944) ck ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk awmfvSefa&;e,fajr ajcmufckcGJxm;onf? e,fajrwckpDonf

vGwfvyftrSDcdkuif;aomfvnf; tm;vHk;rSm OD;pD;aumfrwD. trdef@atmufrSm&Sdonf? e,fajrwdkif;wGif
ajratmufjynfol@ppfrsm; wnfaxmifzGJ@pnf;um +AdwdefESifh qGD'ifEdkifiHwdk@rS cdk;oGif;vmaom vufeufrsm;ESifh
avhusifh=uonf? wvtwGif;rSmyif TtzGJ@av;rsm;onf tjcm;tzsufvkyfief; tzGJ@rsm;ESifhtwl yl;wGJI *smrefwdk@twGuf
vufeufi,frsm;/ wifhum;/ av,mOf/ tajrmufrsm; xkwfvkyfaom 'def;rwfvkyfief;Xme rsm;udk wdkufckdufxdk;ESuf=uonf?
ZGefvtwGif;Y tzsuform;rsm;onf rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udk q,fhudk;}udrfwdkufcdkufcJh&m ukefvGefcJh aomig;vrS
ysrf;r#=udwfE_ef;xuf oHk;qydkrsm;onf?
,cktcg vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDonf awmfvSefa&;. tapmydkif;vkyfief;wm0efjzpfaom 'def;rwfudk,fykdifvGwfvyfcGifh

&yfcHa&;twGuf tuGuftuGif;zefwD;a&;vkyfief;rSausmfvGefI 'def;rwfEdkifiHtm; *smrefwdk@toHk;csaoG;pkwfaejcif;udk
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wnfaxmifolwOD;url aumifpDonf tjcm;&nfrSef;csufwckudk a&S;OD;pGm&&Sdatmif vkyf&rnf[k,lqonf?
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ESvHk;om;udk &,lzdk@wdkufyGJ[m ta&;t}uD;qHk;vdk@ usaemfxifw,f? æ usaemhf tjrifrSm jy\emu ‘*smrefawGudk
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qdkwmjzpf&r,f? vkyfief;wckrSm vl 1000 yg0ifywfoufwmeJ@ (10) a,mufyJ ygwmu &v'ftwlwjl zpfae&if vl (1000)
ygwmydkaumif;w,f qdkwJh trSefw&m;bufu usaemfaer,f?”
xdk&nfrSef;csuftay:rSaeI ,muGyfAfqifonf ajratmufppfwyfxal xmif&ef 'de;f rwfwyfrawmf.qENukd

uef@uGufcJhonf? tb,fh a=umifhqdkaomf olu awmfvSefa&;udk ajray:Y trsm;pkae=u&aom EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;u
vkyfEdkifap&rnf[k cH,lxm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? olu vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;u *smrefrsm;udk qef@usifapcsifonf/
vufeufudkifvlwpkwzGJ@uom qef@usifaejcif; rjzpf apcsif? jynfyrSodrf;ydkufa&;orm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf
qef@usifzdk@qdkv#if vlwef;pm;tv$maygif;pHkjynfolrsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifqifE$J& rnf[k *E<Doabmaygufem;vnf
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aomfvnf;aumif;/ [efjytm;jzifh Oya'a=umif;nDr_ aomfvnf;aumif; &Sdawmhrnfr[kwf?
aumifpDonf 'def;rwftm;vHk;udk &nf!¸ef;vsuf t=urf;rzufawmfvSefa&;udk OD;pm;ay;cJhonf? “usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;[m

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&SdwJh” olawGuom aqmif&Guf&r,f/ “odrf;ydkufa&;tiftm;}uD;twGuf tcsuftjcmuswJh ae&mawGudk”
ypfrSwfxm;&r,f? odk@aomf tzsufvkyfief; wdk;jrifhvmonfESifh tr# *smrefwdk@. vufwkef@jyefr_rsm;rSmvnf;
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'def;rwfz&D;aumwyfrS vla[mif;rsm;jzpfonf? ,if;wyfu &SJvfbmawh*sf[k vlodrsm;vmaom wefjyeftzsufvkyfief;udk
usifhoHk;onf? 'def;rwfvlrsKd;wdk@ tjrwfwEdk;wefzdk;xm;aom trsKd;om;oauFwrsm;/ ae&mxdkifcif; taqmuftODrsm;udk
wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh *smrefwdk@twGuf ¶dkifz,faoewfxkwfvkyfonfh puf¶Hkw¶HkY tzsuf vkyfief;jzpfyGm;+yD;
aemuf &SJvfbmh*fwyfu awmf0if'def;rwfaºuGpuf¶Hkudk rD;wif¶d_@um udkyifa[*if. xif&Sm;ausmf=um;vSaom
wDAdkvDyef;jcHtwGif; AHk;rsm;axmifcJhonf?
ZGefvv,fwGif [def;e&pfcsf[if;rvm;u bufpftm; tzsuform;rsm;udk ESdrfeif;&ef trdef@ay;vdkufonf? (25) &ufae@wGif

bufpfu wdkif;jynfwGif;Y aemufxyfta&;ay:tajctae a=unmcsufwck xkwfjyef+yD; n 8;00 em&DrS reuf 5;00
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rdrdwdk@onf oydwfarSmufjcif;r[kwfa=umif;/ n rxGuf&trdef@a=umifh rdrdwdk@yef;O,smOfjcHrsm;pdkufysKd;ðypkzdk@
tcsdefvHkvHkavmufavmuf&&ef tvkyfrS apmapmjyefjcif;omjzpfa=umif; tvkyf&Sifrsm;udk tmrcH=uonf?
TvSnhfuGufta=umif; tjcm;puf¶Hkrsm;odk@ tvsiftjrefjyef@oGm;um tvkyf&yfzdk@ ta=umif;jy csufjzpfoGm;awmhonf?
'def;rwfrsm;onf rdrdwdk@yef;yifrsm;udk a&jyefravmif;bJ udkyifa[*ifòrd@. vrf;rrsm;ay: pk¶Hk;pnf;a0;um *smrefqef@usifa&;

qENjy=u onf? “udkyifa[*ifòrd@om;rsm;onf vrf;a'gifhrsm;wGif vlOD;a&&m*%ef;&Sdaom tpkvdkuftpkvdkuf
&yfae=uonf? vrf;a'gifhwGif&yf jcif;rSm *smrefywWa&mifrsm; ay:vmygu ab;vrf;xJ xGufajy;Edkifatmifjzpfonf?
olwdk@u 'def;rwfykvdyfudk ‘'DudpPrSm0ifrygeJ@’ [k ajym&m ykvdyfuvnf; 0ifrygyJaeonf? æ æ jynfolwdk@u vrf;rsm;udk
vrf;cif;ausmufwHk;rsm;/ Aifum;rsm;/ pufbD;rsm;ESifh ydwfqdk@ umqD;um *smrefrsm;udk &&mypPnf;ESifh ypfayguf=uonf?
xdktcg *smrefrsm;u aoewfrsm;udk a'gow}uD;ESifh t&rf;uma&m ypf cwf=uonf” [k ajratmufowif;Xme
‘jyef=um;a&;’ uowif;ydk@onf? xdkae@ukefqHk;csdefY 'def;rwfajcmufa,mufao+yD;oGm;um 'gZifESifhcsDI '%f&m&cJh=uonf?
aemufae@reufwGif wòrd@vHk;rSpuf¶Hktvkyform;rsm;u oydwfwGif;odk@yg0ifvmonf? “tdrfapmapmjyef” v_yf&Sm;r_rSm

jyef@ESH@oGm;+yD;/ òrd@awmf.tpdwftydkif;wcsKd@onf ,cktcg ajAmiftwdtvif; ykefuefxºuGae+yDjzpfonf?
tqdk;qHk;tajctae odk@a&mufoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfaom 0gembufpfu nrxGuf&trdef@udk n 11;00
em&Dtxdaemufqkwfay;aomfvnf; ta=umif;rxl;? "mwf&xm;rsm;/ bwfpfum;rsm; wGef;vSJarSmufvSefcH&onf/
vrf;ydwftwm;tqD;rsm; xyfvkyf=uonf/ rD;yHkrsm;u naumif;uif,Hudk vif;xdefae aponf?
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t}uD;tus,fta&;edrfh aeaom *smrefwyfrawmftwGuf vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;ESifh ,Of&xm;rsm;
xkwfvkyfo,fydk@ay;jcif;udk &yfwef@apcJhonf? tu,fI oydwfrsm; qufarSmufygu jyif;jyif;xefxeftjypfay;rnf[k
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avmufatmif qdk;0g;aomtusKd;qufrsm;&Sdrnfh aqmif&Gufcsufwdk@.tEW&m,fonf r=umrwifusa&muf vmawmhrnf?
æ æ odk@jzpfI vlwdkif; vlwdkif; rdrdwdk@.ae@w"l0tvkyfrsm;udk jyefvkyf=u&ef tav;teufyef=um;tyfygonf?” odk@&mwGif
tkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf *smref wdk@.zdESdyfr_udk xnfhrajymygu 'def;rwfjynfom;wdk@u yef=um;csuftm;
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vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;twGuf” *smrefrsm; tm; tjypfwifonfhpma=umif; wa=umif;udkvnf; yef=um;csufxJwGif
xnfhoGif;xm;onf? Ttcsufu bufpftm; a'goxGufaponf? ‚if;u òrd@awmfodk@ "mwfaiG@/ v#yfppfESifha&ay;a0r_
jzwfawmufypf&ef *smrefwyfrsm;udk trdef@ay;vdkufonf? bufpf u “*smref*k%foduQm[m ajrmif; ykyfxJ qGJcscHvdkuf&+yD?
'DhtwGuf ay;qyf&vdrfhr,f? æ æ udkyifa[*if*avuacsaumifawGawmh =umyGwft&omudk +rD;=unfh& vdrfhr,f”
[k'def;rwft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh aemufqHk;tpnf; ta0;wGif ajymcJhonf?
ZGef (30) &ufnOD;wGif vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;usif;ycJh&m oydwfrsm;onf ,cktcg t}uD;rm;qHk;

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“Tonfum; 'def;rwf EdkifiHordkif;wGif t}uD;us,fqHk;trsKd;om;qENjyyGJjzpfonf” [kaumifpDu aemufae@reufwGif
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awmhonf?
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oydwfrsm;rSmvnf; t&Sdefjrifhvm onf? uwkwfusif;rsm;wl;=uonf/ tvkyform;rsm;u ausmufcif;vrf;rsm;udk wl;zJhum
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a&mufonfhtcsdefwGif 'def;rwf (23) a,muf towfcHcJh&+yD; tenf;qHk; 203 a,muf'%f&m&cJh+yDjzpfonf?
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Todk@ zDqeftHwkae=uaomfvnf; jynfolwdk@rSm Ttajctaersm;udk b,favmuf=um=um awmifhcHEdkifrnfrSm ra&&m?

xdk@jyif *smrefavwyfrS AHk;=uJrnfh+cdrf;acsmufr_rSmvnf; wu,fhudk tEW&m,f}uD;pGmESifh jzpfvmrnfhyHk&Sdonf? xdk@a=umifh
a'oEW&tm%m ydkifrsm;/ or*~vl}uD;rsm;ESifh ta&;ygaom trwfrsm;u *smrefwdk@ESifh vGwfvyfa&;aumifpD t=um;
aphpyfnd‡Ed_if;ay;+yD; 'def;rwfwdk@u &efpvdkuf/ *smrefrsm;u vufwHk@jyefvdkufjzpfaeaom oHo&mudk jzwfawmufypfzdk@
óud;pm;=uonf? bufpfu vlrkef;rsm;vSaom &SJvfbmh*fwyfudk òrd@awmfrS ¶kyfodrf;ay;&ef/ nrxGuf&trdef@
y,fzsufay;&efESifh *smrefwyfrsm;u 'def;rwft&yfom;rsm;udk ypfcwfjcif; rðyap&efwdk@udk oabmwlcJhonf? xdk@tjyif
oydwfarSmufr_ tqHk;owfoGm;ygu ta&;ay:tajctaeudk ¶kyfodrf;+yD; "mwfaiG@/ a&ESifh v#yfppfrD; jyefay;zdk@vnf;
uwday;cJhonf?

“jynfol@oydwf}uD;” onf *smrefwdk@tzdk@ pdk;&drfwkefv_yfp&m trSefw&m;udk vSpf[jyvdkufonf?
ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpD vufudkifðyxm;aom vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDonf ,cktcg 'def;rwfEdkifiHtay:
=oZmanmif;ae+yDjzpf+yD; *smref@csKyfudkifcsuftay: ,cifuxm;cJhor# ,Hk=unftm;udk;r_udk oydwf}uD;u
+zKdzsufypfvdkufonf? Tta&;edrfhr_rsm;. tusKd;oufa&mufr_udk Oa&my wv$m;rS ppfajrjyif¶H_;yGJrsm;u
tm;jznfhay;vdkufI jynfodrf;wyfrsm; pdwf"mwfusqif;+yD; 'def;rwfjynfom;rsm; tm;wufvm=u onf? Zlvdkif (4) &uf
wevFmae@naewGif aumifpDu “atmifowif;v$m” xkwfa0um *smrefwdk@.tav#mhay;csufrsm;udk wef;pD azmfjy+yD;
'def;rwfEdkifiHom;rsm;u *smref@vufwHk@jyefr_rsm;udk &ifqdkif&mY cHEdkif&nf&Sdjcif;udk csD;usL;xm;onf? “a&Smifwcif qlyrl _rsm;
xuf vHk;0O\HkoydwfarSmufr_u trsm;}uD;ydkrdkxda&mufonfh vufeufjzpfonf? jynfol@oydwf}uD;u tqHk;tjzwfay;
jcif;jzpf+yD; vrf;ydwfcHwyfrsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ vrf;ay:qlylr_rsm; uaomfvnf;aumif; tqHk;tjzwfay;onfr[kwf? æ
æ udkyifa[*if jynfol@oydwf}uD;onf todrf;ydkufumvtwGif; ,cktcsdefxd 'def;rwfjynfolwdk@.
t}uD;tus,fqHk;atmifyGJjzpfonf?” [k azmfjycJh onf?
xdktcsdefrSpI vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDonf tzsufvkyfief;ESifh ppfa&;enf;vrf;rsm;udk tav;xm;csufav#mh+yD;/

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ bufodk@ ydktav;ay;vmcJhonf? 1944 =o*kwfvwGif aumifpDu ajratmufjynfol@ppfrsm;
pnf;¶Hk;zGJ@pnf;r_udk &yfpJypfvdkuf+yD; ,if; tpm; oydwfarSmufvkyfief;rsm; qufpyfcsdefnd‡a&;bufodk@ OD;vSnfhvmcJhonf?
“usaemfwdk@[m oHk;-av;em&DtwGif; taxGaxG oydwfwck ay:vmatmifvkyfEdkifw,f? tpdk;&¶Hk;awG/ Xmeqdkif&mawGu
tp cyfat;at;refae*smawGtxd vkyfEdkifw,f? usaemf wdk@qEN&SdwJhtcsdefrSm wEdkifiHvHk; tvkyfawG&yfoGm;vdrfhr,f?
'gwifruao;bl;/ jynfolvlxkxJu vdktyfwJhtydkif;awGrSm tvkyfcGif oydwfarSmuf=u+yD; usefwJhtydkif;awG yHkrSeftwdkif;
tvkyfvkyfaeapzdk@vnf; usaemfwdk@ trdef@ay;Edkifw,f” [k aumifpD0ifwOD;u a&; onf? tuef@towf&Sd&Sd/
xdef;csKyfr_&Sd&SdESifh owfrSwfa&G;cs,fr_&Sd&Sd t=urf;rzufoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;udk ,cktcg w&m;0ifpdwfwdkif;us
tm%may;vdkufav+yD?
Zlvdkif (12) &uf rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif wEdkifiHvHk; ESpfrdepf+idrfouf+yD; jynfol@oydwf}uD;twGif; usqHk;cJh=uolrsm;udk

tav;ðycJhonf? ,if; *k%fðyOD;!Gwfr_udk =o*kwfv 29 &ufwGif wcgxyfvkyfonf? usef&Sdaomtodrf;ykdufcHumv
wav#mufvHk; TuJhodk@ txdrf;trSwfðy qENjyyGJrsm; r=umc%vkyf=uonf? tzsufvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifr_a=umifh
'def;rwfq,fausmfouf q,fhwa,mufudk uGyfrsufjcif; tm; wkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh (1944) =o*kwf (14) wGif
bmrdwfpfwmESifh 0def;oabFmusif;tvkyform;rsm; oydwfarSmuf=uonf? xdk udpPxJ vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu yg0ifvmum
aemufwae@wGif ESpfq,fhav;em&DoydwfarSmufzdk@ aqmf=ovdkufonf? xdkr#omru tvkyform;rsm;taejzihf
qENjyr_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&ef/ at;aq;wnf+idrfr_&Sd&efESifh oduQm&Sd&Sad e&efvnf; aumifpDuwdkufwGef;onf? oydwfonf
wjynfvHk;odk@ vsifjrefpGm jyef@oGm;+yD; q,f&uftwGif; òrd@aygif; (54) òrd@u oydwfxJygcJhonf?
xdkjzpf&yft+yD; wvomukefvGefao;onfh pufwifbm (14) &ufwGif 'def;rwftusOf;om;rsm;udk [rf;bmh*fòrd@odk@a&$@r_tm;

uef@uGuf onfh oydwfrsm;t}uD;tus,faygufuGJay:aygufvmonf? 0gembufpfESifh ,cif'def;rwftpdk;&wdk@
oabmwlnDcsuftpdwftydkif;wck tjzpf 'def;rwftusOf;om;rsm; 'def;rwfajray:wGifom &SdaeEdkif&ef twGuf
z¶dk;pvufAfwGif pcef;wckwnfaxmifxm;cJhonf? ,ck tcgYrl bufpfu uwdzsuf+yD; tusOf;om; (200) udk *smr%D
odk@ydk@vdkufonf? Tonfudkwkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh *smrefe,fpyf wav#mufrS 'def;rwfrD;&xm;tvkyform;rsm;
oydwfarSmuf=uonf? oydwfrsm;onf r=umrDtwGif; ,Gwfvif;a'owckvHk; jyef@ oGm;um a'o.
&xm;vrf;uGef,ufudk &yfwef@oGm;aponf? *smrefrsm;rSm a&S@wef;odk@ wyfrsm;ydk@aqmif&eftwGuf rD;&xm;vrf;udk
}uD;rm;pGmtm;xm;ae&ojzifh &m;a'owGif jyifopfwdk@vkyfcJhovdk aomhcsufusaom blwm¶Hkrsm;udk odrf;ydkufjcif;jzifh
wkef@jyefcJhonf? oydwfarSmuform;rsm;udk uGyfrsufrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; aemufxyftusOf;om; (500) udk
ydk@zdk@pDpOfcJhonf? *smrefrsm;u +cdrf;acsmuf onfhtwdkif; wu,fvkyfrnfudkpdk;&drf+yD; tpdk;&rD;&xm;!¸ef=um;a&;rª;ESifh
or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;udk vkyfief;cGifjyef 0ifzdk@ em;cs=uaomfvnf;r&? ,Gwfvif;wGif
taxGaxGoydwf}uD;ay:vmonf? vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu oydwfrsm;udktm;ay;+yD; wevFmae@rGef;wnfhcsdeftxd
jynfvHk;u|wfoydwfarSmufzdk@ v_H@aqmfvdkuf onf? wevFmae@reufwGif òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif v_yf&Sm;vnfywf aer_
&yfqdkif;oGm;um *smrefwyfrawmftwGuf axmufyHha&;ypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfr_udk aemufw}udrf &yfwef@oGm;apvdkufonf?

todrf;ydkufcHumvtwGif; aemufqHk;ESifh t}uD;rm;qHk;oydwfarSmufr_rSm odwfr=umcif jzpfvmonf? pufwifbm (19)
&ufwGif x&yfum;rsm;pD;vmaom *smrefppfom;rsm;u udkyifa[*if/ tm;&f[yfpf/ tm;vfabmh*fESifh tdk'ifpDòrd@rsm;Y
[efaqmif ava=umif; &eftcsufay;O=oqGJoHudk tumtuG,f,lvsuf ykvdyfXmecsKyfESifh vufatmuf&Jpcef;rsm;udk
pD;eif;I 'def;rwfykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;udk pwifzrf;qD;awmhonf? 'def;rwfykvdyfrsm;onf tzsufvkyfief;ESifh qlylr_rsm;udk
rsufESmv$Jaejcif;tm;jzifh *smrefwdk@twGuf pdwfrcs& tm;rudk;&jzpfvmcJhonf? xdkae@wGif &J 10000 eD;yg; tzrf;cHcJh&+yD;
vufeufðzwfcHcJh&onf? tr,fvD,ifabmh*f&JwdkufrS bk&ifh&J tapmifhta&Smufrsm; tzrf;cH&onf?
*smreft&m&Sdwa,mufu rdrdwGif p=umwHqdyftvHudk &Jwdkufay:Y v$ifhxl&ef trdef@&xm; a=umif; bk&ifhtm;
ta=umif;=um;onfhtcg bk&ifu jiif;qH+yD; “tJovdkjzpf&ifawmh 'def;rwfppfom;wa,mufu oGm;ðzwfcsvdrfh r,f”
[k}uKH;0g;vdkufonf? “tJ'D'def;rwfppfom;udk ypfowfr,f” [k*smrefAdkvfu jyefajymonf? “tJ'D'def;rwfppfom;u
igjzpfvdrfh r,f” [kbk&ifu wHk@jyef.? p=umtvHrSm &JwdkufxufwGif wcgrS rvGifhysHEdkifcJh?
&Jrsm;udkzrf;qD;jcif;tm; wkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu xdk&ufowWywfaESmif;ydkif;txd jynfvHk;u|wf

taxGaxG oydwfaemufwck xyfarSmufzdk@ v_H@aqmfvdkufonf? jynfoljynfom;rsm;udk at;aq;+idrfoufpGmae+yD;
vrf;ay:rxGufyJ “tcgtcGifh aumif;” udkapmifhzdk@ wdkufwGef;vdkufonf? ,ckw}udrfwGifvnf; òrd@aygif; ig;q,fh&Spfòrd@ESifh
,Gwfvif;we,fvHk; qifE$J=uonf? t=urf; zufxdyfwdkufyËdyuQrsm; odwfrjzpfcJh? odk@aomfvnf; vrf;rsm;ay:Y
ykvdyfr&Sdonfhtcg òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif &mZ0wfr_ ododomomwdk;rsm; vmonf? pufwifbm (22) wGif
vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu pnf;urf;&Sd=uzdk@ aqmf=o+yD; &mZ0wfr_trsKd;rsKd;twGuf tjrifhqHk;jypf'%f rsm;udk wdk;jr‡ifhcJhonf?
ajratmufjynfol@ppfrsm;u jrLeDpDy,ftapmifhwyfrsm;tjzpf pwifaqmif&Gufvm=uonf?
aqmif;OD;&moDwGif +idrf0yfydjym;r_udk tenf;ESifhtrsm; jyef&vmonf? xdktcsdefwGif todrf;ydkufcHOa&myrS trsm;pkuJhodk@

'def;rwfvlrsKd; rsm;rSmvnf; ppfyGJ}uD; &ufowWywftcsK@d twGif; +yD;qHk;oGm;zdk@ ar#mfvifhae=uonf? ppfyGJu
qufvuf&Snf=umoGm;+yD; aemuf waqmif;0ifvmcsdefY 'def;rwfEdkifiHwGif ausmufrD;aoG;/ "mwfaiG@/ a&/ v#yfppfESifh
tpm;taomuf jywfvyfr_rsm;jzpfvmonf? &JtzGJ@ rsm; ajymifwvif;jzpfaer_ESifh aygif;rdoGm;aomtcg &mZ0wfr_rsm;
ydkIjzpfapcJhonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif *ufpwmydkaxmufvSrf;a&;u vnf; tzGJ@rsm;twGif;pdrfh0ifjcif;/ ESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;jcif;ESifh
owfjzwfjcif;wdk@tm;jzifh awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@rsm;udk ypfrw S fxm;cJhonf? &SJvf bmh*fwyfrsm; udkyifa[*ifodk@
jyefa&mufvmum tzsuform;[k rouFmolrsm; ykef;cdk&mwdk@udk rD;¶d_@ypfonf? xdk@aemufwGif awmf vSefa&;tzGJ@rsm;rSm
tzGJ@vdkuf tzGJ@vdkuf tzrf;cH&onf? xif&Sm;aom vGwfvyfa&;aumifpD0ifrsm;vnf; tzrf;cH&onf? vufwkH@jyef
uef@uGufqENjyyGJrsm; [kef;ueJ[kef;ueJ xcJhaomfvnf; &moDOwkqdk;a=umifh tusKd;oufa&mufr_ odyfr&SdcJh?
ydkIxda&mufr_&SdonfrSm ,Gwfvif;&Sd *smrefpuf¶Hkrsm;twGuf tvkyform;rsm; &Smydk@ay;&ef 'def;rwftkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;u
qufvufjiif;qefaejcif;jzpfonf? ajratmufawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@rsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufr_rsm; xdk;wufvm&m ppf}uD;+yD;csdefY
tzGJ@0if (45000) ausmf&Sdae+yDjzpfonf?
rnfodk@&Sdap todrf;ydkufcH'def;rwfjynfrSm tEW&m,fusa&mufaeqJjzpfonf? tu,fIom *smrefwdk@u

vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDudk &Sif; ypfEdkifygu usef&pfol 'def;rwftkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;u T+cdrf;acsmufr_topfrsm;udk
rnfokd@&ifqdkifrnfudk rodEdkif? 'def;rwftkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif; onf rdrdukd,frdrd awmfvSefa&;.Zmpfjrpfwcktjzpfxuf
'def;rwfvlrsKd;wdk@twGuf 'dkif;v$m;wcktjzpfom rSw, f laeqJjzpfonf? a,bk,sajym&v#if jynfoljynfom;wdk@u
tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;udk pauAD;eD;,yf. tavsmhay;a&;ay:vpDrsm;ESifh xyfwljrifaeqJjzpfI vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDudkom
,Hk=unftm;udk;=uonf? *smrefwdk@.taetxm; ,dkifeJ@vmonfESifhtr# ‚if;wdk@ av#mufywf&rf;rnfudk umuG,f[ef@wm;
Edkif&ef/ awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@rsm;. arwWm&yfcHr_t& +Adwdo#avwyfu tm;&f[yfpf/ tdk'ifpDESifh udkyifa[*if&Sd ta&; tygqHk;
*ufpwmydkXmecsKyfoHk;ckudk AHk;}uJcJhonf? Twdkufcdkufr_u awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJ0iform; axmifaygif;rsm;pGm.toufudk
csrf;om&m&apEdkifcJhonf?
aemufqHk; aqmif;OD;&moDa&mufaomtcg/ Oa&mytzdk@+idrf;csrf;a&;t&omcHpm;Edkif=uawmhonf? (1945) ck arv (1)

&ufae@wGif bDbDpDowif;XmerS [pfwvmudk,fhudk,fudk aoa=umif;=uHpnfoGm;onfhowif;udk xkwfv$ifhcJhonf? aemuf
(3) &uf=umaomtcg Oa&myae&mwdkif;wGif *smrefrsm;vufeufcs=uonfhowif;udk =um;vm&awmhonf?
'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;tzdk@ aysmf&$ifvdkufonfhjzpf jcif;? vlrsm;tm;vHk; òrd@rsm;.vrf;rsm;ay:xGufum uckefatmf[pfae=uonf?
“csufjcif;qdkovdkyJ tdrfjyLwif;aygufawGrSm za,mif;wdkifawGxGef;=uw,f? ” eDem trf',fvfu jyefajymjyonf?

xdkitcsdefwGif olu udkaya[*ifwGifausmif;wufaeaom ausmif;om;wOD; jzpfonf? “vlawG tm;vHk;
vrf;rawGay:qif;vm+yD;awmh òrd@v,f trmvD,efabmh*f&Jwdkuf}uD;rSm vmqHk=u w,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm
um;awGeJ@ajratmufawmfvSefa&;&JabmfawGvnf; a&mufvm=uw,f? olwdk@udk vlawGu atmf[pfaumif;
csD;ay;=uw,f? vlawGu tJonftcsdefrSmaysmf&$if+yD;/ wu,fhvGwfvyfwJht&omudk cHpm;=u&w,f? ” olu
jyefajymjyonf?
ckcHawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;u w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh &yf&Gmat;csrf;a&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmif=uonf?

ajratmufvufeufudkif &Jabmfrsm;u emZDESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJholrsm;udk 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;udk zrf;qD;cJh=uonf?
vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu tjcm;aomckcH a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ r=umao;rDurS jyefvmaom *|ef c&pPrwf rdkvmwdk@ESifh
yl;aygif;I =um;jzwf!Gef@aygif;tpdk;&wckudkzGJ@pnf;onf? ppf+yD;I rsm;r=umrDrSmyif 0gembufpfESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;AGef
[defeuifwdk@udk awmfvSefa&;zsufqD;r_/ *sL;rsm;udke,fESifr_wdk@ESifh tjypf&Sd a=umif; ck&Hk;wifppfaq;qHk;jzwfcJhonf?
bufpfrSmtjypf&Sda=umif; qHk;jzwfum/ ao'%ftjypfay;cH&onf? AGef [defeuifrSm (8) ESpf axmif'%ftjypfay;cH&onf?
xdkolESpfOD;vHk;u 'def;rwf&Sda'oqdkif&mw&m;&Hk;odk@ awmif;yefv$mwifoGif;cJh=uonf? bufpfudk tjypf axmif'%f (5)
ESpftxdavsmhcsum/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; AGef [defeuifudk vHk;0v$wfay;cJhonf? ckcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh 'def;vlrsKd;rsm;tzdk@
oabmxm;}uD;a=umif; jyo&efvnf; rysufuGufcJhay?
'def;rwfEdkifiH. ckcHawmfvSefa&;udkaygufzGm;apcJhaom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ vlxkrsm;. aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_pdwf"gwfudk

aus;Zl;wif&ay vdrfhrnf? 'def;rwfEdkifiHonf ppfumvtwGif;rSmyif tajctaeaumif;jzifhusefcJhonf? 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;rSm
rdrdzmomvGwfvyfa&;udk aqmif&GufcJh=u+yD;jzpfa=umif;omru/ tjcm;aomOa&myEdkfifiHrsm;odk@wifydk@&ef
pm;a&&duQmrsm;tzltvHk&Sdaea=umif; r[mrdwfwyf rsm;u awG@cJh&onf? 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;rSm
*smrefusL;ausmftkyfcsKyfr_twGif;=uHh=uHhcH&yfwnfEdkif&Hkomru/ tjcm;aomOa&myEdkifiHrsm; óuHawG@cJh&ovdk
emZDtkyfcsKyfa&;. cg;oD;aomzdESdyfr_'%frsm;udk rsm;rsm;pm;pm; rcHpm;cJh=u&yg? t=urf;rzufyJ tmcHcJh=uaom/ vlr_
tzGJ@tpnf;udktòydtuGJrcHcJh=uaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;.tusKd;aus;Zl;&vm'fyif jzpfonf? tcsKdf@aom'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;u
olwfdk@EdkifiH onf tjcm;aomaemfa0;/ *&d/ qmhAfrsm;uJhodk@ vufeufpGJudkifI ukefavSmif&Hkwdkif;/ av,mOfuGif;wdkif;/
oabmFqdyfurf;wdkif;wGif wdkufyGJrqifcJh&aoma=umifh tm;rvdtk m;r&jzpf=uonf? pdw"f gwu
f sonf?
odk@aomfjrpfacsmif;rsm;aom/ ajrjyef@rsm;aom'def;rwfEdkifiH onf vufeufudkifckcHr_vkyf&efaumif;aom
ajrtaetxm;r&Sdyg? xdktcsdefwGif *smrefrsm;uvnf; Oa&mytESH@tjym;udkzGifhIxdk;ppf qifaecsdef jzpfygonf?
'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;rSm tjcm;aomwenf;jzifhckcHppfudk qifcJh=u+yD;/ emZDwyfzGJ@rsm;uay;vmrnfh tEW&m,frsm;udk vnf;/
wefzdk;}uD;}uD;ay;&rnfhtajctaersm;udkvnf; a&Smif&Sm;EdkifcJh=uygonf?
'def;rwfEdkifiHom;rsm;u oufaojyEdkifcJh=uonfrSm zufòydif&ifqdkif&aom&efolonf rnfr#yif}uD;rm;apumrl/

t=urf;rzufaomenf; udkoHk;I ckcH&ifEdkifjcif;udk jyoEdkifcJhonf? tu,fIckcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf pdwf&SnfZGJ&Sdr_ESifh
wDxGifzefwD;r_wdk@&Sdygu vlxkrsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;udk acsr_ef;&ef ppfa&;tiftm;jzifh rpGrf;EdkifonfudkjyocJhygonf?
t=urf;zufvufpm;acswkef@jyefr_onf twdkuftcHrsm;udkydkI tiftm;aumif;vmapvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? *smrmefwdk@u
'def;rwfwGifyHkrSeftajctaetwdkif;&Sdae&ef vdkvm;onfudkodxm;aom 'def; rwfvlrskKd;rsm;u/ Ttcsufudk
jiif;y,fcJh=uonf? olwdk@.ckcHr_rsm;udk t=urf;wrf;qHk;acsr_ef;rnfh a&csdefrSwftxdra&mufapatmif/
xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? vltrsm;toufraoap&efvnf; csifhcsdefwGufqcJh=uonf? T&mpkESpftwGif;
t&ufpuf t=urf;=uKwfqHk;vlowfaumifrsm;jzpfonfh emZDrsm;udk 'def;rwfausmif;om;av;rsm;/
taysmfwrf;zsufqD;a&;orm;rsm;/ bmom a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u [efcsufysuf,Gif;atmifvkyfEdkifcJh=uonfqdkv#if/
tjcm;aomtm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;tzdk@ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm; r_EiS fhawG@ygu rnfodk@r#cHEdkifp&mta=umif; r&Sdygacs?

&dkwm'rfrSonf &dkqefw&mpftxd *smref‘onf&dkuf’tifydkif,mudk tHwk=ujcif;
“usaemfwdk@&J@vGwfvyfr_udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf=u&r,f? ”
(1940) ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif 'def;rwf&Sdvlxkrsm;.ydkifqdkifr_rsm;udk *smrefusL;ausmfwyfrsm;u odrf;ydkufcJh=u+yD;/ wv

ESifhw&uft=umwGif/ *smrefavwyfrsm;u 'wfcsfEdkifiHav,mOfuGif;rsm;udk AHk;rdk;&GmaecsdefY/ 0grufcsf (Wehrmat --ch)
*smrefwyfrsm;u e,fomvefEdkifiHwGif;odk@/ e,fpyfjzwfausmf 0ifa&mufvmcJh=uonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif onf[d*fòrd@awmf&Sfd
*smrefoHtrwf}uD;uvnf;/ *smrefwyfrsm;taejzifh 'wfcsfEdkifiH.=um;aea&;&yfwnfcsufudk umuG,fay;Edkif&eftwGuf/
EdkifiHwGif;odk@0ifa&mufvm+yDjzpfa=umif;/ xdktwGufa=umifh 'wfcsftpdk;&taejzifh ‘onf&dkuf’ EdkifiHawmf.
umuG,fay;r_udkvufcHyg&ef pmc|efv$mydk@vmcJhonf? bk&ifr 0Dvf[,fvfrDemESifh ol. 0ef}uD;tzGJ@u rqdkif;rwGyif/
Turf;vSrf;csufudk jiif;y,fcJhonf?
*smrefavwyfrsm;u &dkwm'rf (e,fomvefEdkifiH. taemufawmifzufwGifwnf&Sdaomòrd@jzpfonf?) ESifh tjcm;

aom'wfcsfEdkifiH&Sd òrd@rsm;udk AHk;rdk;&GmaepOfrSmyif/ bk&ifhrdom;pkrsm;u t*FvefEdkifiHodk@vGwfajrmuf&m cdkv_HEdkifcJh=u onf?
bk&ifru tpdk;&tzGJ@twGif;ae&m,l+yD;/ ol.w&m;0ifwnf&Sdaer_udk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;a=umif;jyo cJhonf?
“rdrdtaejzifh Tae&mrSaeI ,Ofaus;aomEdkifiHESpfckqufqHa&; xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk azmufzsufr_ tay:/
usLausmfapmfum;vmr_tay: jyif;jyif;xefxefuef@uGuv f dkufonf? ”[k bk&ifru a=ujimcsufxkwfjyefcJh onf?
odk@aomfvnf; aemuf (5) &uf=umaomtcg 'wfcsfwyfzGJ@rsm;. ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; tdyfcsf-*sD- 0if u,fvfrifu
vufeufcsa=umif; vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh&onf? arv (29) &ufae@wGif e,fomvefEdkifiHtwGuf *smreftifydkif,m. bk&ifcH
a'gufwmtmom qD;pf tif;uGwfu ol.tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGifhrdef@cGef;ajymcJhonf? olu 'wfcsfvlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;onf
*smrefrsm;ESifh nDtpfudkawmfjzpfa=umif;/ xdktwGufa=umifh 'wfcsfvlrsKd;ppfoHk@yef;rsm; tm;vHk;udk
ZGefvv,fwGifv$wfay;rnf[k a=ujimcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; e,fomvefEdkifiHtwGuf emZD*smrmef rsm;u
=uHpnfxm;r_rSm ydkIqdk;&Gm;vSonf? a[mfvef (e,fomvef) EdkifiHudk trsKd;om;qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHawmftjzpf ajymif;vJ&ef
=uHpnfxm;+yD;/ *smrefppftiftm;twGuf e,fomvefEdkifiH. pD;yGg;a&;tiftm;udktoHk;cs&efjyifqif xm;=uonf?
'wfcsfEdkifiH&Sd*sL;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh *spfypDrsm; (1) odef;cef@eD;yg;udk e,fESifypf&efESifh okwfoifypf&efvnf; yg0ifao;onf? tu,fI
ckcHr_&Sdvmygu tm;vHk;udkacsr_ef;ypfrnf jzpfonf?
'wfcsfEdkifiHtaejzifh ordkif;wGiftpOfojzifh=um;aecJhaomtpOftvm&Sd+yD;/ rnfonfhtcgrS usL;ausmfr_rsm;udk vuf

wkef@jyefckcHr_ r&SdcJhay? 'def;rwfEdkifiHuJhodk@yif ajyjyef@vGifjyifus,fjyef@aoma=umifh ppfa&;t&ckcHrnfqdkyguvnf;
jy\em&Sdonf? odk@aomf usL;ausmfodrf;ydkuf+yD;w&uft=umrSmyif/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;u pk aygif;um
tmcHEdkifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm; tqdkðycJh=uao;onf? *lZifv_yf&Sm;r_aumfrwD (Geuzen Action Comm--ittee) [kac:aom
trfpwm'rfrStzGJ@wcku olwdk@taejzifhwdk;wufpnf;&Hk;I vGwfajrmufa&;udkwdkufyGJ0ifoGm; rnfjzpfa=umif;
a=ujimcsufrsm;xkwfI a0iScJhonf? “wae@wGif rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyfr_udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf=u& rnf/ rdrdwdk@EdkifiHonf
*smrefEdkifiH. tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpf b,fawmhrStjzpfcHrnf r[kwf? ” [k azmfjycJh=u onf?
ZGefv (29) &uf/ rif;om;bef;[wf'f (Prince Bernhard) .arG;ae@wGif/ 'wfcsfvlxrk sm;upk&Hk;I *smrefrsm;udk
ajymifususqef@usifcJh=uonf? rif;om;taejzifh tm;vyf&uf (&Hk;ydwf&ufrsm;) ESifh vlxktcrf;tem;rsm;wGif
tjzLa&mifyef;udk qifxm;avh&SdonfrSm "avhwckvdkjzpfaeonfrSm =um+yD? ,ckarG;ae@wGifvnf; yef;tdk;rsm;tm; vHk;wGif
tjzLa&mifyef;rsm;udkqifxm;onfrSm tjcm;aomtaqmuftOD;rsm;uyif jrifEdkifonf? ae@vnfavmuf wGif vlrsm;u
bk&ifr0Dvf[,fvfrDemudk *k%fðyxm;aomausmuf&kyftem;odk@ pk&Hk;a&muf&Sdvm=u+yD;/ vlwdkif;u yef;rsm;udk udkifvmum/
ausmuf&kyfajcY xm;cJh=uonf? ae@ukefI nydkif;a&mufaomtcgausmuf&kyfwckvHk; yef; yifv,fjzifhzkef;ae+yD jzpfonf?
wkef@jyefr_taejzifh *smrefrsm;u TqENjyyGJpDpOfol (2) OD;udkzrf;qD;cJhonf? xdk@t jyifrnfodk@rS roufqdkifolAdkvfcsKyf}uD;
0ifu,fvfrifudkyif zrf;qD;cJhonf?
aqmif;OD;&moDa&mufaomtcg emZD*smrefrsm;u 'wf*sL;rsm;udk vlzrf;yGJ}uD;pwifawmhonf? yxrydkif;wGif *sL;

vlrsKd;ygarmuQrsm;ESifh tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk wm0efrS&yfypfonf? av'ifwuUodkvfwGif Todk@xkwfypf
onfhtay:ta=umif;ðyI qENjyyGJjzpfyGg;onf? TqENjyyGJudkta=umif;ðyI aemufydkif;wGif EdkifiHawmfoDcsif;udk qdk

vm=uonf? 'ufzfwf (Delft Technical University) &Sd pufr_wuUodkvfwGifvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;qENjy=u
aoma=umifh ausmif;rsm;ydwfxm;&onf? av'ifwuUodkvfuvnf; vdkufvmonf? e,fomvefEdkifiHwGif *smref rsm;u
wa,mufa,muftay:tjypfyHkcsp&m &Sm&awmhrnf? aemufqHk;*sL;rsm;uyif usL;ausmfvmolrsm;udkrkef; ae=uonf?
(1941) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (22) &uf/ 'wfcsfvlrsKd;emZDrsm;ESifh vufeufudkif*sL;vlrsKd;rsm; tdrfpwm'rfòrd@awmfwGif (3)

&uf=um yÉdyuQtjyif;txefjzpfyGg;+yD;aemufwGif/ tiftm; (600) cef@&Sdaom *smreftufpftufpfwyfzGJ@rsm;
a&mufvm=uonf? *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;aexkdif&m&yfuGufrsm;udk ydwfqdk@+yD;/ *sL;vli,fvl}uD; (400) cef@udkzrf;qD;oGm;cJh onf?
xdkolrsm;udk &dkufESufESdyfpuf+yD;/ blcsifa0gtusOf;pcef; (Buchenwald concentration camp) odk@ ydk@ vdkufonf?
xdkowif;u csufcsif;jyef@ESH@oGm;onf? uGefjrLepfvkyfom;rsm;u wnwGifawG@qHk=u+yD;aemuf/ t}uD;
tus,fvlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;wckaqmif&Guf&ef pDpOf=uonf? olwdk@uajratmuf&Sd v#Kd@0SufyHkESdyfpufrsm;udkoHk;I/
pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; &dkufESdyfjzef@a0um/ tvkyform;rsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifvmatmifv_H@aqmf=uonf? (2) &uf=um aomtcg
qdyfurf;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh vrf;rrsm;ay:um;ajy;aomvkyfom;rsm;u tvkyfr0ifyJpwifoydwf arSmuf=uawmhonf?
rsm;r=umrDyif/ puf&Hktvkyform;rsm;uvnf; yg0ifyl;aygif;vm=uonf? pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief; rsm;/ &Hk;rsm;/ tvkyf&Hkrsm;/
pwdk;qdkifrsm;uvnf; tvkyfydwfI qENjy=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;u òrd@v,fwGifpk&Hk; Iatmf[pfaºuG;a=umf=uonf?
uef@uGufqENjyonfhtaejzifh oDcsif;rsm;qdk=uonf? vlOD;a& (8) odef;teuf (3) odef;aomvlxkrsm;u
TqENjyyGJwGifyg0ifcJh=uonf?
yxrydkif;wGif *smrefrsm;u tHhtm;oifhae=uonf? csufcsif;acsr_ef;&ef jyif=uawmhonf? *smref&Jrsm;ESifh tufpf

tufpfppfom;rsm;u 0ifa&mufvm=u+yD;/ jy\em&Smoltm;vHk;udk óudwifowday;r_rvdkyJ ypfcwfacsr_ef;&ef
trdef@ay;vdkufonf? ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@xkwfjyefonf? trdef@udk tmcHoltm;vHk;udkzrf;rnf jzpfonf? Todk@
trfpwm'rfòrd@awmf0ef. vufwkef@jyefonfhtrdef@onf jyif;xefvGef;vSonf? olu òrd@&Sd0efxrf;rsm;tm;vHk;
vkyfief;cGifjyef0if=u&ef/ r[kwfygu tvkyfrSxkwfy,frnfjzpfa=umif; a=ujimonf? 'def;rdwfESifhrwlaomtajc taerSm
e,fomvefEdkifiHuusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufxm;jcif;cH&aomEdkifiHjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHt}uD;tuJrsm;rSmvnf; jynfy wGifcdkv_Hae=u&+yD
jzpfonf? 'wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;u udk,fhzmomaqmif&Gufae=u&olrsm;jzpfonf? tp ydkif;wGif olwdk@u
*smrefrsm;ay;vmaomtrdef@rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef wGef@qkwfae=uonf? Todk@
ueOD;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_aemufydkif;/ ,ckoydwfarSmuf=uolrsm;u olwdk@zmomqHk;jzwfoydwfarSmuf=ujcif; jzpf onf?
Todk@jzifh azaz:0g&Dvoydwfudk a&&Snfrxdef;xm;EdkifcJhay?
odk@aomf'wfcsfvlxkatmufajcxkt=um;wGif awmfvSefa&;pdwf"gwfrSm tjrpfwG,fcJh+yDjzpfonf? olwdk@u Tv_yf &Sm;r_udk

rsKd;cspfv_yf&Sm;r_wcktjzpf cH,l=uonf? vlxktrsm;pku yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uonf? ausmif;q&mrsm;u olwdk@.
trnfrsm;udk *smreft&m&Sdrsm;u twnfðyay;Edkif&eftwGuf trnfpm&if;wifoGif;&ef jiif;qef=uonf?
tEkynm&Sifrsm;u *smrefzGJ@pnf;ay;onfh emZD,Ofaus;r_toif; (Nazi kulturkammer) odk@0if&ef jiif;=u onf?
Todk@jiif;y,fjcif;a=umifh olwdk@azsmfajzcGifhrsm;/ 0ifaiGrsm;qHk;&_H;=u&onfhwdkif aqmif&Guf=uonf? wodef;
ajcmufaomif;aomv,form;rsm;u emZDrsm;xHa&mufrnfpdk;ojzifh jyefqyf&ef&Sdaom taºuG;rsm;ray;yJae=u onf?
vli,faxmifaygif;rsm;pGmu ajr,mrsm;udktydkifowfrSwfay;rnfhtzGJ@ (Arbeitsdienst) odk@ pm&if;ay; oGif;&ef
jiif;=uonf?
ajratmufyHkESdyfxkwfa0r_u owif;pmtapmif (60) cef@txd &SdvmcJhonf? xdkowif;pmrsm;u v_yf&Sm;&Sifoef

ae=uonf? vlóudufrsm;aomowif;pmwapmifrSm ‘[ufyg&dk;’ (Het Parool) trnf&aom owif;pmjzpf onf?
,ckwdkif emrnf}uD;owif;pmtjzpf&yfwnfaeao;onf? ppftwGif;umvwGif vlrsm;tcsif;csif;ae@pOf
E_wfquf=uonfhtoHk;tE_H;onfyif/ rdrdudk,fudk *k%f,lonfhtoGifudk aqmifxm;=uonf? t*FvdyfpmvHk; ‘AGD’ trSwfudk
vufqGJE_wfquf=uonfhtpm;/ jy=uonf? òrd@}uD;wdkif;&Sd eH&Hrsm;/ qdkifrsm;wGifa&;qGJ=uonf? ‘[,fvdk’ tpm;
toHwlonfh ‘opPmazmfawGtm;vHk; óud;ay;ypf’ (Hang alle landverraders op.) [laom t"dy`g,f& onfh pum;jzifh
E_wfquf=uonf? bk&ifr 0Dvf[,fvfrDemyHyk gaom '*Fg;jym;udk 0wfqif=uonf?
qD;pf tif;uGwfu 'wfcsfvlrsKd;rsm;taejzifh emcHonfh trsKd;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g'D (emZD) rsm;rjzpfvmEdkifonfudk

oabmaygufvmonf? xdktwGufa=umifh *smrefrsm;u wdk;IzdESyd fvm=uonf? (1942) ckESpfukefwGif awmfvSef

a&;wdkufyGJ0ifaygif; (800) cef@tzrf;cHcJh&+yD;/ *smreD&Sd xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;rsm;odk@ ydk@cHcJh=u&onf? EdkifiH&Sdt}uD;qHk; aom
y&dkwufpwifhEdkifiHa&;ygwDrSm zsufodrf;cH&onf? xdkygwD0ifrsm;udk emZDrsm;uxdef;csKyfxm;aom tvkyf orm;or*~rsm;odk@
twif;t=uyf0ifcdkif;onf? 'wfcsf uufovpfbk&m;ausmif; csyfrsm;u *sL;rsm;e,fESifonfh udpPudk
*smreftm%mydkifrsm;xHodk@ a=u;eef;rsm;/ pmrsm;ydk@I uef@uGufonf? *sL;EG,fol upfovpfbmom0if (700) cef@rSm
zrf;qD;I atmhZf0pftusOf;pcef;odk@ ydk@cHcJh&onf?
(3) ESpfr#r=umaom umvrSmyif 'wfcsfvlrsKd; (3) odef;cef@rSm *smreDEdkifiH&Sd &m;a'o (Ruhr) odk@tvkyfvkyfudkif &eftwGuf
ajymif;a&$@apjcif; cH=u&onf? olwdk@rdom;pkrsm;. &yfwnfaexdkifa&;udkxdcdkufvmapaoma=umifh
olwdk@awmfvSefa&;vkyfvdkpdwfrsm;udk xdef;csKyfEdkifap&ef &nf&G,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? xdkolrsm;teufrS vlwodef;cef@rSm
a[mfvefEdkifiHjyefa&mufatmif xGufajy;EdkifcJh=u+yD;/ 'wfcsfv,form;rsm;/ vlxkrsm;t=um;wGif ykef;atmif;ae
xdkifEdkifcJh=uonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_wGifta&;ygaomtzGJ@rsm;rSm (Landelijke Organisatie) [kac:aom trsKd;om; toif;
(vltiftm; waomif;cGJcef@tzGJ@0if&Sdonf?) ESifh trsKd;om;axmufyHha&;&HyHkaiGtzGJ@wdk@ jzpfonf? xdktzGJ@rSm
t*Fvefodk@xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;=uaom b%fvkyfief;&Sifrsm;u yg0ifxlaxmifxm;onfhtzGJ@ jzpfonf? xdk
tzGJ@rsm;u 'wfcsfEdkifiHtwGif;&SdrD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udk zsuq f D;=uonfh azmufcGJzsufqD;a&;tzGJ@rsm;udkvnf; axmuf yHh
ay;=uonf? xdktzGJ@rsm;u vufeufrsm;odkavSmifpkaqmif;jcif;ESifh *smrefaxmufyHha&;,mOfwef;rsm;udkwdkuf
cdkufavh&Sd=uonf?
taumif;qHk; nD!Gwfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udkjycJhonfrSm 'wfcsfq&m0efrsm;jzpfonf? xdkq&m0efrsm;udk *smrefrsm;u

q&m0eftoif; (Artztekammer) odk@0ifcdkif;onf? *smrefaq;ukxHk;rsm;twdkif;vdkufemcdkif;onf? vlemrsm;udk
vlrsKd;a&;t& cGJjcm;ppfaq;jcif;ESifh rsKd;&dk;ADZcsKd@,Gif;r_rsm;udk ppfaq;&ef xdktoif;u!$ef=um;csufxkwfonf? EdkifiH
wGif;&Sdq&m0efrsm;. (3 yHkwyHk) rSm xdktzGJ@udk 0if&efjiif;qefonfhtjyif/ xdkodk@r0ifonfhtwGufa=umifh aq;uko
cGifhvdkifpifpGef@v$wf&jcif;/ rdrd.aq;cef;/ aetdrfrsm;rS emrnfqdkif;bkwfjym;rsm; z,f&Sm;jcif;ponfwdk@txd temcH
aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? q&m0eftcsKd@u aq;zufqdkif&mqufoG,fa&; tzGJ@ (Medisch contact) udkzGJ@pnf;=u onf?
xdktzGJ@ua'oqdkif&m&Sdq&m0efrsm;ESifhtwl a'o (11) ckwGif&Sdaeaomudk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSwqifh yl;aygif;
aqmif&Guf=uonf? xdktzGJ@u *smrefrsm;wdkufcdkufvmrnfhab;tEW&m,frSa&Smifwdrf;=u&rnfh orm;awmfrsm;/
q&m0efrsm;udk 0Sufay;=uonf? olwdk@.!$ef=um;csufrsm;udk A[dkcsKyfudkifr_,lxm;jcif;tm;jzifh/ olwdk@.touf
arG;0rf;a=umif;aq;ukor_ynm&yftay: *smrefemZDrsm;u csKyfudkifvmrnfudk wm;qD;EdkifcJh=uonf?
(1943) ckESpf/ {+yDv (29) &ufae@wGif ,cif'wfcsfwyfrawmftwGif;&Sdppfom;rsm;tm;vHk; (1940 ckESpfwGiftzrf; qD;cH&+yD;/

jyefv$wfay;cJhaom ppfom;rsm;tygt0if) udk jyefvnfzrf;qD;I *smreD&Sdtvkyf=urf;pcef;rsm;odk@ ydk@ aqmifrnf[k
a=ujimcsufxkwfjyefcJhonf? Ttrdef@t&qdkv#if vl (3) odef;ausmf xdcdkufepfem&zG,f&Sdonf? csuf csif;qdkovdkyif
[if*Jvdka'o&Sd vkyfom;rsm;u Ttrdef@xGufvm+yD;/ olwdk@vkyfief;cGifodk@r0ifyJaeum qef@usif=u awmhonf?
xdkoydwfonf csufcsif;yif tdkAm&pfq,fa'o (Overijssel) wckvHk;ESifh tif;[dkAif (Eindhoven)
a'o&Sdòrd@}uD;tm;vHk;udk awmrD;yrm jyef@ESH@oGm;onf? Ta'owGif;&Sdaeaom zdvpfukyR%D.puf&Hkrsm;tm;vHk;
&yfqdkif;oavmufeD;yg; jzpfoGm;awmhonf? vif;Amufc&dkif (Limburg) wGifvnf;/ rdkif;vkyfom;waomif;ausmf rSm
rdkif;wGif;xJrqif;yJ oydwfESifhyl;aygif;vm=uonf? aemufwae@eHeufwGif oydwfarSmufolta&twGufrSm (4)
aomif;ausmf wdk;wufvmonf? xdk@aemuf*smrefykvdyfrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;u 0ifa&mufvm=u+yD;/ rJrJjrif&mypf
cwfacsr_ef;=uawmhonf? zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;udkvnf; tusOf;&Hk;ppfaq;um/ ao'%ftjypfrsm;csrSwfonfvnf;&Sd onf?
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'def;rwfEdkifiHwGif vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDzGJ@pnf;yHkvkyfEdkifonftxd taetxm;rsKd;ra&muf EdkifcJhay? Todk@rpkpnf;Edkifr_a=umifh
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odk@jzpfaoma=umifh 'wfcsfEdkifiHwGiftrsKd;om;a&;&nfrSef;csufcsrSwfaqmif &Guf&ef rjzpfEdkifouJhodk@/ *smreftkyfcsKyfa&;udk
aoe*FAsL[musustmcHwdkufzsuf&ef taetxm;rsKd; rjzpfomcJh ay?
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a'owGifaqmif&GufcJhonfhenf;wl/ 'def;rwfjynfolrsm;u aqmif&Guf=uonfhenf;wlaqmif&Gufvmaoma=umifh
*smrefrsm;u olwdk@udk,fydkifrD;&xm;vrf;vkyfom;rsm;udk ac:oGif;I &xm;rsm;tcsdefrDoGm;Edkifap&ef aqmif&Guf=u
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'def;rwfEdkifiHwGifjzpfysufcJhaomtajctaeESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu/ emZDrsm;u 0if0ifvmcsifyif/ 'wfcsfrsm;. tkyfcsKyfa&;

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vkyfom;rsm;udk *smrefppf,EW,m;vnfywfarmif;ESifEdkifa&;twGuf t"rRcdkif;ap oHk;cJh=uonf? rlvuwnf;u OD;
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acgif;yHkjzwfEdkifcJhonfhtjyif/ 'wfcsfEdkifiH&Sd *sL;vlrsKd; (10) OD;teuf (8) OD;rSm EdkifiHjyifyodk@ESifcH&um/ tpktòyHvdkuf vlowfyGJ
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ao;onf[k qdkEdkifonf?

“igwdk@a,mufsm;awGudk jyefv$wfay;?”
(1943) ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv (27) &ufae@wGif/ *smrefppfom;rsm;ESifh a'oqdkif&m*ufpfwmydkwyfzGJ@rsm;u bmvifòrd@

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*sL;vlrsKfd;&yfuGufrsm;qdkif&mtkyfcsKyfa&;&Hk;&Sdonfh &dkqefx&mhpfa'o&Sd taqmuftOD;trSwf (2-4) odk@ac: oGm;=uonf?
olwdk@.&nf&G,fcsufrSm òrd@awmfudk*sL;rsm;r&Sd/ oef@pifapa&; jzpfonf? *smrefbmomtm;jzifh (judenfrei) [k ac:onf?
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uav;rsm;udkvnf; zrf;qD;&efjzpfonf? xdkodk@*smrefvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh vufxyf xm;aom*sLvlrsKd;rsm;rSm (2) ESpfwmumvr#
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Todk@trsKd;orD;rsm;u ra=ueyfa=umif;/ tmcHa=umif; jy=uonfrSm ,ckt}udrfonf yxrOD;qHk;t}udrfr[kwf ay?

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tmcH&if;/ tusOf;om;rsm;udk jyefv$wfay;&efawmif;qdk=uonf? *sKd;Zuf *dkbJvfu TqENjyr_udk r}uD;xGm;&avatmif/
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xdkolrsm;udk olwdk@.ypPnf;rsm;jyefvnfxkyfydk;&efESifh bmvifodk@jyefydk@ay; &ef !$ef=um;&awmhonf?
olwdk@.aqmif&GufaeaomudpPrsm;. xda&mufyHkudk tjynfht0em;rvnfaomfvnf;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf emZD rsm;udk

vrf;wckcka&G;&avatmif zdtm;ay;EdkifcJhonf? olwdk@taejzifh tuef@towfjzifhawmif;qdkxm;aom awmif;qdkcsufudk
vdkufavsmEdkifonf? wdwdususwefzdk;wckudkawmh ay;Edkifonf? Tawmif;qdkcsufu tusOf; om; (1700) udk
v$wfay;&efjzpfonf? aemufqHk;*smrefrsm;ESifhvufxyfxm;aom *sL;cifyGef;rsm;udkv$wfay;vdkuf &awmhonf?
Todk@r[kwfygu òrd@v,faumifwGif qENjyyGJ}uD; }uD;vmvdrfhrnf? xdkqENjyyGJrS xyfIrqHk;Edkifaom tjzpftysufrsm;vnf;
jzpfvmEdkifao;onf? *smreftrsKd;orD;rsm;udk t=urf;zufrnfqdkyguvnf; olwdk@twGuf wefzdk;}uD;}uD;ay;&vdrfhrnf?
*smrefemZDrsm;twGufrSmrl aemufqHk;usefrnfh*sL;vufuseftenf;i,fudk "gwfaiG@cef; xJxnfhI taoowfa&;xuf/
wdkif;jynftwGif; +idrf;csrf;wnfa&;u ydkIta&;}uD;aeonf? Oa&mywckvHk;udk +cdrf;ajcmufEdkifcJhaom *smrefemZDrsm;tzdk@/
rdrdtdrfwHcg;0wGifjzpfaeaom +cdrf;ajcmufr_udkawmh t=urf;zufacsr_ef; &ef rjzpfEdkifjzpfae&onf? emZDrsm;onf
&ufpuf=urf;óuwfaomfvnf;/ olwdk@onf evAdef;wkef;rsm;awmh r[kwf =uay?
Ttjzpftysuf jzpfaecsdefwGifzrf;xm;cJhaom *sL;vlrsKd;cifyGef; (35) a,mufxufru/ ydkI vG$wfay;cJh&onf? T qENjyyGJu

emZDtm%mydkifrsm;udk rajz&Sif;&ao;aomar;cGef;wckudk twif;t=uyfpOf;pm;apcJhonf? tjcm;*smref rsm;ESifh
vufxyfxm;=uaom*sL;vlrsKd;rsm;udkvnf; rnfuJhodk@qufvufaqmif&Gufrnfenf;? Ttar;udkajzvm &onf? *dkbJvfu
xdkolrsm;tm;vHk;udk bmvifrSESifxkwfcsifonf? olu [pfwvmudk bmvifòrd@onf*sL;rsm; oef@pifaomòrd@awmfjzpfa=umif;
wifjycsifvSonf? [if;rvm;u Todk@ESifxkwfa&;udpPudk uef@uGufonf? odk@ aomf *dkbJvfu
aemufqHk;[pfwvmudkvdrfvnfI *sL;rsm;uif;pif;+yDjzpfoa,mif wifjycJhonf? bmvifwGifae xdkifaom*sL;rsm;udk
*sL;trSwftom;tjzpf a';Apf=u,ft"rR0wfqifcdkif;onfhudpPudkvnf; &yfqdkif;apcJhonf? aemufwv=umaomtcg
yJ&pfwGifwm0efusaeol ta'ghzf tdkufcref;.vufaxmufjzpfolu jyifopfwGifaoG; aESmvufxyfxm;onfh*sL;rsm;udk
rnfodk@aqmif&Guf&rnfudk ar;jref;!$ef=um;csufawmif;cHvmcJhonf? arv (21) &ufae@wGif [ifrvm;.vufaxmufu
xdkolrsm;tm;vHk;udkv$wfay;cJhonf? ae&mwdkif;&Sd pcef;rsm;tm;vHk; u v$wfay;cJhonf? TtjzpfrwdkifrD (5) ESpfu *ENDudk

[pfwvmta=umif;ar;cJhbl;onf? *ENDu “vufeufryg wJh trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;/ uav;awGu t=urf;rzufwJhenf;eJ@
qef@usif=uvdrfhr,f”[k ajymcJhonf? “'DudpPu olwdk@&J@ wu,fhjrifhjrwfwJh wdkufyGJyJ” olu óudwifedrdwfzwfcJhonf?
&kof *a&mhpfrSm (1943) ckESpfu touf (10) ESpfr#om&Sdaom uav;rav;wOD;jzpfonf? olu &dkqefx&mhpf
vrf;ay:qif;vm&if; olr.zcif&kyfoGifudkjrif&yHkudk rSwfrdaeao;onf? xdktcsdefu olrtazutvkyf=urf;pcef; rsm;odk@
rydk@rD xdkae&mwGifcsKyfaESmifxm;csdefjzpfonf? w&ufwiG f olru ol@tazudkv#yfwjyufjrifvdkuf&+yD;/ olu
vufa0S@&rf;E_wfqufcJhonf? “'D &dkqefx&mhpftjzpftysufu” olru aemufydkif;wGif jyefajymjyonf? “usrwdk@
=um;xJrSm pnf;aESmifr_&Sdaewmudk jyaew,f? usreJ@ usrtaz&J@=um;xJrSm&SdwJh pnf;aESmifr_rsKd;yJ?” ol.aemuf
qHk;tcsdefaq;&HkwGif &SdaepOf/ olroGm;awG@pOftcsdefwdkif;wGifrl olutjrJwaprwfwyf&yfum/ vufa0S@&rf;jy E_wf
qufavh&Sdonf[k qdkonf? “usr,Hk=unfwmuawmh/ olvnf; tJ'D&dkqefx&mhpftjzpftysufjrifuGif;udk tjrJ
jyefowd&aeao;w,fxifw,f? tJ'DrSmvnf; olurwfwyf&yf+yD;/ vufa0S@&rf;E_wfqufjycJhw,f?” olwdk@
toufaoa&;&Sifa&;tcsdefwGif/ cspfjcif;arwWmu vma&mufu,fwifcJhaomtjzpfonf/ rnfolwOD;ur#arhEdkif vdrfhrnf
r[kwfay?
æææ
EdkifiHwckudk usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufjcif;onf/ odrf;ydkufoltwGufa&m/ odrf;ydkufcH&oljynfolrsm;twGufyg tcsif;csif;

oHo,rsm;jzifh upm;&aom upm;yGJwcktwGif;odk@usa&mufaponf? odrf;ydkufoluvnf; tdrfydkif&Siftopf
ozG,fðyrlcsifonf? usefjynfolrsm;udk tdrfiSm;aeolozG,f pnf;urf;ao0yfpGmaeapcsifonf? tdrfiSm;cudktcsdefrD
ay;apcsifonf? odrf;ydkufusL;ausmfcH&olrsm;rSm olwdk@udkusL;ausmfapmfum;ovdk cHpm;=u&onf? olwdk@taejzifh
TEdkifiHonf arG;&mygtcGifhta&;t& olwdk@EdkifiH[kodxm;=uonf? olwdk@taejzifhusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvmoludk
rwGef;vSefxkwfEdkifaomfvnf;/ xdkolucsrSwfvmrnfh pnf;urf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk tmcHqef@usif&eftwGufjyifqif
xm;=uonf? tu,fI usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvmolu Tupm;yGJonfol@twGuftusKd;rjzpfEdkif[k jrifvmaom tcg
xGufoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? odk@r[kwfygu pnf;urf;rvdkufemaom/ ryl;aygif;raqmif&GufaomtdrfiSm;rsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;
vkyfaumif;vkyfvmrnf? odk@aomfusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcH&olrsm;tzdk@ tm;omcsufwck&Sdaeonf? olwdk@u
rnfonfhudpPrsKd;udkom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrnfudk owfrSwfqHk;jzwfEdkifjcif;jzpfonf? usL;ausmfodrf;ydkuf vmoltzdk@rSmrl
olwdk@rw&m;&xm;aomtusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;udk umuG,fa&;uddpPom &Sdonf?
'def;rwfESifh e,fomvefEdkifiH (2) ckvHk;wGifrl ckcHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;u usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvmolrsm;udk xdk;ppftoGif

aqmifaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; vkyfcJh=uonf? jy,k*faqmifaomqENjyyGJrsm;/ ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m qENjyyGJrsm;jzifh olwdk@. b0udk
oklwdk@udk,fwdkifpDrHcef@cGJydkifcGifh&Sdonfudk jyocJh=uonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh vlxkw&yfvHk;. pdwf"gwfudkjr‡ifhwif ay;EdkifcJhonf?
Todk@pdwf"gwfwufºuGvm=uaoma=umifh ydkItm;aumif;aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk azmfEdkifvm=u onf? oydwfarSmufyGJrsm;/
vkyfief;cGifrsm;Y tmcHr_rsm;/ &kyf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;udk udk,fxdvufa&mufzsufqD;jcif;rsm;/ ponfhenf;rsm;jzifh
t=urf;rzufaomckcHolrsm;u usL;ausmfvmolrsm;. pD;yGg;a&;tusKd;pD;yGg;ysufpD;&mysufpD; a=umif; aqmif&GufcJh=uonf?
'def;rwfEdkifiHwGifrl ajratmufowif;pmrsm;/ yHkESdyfxkwfa0r_rsm;jzifh tm%mydkifrsm; .tvdrftnm0g'jzef@r_rsm;udk
qef@usif&if;/ tjcm;aomqufoG,fa&;uGef,ufwckudk xlaxmifEdkifcJh=uonf? oydwfrsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;wGif
vlxktrsm;tjym;yg0ifyl;aygif;vmapjcif;jzifh *smreftm%mydkifrsm;zufu t=urf; zufvufwkef@jyefvmrnfhtEW&m,fudk
umuG,fEdkifcJh=uonf? aemufqHk;ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@udk jyef&kyfodrf;cJh=u& onf? olwdk@u emZDrsm;.
t"du&nfrSef;xm;csufrsm;udk vkyfay;&efjiif;y,fcJh=uonf? ta=umif;rSm xdk&nfrSef; csufatmifjrif&ef
'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;u ulnDrS&rnfjzpfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? Todk@jzifhusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufr_u tcsD;ESD;jzpfcJh&onf?
t"dy`g,fzGifhcsufrsm;t&qdkv#if/ ppfa&;t&usL;ausmfr_u usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvmolrsm;udk avxkpdk;rdk;a&;ESifh

ajrjyifpdk;rdk;a&;udpPrsm;wGif tompD;&aponf? &kyf0wˆKt& t=urf;zufr_rsm;udkvnf; enf;ukefvrf;ukefoHk;Edkifap onf?
odk@aomfusL;ausmfolrsm; tpGrf;ukef/ rwwfEdkifaomudpPrSm xdkolrsm;rnfonfhpmrsm;zwf&rnf/ rnfodk@,Hk
=unfvufcH&rnf? rnfonfhtcsdefwGif rnfonfhtvkyfudkvkyf=u&rnf/ olwdk@.aiGa=u;udk rnfodk@oHk;pGJ&rnf paom
udpPrsm;tm;vHk;udk csKyfudkifzefwD; trde@f ay;&efrjzpfEikd fyg? odk@aomfvnf;usL;ausmfoltkyfcsKyfaeolrsm; tzdk@

olwdk@tm%mudkifxm;a=umif; odap&eftwGuf tjrJckcHae&aomtaetxm;wGif a&mufaponf? olwdk@
tjzpftysufrsm;udk pDrHcef@cGJEdkifr_tm%monf/ olwdk@.t=urf;zufEdkifaompGrf;tm;jzifh rjzpfEdkifawmhay?
odk@aomfckcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_zufu t=urf;zufenf;oHk;vmaomtcg/ xdkyÉdyuQudk xdef;csKyfvSnfhajymif;armif;ESifEdkif

onfhpGrf;tm;onf usqif;oGm;cJh&onf? (1923) ckESpf&m;a'o tjzpftysufwGif *smrefppfaoG;ºuGrsm;.t=urf; zuf/
zsufqD;r_rsm;vmaomtcg jyifopfwdk@vufwkef@jyefr_ESifh óuH=u&onf? aemufydkif;wGif *smrefEdkifiHpD;yGg;a&;us
qif;onfESifhóuH&aomtcg/ &m;urfhzfa'otzdk@ evHrxlEdkifatmif jzpfcJh&onf? odk@aomfvnf; 'def;rwfwGifOD;
aqmifaeonfhvGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu t=urf;zufzsufqD;r_rsm;rjzpf&avatmif/ wm;qD;a&Smifv$JEdkifapcJhonf?
*smrefusL;ausmfolrsm;zufuvnf;/ wwdkif;jynfvHk;rxºuGvmapa&;twGuf zdESdyfr_ufdkxdef;odrf;&awmhonf? ESpf
zufpvHk;u t=urf;zufjcif;tm;jzifh wefzdk;}uD;}uD;rm;rm;ay;=u&rnfjzpfa=umif; oabmayguf=uonf?
(1943) ckESpf &dkqefx&mhpftjzpftysufwGif &mpkESpftwGif; t}uD;rm;qHk;aomavrkefwdkif;ar$onfhES,f/ vl tao

ta=utrsm;qHk;jzpfae&aomumvY *smreftrsKd;orD;qENjyolrsm;ESifh (2000) r#aom *smrefrsm;ESifhvufxyf
xm;onfh*sL;rsm;twGuf aumif;aumif;t=urf;zufcH&Edkifaomtajctae&SdcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; tdrfaxmif&Sif r
tenf;i,fu tdrfodk@jyef&efjiif;qefjcif;jzifh tmcHr_udkpwifEdkifcJhonf? emZDwdk@.&ufpuft=urf;zuf&efvdkaom qENrSm
emrnfqdk;jzifhausmf=um;vSonf? odk@aomfvnf; olwdk@.ppftiftm;}uD;rm;r_onf tm;enf;csKd@,Gif;csuf r&Sd r[kwfcJhyg?
olwdk@.tm%mA[dkcsufrY jzpfay:aeaomqENjyyGJuav;udk wkefv_yfaecJh=u&onf? t=urf;zuf
enf;jzifhacsr_ef;jcif;tm;jzifh &vmrnfhtusKd;&vm'fudk olwdk@od=uonf? tcsdef=umvmonfESifh tr#/ aoG;xGufoH
,dkr_rsm;vmonfESifhtr# olwdk@zufuay;qyf&rnfh wefzdk;ursm;vmrnf jzpfonf? olwdk@.udk,fwGif;Yudef;
atmif;aeaom rdp>mraumif;qdk;&Gm;onf/ tenf;qHk; xdkwc%Y +idrfIðrHaecJh&onf?
ppfyGJjzwfoef;oGm;av&m EdkifiHrsm;. ordkif;onf auG;aumufrajzmifhjzL;r_rsm; óuH&avh&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf;

TppfyGJrsm;twGif;rSmyif xdkEdkifiHom;rsm;. }uD;jrwfr_/ awmufajymifaomt&nftcsif;rsm;udkvnf;/ awG@=u& onf?
'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;/ 'wfcsfvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh aemufqHk;tmcH=uaom *smrefvlxkrsm;onfyif acwfopfordkif;Y t=urf;óuwfqHk;[k
,lqEdkifaom vlowftm%m&Siftpdk;&udk pdefac:EdkifcJh=uonf? xdkolrsm;onf wifhum;rsm;/ vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;rygyJ/
xdkifoydfwfrsm;/ vufurf;pmapmifa0iSjcif;rsm;/ yef;jcHrsm;/ vltrsm;pka0;=u&m &if jyifrsm;wGif pka0;=ujcif;tm;jzifh
tmcHcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? emZDtm%mydkifrsm;udktmcH=uaom olwdk@.tiftm; rsm;jzpfay:vm&monf xdkae&mrsm;rSom
r[kwfay? xdkodk@aqmif&Guf=urnf[laom vlaygif;axmifaomif;. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rS xGufay:vm=ujcif;jzpfonf?
olwdk@udktrdef@ay;aeaom tm%mydkifrsm;. urf;vSrf;!$ef=um; csufrsm;udk jiif;y,f=urnfholwdk@.qENrsm;rS
vmjcif;jzpfonf? olwdk@.v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ olwdk@toHk;csaom r[m AsL[mrsm;rS xGufay:vmaom tiftm;rsm;jzpfonf?
Todk@vltrsm;.qHk;jzwf ydkif;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tm%mydkif olwdk@.&efolrsm;a&S@wGifvSpf[jyjcif;jzifh
olwdk@&efol.wkefjyefEdkifpGrf;udk xdef;csKyfEdkifvdkuf=uawmhonf?
'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;u *smrefwdk@udk 'def;rwfEdkifiHudkodrf;ydkuf+yD;/ Zdrf&Sd&Sdae&rnfh taetxm;rS qGJcsEdkifcJhonf? 'wfcsf

rsm;taejzifh *smrefrsm;udk tjynfht0 tvdkustwdkif; rjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifEdkifcJhygonf? &dkqefx&mhpf&Sdtdrf
axmif&Sifrrsm;u olwdk@cifyGef;rsm;jyefv$wfay;onftxd qufqufwpdkufrwfrwf xdkae&modk@vmaecJh=uyg onf?
xdkodk@jiif;y,fvdkufaomenf;vrf;/ umvwc%onf tcsdefra&G;jzpfay:Edkifygonf? rjzpfEdkifaomt&m r[kwfyg?
'def;rwfEdkifiH.bk&ifc&pf&Sefu TtcsufudkodcJhygonf? tvm;wl (10) ESpft&G,f rdef;uav;i,fav; &kof*a&mhpfuvnf;
xdkwc%udk odcJhygonf?

tcef; (6)
t,fvf qmvfAm'dk/ 1944 ckESpf

AdkvfcsKyfudkz,f&Sm;jcif;
tdrfodk@yifhzdwfjcif;
(1944) ckESpfY qef qmvfAm'dkòrd@ (San Salvador)wGif tmwl&dk &dkrD&dk (Arturo Romero)trnf&Sd touf (33)
ESpft&G,f q&m0efwOD;onf tm*ufpwif; tmvfzm&dk rdk&ef (Agustin Alfaro Moran)tm; tdrfodk@
pwifyifhzdwfcJhonf? a'gufwm &kdrD&dk aq;ukoay;aom vltrsm;pkonf qif;&Jom;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ wcgw&HwGif
tca=u;aiGr,lbJ ukoay;wwfonf? òrd@rsufESmzHk;rdom;pkwckwGif yg0ifaom t,fzm&dkonf aumfzDvkyfief;jzifh
jynfyodk@aumfzDwifydk@aeaom csrf;omºuG,f0aeolwOD;jzpfonf? odk@aomf q&m0efESifh vlem qufqHa&;rsKd; r[kwfyJ/
,refESpfwGif tawG;tjrif&Sdaom aq;q&mwa,mufESifh =oZmt&Sdeft0g&Sdaom aumfzDvkyfief;&Sif }uD;wdk@onf
t,fvfqmvfAm'dkòrd@&Sd tm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyf rufpDrDvD,mEdk [meef'wf rmwDeuf (Maximiliano Hernandez
Martinez) tm; ðzwfcs&ef }uHpnfcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@ESpfOD;awG@aomtcg &dkrD&dku rdom;pk0ifrsm; oHo,r0ifap&ef
a&Smifv$Jonfhtaejzifh t,fvfzm&dktm; Adkufwmriftm;aq;rsm; xdk;ay;avh&SdcJhonf? odk@aomf olwdk@.
trSefwu,f&nf&G,fcsufonf awmfvSefykefuef&ef =uHpnfjcif;om jzpfonf?
AdkvfcsKyf rmwDeufESifhywfoufI olwdk@.pufqkyf&GH&SmyHkrsm; rwl=uay? t,fzm&dkonf rmwDeuftpdk;&wGif

t&m&SdwOD;jzpfaomfvnf; (1940) ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf ol.'kwd,t}udrfoufwrf;ukefoGm;aomfvnf;
qufvuftkyfcsKyfaeonfhtwGuf &mxl;rS a'gow}uD;E_wfxGufcJhol jzpfonf? t,fvfzm&dk. orwtay: rESpfòrd@r_onf
aumfzDvkyfief;&Sifrsm;=um;xJwGif &dkufcwfaponf? xif&Sm;onfrSm tvkyform;ESifh v,form; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk
AdkvfcsKyf. zdESdyfr_rsm; cHpm;ae&pOf aus;vuf qif;&Jom;rsm;. ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sd olwa,muf [k &dkrD&dku ol@udk,fol
jrifxm;onf?
tm%m&Siftm; &GHrkef;aeaom ykefuefol olwdk@ESpfOD;wnfom r[kwfay? *k%foduQm&Sd EdkifiHom;trsm; tjym;vnf;

wu,fhtzsuftarSmifh Oya'rsm;a=umifh axmifxJwGif EGrf;yg;'kuQa&mufESifh+yD; jzpfonf? aemuf (6) vavmufwGif
xif&Sm;aomv_yf&Sm;tHkºuGr_topfwck ay:aygufvm+yD; AdkvfcsKyftm; wdkif;jynfrS armif;xkwf EdkifcJhvdrfhrnf?
tdrfodk@yifhzdwfjcif; wdkifyifr_rsm;pwifcJhpOfu tmvfzm&dkESifh &dkrD&dkwdk@onf aemufqHk;wGif 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf
tcGifhtvrf;wckudk &cJhvdrfhrnf[k óudwifrjrifxm;cJh=uay?
aumfzD orwEdkifiH
t,fvf qmvfAm'dkòrd@tm; csrf;omºuG,f0aom rdom;pk todkif;t0ef;uav;u v$rf;rdk;cJhjcif;onfrSm q,fpkESpf csD

=umcJh+yDjzpfonf? pydefvlrsKd; ppfatmifEdkifolrsm;ESifh Oa&myrS ajymif;a&$@vmolrsm;. rsKd;qufrsm;jzpfom xdkolwdk@onf
wdkif;jynfY rsufrsufpm;&onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;jzpfaom (aumfzDpdkufysKd;jcif;/ tqifhqifh ðyjyifxkwfvkyfjcif; ESifh
jynfyudkwifydk@jcif;)rsm;wGif xdef;csKyfcJh=uonf? xdk@jyif olwdk@onf tpdk;&tay:wGifvnf; =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_&Sdonf? (1898)
ckESpfrS (1931) ckxd qmvfAm'dk&efvlrsKd;wdk@. orwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfonf aumfzDxkwfvkyfolcsif; wOD;xHrS wOD;
vufqifhurf;ajymif;cJh=uonf? wdk;wufjrifhrm;a&; twGuf vGwfvyfr_ onf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfcsufjzpfonf[k
aumfzDvkyfief;&Sifrsm;u ,lq=uonf? olwdk@onf vrf;a=umif;wGif t&Htwm;jzpfaprnfh rnfodk@aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/
xHk;pH"avhrsm;jzpfaom (tvkyform;toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ bHkydkif qdkifcGifhrsm;/ pma&;pmcsD tcGifhtvrf;rsm;)udk rESpfòrd@=uacs?
vGwfvyfr_tm; ESpfoufjcif;onf aumfzD&mZmrsm;udk aumfzDwifydk@r_wGif vdktyfaom um;vrf;/ rD;&xm;vrf;/

qdyfurf;rsm;udk vltrsm;oHk;vmjcif;rSwqifh tusKd;tjrwf&,l&ef pdwftm;xufoefr_&SdcJhaomfvnf; tvkyf
orm;pkpnf;r_ESifh vlr_a&;rauseyfcsufrsm;tm; zdESdyfr_wdk@udk rwm;qD;EdkifcJhacs? trdef@=oZm v$rf;rdk;cH&aom tpdk;&onf
t,ltquGJjym;olrsm;udk ypfy,fxm;cJh+yD;/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif tcGifhta&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD twGuf
uwdu0wfrsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; tkyfcsKyfr_tm%mudk t"rRv, k ljcif;/ wenf;tm;jzifh aESmifóud; ruif; aom

a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSwqifh tm%mudk wrdom;pkrS wrdom;pkxH v$Jajymif;,lcJh=uonf? xdkodk@ xdef;csKyf xm;r_rsm;onf
txl;ojzifh tif'D;,ef; ESifh rufwDZdk (Metizo) awmifolv,form;rsm;jzpfaom qif;&Jom; rsm;tm;
tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr_wGif toHwoHav;rS rxGufqdkEdkifavmufatmif ,Ofaus;r_ aemufusjcif;ESifh vlrsKd;pk qdkif&medrfhusr_rsm;udk
jzpfaponf?
odk@aomf xdkrdom;pkrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;atmifjrifhr_onf wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tm;enf;vmapaom wGef;tm;rsm;

jzpfapcJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_onf tv,ftvwfwef;pm;jzpfaom qdkifykdif&Sifrsm;/ òrd@jytvkyform;rsm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;
ESifh twwfynmjzifhtoufarG;0rf;a=umif;olrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf? ppfwyfonf tar&du tv,fydkif;wGif
xifay:r_twdkif;twm wckjzpfaeouJhodk@/ tr_xrf;&mxl;ESifhtwl tv,ftvwfwef;pm; vli,frsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh
yg0ifvmatmif pGJaqmifEdkifaom taumif;qHk; taetxm;rsKd; jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifonf?
pdwfaysmf&$ifr_enf;yg;avmufatmif ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifh uef@owfr_rsm;onf tif'D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh qif;&Jom;rsm;tm;
bdk;bGm;ydkifajrrsm;udk vufvGwfqHk;&Hk;aponfhtjyif/ aumfzDyifpdkufysKd;a&;wGif vkyfcpm;jzifh rSDcdkae&olrsm; jzpfay:aponf?
vltawmfrsm;rsm;onf csnfxnfpuf&Hkrsm;/ bD,mESifh t&ufcsufpuf&Hkrsm;/ &ufxm;vrf;rsm;/ v#yfppfrD;Xmersm;ESifh
"mwf&xm;puf&Hkrsm; ponfh pufr_ vkyfief;}uD;xGm;&m a'oi,frsm;wGif tvkyf&Sm&ef aus;vufa'oudk pGef@cGm=u&onf?
xdkodk@ajymif;vJr_rsm;xJwGif EdkifiHa&;t& &dkufcwfr_rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? q,fpkESpfaygifrsm;pGm oabmuGJvGJol rsm;onf

(1886) zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;cJhaom Oya'ESifhywfoufI vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJ ESifh olwdk@.
&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifrsm;=um;wGif orwoufwrf; tuef@towfxm;&Sd&ef pk&Hk;v_yf&Sm;cJh=uonf? }uD;xGm;vmaom
ynmwwf vlwef;pmwckonf xdkt}uHtpnfrsm;twGuf rJqENe,fwckjzpfvmcJhonf? (1890) ckESpfrSm t,fvf
qmvfAm'dk wuUodkvfwGif yxrqHk;ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcJh+yD;/ aemif ESpf (20) wGif ausmifom;v_yf&Sm;r_ (4)
ckxufreJ ay:aygufcJhonf? ppfrSefaom ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm; onf zdeyfcsKyftvkyform;rsm;/
yef;&Hq&mrsm;/ vuform;rsm;/ pmyHkESdyftvkyform;rsm; ESifh qHyifn‡yform; rsm;.udk,fpm; &yfwnfay:xGufvm=uonf?
(1922) ckESpfwGif aiGa=uwefzdk; jyefvnf owfrSwfjcif;twGuf aps;tvkyforrsm;. qENjyyGJrsm;onf
tpdk;&b¾ma&;0ef}uD;tm; wGef;tm;ay;EdkifcJhovdk/ (1920) ESpfwGif yxrqHk;pufr_vkyfief;or*~ay:aygufcJh&onf?
t,fvf qmvfAm'dkòrd@onf EdkifiHa&;t0ef;t0dkif;acwfwckjzpfcJhonf? ajr,mrJh awmifolv,form;rsm;onf òrd@rsm;odk@

pD;qif;ajymif;a&$@oGm;+yD; tpdk;&vdkaiG t}uD;tus,fjycJhovdk acwfESifhtrSDvkyfaqmifjcif;. jy\em rsm;onf
acwfa[mif;pD;qif;r_. a0zefr_udk qGay;aponf? rmhpf0g'Drsm;. t,ltqonf ausmif;om;wcsKd@ xHwGif
awmif;qdkr_rsm;tjzpf xGufay:vm+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;tay: }uD;rm;aom tusKd;oufa&mufr_ &SdcJhonf?
trsm;qHk;=oZmv$rf;rdk;cJhjcif;onf qmvfAm'dk&efvlrsKd; pma&;q&m t,fvfbmwdk rmhpfzm&m (Alberto Masferrer) .
t,ltq jzpfonf? vlr_a&; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wa,mufjzpf+yD; owif;pmt,f'Dwm wa,mufvnf;jzpfaom
olonf vltm;vHk;twGuf ol@tqdkt& y"meusaom tedrfhqHk;vdktyfcsuf (Vital Minimum) jzpfaom
wnf+idrfaomtvkyfESifh tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm; tmrHcHcsu&f Sd&rnf[k tav;teuf ajymcJhonf? tpdk;&xJwGif vlenf;pku
tm%mudk t}uD;tus,fcsKyfudkifxm;r_udk csK;d zsufypf&eftxd axmufjy ajymqdkcJhonf?
òrd@jywnfaxmifjcif;/ ausmif;om;ENjyr_rsm;/ tvkyform;pk&Hk;r_rsm;/ rmhpf0g' ESifh rmhpfzm&moabmw&m; ponfrsm;a=umifh

qmvfAm&m'dk tausmftarmfrsm;onf (1920)ckESpfwGif a&;qGJcJhovdk ol@wdk@. trsKd;om;a&; vlr_b0
xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifr_udk +cdrf;ajcmufvmrrnfh t&mrsm;udk &SmazGEdkifcJhonf? aemuf (2) ESpf. twuf tusrsm;wGif
tajctaeudk umuG,fxdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef uarmufurjzpfcJhaom taetxm;rsm;udk E_dif;,SOf vmEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
xdkjrifuGif;uGif;tay:wGif tar&duefowif;axmufwOD;. pum;t& t,fvf qmvAm'dk
ajrydkif,mydkifvlwef;pm;rsm;onf tvG,fwul a=umufvef@wwfovdk/ tiftm;}uD;aomu,fwifcGifhudk ar#mfvifhaom
tajctaevnf; &ifhrSnfhvmcJhonf?
vlwa,mufxuf yk&Gufqdwfwaumifowfjcif;onf ydktr_}uD;onf
rufpDrDvD,mEdk [meef'uf rmwDeuf (Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez) onf aumfzDvkyfief;orm;

tausmftarmfwa,mufr[kwfacs? olonf (1881) ckESpfrSm ESdrfch saom tif'D;,ef;trsKd;tEG,frS aygufzGm; vmoljzpf+yD;

*GgwDrmvm ppftu,f'rDausmif;wGif ynmoif=um;cJhonf? yk*~Kdvfa&;t& &dk;om;+yD; taomuf tpm;enf;aom olonf
todynm ESHpyfolwa,mufvnf;jzpfonf? olpdwf0ifpm;onf rsm;udk zGifhcs rjyEdkifaomfvnf; olonf
ta&S@ydkif;bmoma&;rsm;udk avhvmr_&Sd+yD;/ oufowfvGwfpm;ol wOD;jzpfovdk t,ltqaysmhajymif;ol wOD;vnf;
jzpfonf? ppft&m&Sdi,fwa,muftjzpfESifh rdcifbufursKd;&dk;trnfudk trnfemraemufwGif xnfhoHk;wwfaom
rmwDeufonf yk*~vduqdkif&m aqmifyk'fwckudk udkifaqmifcJhonf? “vlwa,mufxuf yk&Gufqdwfwaumifowfjcif;onf
ydktr_}uD;onf/ yk&Gufqdwfonf ao+yDqdkv#ifao+yD/ vlrsm;wGifom aocgeD;tajctaerS vdyfjymjyefvnfvmjcif;&Sdonf?”
pmayESH@pyfr_&SdIom xdkodk@ azmfjyEdkifjcif; jzpfygonf?
rmwDeuf. *k%foduQmonf pnf;urf;&Sdjcif;/ vkyfEdkifudkifEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom ol@t&nftcsif;ESifhtwl ol.&mxl;tqifh

twef;onfvnf; wjznf;jznf; jrifhwufvmygonf? olonf Circulo Militar officers' club ppfr_ xrf;rsm;toif;.
yxrOD;qHk;OuUX jzpfcJh+yD; ppftr_xrf;wa,muftjzpf ESpftawmf=um=um tcsdefðzef;&ef uHZmwmygcJhyHk&Sdonf? xdk@aemuf
rar#mfvifhxm;aomwck jzpfcJhonf? qmvfAm'dk&rf orwrsm;onf ol@wdk@ ae&mqufcH&rnfholrsm;udk
acgif;acgufa&G;xm;onf? odk@aomf (1930) wGif orw yDtdk &kdrD&dk abmhpuD; (Pio Romero Bosque) onf
ol@tarGqufcHrnffh tavmif;tvsmxJwGif b,folrS ol@udk r_avmufaom&dkusKd;r_ rjycJh[kqdkum pdwfaumuf+yD;
orwa&G;aumufyGJudk jyifyvlrsm;zGifhay;+yD; vGwfvGwfvyfvyfusif;y&ef qHk;jzwfcJh onf? vGwfvyfaom tawG;tac:&Sdol
rmwDeufonf aiGa=u;csrf;omºuG,f0aom ajr&Sif (5) OD;ESifhtwl orwa&G;aumufyGJ 0ifcJhonf?
(1931) ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv a&G;aumufyGJ usif;cgeD; vrsm;wGif =urf;wrf;cufxefr_rsm;ESifh }uKHawG@cJh&onf?

aumfzDwifydk@Edkifr_onf (1920) ckESpfrsm;wGif jrifhrm;cJhaomfvnf; }uD;rm;aom xkwfvkyfol}uD;rsm;qDrSm ajr,mrsm;
ydkqHk;&_H;cJhaom urfyJqDEdk (Campesinos)vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf aumif;rGefaom vlaer_b0udk rjzpfapcJhay? “tJ'Dwkef;u
awmifapmif;awG[m ewforD;yHkjyifxJuvdk ESif;awGzkef;v$rf;aeovdkrsKd; aumfzDyGifhawGeJ@ zl;yGifhaecJh+yD;
wdkif;jynftajctaeuawmh vlr_a&;b0rwnf+idrfr_awGeJ@ jynfhESufaew,f”[k owif;pm q&m 0Dv, D H u&Jr;f (Willian
Krehm) u a&;om;azmfjycJhzl;onf? aumfzDaps;vnf; urBmESifhtESH@pdwfraumif;p&mjzpfavmufatmif xkd;usoGm;cJhonf?
ajrydkif&Sifrsm;uvnf; aumfzDoD;rsm;udk tcif;rsm;wGif ykyfodk;ysufpD;atmifypfxm;cJhovdk/ aumfzDcl;olrsm;udkvnf; tvkyfrJh
vkyfcrJhjzpfapcJhonf? vlOD;a& (8) aomif;cef@&Sdaom qENjyolrsm;udk or*~wckrS OD;aqmifcJh+yD; tmrcHcsuf&Sdaom
uefx&dkufcsKyfqdkr_ESifh tedrfhqHk;vpm owfrSwf&ef vrf;ay:xGuf awmif;qdkqENjycJhygonf?
orwa&G;cs,fyGJyg0if,SOfòydifol tmwl&dk tma&mif;*sKd; (Arturo Araujo)onf edrfhusaom vlwef;pm;rsm; twGuf

&yfwnfyHk zrf;xm;onf? oludk,fwdkif aumfzDt}uD;tus,f pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfol jzpfaomfvnf; tzdESdyfcHrsm;bufu
&yfwnfvdkaom ol@cHpm;csufonf ol@tm; ol@vdka&ay:qDrsm;ESifh uif;uGmapcJhonf? olu ol@tvkyform;rsm;udk
vuf&Sdvkyfc. ESpfqwdk;ay;cJh+yD; qmvfAm'dkyHkpH +Adwdo#avbmygwDudk xlaxmif&ef pwifóud;yrf;cJhonf?
toifhtwifhðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;vkyf&ef awmif;qdkcJh+yD; ajr,ma0jcrf;a&;udk vdkvm; a=umif;vnf; t&dyft¹rGuf
azmfjycJhonf? pepfwck ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef awmif;qdkcJhovdk ajr,mrsm;udk jyefvnf a0iSvdkaomqEN jyif;jyaom
tma&mif;*sKd;udk rmhpfzm&efu todtrSwfðycJhonf? xdk@jyif AdkvfcsKyfrmwDeuftm; 'k-orwavmif;tjzpf olESifhvufwGJ&ef
zdwfac:cJhonf? xdkenf;jzifh ppfwyfaxmufcHr_udk&atmif ,lEdkifcJhonf? rmwDeufu vufcHvdkufonfhtwGuf
wkefv_yfajcmufcsm;avmufatmif rJtEdkif&cJhonf?
t,fvfqmvfAm'dk. yxrOD;qHk; 'Drdkua&pDenf;usus a&G;cs,fcH&aom acgif;aqmifonf trsKd;om;a&; udpPjzifh

tm%m&cJhonf? qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;u tma&mif;*sKd;onf xl;jcm;aom tajymif;tvJ wckck azmfaqmif Edkifvdrfhrnf/
xdk@tjyif "e&Sifrsm;onf xdkudpPrsm;a=umifh ol@udka=umuf&vdrfhrnff[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? odk@aomf olar#mfrSef;cJhaom
ajr,mðyjyifajymif;vJa&;onf a'otawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tuef@towfr#jzpfcJhonf? rmhpf zm&monf
t=uyftwnf;ESifh&ifqdkif&+yD; r=umcifwGif uGefjrLepfonf urfygpDEdk (Campersinos)rsm;udk tEdkif&oGm;onf?
xdktawmtwGif; aumfzDpdkufolrsm;onf pDrHcef@cGJr_rS uif;vGwaf e+yD; rdom;pkrsm;xJtxd csKd@wJhr_rsm;jzpfaponf? tpdk;&.
tcGefawmfaiGonf ppftr_xrf;t&mxrf;rsm; tygt0if ol.tr_xrf;rsm;udk vpmay;ae&onfhtwGuf ukefcrf;vm+yD;
t=uyftwnf;ESifh&ifqdkif&onf? ppfwyfxJwGif ra=ueyfr_rsm; jzpfay:vm+yD; vli,fydkif;t&m&Sdwpku (1931) 'DZifbmwGif
orwopfudk ðzwfcscJhonf? tma&mif;*sKd;onf wdkif;jynftm%mpGef@v$wfcJh&+yD; 'korw rmwDeufonf ol@ae&mtm;
qufcHcJhonf?

rmwDeuftm; wifajr‡mufjcif;onf ppfwyftm; auseyfapcJhayr,fh vlxk rauseyfr_rsm; }uD;rm;aeqJjzpf+yD; tpdk;&.
&efolvuf0J0g'Drsm;u v_H@aqmfr_rsm; vkyfcJhonf? oDwif;ywfrsm;xJwGifyif uGefjrLepfrsm;u awmifolv,form;
tHkºuGr_wckjzpfay:vm&ef tajctae&ifhrSnfhae+yD[k ,Hk=unfae+yD; tpdk;&udkykefuef&ef }uHpnfcJhonf? odk@aomf
tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm; odoGm;+yD; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;cJhonf? Zefe0g&DvxJwGif wu,fhwdkufyGJrsm;jzpfvm[k wdkif;jynf.
taemufydkif; tif'D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;. axmufcHr_ }uD;}uD;rm;rm; &,l xm;aom olykefrsm;udk ESdrfeif;&ef
&uftenf;i,f,lcJh&onf? olykefrsm;onf vlw&mavmufom owfcJh aomfvnf; ppfwyfonf (8) axmifESifh
(3)aomif;=um;avmufowf+yD; a=umufruf zG,faumif;avmufatmif vufpm;acscJhonf?
vm; rmwefZm (La Matanza)[k od=uaom qlyltHkºuGr_ESifh tpkvdkuft+yKHvdkufowfjzwfr_ta=umif;rsm;udk

pm=unfhwdkufrsm;qDrS azsmufzsufypf+yD; &ufpufaomuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh =urf;wrf;aom tif'D;,ef;rsm;qDrS
qmvfAm'dkrsm;udk u,fwifoltjzpf rmwDeuf'¾m&Dudk tpm;xdk;cJhonf? “vltzGJ@tpnf;wdkif;wGif r&Sdrjzpf
vlwef;pm;tv$m (2) ck tjrJ&Sdonf/ pdk;rdk;olESifh pdk;rdk;cH&oljzpfonf”[k aumfzD vkyfief;&Sif}uD; (2) OD;u
a&;om;azmfjycJhonf? atmf*ufpfwif; tmvfzm&dk rdk&ef ESifh tJef&pf tmvfAm&wf (Enrique Alvarez)wdk@onf
Tenf;jzifh olwdk@vkyfwmaumif;a=umif;jyo&ef óud;pm;cJh=uonf? aumfzDvkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;u xdkajrwGif
bdk;pOfabmifqufvkyfudkifaeaom trsKd;om;trsKd;orD;rsm;. taumif;qHk; tusKd;tjrwf jzpfxGef;&ef
*&kpdkufae=uygonf[k &Sif;jy=uonf? xdk@a=umifh qENjyr_onf wu,fhrauseyfr_rsm;a=umifh jzpfcJhwmr[kwf/
awmifolv,form;rsm;. &dk;om;aompdwfwGif tEW&m,f&Sdaom &l;oGyfr_rsKd; zefwD;ay;cJhaom uGefjrLepf rsm;a=umifh
xdktHkºuGr_rsm; jzpfcJhonf[k qdkonf?
vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;aee,fy,fESifh pdrf;olwa,mufjzpfaom rmwDeufonf uGefjrLepfESifh Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;.

olykefxr_rsm;udk ESdrfeif;jcif;jzifh tausmftarmfvlwef;pm;rsm;. &dkaoav;pm;r_udk &&SdcJhonf? (1932) ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv
(5) &ufae@wGif trsKd;om;Oya'ðyv$wfawmfu tma&mif;*sKd;. tkyfcsKyfr_oufwrf;rukefrcsif; orwtjzpfqufxm;&ef
AdkvfcsKyf. awmif;qdkcsufudk twnfðycJhonf? tmvfzm&dkESifhtwl xif&Sm;aom vpfb&,f0g'Drsm;u tkycf sKyfa&;ydik ;f wGif
yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhonf? xdk@aemuf AdkvfcsKyfonf wdkif;jynftay:wGif ol.yk*~dKvfa&;tm%mudk wdk;csJ@oGm;onf?
qHk;jzwfcsufcswmrsm;tm; olonf A[dkrS csKyfudkifxm;+yD; òrd@awmf0efrsm; cef@xm;cGifhtm%mvnf;,lcJh+yD; (Partido
Nacional Pro-Patria) ac:aom wckwnf;aom w&m;0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwDudk xlaxmifay;cJhonf?
qlyltHkºuGr_rsm; jzpfaecsdefwGif ta&;ay:tajctae a=ujimcsufonf (12) ESpf=umcJhonf? axmufcHtm;ay; olrsm;udk

w&m;pGJqdk&ef wdkif;jynfwGif txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfr_ESifh qef@usifbuf t,l0g'rsm;udk jzpfaponfh
Oya'topfwck ay:vmonf? pmayvGwfvyfcGifhudk wif;=uyfcJhonf? wuUodkvftm; tpdk;&u ol. wdkuf&dkuftkyfcsKyfr_
atmufwGifxm;onf? yk*~vdu qufoG,fr_rsm;udk em;axmif&ef tca=u;aiG ay;+yD; owif;ay;rsm;udkxm;&Sdjcif;/ orw.
v#Kd@0Suf&JwyfzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;ESifh uGefjrLepfygwDESifh awmifol v,form; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk
w&m;r0ifa=umif;rsm;vkyfonf? oabmuGJvGJolrsm;tm; vlwa,mufrS rodvdkufyJ aysmufoGm;jcif;rsm;tygt0if
w&m;Oya' tjyifbufuae tjypfay;onf?
tpdk;&. t"duOD;wnfcsufonf tvkyform;or*~0ifrsm; jzpfonf? *sKdap; *sD;quf 'Ggaw; (Jose Jesus Duarte) qdkol
txnfcsKyfolwOD;vnf;jzpf qmvfAm'dk tvkyform;rsm;or*~. OuUXvnf;jzpfolonf tpdk;&.n‡if;yrf;cH&olxJrS
wOD;jzpfonf? tma&mif;*sKd;udk axmufcHolvnf;jzpf/ rmhpfzm&mt,l0g'udk axmufcHolvnf;jzpfonhftwGuf
AdkvfcsKyftm%m&vmcsdefwGif axmifxJudka&mufcJh&onf? olonf (9) }udrfwdkifwdkif qif;&Jom;rsm;ocsKõif;wGif
uGyfrsuf&efydk@xm;aomvlrsm;ESifhtwl aecJh&onf? odk@aomf t}udrfwdkif; wGif ta=umif;wpHkw&ma=umifh
oltoufcsrf;omcJh&onf? olwdk@. vlcsrf;omazmufonfrsm;udk ol@udk,fpm; toem;cH&ef ol@ZeD;. óud;yrf;r_onfvnf;
tcsnf;tESD;jzpfcJhonf? xdk@aemuf axmifxJwGif oDwif;ywf tenf;i,fae+yD; 'Ggaw;onf &kwfw&ufvGwfvmonf?
ol@qdkif.tjyifwGif tjrJvdk&yfaewwfaom &Jrsm;a=umifh aps;0,folrsm;onf rvm=uawmhyJ/ ol.pD;yGm;a&;wckvHk;vnf;
a'0gvDcHa=umif; a=unmvdkuf&+yD; vkyfief;udk a&mif;ypfvdkuf&onf?

xdkodk@jzpfaomfvnf; rmwDeufonf ol@tkyfcsKyfr_oufwrf; (2) ckwGif vlxkaxmufcHr_ twdkif;twm wcktxd &cJhonf?
olonf tvkyform;rsm;udk tcsdefrD aiG&Sif;ay;onf/ taumufcGefpnf;urf;usejcif;/ vmbfpm;r_
r&Sdjcif;rsm;a=umifhjzpfonf? olonf qif;&Jom;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;onf/ ajrtaygifcHr_rsm;udk óudwifwm;qD; EdkifcJhonf/
vlr_zlvHka&;pDrHudef;rsm;wGif vufawG@usus taumiftxnfazmfEdkifcJhonf? xdktcsufrsm;u (1932) ck qlyltHkºuGr_udk
ESdrfeif;aomtcg aumfzDvkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;udk rxdcdkufavmufatmif aysmhajymif;onfhtwGuf ta&;ygcJhonf? tpdk;&u
olwdk@tm; ta&;ay;vdkufovdk (Banco Hipotecario) ac:aom ajr*&rfxm;+yD; aiGacs;vkyfief;udk wnfaxmifay;+yD;
pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHudef;atmufrSmxm;&Sdonf? aumfzDaps;E_ef; wnf+idrfatmif aps;uGufxJwGif =um;0ifaqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom
ukr`%Dwckudk wnfaxmif ay;onf? “rwnfr+idrfjzpfr_awGudk pnf;urf;use+yD; jynfhpHkvHkavmufwJh pepfwckeJ@
tpm;xdk;ay;cJhw,f”[k ol@.}uD;jrwfr_ ta=umif;udk axmufcH olwOD;u a&;om;azmfjycJhonf?
&efolrsm;jzpfatmifvkyfay;vdkufjcif;
(1938) ckESpf aEG&moDwGif rmwDewfonf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't& ol.'kwd,t}udrfoufwrf; ukefqHk; awmhrnfudk

óudwifwGufxm;+yD;jzpfonf? olonf&mxl;u qif;ay;&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; qif;ray;awmhbl;[k qHk;jzwf+yD;om;jzpfonf?
tajccHOya'tm; jyif&ef t}uHðywifjy&mwGif ol@.t}uHay;yk*~Kdvf ESpfOD;jzpfaom xif&Sm;onfha&S@ae [mrdk*sD;euf
tmvfAm&m'dk (Hermogenes Alvarado) ESifh b¾ma&; vufaxmuf twGif;0ef &dkrDtdk azmfwdef; rm*gem (Romeo
Fortin Magana) wdk@onf xdkt&mrSm;a=umif; ol@udk ,Hk=unfvufcHvmap&ef óud;pm;cJh=uonf? tmvffAm&m'dku
owday;aomonf? xdkodk@vkyfv#if vlxkqENudkqef@usifaom &dkif;jyaom yk*~vdutm%mqkyfudkifxm;r_[k
ol@òydifbufrsm;u wHqdyfuyf vmvdrfhrnf[k owday;cJhonf?
qmvfAm'dkacgif;aqmiftcsKd@ tajccHOya'. wcsKd@tydkif;rsm;wGif ZDZma=umifr_&Sdonfqdkaomfvnf; ouf

wrf;uef@owfr_rsm;udkawmh ESpfaygif; (50) ausmfpGJukdifxm;cJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh t&ifu orwtm; axmufcH
cJholrsm;onf yJhxGufukef=uonf? rmwDeufonf ol@udk wwd,t}udrfoufwrf;twGuf raxmufcHEdkif awmhbl;[k
odvmaomtcg umuG,fa&;vufaxmuftwGif;0efjzpfaom AdkvfrSL;}uD; *sKdap; tmqefpDtdk areef'wf (Jose Asencio
Menendez) udk &mxl;uxkwfy,fcJhonf? xdk@aemuf t&m&Sdtawmfrsm;rsm; E_wfxGufcJh=uonf? pm&if;ppfcsKyf
tm*ufpwif; tmvfzGefqdk rdk&rf E_wfxGufonf? xdk@aemuf b¾ma&;pm&if;ppf tmvfzdkqdk &dkcsuf E_wfxGufonf/
xdk@tjyif jynfol@!$ef=um;a&; vufaxmuftwGif;0ef/ b¾ma&;qdkif&mw&m;0ifr_0efxrf; t}uD;tuJ/ jynfol@vkyfief;
vufaxmuf twGif;0ef/ b¾ma&; vufaxmuf twGif;0ef/ xdk@jyif onfrdk*sD;eufpf tmvfAm&m'dk wdk@ toD;oD;
E_wfxGufcJh=uonf? rmwDeufonf twdkuftcHtopfwck. A[dkcsufrwckudk oludk,fwdkifrodvdkufbJ
arGxkwfay;cJhrdonf? (1939) Zefe0g&DvwGif vuf!‡Kd;axmifacgif;+idrfh v$wfawmfu orwoufwrf; (6) ESpf&Sdaom
Oya'opfudk twnfðyay;cJhonf? xdkOya't& orwrsm;udk a&G;cs,fEdkifonf? qufwdkufta&G;cHcGifhudk wm;jrpfaom
jyXmef;csufudkvnf; w}udrfqdkif;iHhay;cJhonf? xdkenf;jzifh rmwDeufonf (1939) rwfv (1) &ufrS (1945) Zefe0g&D (1)
&uftxd orwjzpf&ef t&nftcsif; jynfhrDvm+yD;/ v$waf wmfuvnf; ol@udkyJ csufcsif; a&G;aumufay;cJhonf?
vGwfvyfaomtawG;tac:&Sdaom uufbdeuf0ef}uD;rsm;. t}uH^m%frsm;qHk;&_H;oGm;+yD; tajccH Oya'udkvnf;

pdwfóudufjyifqif+yD;aemuf rmwDeufonf ol=um;csiw f momajymrnfh tem;jym azmfvHzm;rsm;yJ &Sdawmhonf?
txufydkif;&mxl;rsm;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf&&Sdxm;aom orw.a&mif;&if;rsm;u ydwfqdk@xm;onfhtwGuf &nf rSef;csuf
}uD;olrsm;. tqifhonf ydk+yD;edrfhusvmcJhonf? ppfwyfxJwGif tcGifhvrf;ESifh vkyfydkifcGifh rsm;onf rmwDewf,Hk=unf&aom
vufwGJazmfa[mif;}uD;rsm;. =unfvpfaeaom *dk%f;wckrSmom pkpnf;aecJhonf? vpm enf;enf;om&aom
ti,fwef;t&m&Sdrsm;uawmh 'Hk&if;'Hk&if;omjzpfonf?
orwonf v_yfv_yf&G&Gjzpfaeaom t&m&Sdrsm;. tEW&m,fudk aumif;aumif;odonf? olu ppfwyfxJwGif

oef@pif&Sif;vif;r_rsm;vkyfcJhonf? xdkvlrsm;a=umifh olcH&rnfudk b,fvdkrS rpOf;pm;rdcJhacs? xdkodk@vkyfonfhtwGuf t"du
&mxl;rsm;wGif ol@tm; opPm&Sdolrsm;om &vmonf? ‚if;onf awmf0ifrdom;pkrsm;ESifhtwl ta&; }uD;aom tqifhrsm;udk
xdef;csKyfarmif;ESifEdkif&ef tjyif;txefvkyfaqmifonf? ol@vufudkif axmufvSrf;a&;rsm; u t&m&Sdrsm;.
b¾ma&;qdkif&m azmufvGJazmufjyefr_rsm;udk tao;pdypf kaqmif;ay;&+yD; xdkt&mrsm;udk orwxHay;ydk@&+yD;
orwtm%mwnfatmif vkyfay;&onf? (1934) ESifh (1939) ckESpftwGif; ppfwyf xJrS ol@tm; ðzwfcs&ef tenf;qHk; (5)

}udrfavmufóud;pm;cJhonfudk azmfxkwfEdkifcJhonf? ðzwfcscHvdkuf&aom AdkvfrSL;}uD; ref'ef'uf (Mendendez)
OD;aqmifaom aemufqHk;}uHpnfr_onf t&m&Sd 28 OD;. axmufcHr_udk &&SdcJhonf?
wjcm; oabmxm;uGJvGJaom tpkav;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh wuUodkvfXmersm;u tm%m&Sif rsm;.

ynma&;qdkif&mcef@tyfr_rsm;ESifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;vdkifpifrsm;tay: csKyfudkifxm;onfudk rD;xdk; v_H@aqmf=uonf?
(1938) wGif wuUokdvf. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;wGif tpdk;&bufrS wdkufcdkufr_ rsm;&Sdvmojzifh uef@uGufaomtaeESifh
ausmif;om;rsm;qENjycJh=uonf?) owif;pmt,f'Dwmrsm;vnf; yHkESdyfazmfjyr_rsm;wGif uef@owfr_rsm;&SdvmonfhtwGuf
pdwfrausreyfjzpfaewm =umcJh+yD? aumfzDvkyfief; tausmftarmfrsm;xJrS oabmrusaom vpfb&,f0g'Drsm;ESifh
rausrcsrf;jzpfaeaom t&m&Sdrsm;onf twlwuG pk&Hk;vm=uonf? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;pwifjcif;ESifhtwl r=umcifrSm
twdkuftcHrsm;onf yl;aygif;rdoGm;onf?
pdwful;pHrsm;ESifh jynfhaeaom b0
(1930) ckESpfrsm;wGif rmwDeufESifh ol@&J@xdyfydkif;ppfr_xrf;rsm;onf [pfwvm. *smr%DEdkifiHESifh rlqdkvdkeD&J@

tDwvDEdkifiHrSm&Sdaeaom tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;udk ydk;yef;cdkifvkyfEdkifzdk@ óud;pm;cJhonf? t,fvf qmvfAm'dk tkyfcsKyf olrsm;ESifh
Oa&myvuf,m0g'Drsm;=um; pdwf0ifpm;r_onf cdkifrmvmonf? ESpfbufvHk;onf vGwfvyf yGifhvif; vGef;aom
vltzGJ@tpnf;. trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;jcm;em;yHkESifh uarmufurjzpfaeyHkrsm;udk &GHrkef;ae=uonf? uGefjrLepf 0g'.
+cdrf;acsmufr_onf oHvufoD;ESifh wif;wif;=uyf=uyf tkyfcsKyfr_udk awmif;qdk aeonf[k ESpfbufvHk;u ,Hk=unf=uonf?
(1936) wGif *smref ESifh tDwvDrsm;u rmwDeuf. t&m&Sdrsm;udk oifwef;ay;&ef pwifulnDonf? tDwvDu
aumfzD0,f,l&eftwGuf t,fvf qmvfAm'dkudk ppfav,mOfrsm; a&mif;onf? *smrefrsm;udk ac:aqmifvm+yD;
ppftu,f'rDausmif;rsm;ESifh aiGacs;b%frsm;wGif &mxl;}uD;}uD;rsm;ay;xm;onf? t,fvf qmvfAm'dka'oonfvnf;
pydef&Sd AdkvfcsKyf z&efpDudk z&efudk (Francisco Franco)tpdk;& ESifh refcsL;&D;,m;wGif&Sdaom *syef.&kyfao; refcsLultdk
(Manchukuo) wdk@udk todtrSwfðyaom xdyfwef; EdkifiHrsm;xJrS wckjzpfonf?
xdkodk@ zufqpfrsm;ESifh yvl;jcif;udk qmvfAm'dkvlrsKd; tm;vHk;u óuduf=uonfr[kwf? tDwvD (1940) ZGefvwGif

ppfxJ0ifwmudk atmifyGJcH+yD; &Syfeuf0wf vlaygif;rsm;pGm csDwufqENjy=uonfudk vrf;ay:u vlxku qJqdk
atmf[pfcJh=uonf? xdkESpfaemufydkif; *smrefu yg&pfòrd@udk odrf;aomtcg wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;u qENjycJh=uonf?
ol.tkyfcsKyfr_udk OD;wnf+yD; qENjyol rsm;rsm;vmonfESifhtr# rmwDeufonf r[mrdwfppfyGJrsm;.vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk
axmufcHwm &mZ0wfr_[k vkyfvdkufonf?
odk@aomf 0if&dk;pGef;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh wGJcJhjcif;onf bmtusKd;rS r&cJhay? ppf}uD;onf t,fvfqmvfAm'dk. aumfzDvkyfief;ESifh

Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;udk jzwfawmufypfvdkufonf? tvkyfvufrJhrsm; aygrsm;vmonf? ppfaxmufyHha&;rsm;
jywfawmufukefonf? orwonf r[mrdwfrsm;bufudk aygif;&ef,drf;vm&awmhonf? olonf Oa&mytm%m&Sif0g'udk
a0zef&_H@csaom a=unmcsufwapmif xkwfcJh+yD; emZDrsm;tay: *&k%m oufaeaomoltrsm;tjym;udk tpdk;&&mxl;rsm;rS
ðzwfxkwfcJhonf? (1941) ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiH ppf}uD;xJodk@ 0ifvmaomtcsdefwGif t,fvf qmvfAm'dkonf tjcm;
tar&dum;tv,fydkif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh yl;aygif; +yD; zufqpftiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;udk ppfa=unmcJhonf?
tpdk;&. tar&duefESifh qufqHa&;opfonf tusKd;&Sdonf? Oa&my&Sd aumfzDa&mif;csr_ t&_H;udk ajrmufydkif;uae &&Sdaom

aiGa=u;jzifh jyeftpm;xdk;&onf? vrf;rsm;aqmuf&efESifh vlxkusef;rma&; zGH@+zdK;r_ twGuf tar&duef. acs;aiGESifh
axmufyHhcJhonf? yem;rm;wl;ajrmif;ZHkwGif tvkyfoGm;vkyfaom qmvfAm 'dk&rfvlrsKd; waomif;ausmf &Sdvm+yD;/
olwdk@.vkyftm;cwcsKd@udk tdrfodk@jyefydk@ay;onf? tar&duefwdkufwGif; aumfzDoabmwlnDr_pmcsKyfonf aumfzDaps;ESifh
vkyfcrsm;udk jrifhwufapcJhonf?
odk@aomf xdkppfyGJ}uD;onf tpdk;&twGuf tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfapcJhonfqdkv#if EdkifiHa&;taESmuft,Sufvnf; jzpfapygonf?

owif;pmrsm;onfvnf; ppfyGJowif;rsm;ESifh +Adwdef (odk@r[kwf) ajrmuftar&du yifwdkif aqmif;yg;&Sifrsm;.
aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh jynfhaeonf? tar&duef avhvmolwOD;u qef qmvfAm'dk ae@pOfxkwfjzpfaom El Diaro Latino
owif;pmonf &kpAJh (Roosevelt) ESifh csmcsD (Churchill) wdk@. toHk;tE_ef;rsm;ESifh

rmwDeufudkqef@usifaomv_H@aqmfr_rsm;udk wESpfygwfvHk;azmfjycJhonf? qef ADpifwD (San Vicente)òrd@&Sd vlESpfaxmifonf
tar&duef. 0g'jzef@csda&;&kyf&Sifum;udk =unfhcJh=u+yD;/ owif;pm t,f'Dwm wOD;&J@ tajymaumif;aom
'Drdkua&pDaxmufcHyGJrdef@cGef;udk em;axmifcJhonf? av#mufzdk@vdk+yD[k ol@udk,fol odvmonf? odk@aomf
ol@pum;}uD;pum;us,frsm;u bmyJjzpfjzpf vdk&if;awmh r&mufao;acs? 'Drdkua&pDqdk onfrSm aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajr@jcif;ESifh
aygif;pyfxm;aom ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;[k vlxktwGufawmh ol@udk txif}uD;zdk@aeaeomom [moyJ jzpfcJhonf?
'Drdku&ufwpfvrf;a=umif;opfay:wGif pkyf,lcH&aom tkyfpkwckuawmh ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm; jzpfonf? (1941) ckESpfwGif

*smrefvlrsKd; ppfwuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD; ae&mwGif ajrmuftar&du wdkufom;wOD;udk tpm;xdk;+yD; aemuf
'Drdkua&pDt,ltqonf t&m&Sdavmif;rsm;qDa&mufcohJ nf? tm%m&Sipf epfukd rESpòf rd@=uaom
jyefwrf;0ift&m&Sdrsm;onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkbufudk ,drf;=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh (1944) cku
twdkuftcHbufwGifygcJhaom t&m&Sdi,fwOD;jzpfaom qmvfAm'dk u&ufpfydk qef;csuf (Salvador Crespo Sanchez)u
xdktcsdefudk ‘pdwful;pHrsm;ESifh jynfhaeaomb0’[k trSwfw& ajymcJhonf? xdktcsdefonf ‘tm%m&SifpepfESifh
'Drdkua&pD0g't=um; wdkufyGJ’. tjrifhqHk;tcsdefjzpfonf[k ajymcJhonf?
ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef zdtm;ay;r_rsm;udk avsmhayghap&ef trsm;jynfoludk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfESifh yHkpHajymif;vdkufonf? olonf

rnDr#aom "eOpPmcGJa0r_twGuf pdwfraumif;jzpfa=umif;rdef@cGef;ac|+yD; qif;&Jom;rsm; bufrS &yfwnf rnf[k ajymonf?
tpdk;&axmufyHhr_&aom Reconstruccion Social u zdeyfvkyfolrsm;twGuf yem;rm;wGif tvkyf&Smay;&ef ulnDcJh+yD;/
jzpfEdkifaom tvkyform;Oya'rsm;udk tvkyform;rsm;rS aqG;aEG; wifjyEdkif&ef tpnf;ta0;wckudk usif;yay;cJhonf?
tpdk;&onf aumfzDwifydk@r_rsm;rS tpdk;&onf aumfzDwifydk@r_twGuf tcGefopfrsm; jyXmef;cJh+yD;/ ydkv#Haom
tjrwftpGef;twGufvnf; tcGefaumufcH cJhonf? arG;jrLa&; +cHydkif&Sifrsm;tzGJ@/ aumfzDtpnf;t&Hk;/ taygifcHb%f
ponfrsm; tay:vnf; xdef;csKyfr_rsm; ydkrdkwif;=uyfcJhonf?
xdkt&mrsm;u bmwckrS rmwDewfudk taxmuftul rðycJhbl;? tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;wufºuGolrsm;onf ol. tapmydkif;

pum;rsm;udk tawmfrsm;rsm; vpfvsL&_xm;cJh+yD;/ taESmuft,Sufrsm;=um;u tvkyform; or*~rsm; jyef@yGm;vmonf?
aumfzDvkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf *%mr+idrfjzpfvmonf? tdk;uGJtif'D;,ef;av; (crackpot little Indian)[k
pwifac:vm=uonf? orw. tla=umifa=umif vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk yxrqHk; &nf!$ef;onf? ol@tm;
aeylrSmtcsdef=umjrifhatmifaevSef;xm;aom ta&mif&Sdaom ykvif;rsm;xJrS a&udk wdkufjcif;jzifh zsm;emoludkuko&ef
óud;pm;ol[kodvm=uonf? ol@om;tm; rcGJpdyfcif rmwDeufonf xdka&rsm;ESihf uko&efwdkufwGef;cJhonfhaemuf
0rf;azm0rf;a&mifa&m*gjzifh aoqHk;cJhonf? xdkudpPonfonf ol@ZeD;tm; ta&mif&Sdaomykvif;rsm;udkcGJypfatmif
qGay;vdkufonf?
tpdk;&tay:zHk;tkyfvmaom wdrfwdkufonf arSmifoxufarSmifvmonf? ppfa&;tultnDay;rvdk&SdcJhaom 0ef&dk;pGef;

qef@usifa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u orw.&efolrsm;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;jcif;udk twwfEdkifqHk; zHk;uG,f xm;onf?
ta&;t}uD;qHk;rSm (1941)ck pufwifbmwGif wnfaxmifcJhaom Accion Democratica Salvadorena (ADS)
jzpfonf? xdktzGJ@. OuUXonf t+idrf;pm;a&S@aewa,mufjzpf+yD; olonf aumfzD vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tpnf;t&Hk;.
OuUXtjzpfESifh aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf? zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifolrsm;xJwGif rmwDeuftpdk;&xJu [mrdk*sD;euf tmvfAm&m'dk/
&dkrDtdk azmfwif; rm*gemESifh tjcm; ,ciftr_xrf; a[mif;rsm;tjyif vli,fq&m0ef tmwl&dk &dkrD&dk tygt0if xif&Sm;aom
twwf ynm&Sifrsm;vnf; ygonf?
at'Dtufpf tzGJ@onf ajray:wGif =um=umr&yfwnfEdkifcJhacs? pufwifbmvtukefwGif tpdk;&rS EdkifiHa&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;

usif;y&ef &JXmerScGifhðycsufav#muf+yD;rS ðyvkyf&r,fqdkaom Oya'ESifh &ifqdkif&onf? at'Dtuf taeESifh
vlxktpnf;ta0; (2) ck avmufyJvkyfEdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf aemufxyf oufwrf; twGuf rmwDeufudk
b,fvdkjiif;qdkuef@uG,fEdkifrvJqdkonfudk yk*~Kdvfa&;awG@qHkr_rsm;vkyf+yD; aqG;aEG;=uonf?
twdkuftcHtzGJ@tpnf;wckay:vmv#if ol@rSmyef;wdkif&Sd+rJjzpfonf/ xdkt&monf orwudk ðzwfcs&efjzpfonf?

cs=updk@
twdkuftcHopfu tpdk;&udk qef@usif&mwGif ajAmifa&m v#Kd@0Sufyg vkyfudkifonf? at'Dtufpf tzGJ@0ifwcsKd@u

rmwDeuftm;qef@usifwdkufcdkuf&ef ppfa&;jyifqifr_rsm;jyifqifzdk@ qHk;jzwfaomfvnf; wcsKd@u t=urf;rzufa&; vrf;pOfudk
a&G;=uonf? (1943) aEGOD;tpydkif;ESifh aEG&moDwGif v_yf&Sm;wufºuGolrsm;onf trnfazmfjyjcif; r&Sdaom
pm&Gufpmwef;rsm;qufwdkufjzef@a0r_rsm;vkyf+yD; rmwDewftm; tpdk;&xJrS E_wfxu G f&ef awmif;qdk =uonf/
EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;rsm;awmif;qdkonf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;/ ppfom;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&tvkyform;rsm;udk
tpdk;&ESifhylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; rvkyf&efawmif;qdk=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;udk (1932) ckESpfwkef;u
tpdkvdkuft+yKHvdkufowfjzwfr_rsm;tm; jyefvnfowd&ap+yD;/ vufurf;pmapmifav;rsm; jzef@a0jcif;jzifh tay:,Ha=um
uwdpum;ay;jcif;rsm;ESifh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf tpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;olrsm;udk wm;qD;umuG,f&ef ajymqdkonf?
Democratic Revolutionary Committee / Anti-Reelection Party . tvkyform;XmeuJhodk@ emrnfrsKd;rsm;jzifh
tkyfpkvdkuf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ay:wGif; qdkif;xdk;jcif;rsm; (1944) ckESpf tapmydkif;umvxd ay:aygufcJh=uonf?
Oya't& awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;onf aemufxyfvufeufwckjzpfonf? (1943) ck atmufwdkbmwGif at'DtufpftzGJ@

wnfaxmifolrsm;tygt0if EdkifiHom; (236) a,mufrS EdkifiHa&;tpktzGJ@rsm;tm; uef@owfcsKyfcs,faom (1941) Oya'udk
zsufodrf;ay;&ef w&m;&Hk;csKyfqDudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD; toem;cHpm wifcJh=uonf? toem;cHpmudk w&m;&Hk;csKyfu
y,fcscJhaomfvnf; orwudk xdkodk@&ifqdkifjcif;onf tvGef+iD;aiG@ p&maumif;ouJhodk@ vlxkxJwGif cHpm;vm&onf?
tar&duef a&wyfqdkif&moHwrefwOD;tqdkt& toem;cHpm a=umifh =oZmt&Sdeft0g&Sdaom EdkifiHom;rsm;
yGifhyGifhvif;vif;xGufay:vmonf/ olwdk@onf tkyfcsKyfr_ tydkif;tm; uef@uGufjcif; yxrt}udrftaeESifh
xGufay:vmonf[k ,lq&rnf? toem;cHpmudk El Diario Latino owif;pmwGif yHkESdyfazmfjycJhaomtcg
owif;pma&mif;aomae&mrsm;wGif &Jrsm; vmrodrf;cif tvkt,uf 0,f,l=uonf?
owif;pmonfvnf; tm%m&Sifrsm;udkwdkufcdkufaom ay:ay:xifxifr[kwfaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk xnfh

oGif;azmfjyonf? *|efrmvfwef (John Malton) ESifh qdkifrGefbdkvDAm (Simon Boliva) wdk@uJhodk@ emrnf}uD; rsm;qDrS
rif;qdkrif;npftm; qef@usifaom tudk;tum;rsm;jzifh tm*sifwD;em;&Sd acgif;rmaomtpdk;& òyduGJ oGm;&aom
aqmif;yg;rsKd;rsm;udk qifqmrwifyJ orwudk raxrJhjrifðyaomtaeESifh a=u;eef; &dkufydk@=uonf? rmwDeufudk
aemufxyftkyfcsKyfcGifhoufwrf;&atmifcGifhðyxm;aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH jyifqif&ef a0zefr_eJ@
oGm;aevdk@rjzpfbl;qdkwmodvmwmESifh owif;pmrsm;onf aemufxyf taumif;qHk;wck vkyfcJh=uonf? (1943) ck
atmufwdkbmvwGif pdppfa&;pepf xkwfjyefvdkuf+yD;aemuf t,f'Dwmrsm;onf tpdk;&xJudk xdk;qG&ef
enf;vrf;udkawG@cJhonf? 'DZifbmwGif tpdk;&.0g'jzef@csdr_rsm;udk oa&mfavSmifajymifaom Street-Cleaning in Capital
Superb ESihf Water So Plentiful in Villages That It Flows in Veritable Cascades wdk@uJhodk@ aqmif;yg;rsm;
t,fvf 'Dtm&Dtdk vufwDEdk (El Diario Latino) owif;pm aemufausmzkH;wGif tjynfhazmfjyxGufay:vmonf?
xdk@aemuf (1943) aemufydkif;wGif qmvfAm'dkvlrsKd; tenf;tusOf;onf twdkuftcHrsm;ESifhtwl vrf;rrsm; ay:

xGufvm+yD; ppf}uD;udk EdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;tjzpf jyefvnfoHk;vmonf? 'DZifbmv 11 &ufrSm ausmif;om; (400)
cef@ESifh twwfynm&Sifrsm;onf r=umao;cifu r[mrdwfrsm; tqdkðycJh=uaom ukvor*~ xlaxmifjcif;jzifh
axmufcHr_udk pk&Hk;cJh=uonf? &Jrsm;ESifh trsKd;om;vHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@rsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; qENjyolrsm;onf rmwDeufudk
OD;wnf+yD; ‘tm%m&Sifrsm; usqHk;ap/ orw&mxl; vufrv$wfaomolrsm; usqHk;ygap’ paomaºuG;a=umfoHrsm;
wdkifcJh=uonf? ausmif;om;wOD;. wdkufyGJ0if rdef@cGef;onfvnf; tvm;wl &Sif;vif;vSonf? “usaemfwdk@ cs=updk@/ 'grS
tpdk;&qdkwm jynfol@qENudk a&mifjyef[yfEdkifrSm/ 'Dvdkenf;eJ@omv#if tckpwifae+yDjzpfwJh 'Drdkua&pD&mpkESpfxJ usaemfwdk@
aeEdkifrSm’[k ajymcJhonf?
wcsdefxJwGif orwtm; qef@usifolrsm;u ol.ajrmuftar&dum; r[mrdwfrsm;tm; orwudk azsmif;zsay;&ef

arwWm&yfcH=uonf? aiGpkaiGacs;b%fwck. t&m&SdwOD;jzpfaom tmvfzGefqdk &dkcsuf (Alfonso Rochac)u
t,fvfqmvfAm'dk&Sd tar&duefoHtrwf a0:vfwmompwGef (Walter Thurston)xH AdkvfcsKyfudk zdtm;ay;zdk@
pmwapmifay;ydk@cJhonf? xdktxJwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk tav;xm;&ef/ vGwfvyf aom a&G;aumufyGJ
usif;yay;&efESifh twWvefwdwfoabmwlpmcsKyfudk av;pm;vdkufem&efrsm;yg&Sdonf? (1944) ck rwfvwGif aiGpkaiGacs;b%f

OuUX [ufwm [ma&;&m; (Hector Herrera)u e,fvfqif a&mfauzJvm; (Nelson Rockefeller)xH
t}uHðycsufwckudk ay;ydk@cJhygonf? olonf tar&duefwdkufEdkifiHrsm;qdkif&mXme. wm0ef&Sdyk*~KdvfwOD;tjzpf xdka'oodk@
vma&muf vnfywfaecsdef jzpfonf? [ma&;&m;u tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ ruUpDudk/ udkvrfbD,m wdk@rS rmwDewfudk
=um;0if azsmif;zsoifha=umif;ESifh 'Drdku&ufwpf zGJ@pnf;yHkopfudk vufcH&efwdkufwGef;oifha=umif; ajymcJhonf?
rmwDeufuvnf; }uD;xGm;vmaomtwdkuftcHrsm;udk wif;wif;rmrm jyefwdkufonf? tpdk;&u pmyHkESdyf vkyfief;rsm;udk

ydk+yD;ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;vkyfvm+yD;/ &efol[k oHo,&Sdolrsm;udk pHkprf;axmufvSrf;vmonf? w&m; &Hk;csKyfxH toem;cHpm
qdkif;xdk;wifaomvlrsm;udk eD;eD;uyfuyfapmifh=unfr_rsm; vkyfvmonf? 'DZifbmvwGif vl (20) cef@onf
pufaoewfrsm;ESifhtwl vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif xGufay:vm+yD;/ at'Dtufpf acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh El Diario Latino
owif;pmt,f'Dwmwdk@yg0ifaom vl ta,muf (40)cef@ tzrf;cH&onf? wcsKd@udk orwtm; owfjzwf&ef}uHpnfr_jzifh
w&m;pGJonf? aemufwOD;jzpfaom &Dum'dk tmbDZl; (Ricardo Arbizu) onf vufeufrcsbJ/ tdrfxJrSm wygwfausmf
ykef;aecJhonf? xdk@aemuf atmf*ufpwif; t,fvm&dk rdk&rf; qdkol ol@xHa&mufvm+yD; ppfwyfxJrS twdkuftcHrsm;tm;
axmufcHolpm&if;udk ol@ol@xHrS &oGm;awmhonf?
twdkuftcHrsm;tm; ajcmufvSef@r_rsm;vkyfaeonfhtjyif/ tpdk;&onf tm%mquf&&ef rmwDewf. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_udk

t&m;0ifjzpfatmifvkyfay;rnfh wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf topfwcktwGuf axmufcHr_ rsm;&atmif óud;pm;aeonf?
tm%m&Sifydkif owif;pmwckrS wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf ac:,l&ef EdkifiHom; wodef;ausmfausmfavmuf.
vufrSwfrsm;&cJh+yD[k ajymcJhonf? tpdk;&}uD;rSL;vkyfaqmifaom tpnf;a0;rsm;&Sd qlnHaeaom vltkyfrsm;onf
tvm;wlawmif;qdkcJhonf? (1944) ck nDvmcHusif;ycsdefwGif orwa&G;cs,fyGJonf ta,mifaqmifr#jzpf+yD;/
vlwdkif;xifxm;onfhtwdkif; rmwDeuf udkom orw&mxl;twGuf a&G;cs,fcJhonf? ol.oufwrf;topfonf (1949)
ckESpfrSom ukefqHk;rnf? EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;udk xyfrHxdyg;wdkufpm;&ef zGJ@pnf;yHkudkvnf; pmom;rsm;xyfjznfhonf?
wdkif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;wckvHk;udk csKyfudkifEdkifaom =oZmtm%m udkvnf; ay;tyfvdkufonf? qmvfAm'dkvlrsKd;rsm;onf
aemufxyf 6 ESpfcef@ tm%m&SifatmufwGif ae&rSm jzpf+yD;/ olwdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; wjznf;jznf;
uef@owfr_rsm;wdk;vmonf?
at'DtufESifh ol@.r[mrddwfrsm;onf tpdk;&tm; ðzwfcs&ef t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_wck wdwfwpdwf }uHpnf aepOfwGif

tjcm;enf;AsL[mwck &cJhonf? udkpwm&Duma'orS ta0;a&muf owif;axmufwOD;jzpfaom *sKdtmuGif; uufpfx&dk
umeDZm;vwfpf (Joaquin Castro Canizales) u twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;qDudk ‘tm%mzDqefa&;odk@/ qmvfAm'dk
jynfolrsm;xHodk@ u|Efkyf. trSmpum;’qdkonfh acgif;pOfjzifh t}uHðycsufwck ay;ydk@cJhonf? xdktxJwGif “tpdk;&tm;
ðzwfcsonfhae&mwGif atmifjrif&ef oifhawmfaomenf;vrf;” ESifh ‚if;tm; ‘iHk@cHrvm;/ tm%mzDqefrvm;’ [kac:a=umif;
oluajymonf? “wdkif;jynf. tkyfcsKyfr_ydkif;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;xdef;csKyfr_rsm;wGif yg0ifaom EdkifiHom;wdkif;” xdkvrf;pOfvdkuf&ef/
“yl;aygi;f yg0if&ef &d;k &d;k &Si;f &Sif; vdktyfaeonf?” tjcm;awmhr[kwfygay/ xdkvrf;pOfudk zefwD;cJhaom *ENDonf }uD;us,faom
atmifjrifr_rsm; &cJhonf? ‚if;udkxda&mufap&ef ydwfyif wm;qD;r_rsm; vky&f efvo kd nf? wyfom;rsm;/ &Jrsm;/
yk*~vdutvkyform;rsm;ay:wGif pnf;&Hk;Edkif&efvdktyfovdk/ t&Htwm;taeESifh aiGa=u;/ypPnf;rsm; pkaqmif; xm;&efESifh
vdktyfvmv#if tcsdef=um=umqENjyr_rsm; jyvkyfEdkif&ef vdktyfonf? xdkt}uH^m%frsm;onf rmwDewfqef@usifa&;
pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzef@a0 tpðycJhpOfuwnf;u tenf;tusOf;pGJusefcJhonf? odk@aomf at'DtufpftzGJ@onf
t=urf;zufrS&rnff qdkaom ol@,Hk=unfcsufrS rajymif;vJvmacs?
ppftm%modrf;+yD;aemuf t"duv_yf&Sm;olrsm;rSm atmf*ufpwif; t,fvfzm&dk rdk&ef; ESifh tmwl&dk &dkrD&dkwdk@ jzpfonf?

t,fvfzm&dk. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_yg0ifcJhapjcif;rSm AdkvfcsKyf. tajccHOya' vSnfhuGufwGif rcHr&yfEdkifaom ol@.a'gou
tpðyay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf &dkrD&dk. qef@usifr_uawmh rwlay? (1930) ckESpfrsm;tapmydkif;u olonf yJ&pfòrd@&Sd
ausmif;om;wOD;taejzifh vlodxif&Sm; wdkufyGJ0ifvdkaom pdwf"mwf jzpfcJhonf? aemuf t,fvfqmvfaA;'dk;odk@
jyefa&mufvmaomtcg tedrfhqHk;vpmowfrSwcf sufESifh tvkyform;tcGifhta&;rsm; awmif;qdk&ef pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfcJhonf?
xdkodk@ pdwful;,Of0g'onf aq;wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;rS ol@tm; cspfcifvmapovdk/ qif;&Jom;rsm;=um;wGif
tcrJhukoay;jcif; rsm;a=umifh vlcspfvlcifrsm;cJhonf?

tm%modrf;&ef}uHpDolrsm;onf udk,fykdift}uH&Sdaomppft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh qufoG,f+yD;aomaemuf (1944) wGif
t&yfbufESifh ppfbuf acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tmvfzm&dk. ajrae&mwGif nDvmcHusif;yonf/ aemufqHk;
pDpOf!$ef=um;r_rsm;vkyfonf? olwdk@xJwGif (1932) awmifolv,form;ta&;awmfyHkwGif t"duyg0ifcJhaom
*smreftm;axmufcHaom t&m&Sd (2) OD;/ AdkvfcsKyf tmzGefqdk rm&dkultif; ESifh olESifhnDtudkawmfpyfol AdkvfrSL;}uD; wD;wdk;
umvfAdk wdk@ygonf? ppfwyfrsm; tDpwmppfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS jyefvm+yD;aemuf olwdk@ onf {+yDv (2) &ufae@tm;
ykefuefxºuG&ef &ufowfrSwfvdkufonf?
&kdifz,faoewfoHrsm;ESifh qdk;qdk0g;0g;jzpfaeaom pwmumwdk
(1944) ck {+yDv (2) &ufae@onf tDpwmyGJawmf tóudwe*FaEGae@ (Palm Sunday) jzpfonf? jrLrsm;vnf;usae+yD;
urf;&dk;wef;rsm;udk vwfqwfaomav&_zdk@ ypfcGmoGm;=uaom 'grSr[kwf òrd@tjyifbuf aEG&moDa&Smifzdk@oGm;=uaom
rdom;pkrsm; csef&pfcJhaom qef qmvfAm'dkwGif wdwfqdwaf eaomae@jzpfonf? orwonf urf;&dk;wrf;òrd@jzpfaom vm;
vDbmwwf (La Libertad) wGif &Sdae+yD;/ wjcm;xdyfydkif; t&m&Sd }uD;rsm;vnf; xGufoGm;=u+yD? tdkufpyfpyf&Sdaom
òrd@awmfwGifusef&Sdaeaomvlrsm;onf rdk;óud;ypfwmrsKd;uJhodk@ ab;tEW&m,frsm;rS umuG,fEdkif&efqdkaom ,Hk=unfr_jzifh
tkef;vufrsm;udk bk&m;&Sdcdkausmif;rS ,laqmif&ef reufydkif;wGif oGm;=uonf? rGef;vGJydkif; (3) em&DcGJcef@wGif
òrd@.ta&S@awmifbufrS rdk;ðcef;oHuJhodk@ toHrsm;a=umifh vlrsm;vrf;rrsm;ay: xGufvm=uonf? ppfav,mOfrsm;onf
olwdk@. tdrfacgifrdk; txufem;avmufrS uyfIysH0Jaeonf?
tcsdefudkuf ppftm%modrf;vdkufjcif;onf ynmom;ygvSonf? rmwDeufESifh ol. t"dutm;udk;&aom vlrsm;onf

jyef@usJxGufajy;ukef=u+yD; csufcsif;rwkef@jyefEdkifacs? olykefrsm;bufwGifvnf; qef qmvfaA;'dk;. ajcjrefwyf&if;ESifh
tajrmufwyfrsm;tygt0if ypfcwfEdkifr_pGrf;tm;&So d nf? ppfqifa&;onf em&Dtenf;i,f =umvmaomtcg
atmifjrifvdrfhrnfqdkonfrSm txift&Sm;jzpfvmonf? olykefrsm;u tcsKd@ta&;}uD;aom avwyf/ toHv$ifh&HkESifh
a=u;eef;&Hk;rsm;udk tjrefodrf;EdkifcJhonf? wdkif;jynf. taemufzufydkif;&Sd t}uD;qHk; òrd@jzpfaom qefwmtmem (Santa
Ana)wGif òrd@apmifhwyfu aomif;usef;olrsm;&Sd&moGm;onf/ vltyk f}uD; qENjypDwef;vSnfhvnfaeaomtcsdefwGif
òrd@awmfaumifpD topfwckudk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJhonf?
olykefrsm;onf xdktcGifhta&;rsm;&aomfvnf; toHk;rcswwfjzpfaeonf? qef qmvfaA;'dk;wGif&Sdaom &JXmecsKyf tm;

AHk;}uJ&ef óud;pm;aeaom olykefrsm;onf csdefudkufr_vGJ+yD; òrd@.teD;em;ae&mrsm;udk rD;avmifr_rsm; jzpfaponf?
toHv$ifh&Hktm; odrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;r_ tao;pdyfrsm;udk avv_dif;rSwqifh v$ifhxkwf&Hkomru
acgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS wOD;jzpfaom tmwl&dk &dkrD&dk. emrnfudkvnf; azmfxkwfonf? odk@aomf olykefxr_rSmrygaom
tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh opPm&Sdolrsm;. ta&;}uD;owif;rsm;udk pkaqmif;aeaom AdkvfcsKyfrmwDeufonf
em;axmifaeolrsm;xJwGif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? xdk@aemuf orwonf tusOf; om;wa,muftm;
ppfom;rsm;rSzrf;vmaomyHkpHrsKd;jzifh òrd@awmfudk tjrefjyefvmonf/ v#yfppfXmersm;tm; rD;jzwfawmufypf&ef trdef@ay;+yD;
tm;vHkrD;arSmifusoGm;atmifvkyfonf? xdk@aemuf orweef;awmfESifh uyfvsuf cHwyfòrd@jzpfaom ZmydkawcHwyfòrd@odk@
oGm;onf? xdkae&mwGif ppfom;rsm;tm; jyefpkEdkif&ef jyifqifonf? rmwDeufonf “ighzufudkr,Hk=unf&if/
vkyfp&m&Sdwmqufvkyfyg/ ighudk ypfowf vdkufyg”[k aºuGa=umfonf? aemufae@wGif orw.wyfrsm;u av,mOfuGif;udk
jyefodrf;vdkufaom tcsdefwGif cHwyf}uD;rS olykefrsm;. wyfudk acsr_ef;Edkifvdkufonf? t*Fgae@a&mufaomtcg olykefxr_rsm;
+yD;qHk;oGm;onf?
olykefacgif;aqmifawmfrsm;rsm; tzrf;cH&aomfvnf; &dkrD&dkESifh tmvfzm&dkwdk@ (2) OD;wdk@vGwfajrmufoGm;onf? ajcjrefwyf&if;

vufeufcsvdkuf+yD[k od&aomtcsdefwGif xdk 2 OD;vHk;onf toHv$ifh&HkwGif ae@vnfydkif;txd &Sdae=uonf? olwdk@onf
taemufzufwHcg;aygufrSxGufoGm;+yD; ESpfOD;vrf;cGJvdkuf=uonf? tmvfzm&dk u tcsdefrusbJ
tm%modrf;r_udkatmifyGJcHcJhaom/ t&ufrl;orm;rsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeaom qefwmtmemòrd@udk oGm;onf? q&m0efonf
aom=umae@rSm [Gef'l&ef (Honduran) e,fpyfudk xGufajy;rwdrf;a&SmifEdkifcif aq;&HkrSm &ufaygif;rsm;pGm;
ykef;atmif;aecJh&onf?

orwonf tm%modrf;r_tm; tvG,fwulacsr_ef;+yD;aomfvnf; ol.pdwftpOfwGif rwnf+idrfr_rsm; jzpfae onf?
uvyftoif;rsm;. tpnf;ta0;rsm; rvkyfatmif ydwfyifxm;+yD;/ tdrfrsm;udkvnf; óudwif ta=umif;=um;jcif;r&SdbJ
0ifa&mufppfaq;jcif;rsm;vkyfonf? pwmumwdkòrd@xJwGif nbufqdk &dkifz,fudkif wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh a=umufrufzG,fjzpfaeonf?
vufeufudkif&Jwyfpdyfrsm;udk xlxJpGmcsxm;onf? tusOf;om;rsm;udk pk+yD; &Jpcrf;ydk@onf? xdkrSwqifh
pufqkyfzG,faumif;aom n‡if;yrf;ESdyfqufr_rsm; jzpf=uonf? &JESifh tpdk;&ydkif; qdkif&mrsm;u b%fvkyfief;rsm;wGif
0ifa&mufpyfpkvm+yD;/ òrd@xJwGif vlrsm;udk tm%mydkifrsm;. cGifhðycsuf vufrSwfjy+yD;rS oGm;vm&aom
tajctaejzpfoGm;onf? w&m;&Hk;csKyfwGif toem;cHpm wifpOfu vufrSwf xdk;cJhaomvlrsm;rSm òrd@xJrS tjyifodk@
xGufcGifhr&=uovdk/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; cGifhðycsuftwGuf rnfonfh pm&Gufpmwrf;rS r&EdkifatmifjzpfoGm;onf? tar&duef
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b0tajctaersm;udk zsufqD;ypfvdkufonf[k xif&a=umif; qdkonf?
owif;axmufrsm;onfvnf; xdk'g%fudk tawmfcH&onf? qefwmtmemòrd@. Diario de Occidente owif;pmonf

rmwDeufudk ðzwfcs+yD; &dkrD&dkudk jyeftpm;xdk;jcif;ESifhywfouf+yD; {+yDv (2) &ufu tavmw}uD; a=unmcJhaom
owif;pmwckjzpfonf? owif;pmt,f'Dwmonfvnf; axmifxJodk@ txnfhcH&onf? ppftm%mpodrf;pOfu
tzrf;cHxm;&+yD;jzpfaom El Diario Latina owif;pmt,f'Dwm a*smhyifwdk (Jorge Pinto)onf {+yDv (2) &ufae@u
tapmifhrsm;rSypfcwfonhftwGuf aemufydkif;wGif aoqHk;oGm;onf? tjcm; owif;axmuftawmfrsm;rsm;
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xkwfa0cGifhr&bJ &yfqdkif;vdkuf&onf?
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qmvfaA;'dk;&Sd vl (800) ausmfavmuftm; tusOf;axmifxJodk@ydk@vdkufonf? txl;ppfaumifpD wckrS t&m&Sd (10) OD;tm;
em&Dydkif;twGif;wGif ao'g%fcsrSwfvdkuf+yD; aemufwae@reufwGif uGyfrsufrnffh vlrsm;udk ocsõKif;odk@xkwf+yD;
&dkifz,fudkifwyfrsm;ESifh ypfowfvdkufonf? aemuf (2) ywftwGif;wGif t&m&Sd (25) a,mufausmEf Sifh EdkifiHom; (9)
a,mufavmufonf ao'g%fxyfay;cH&onf? rmwDeufu AdkvfcsKyf rm&dkultif; (Marroquin)tm;
uGyfrsufaomtcsdefwGif ol@om;udk udk,fwdkifoGm;=unfhcdkif;cJhonf?
Apfwm refElt,f rm&if; (Victor Manuel Marin)onf yg;uGufwyfzGJ@. vufxJokd@ usa&mufoGm;cJhol wOD;jzpfonf?
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aemufydkif;wGif uGyfrsufcHzdk@ ol@udk,fol renf;&kef;uef xGufcJh&onf? bmoma&;tpOftvmt& zkef;awmf}uD; vDtGef
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vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;tm;vHk; {+yDvwGif t,fvf qmvfaA;'dk;wGif bmawGjzpfysufcJhonfudk od=uonf?

EdkifiHjcm;oHwrmefrsm;u {+yDv (17) ae@rSm olykefrsm;udk oufn‡mzdk@ awmif;qdkcJhonf? xdkuJhodk@ Venezuelan Chamber
of Deputies / ruUpDuef tvkyform;acgif;aqmif Lombardo Toledano ESifh bmvfwDrdk;&Sd vufwiftar&dum;
q&m0efrsm;tzGJ@wdk@rS toem;cHpmrsm; a&muf&Sdvmonf? wdkif;jynf tawmfrsm;rsm;rS owif;pmrsm;rS aoG;xGufoH,dk
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Neruda)u OD;aqmif+yD; qENjyyGJwckyif jzpfcJhao;onf?
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tm%m&Sifqef@usifa&;udk wòydifwnf; wGef;tm;ay;wm[k oHtrwf ompwefu oHk;xm;cJhonf? “tm%m&Sifrsm;u
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0g&Sifwefodk@ a&mufoGm;csdefwGif (20) &mpkacwfwGif xdktjzpftysufonf aemufqHk;rjzpfEdkifacs?
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ratmifjrifaom xdktm%modrf;yGJrS jycJhjcif;onf olwdk@ orwtm; ðzwfcs&ef toufyif ay;&ygap/ vdkvdkvm;vm;ay;&ef
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rmwDeufqef@usifa&;wGifh a&S@wef;rSyg0ifcJh=uonf? tDpwmausmif;ydwf&uft+yD; twef; rsm;jyefzGifhcsdefwGif tmwl&dk &kdrD&dk
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(Honduras)udk xGufajy;&ef óud;pm;onf? odk@aomf tvkyform; wa,mufyHkpH ol@&kyfzsufxm;r_onf e,fpyfe,ferdwf&Sd
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Miguel)aq;&Hkudk a&mufvmonf? xdkwGif ol b,fol b,f0g jzpfonfudk odukef=uonf? oem;wwfaom
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aq;rSwfcsufudk tcsdef qGJxm;=uonf?
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xdktcsif;t&monf tpdk;&. vufeufudkifwyfrsm;a&S@wGif udk,fhudk,fudk owfao&ef vkyfwm jzpfouJhodk@/
tm%m&Siftm; t=urf;zufcGifh ray;oifhbl;qdkwmvnf; olwdk@odvm=uonf? zmbDtdk umpwDvdk (Fabio

Castillo)qdkaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;u “tajccHokawoepmwrf;”udk trSwf&onf/ ‚if;rSm “rmwDeufonf
rnfol@udkrqdk ppfa&;t& wdkufcdkufEdkifvdrfhr,f/ xdk@a=umifh rmwDeufESifh xdyfwdkufrawG@aom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk
pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmf&efvdkonf? xdkrSom olonf rnfol@udkrS ypfowfI&rSmr[kwf/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf
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wa,mufrS bmtvkyfrS rvkyf=uay/ &dk;&dkav;yifjzpfonf/ vrf;rsm;ay:rxGuf=ubJ tdrfxJrSmae=uonf? odk@rSom
ESdyfuGyfr_vnf; rvmrSmjzpfonf?
{+yDv (17) &ufaemufydkif;wGif aq;wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf teufa&mif eufuwdkifvnfpnf;rsm; 0wf+yD;

tpdk;&.zdESdyfr_a=umifhaooGm;aomolrsm;ESifh &dkrD&dktwGuf vGrf;qGwfwoaomtaejzifh udk,fhtpDtpOf ESifhudk,f
ausmif;udkvm=uonf? yxrae@rsm;wGif ausmif;om;wcsKd@u qENjy&ef t}uHðyonf/ xdkrSwqifh Oya'ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
pnf;a0;nd‡E_dif;&efjzpfvmonf/ xdk@aemuf tjcm; wuUodkvfXmersm;odk@ vSnfhywf =uonf? xdk&ufrsm;wGif
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif tawmfrsm;rsm;xGufay:vmonf? aq;ausmif;rS umpwDvdk ESifh a*smh bmpwmrefaw; ( Jorge
Bustamente)/ Oya'ausmif;rS *gvif'dkzdk@vf (Galindo Pohl) ESifh a*smh rZD;eD; (Jorge Mazzini)/
pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;rS a&mif;vf uufponfvmEdk@ (Raul Castellanos)/ aq;okawoeausmif;rS rm&Dtdk udkvm&m'dk
(Mario Colorado)wdk@ jzpf=uonf?
ausmif;om;tzGJ@ESpfckrS ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_udk !ïef=um;onf/ tzGJ@wckwGif Xmetvdkuf a&G;cs,fxm;aom

ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (40) 0ef;usifavmufyg&Sd+yD;/ tjcm;wzGJ@onf ao;i,faom A[dkaumfrwD tzGJ@jzpf+yD;
olwdk@onf {+yDv (19) &ufae@rSm pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; jzefcsdonf? xdkxJwGif “igwdk@onf awmfvSef a&;wcktwGuf
v_H@aqmfaewm r[kwfbl;”[k ygonf? “'gayr,fh enf;vrf;awGawmh &Sdw,f/ tJ'gawG[m Oya'ESifh
nD!GwfcsifrSnD!Gwfr,f/ *k%fvnf;&Sdw,f/ csD;usL;p&mvnf; aumif;w,f? igwdk@[m vmbfjrif+yD; tar#mftjrif}uD;wJh
vlwOD;eJ@ wdkufae&w,f/ tJ'gawGuvnf; igwdk@eJ@ qef@usifaew,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh jynfolw&yfvHk;eJ@qdkifaevdk@yJ?
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ausmif;om;rsm;. pnf;&Hk;v_@Haqmfr_onf xdkwywfvHk;vHk;jzpfaeonf? {+yDv (24) &uf wevFmae@onf 'kwd,v_dif;

v_yf&Sm;r_wckjzpfonf? ,if;onf ausmif;om;rsm;udk ta&;ay: pdwfcHpm;r_ topfwzef vkyfay;vdkufonf? olwdk@
pk&Hk;=uonf/ yl;aygif;qENjy=uonf/ ynma&;qdkif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk &yfqdkif;rSmjzpfovdk olwdk@&J@ wuUodkvfjyify
tvkyfrsm;udkvnf;&yfypfrnf[k trnfwpHkr&mazmfjyjcif; r&Sdaom a=unmcsufudk xkwfonf?
oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;u olwdk@onf AdkvfcsKyfESifh wu,f xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifrnfqdkv#if v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@

jzpfatmifvkyfrSjzpfrnf[k odvm=uonf? (1938-39) ausmif;om;oydwfwckonf odyfratmifjrifcJhacs/
“ynmwwfrsm;.oydwfrsm;onf oauFwoabmavmufyJjzpfonf”[k *gvif'dk zdk@vf (Galindo Pohl)u
aumufcsufcsonf? olwdk@vdktyfwmu wu,fhtppftrSefajymif;vJr_udk wGef;tm;ay; vkyf awmhr,fqdk&if
vlxkaygif;pHkyg0ifaom taxGaxGoydwfudk wnfaqmuf&rSmjzpfonf? umpwDvdkonf yxrqHk; xdkt}uHudk pwifcJhonf/
‚if;udk {+yDv 24 &uf A[dkaumfrwD tpnf;a0;wGif tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;=uonf?
xdkenf;AsL[mtm; txl;ojzifh tapmydkif;umvwkef;u ta0;a&mufowif;pmq&mwOD;jzpfaom umpfx&dk

umeDZm;vuf (Castro Canizales) u at'DtufpftzGJ@udk t}uHðycJhzl;onf? vpfvsL&_ ypfy,fcJh=uonf? umpfx&dk
umeDZm;vwfxHu r[kwfyJ wjcm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;u&aom xdkt,ltqonf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;u|rf;0if;cJh+yD;
vufawG@usvSonf? yxrtaejzifh olwdk@wGifvufeufr&Sdacs/ xdk@a=umifh Tenf;jzifh rmwDeufudkwdkufEdkifrnf
r[kwf[kodonf? 'kwd,wcktaejzifh vlxkonf t=urf;rzufenf;rSmom yg0ifEdkifrnf[k em;vnfonf? Tenf;onf
wjcm;tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;qDu axmufyHhr_rsm;vnf; &Edkifonf? olwdk@onf tar&duefoH&Hk;odk@ oGm;onf/ olwdk@onf
+idrf;csrf;aom qENjyv_yf&Sm;r_udk vkyfrnff/ aoG;xGufoH,dkr_udk a&Smifrnf[k owif;ydk@onf?
arv (5) &ufae@udk vlwdkif;oydwfxJrSm yg0ifEdkifrnfhae@tjzpf owfrSwfvdkufonf? wwfEdkifor# vlrsm;rsm;yg0ifatmif

owif;pmrsm;wGif azmfjyEdkifatmif wdwdususvkyfonf? tm%modrf;&ef óud;pm; cJh=u+yD;onfhaemuf qef

qmvfaA;'dk;wGif a=umuf&G@Hr_rsm;vnf; jyef@ESH@wnf&Sdaeonf? odk@aomf aq;ausmif;om; rsm;u q&m0efrsm;/
Oaya'ausmif;om;rsm;u Oya'0efxrf;rsm;udk qufoG,fr_rsm;&Sd=uovdk tjcm; ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf;
oufqdkif&mtvdkufvkyfaqmif=uonf? olwdk@onf taxGaxGoydwf}uD;jzpfatmif t}uHESifh xdkodk@aomvrf;a=umif;rsm;udk
toHk;csonf? olwdk@onf EdkifiHom;rsm;udk oydwfwGif yg0if=u&ef wdkufwGef;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udkvnf;
yHkESdyfjzef@a0onf? xdkpm&GuftoD;oD;wGif pmzwfolrsm;udk 10 ckpD yGm;+yD; xyfjzef@ay;&efwdkufwGef;xm;r_vnf;ygonf?
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vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif jzef@a0onf? olwdk@onf tpdk;&tm; qef@usif&ef pmwrf;rsm;udk &Jrsm;a&S@wGif wrifay:ay:xifxif
vkyf=uonf/ tzrf;vnf;cH&onf?
ausmif;om;rsm;onf olwdk@u|rf;usif&me,fajrrsm;rSxGuf+yD; rD;&xm;vrf; tvkyform;rsm;/ ajymif;a&$@ a&muf&Sdaeaom

ygvufpwdkif;aps;onfrsm; ESifh tjcm;tpktzGJ@rsm;xH oGm;=uonf? xdkt}uH atmifjrifonfESifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf
cdkifcHhaom taxmuftul &vdkufonf? oHtrwf ompwef azmfjycsuft& aps;tvkyforrsm;onf qmvfaA;'dk;EdkifiHa&;.
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pnf;&Hk;onf? b%fvkyfief;&SifwOD;u tiSm;um;armif;ol wOD;xH csOf;uyf+yD; wjcm;tiSm;um;armif;olrsm;udk oydwfxJ
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tpdk;&udk &yfqdkif;oGm;&ef tcGifhtvrf;enf;onf[k em;vnf+yD;/ wdkif;jynf.tjcm;ae&mrsm;odk@vnf;
oGm;a&mufv_H@aqmfonf? oydwf ol@zmom us,fjyef@vmzdk@qdkv#if vkyfief;Xmersm;ESifh ynma&;qdkif&m
taqmufttHkrsm;rS vlrsm;udk pkpnf;+yD; xda&mufatmifvkyf&rnf? oydwfarSmufolrsm;onf aq;0g;odkavSmif&mrsm;/
b%frsm;uJhodk@ tajcpdkufae&m rsm;udk ydwfypfEdkifrSomv#if vlwdkif;udk tod&SdaprSmjzpf+yD; tm%m&Sifbufygrnfavm/
vlxkbufygrnfqdkonfudk qHk;jzwfEdkifaprSm jzpfonf? q&m0efrsm;.qENjyyGJwckonf xda&mufr_&Sd+yD;
*k%fudkay:vGifaponf? o,f,l ydk@aqmifa&; onfvnf; t"duusaom ypfrSwfjzpfonf? òrd@ay:wGif ausmif;om;rsm;
pk&Hk;aeuwnf;u tjcm;a'ou vlrsm;u =um;csifodcsifI vm=urnfhvlrsm;onfvnf; &xm;onf
a'oqdkif&mblwm&Hkrsm;xd a&mufra&muf qdkaom jy\em&Sdaeonf? (armfpudkrD;&xm;tvkyform;rsm;.
enf;pepfusaom jyefvnf oHk;oyfr_rsm;onf (1905) ckESpf atmufwdkbmwGif &k&Sm;wEdkifiHvHk;odk@ jyef@ESH@oGm;cJhonf?)
oydwftm; vdktyfoavmuf jr‡ifhwifEdkif&ef vkyfrnffqdkv#if ausmif;om;rsm;wGif aiGvdkonf? +yD;v#if

oydwfpaomtcgwGif oydwfarSmuftvkyform;rsm;udk axmufyHh&ef enf;vrf;wckvdkonf/ odk@r[kwfu olwdk@vnf;
olwdk@.wefqmyvmrsm;udk ypfcsxm;csifaomqEN&Sdrnf r[kwfay? tcsKd@aiGrsm;onf w&m;0if ausmif;om;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh
ausmif;jyifyae&mrsm;rS pD;0ifvmonf? txl;ojzifh b¾ma&;aumfrwDrS taxmuftyHhðyonf/ xdkxJwGif
aiGpkaiGacs;b%f OuUX [ufwm[ma&;&m; (Hector Herrera) ESifh aumfzDvkyfief;&Sif}uD; &dkbmwdk tmvfAm&uf
(Roberto Alvarez)wdk@yg0ifonf? qmvfAm'dkEdk uvyftoif;wGif em&D0uftwGif; a':vmaiG (2)
aomif;cef@jzpfoGm;onf[k od&onf?
xdkv_yf&Sm;r_onf ausmif;om;rsm; {+yDv aemufqHk;ywfrS pmoifcef;rsm;tm; oydwfarSmuf&muae pcJh&mrS jzpfcJhonf?

wuUodkvf. jyifywGifvnf; bmtvkyfrS rvkyfjy=uay? Oya'ausmif;om;rsm;onf olwdk@oifcef;pm,l&rnfh
w&m;&Hk;rsm;rS a0;a0;ae=uouJhodk@ pufr_ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; olwdk@tm; cdkif;xm;aom tpdk;&Xmersm;qDodk@
owif;rydk@=uay? aq;&HkwGif tvkyfoif0ifvkyfolrsm;vnf; ausmif; q&mq&mrrsm;twdkif; tdrfrSmomae=uonf?
oydwfvnf;pa&m txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm; xGufvm =uonf?
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;xJuwOD;rSm aemufydkif;wGif t,f qmvfaA;'dk; orwjzpfaom/ tvkyform;

pnf;&Hk;a&;rSL;om; *sKdap; eydkvD,ef 'Gmaw; (Jose Napeleon Duarte) jzpfonf? “usaemf[m AdkvfcsKyf [meef'wf
rmwDeufudk qef@usifhwJhae&mrSm wpdkufrwfrwfyg0ifcJhw,f”[k 'Gmaw;u ol. udk,fwdkifa&; twˆKy`wWdrSm
a&;om;cJhonf? wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf txufwef;ausmif;rsm;udkoGm;+yD; yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef
tzGJ@wzGJ@awmif;qdk&mwGif olvnf; wa,muftygt0if jzpfcJhonf/ tpnf;ta0;rsm; wufonfhtwGuf &Jrsm;u
0ifpD;cJhonf? “wcg vGwfzdk@qdk+yD; v#KdwckxJudk ckHcsvdkufw,f/ +cHpnf;&dk;wckudk ausmfwufw,f/ ql;awGay:eif;rdw,f/
usaemh&J@ t0wfawGa&m t&nfjym;awGyg pkyf+yJxdcdkufukefw,f/ taxGaxGoydwf}uD;vkyfwJhae@u usaemfwdk@aumfrwD[m

pmoifcef;awGydwfxm;zdk@/ wm;qD;zdk@ xGuf=uw,f/ oydwf[matmifjrifw,f/ tJ'Dae@u b,folrS
ausmif;rwuf=ubl;”[k oluajymonf?
oydwf}uD;rm;vmaomtcg tpdk;&onf ,ufuefuefjzpfaeonf? t&m&SdwOD;.tqdkt& ol@rnfonfhrdwfaqG

wa,mufudkrS qENjywmudk rjrifcJh&a=umif;/ olwdk@bmvkyf&r,fqdkwmudk roda=umif;/ orw. txuf t&m&Sd rsm;onf
t=urf;zufESdrfeif;zdk@ a&mufvma=umif; od&onf? {+yDvrukefcifwGif pnf;&_H;v_H@aqmfaom ausmif;om;rsm;udkzrf;&ef
trdef@wckxGufvmaomfvnf; ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;onf vltenf;tusO;f avmufudkom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifhtwl
c%xdef;odrf;xm;cJh&onfuvGJI bmrS rvkyfEdkifcJhacs? tcsKd@ ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;u qENjyolrsm;udk
olwdk@tvkyfrsm;odk@oGm;&ef tdrfrsm;xdvdkuf+yD; wGef;tm;ay;=uonf? odk@aomf tcsKd@onf a0a00g;0g; rcGJjcm;Edkifjzpfaeonf?
tcsKd@vnf; qENjyr_tay:wGif udk,fcsif;pmemr_&Sd+yD; v_H@aqmfolrsm;udk tzrf;rcH&atmif taumif;qHk;ulnD=uonf?
&Jrsm; a'goxGufaeaomfvnf; qENjyr_udk csufcsif;acsr_ef;&ef cufaeonf/ qENjyr_onf w&Sdefxdk; }uD;xGm; aeonf?

tpdk;&onf vltrsm;tm; olwdk@omrefvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufI olwdk@.&Hk;rsm;odk@ jyef roGm;=u rcsif;
xdkifapmifhaezdk@om&SdyHk&onf? +rKdodyfxm;aom a'gotcsKd@tm; ajzazsmufaomtaejzifh tpdk;&onf ykefuefxºuG+yD;aemuf
zrf;xm;aom tusOf;om;rsm;tm;vHk;udk v$wfay;rnf[k ausnmvdkufonf? oydwfudk tm%m&Siftpdk;&
xdef;csKyfxm;aom owif;pmrsm;rS aqmif;yg;rsm;uwqifh todtrSwfrðy&ef óud;pm;onf? xdkaqmif;yg;rsm;wGif
qif;&Jom;rsm;. vdktyfcsufrsm;udk vpfvsL&_aom csrf;omºuG,f0+yD; =oZmtm%m &Sdolrsm;.
v_yf&Sm;r_wckomjzpfonf[k azmfjy=uonf?
rnfonfht&mrS qENjyr_. t&Sdeft[kefudk rwm;qD;Edkifacs? wenf;tm;jzifh rmwDewftpdk;&. r=umao;cifu

n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm;ESifh tcsdef=umjrifhatmif xif&mpdkif;tkyfcsKyfcJhaom ordkif;a=umif;rsm;rSwqifh xGufay: vmaom
a'gotm; zsufypfIr&Edkifacs? qmvfAm'dk&eftausmftarmfrsm;onf AdkvfcsKyftm; rwm;bl;qdkv#if
owfjzwfr_rsm;jzpfukefawmhrnfqdkonfhtwGuf olwdk@vnf; raeomawmhay? tpdk;&tm; qef@usif&ef
&ifw'dwf'dwfckef&jcif;onf yg;uGufwyfzGJ@a&S@wGif ypfowfcH&rSm awG;rdaom a=umufpdwfu ydkoGm;&onf?
a&ay:qDrsm;.jyify trsm;pk}uD;twGufawmh &J&ifhaom q&m0ef tmwl&dk &kdrD&dk. touf+cdrf;ajcmufcHcJh&jcif; onf
v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf wGef;tm;jzpfaejyefonf?
r=umcifwGif v_H@aqmfa&;ausmif;om;rsm; ar#mfvihfxm;onfhtwdkif; &dkrD&dk. taygif;tazmfq&m0efrsm;onf v_yf&Sm;r_.

wyfOD;xJodk@ ygvmonf? olwdk@wGifvnf; rmwDeuftpdk;&ESifhywfouf+yD; a=uuGJzG,f&mrsm; &Sdonf? wdkif;jynftm;
tzsuftarSmifhvkyfaom txJwGifygonf[k oHo,&Sdaom q&m0eftrsm;tjym;udk xkwfypf&ef rmwDeufu
trdef@ay;cJhonfhtwGufa=umifhjzpfonf? jynfol@aq;&Hk !$ef=um;a&;rSL; vl;tpf rmpDtwfpf (Luis Macias)u arv (2)
&ufae@wGif 0efxrf;rsm;tm; tpnf;ta0;ac:+yD;/ olESifh q&m0efrsm;u awmif;qdk csufrsm; t=urf;a&;qGJonf? olwdk@
qENjy&ef a=unmonf? ao'%fay;cH&aom tjypf'%fu av#mhayghray;rcsif;/ vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhrac:rcsif;/
q&m0efrsm;udk rlvae&mrsm;wGif jyefrcef@rcsif;/ tpdk;&u 'Drdku&ufwpf Oya'orsm;udk vufrcHrcsif; qENjy=urnf[k
a=unmvdkuf=uonf? rmwDeufonf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk udk,fwdkifvufcH,cl Jh+yD; rmpDtwfpfa&S@wGifyif
rD;&_d@ypfvdkufonf?
arv (5) &ufae@wGif qef qmvfaA;'dk;&Sd q&m0ef (150) xJu (135) a,muf tvkyfuxGufonf? olwdk@xHrS
ausnmcsuftopfwckudk vufrSwfxdk;+yD; orwonf &mxl;rSqif;ay;&rnf/ vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJ
vkyfay;&rnfqdk+yD; cwfjywfjywfaqmif;qdkxm;onf? ta&;ay:aq;ay;cef;rsm; zGifhxm;+yD; q&m0ef tcsKd@u
vlemtenf;i,fudk =unfh&_=uonf? 0DvD,rf u&Jrf; (William Krehm) ajymjycsuft& oydwf&HyHkaiGtwGuf
qif;&Jolrsm;onf trnfcHavmufjzpf+yD; csrf;omolrsm;ut"du ay;=uonf? arv (5) &ufae@wGif a&S@aersm;/
q&m0efrsm;ESifh b%fvkyfief;/ rD;&xm;vkyfief;/ v#yfppfypPnf;vkyfief;rS tvkyform;rsm;vnf; xGufay:vm =uonf?
òrd@jytvkyform;rsm; &mESifhcsD yg0ifvmonf? aomufoHk;a& ay;a0a&;XmerS txl;rvdktyfaom Xmersm;odk@ a&ay;ydk@r_
&yfqdkif;ypfrnff[k ausnmonf? jynfol@ usef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_ Xmersm;rS oGm;q&m0efrsm;/ tif*sifeD,m ESifh
enf;ynm&Sifrsm;/ uyGJobif tvkyform;rsm;ygvm=uonf?

oydwfxJodk@ygvmaom vlwdkif;onf qENjyif;xefolrsm;csnf;r[kwfbJ/ tcsKd@ygvufpwdkif;ESifh w&kwf aps;qdkif&Sif rsm;onf
wkef@jyefjzpfay:r_rsm;tm;a=umufI wHcg;rsm;udk oGm;ydwf&efyif wGef@qkwfae=uonf? ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfaom *sKdap; aumfvdk&m'dk (Jose Colorado)u pwdk;qdkif;rsm;tm; ydwf&ef awmif;
qdkaomtaejzifh qdkifrsm;tm; cJrsm;ESifhypfaygufonf? tcsKd@rSm wHcg;rsm;zGifhxm;aomfvnf; aps;a&mif;&ef jiif;qdk=uonf?
tvkyform;jynfoltrsm;tjym;onf wu,fhvdktyfcsuf tca=u;aiGrsm;ESifh tusKd;qufjzpfay: vmr,fh
tajctaersm;udk pdk;&drf+yD; tvkyfudkjyefoGm;=uonf? rD;&xm;tvkyform;rsm;vnf; olwdk@vpmtm; óudwif+yD;
tjynfht0 rxkwfay;v#if v_yf&Sm;r_xJodk@ ygrSmr[kwf[k zmbDtdk umpwDvdk (Fabio Castillo)udk ajymonf?
olwdk@.rdom;pkrsm;udkvnf; vHk+cKHaomae&mrsm;wGif zGux f m;onf? vlwef;pm; tv$maygif;pHkygaom qef qmvfAm'dk
òrd@olòrd@om;rsm;. orwtm; qef@usifhaom/ pkpnf;r_jyaom qENjyyGJonf rjynfhpHkacs? “qENjyyGJwGif
olcdk;rsm;vnf;ygonf”[k qENjyolwOD;uajymonf?
olwdk@ausmif;udkjyefvm+yD; (2) ywfausmcf ef@&Sdaomtcg qENjyr_udk OD;aqmifaom wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;u tpdk;&ESifh

xdyfwdkufawG@ r_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&ef wwftm;oIvkyfonf? rmwDeuftwGuf &J ESifh ppfom;rsm;. opPmcHr_udk
pdwfrcs&awmhbl;qdkonfudk ,Hk=unf&avmufonfhwdkifatmif ausmif;om;rsm;u olwdk@toufrsm; udk paw;+yD; 'gudk
tprf;oabm rvkyfcJh=uacs? odk@aomf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh n‡if;qJowfjzwfcH&aom 0efxrf;rsm;. rkqdk;rrsm;onf
tpdk;&a=umifh 'kuQa&mufaom vlrsm;twGuf arv (5) &ufae@wGif qifajczkH;t&yf&Sd &dkp&D bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;wGif
pk&Hk;=uonf? jynfhv#Haeaom vltyk f}uD;onf bk&m; &Sdcdk;ausmif;ESifh y&0k%ftjyifbufxd teufa&mif0wfxm;aom
trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhtwl awG@ae&onf? vGrf;qGwf olrsm;onf ydwfyifwm;qD;cH&rnfudkod+yD; òrd@xJodk@
ukefonfrsm;.qdkifrsm;udk ydwfypf&ef pnf;&Hk;a&; xGuf=uonf?
vufwiftar&duefordkif;wGif xdkodk@xda&mufr_&Sdaomoydwf}uD;onf A[dkwckwnf;u csKyfudkifv_Haqmfr_a=umifh

jzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwfbJ/ wOD;ESifhwOD qufoG,f+yD; pkpnf;&mrS/ wa,mufrSwqifh wa,muf pnf;&_H;v_H@aqmf&mrS
jzpfay:vmwmjzpfonf? xdktcgwGif qENjyolrsm;udk ajymqdk&efESifh tpdk;&ESifhaqG;aEG;&ef tusKd;awmfaqmif tzGJ@rsm;
vdktyfvmonf? arv (5) &ufae@wGif [mrdk*sD;eufpf tmvAm&dk'dk. tdrfwGif ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
aps;tvkyforrsm;/ b%f/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tvkyform;rsm;/ ae@qdkif;tvkyform;rsm;/ bwfpf ESifh
tiSm;,mOfarmif;orm;rsm; awG@qHk=u+yD; udk,fpm;ðyvkyfaqmifay;Edkifaom
trsKd;om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;aumfrwDudk a&G;cs,fonf? tzGJ@0if (5) OD;yg+yD; ausmif;om;wa,muf/
q&m0efwa,muf ESifh t+idrf;pm;AdkvfcsKyfwa,mufygonf? aemufwae@wGif orwtm; touftEW&m,frS
vGwfuif;ap+yD; t,fvfqmvfaA;'dk;rS xGufoGm;cGifhðyzdk@ urf;vSrf;csufESifh twl aumfrwDrS awmif;qdkr_wck xGufvmonf?
xdktcgwGif twdkuftcHrsm; pkpnf;r_&+yD; wif;rmr_uae oufoufomomaecGifh&onf?
tpdk;&onf pdk;&drfp&mtajctaetm; ajzazsmuf&ef qHk;jzwf+yD; bmrSrvkyfEkdifovdk vufav#mhzdk@udkvnf; bm vuQ%mrS

rjyacs? AdkvfcsKyfonf EdkifiHwckvHk;xH a&'D,dkuwqifh rdef@cGef;ajymonf? tvkyfvkyfaeoludk óudqdkvdkuf+yD;/
qENjyacgif;aqmifrsm;udk vlr_tqifhtwef;toD;oD;rSm rwnfr+idrfjzpfatmif vkyfaeonfqdk+yD; pGyfpGJvdkufonf?
aemufwae@wGif tvkyform; wefjyefawmfvSefa&;aumfrwDudk zGJ@pnf; vdkufa=umif; ausnm onf? rmwDeufu
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;vkyf&ef xyfawmif;qdkonf? a=umuf&GH@r_udk r=umao;cifurS E_d;qGay;cJhaom
tm%m&Sifonf olawmif;qdkonfrsm;udk vkyf&ef awmif;yefwdk;v#Kd;vmonf?
rmwDeufonf +cdrf;ajcmufvdkaom ol. qENudk qENjyolrsm;ESifh jy\em rjzpfatmifaezdk@ t&m&SdwOD;udk ajym&if;

+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm; rvkyfcsifawmhaomyHkpH jzpfaeonf? “{+yDv yxrae@awGrSm usaemf aomif;=urf;vdkolawGudk
vufeufeJ@ wdkufcdkufcJhw,f/ odk@aomf aemufqHk;rSm olwdk@[m qENjyyGJwckudk E_d;qGay;cJhw,f”[k
qENjyyGJrsm;+yD;oGm;+yD;r=umcif tifwmAsL;wckwGif ajymcJhonf? “tJ'Daemuf usaemf xyf+yD;rwdkufcdkuf csifawmhbl;/ usaemf
b,fol@udk oGm;ypf&rSmvJ/ olwdk@bmvkyfaevJqdkwm vHk;vHk; rodaom uav;awG/ vli,fawGudkvm;”[k ajymcJhonf?
vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfu awmifolv,form; axmifaygif; rsm;pGmudk aoG;at;at;ESifh owfcJhaom AdkvfcsKyfonf
ol@twGuf t}uD;rm;qHk;tEW&m,f a&mufvmaom tcsed rf Sm ol@vufeufrsm;udk roHk;Edkifawmhacs?

xdktcsdefonf qENjyolrsm;twGufvnf; t=uyftwnf;rsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeonf? arv (6) &ufae@wGif tzGJ@tcsKd@onf
pwdk;qdkifrsm;odk@ vSnfhvnfoGm;=u+yD; qdkifrsm;twif;zGifhcdkif;aeonf[k tar&duefoH&Hk;u =um;od&onf?
tcsKd@q&m0efrsm;onf b,folb,f0gurSef;rodyJ t+cdrf;ajcmufcHae&onf? awmifol v,form;rsm;onf
"m;rsm;udkifaqmif+yD; òrd@udkwufoGm;onf[k aumv[vrsm; xGufaeonf? ppfwyfrS acsr_ef;ay;&ef[k
todtrSwfðyay;aeouJhokd@ t=urf;zrfr_udk qGay;aeonf? odk@aomf aoG;xGufoH,kdr_rsm; jzpfvmaomtcgwGif
ydkqdk;vmatmif tpdk;&u zefwD;vdkufjcif;r[kwfcJhay? arv (7) &ufae@ vrf;ray:wGif pk&Hk;aeaom vli,frsm;udk
pdwfqwfaom &Jt&m&SdwOD;u ypfvdkufonfhtwGuf jzpf&onf? vl*k%fwef qmvfaA;'dk;vlrsKd; rdom;pkwckrS (17)
ESpft&G,f *sKdaq; &dkuf (Jose Wright) yGJcsif;+yD; aoqHk;cJhonf? tar&duefEdkifiHom;wOD;vnf; tar&duefvlrsK;d
ol@taza=umifh aocJh&onf? vl axmifaygif;rsm;pGmonf ol@rdom;pkaetdrfwGif vma&mufOD;!$wf*k%fðy=u+yD; aemufae@
ol@ psmye tcrf;tem;udkvnf; wuf=uonf?
xdka=uuGJzG,f&mjzpf&yfonf qENjyacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;w&yfjzpfonf? qENjyyGJrsm; r+idrf oufcifwGif

tpdk;&udk tm;udk;&rnfavm raorcsmjzpfaepOfwGif vrf;ray:udk vlrsm;xGufvmatmif vkyf+yD; tjzpftysuftrSefudk
csjyvdkufonf? &dkufudk owfjzwfvdkufjcif;onf xdkodk@ jzpfaponf? psmye aemufydkif; qef qmvfAm'dkvlrsKd;rsm;onf
trsKd;om;v$wfawmfESifh tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;aeaom &yfuGuf jyifyteD;tem;&Sd Plaza Barrios ajrae&mwGif
jynfhv#Haeonf? olwdk@onf a'gotrsuf axmif;axmif;xGufae=u+yD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf r[efEdkifatmif
jzpfaeaom vlrsm;udk vdkufvHxdef;ae&onf? aps;&HkxJodk@ 0ifvmaom tapmifph pfom;rsm;onf vlpck &JG ef
bmwckrSrvkyfovdk t=urf;zufr_vnf; r&SdcJhacs?
xdkudpPtm; pHkprf;+yD; ta&;,ltjypfay;&ef rmwDeuftm; awmif;qdkaomtcsdefwGif towfcH&aomvli,fav;.

EdkifiHom;jzpfr_ESifhywfouf+yD; tar&duefoHtrwfu oHo,&Sif;onf? tar&duefoHtrwfu rmwDeufESifh awG@qHkpOf
xdkowfjzwfr_twGuf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk azmfxkwfta&;,l tjypfay;&efvnf; awmif;qdkcJhonf? 0g&Sifweftpdk;&u
xdkudpPudk 0ifa&mufajz&Sif;rS&rnf[k vltawmfrsm;rsm;udk ,Hk=unfvufcHaponf? xdktjzpf tysuftm; txl;wvnf
razmfjyaomfvnf; ypfowfr_onf tpdk;&twGif; ajymif;vJr_twGuf peufwck jzpfcJhonf? orw.0ef}uD;trsm;pkonf
arv (7) &ufae@naewGif tpnf;a0;xdkif+yD; olwdk@ E_wfxGuf&ef qHk;jzwf =uonf? olwdk@onf vrf;ray:&Sd vlpkvla0;rsm;rS
t=urf;zufr_topfwck xyfjzpfvmrnfudk pdk;&drfae=uonf? trSefwu,fyif aemufwae@Y ppfwyf. t}uD;tuJrS
ol@.wyfrsm;onf vrf;rrsm;udk &Sif;jypf&ef toifh jzpfae+yD[k rmwDeufudk owif;ydk@cJhonf? 0ef}uD;wOD;u uef@uGuf+yD;
“vlxkudk qef@usif+yD; b,fvdkt=urf;zufr_rsKd;eJ@rS roGm;csifbl;/ jynfolawGu usaemhudk tem;,lapcsif+yDqdk&if
usaemhtaeeJ@ tcuftcJr&Sd vkyfvdkwJhqEN&Sdw,f”[k orwtm; ajymonf?
xGufayguf
arv (8) &ufae@ reufydkif;wGif rmwDeufonf ol@taeESifh wckcku,fwifcsif&if xdktcsdefonf twdkuftcHESifh

aqG;aEG;zdk@jzpfonf[k olodcJhonf? trsKd;om; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; aumfrwD0if (5) OD;udk csufcsif; 0dkif;0ef; ac:,lum
xdkae@ naewGifyif tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;cJhonf? orwonf &mxl;u qif;ay;&rnfh tajctaejzpfvmonf?
odk@aomf b,ftcsdefvJ/ b,ftajctaersKd; atmufrSmvJ raocsm? rmwDeufonf (3) ywft=um vukefavmufwGif
E_wfxGufrnf[kajymonf? odk@aomf twdkuftcHrsm;u tjrefE_wfxGufay;&ef qef@usifajymqdkae=uonf? ol@tm%m
=um&Snfaeor# qENjyjcif;rsm; qufvkyfaetHk;rnf[k olwdk@uajymonf?
rmwDeufonf ol@=oZmv$rf;rdk;xm;aom trsKd;om;v$wfawmftwGuf ol@ae&mudk qufcHrnfhol a&G;&ef ajymonf?

aumfrwD0ifrsm;u vl (4) OD;pm&if;udkwifjy+yD; xdkxJrS wa,mufa&G;zdk@ wkef@jyefonf? 0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh aemufxyf (1)
em&DavmufaqG;aEG;+yD;aemuf ppfbufqdkif&m 0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf/ rmwDeuf. opPmcHjzpfaom AdkvfcsKyf tef'&uf refeuf'uf
(Andres Menendez) udk (5) a,mufajrmuftjzpf xyfxnfhonf? wu,fwGif ol@zmomol a&G;cs,fjcif;omjzpfonf?
*k%foduQmESifhtnD ajzmifrwfrSefuef odrfarG@+yD;/ tm%mirf;irf;wufr_ r&Sdaom xdkol@ta=umif;tm; acgif;rmaom
tm%m&Sif. ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tkyfcsKyfcJh+yD; aemufydkif;wGif odjrifvm &onf? aemufxyfwa,mufxnfhzdk@

awmif;qdkcH&aom xdkaumfrwDu orw wOD;udk a&G;rnf/ vGwf+idrf;csrf; omcGifh a=unmrnf/
ta0;a&mufaeaomolrsm;udk jyefac:rnfqdkaom uwdtwdkif;vnf; taumiftxnf azmfaqmif&Gufonf?
rmwDeufonf vufrcHbJ arvukeftxd &mxl;rSm quf&Sdaernf[kcsnf; ajymonf? vrf;rsm;ay:wGifvnf; AdkvfcsKyfonf

tm%mudk zufwG,fxm;&efvkyfaeonf/ ppftiftm;udk oHk;vdrfhrnf[k aumv[vrsm; xGufae onf? qENjyzdk@
awmif;qdkaeaom twdkuftcHbuf aumfrwDrS vlwOD;u naebufwGif orwESifh awG@qHk pum;ajymonf[kod&+yD;/
csufcsif;rE_wfxGufay;bl;qdkv#if “aoG;xGufoH,dkr_rsm; tajrmuftrsm; jzpfvdrfhr,f” [kvnf; olu ajymonf?
uufbdeuft&m&Sdrsm;uvnf; ol@tm; csufcsif; xGuaf y;&ef ajymqdkonf? ta=umif;a=umif;rsm;a=umifh
oloabmwl&+yD; ol E_wfxGufrnfhta=umif; a=unm&ef nae (7) em&DwGif toHv$ifh&Hkodk@ oGm;cJhonf?
aemufae@reufwGif trsKd;om;v$wfawmfrS orw&mxl;udk rmwDeufudk ay;+yD;/ rmwDeufu zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH

ðyjyifa&;qGJa&;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJudk tjrefqHk;vkyfay;rnf[k uwday;&onf? v$wfawmfuvnf; EdkifiHa&;ESifh
qGJxm;olrsm;udk vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;&ef twnfðyonf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;tzGJ@ tawmfrsm;rsm; onf
rmwDeuf &mxl;rS wu,frE_wfxGufrao;rcsif; qENjyr_rsm;udk &yfypf&ef vuQ%m r&Sdao;ay? olwdk@onf
uufbdeuftopfudkvnf; pdwfysuf=uonf? xdktxJwGif rmwDeuf cef@tyfxm;aom ol@vlrsm;yg+yD;
trsKd;om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;aumfrwDrS [mrdk*sD;euf tmvfAm&m'dk (Hermo-genes Alverado)
wa,mufomygonf? aemufwae@wGif tm%m&SiftjzpfrS E_wfxGufrnfqdkaom rmwDeufonf ºuGif;usefae aom
qlylr_rsm;udk avsmhyg;atmifvkyfonf? wdkif;jynfonf tm;enf;csdeJ@ae+yD qdkonfudkod+yD; ausmif;om;rsm; onf
oydwfvSefvdkuf=uonf? arv (11) &ufae@wGif bwfpfum;ESifh rD;&xm;rsm; jyefvnfajy;qGJonf?
pwdk;qdkifrsm;&Hk;rsm;jyefzGifhonf? vltrsm;tvkyfcGif jyef0if=uonf? xl;jcm;r_wckonf ae@cif;rwdkifcifwGif rmpDrDvD,mEdk
[meef'wf rmwDewf (Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez)onf *GgwDrmvmEdkifiHbufudk xGufcGmoGm;+yD;/
rnfonfhtcgrSvnf; jyefrvmawmhacs?
t,fvf qmvfAm'dkEdkifiH. ppftm%m&Siftay:atmifyGJcHjcif;onf tcsdefwdkwdkav;twGif;wGif +yD;oGm;onf?

EdkifiHa&;jyLwif;aygufav; tenf;i,fyGifhvmonf? qlyltHkºuGr_jzpfatmif }udwf}uHolrsm;jzpfaom &dkrD&dkESifh
tmvfzm&dw k @kd onf (1945) ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rwdkifcif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tcsKyftcsm wnfwHh cdkifrm&ef
óud;pm;&if; OD;aqmifr_tydkif;u yg0ifvm=uonf? odk@aomf &dkrD&dkESifh ol@tm; axmufcH olrsm;onf
tppftrSefðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf ajz&Sif;enf;onf rmwDeuftm; xkwfy,fvdkufaom !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@tm;
ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;aponf? ppfwyfonf tm%m.tkyfcsKyfr_trdk;atmufwGif r&Sdawmhaom AdkvfcsKyfaemufodk@ vdkufvdkaom
qENr&SdcJhay? aumfzDvkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;onf olwdk@.tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;. pdwful;wJh&m vkyf&yfrsm;qDodk@
xkwfazmfjy&ef rvdkvm;=uay? (1944) ck atmufwdkbmwGif trsKd;om;&JwyfzGJ@. acgif;aqmifjzpfaom
AdkvfrSL;}uD;wa,mufuOD;pD;+yD; rmeef'wfqDrS tm%mvk,lvdkufonf? twdkuftcHtzGJ@ rsm;u oDwif;ywfaygif;rsm;pGm
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; vkyf=uonf? odk@aomf òrd@jyoydwf. oifcef;pmrsm;udk ypfy,fxm;+yD; 'DZifbmwGif
*GgwDrmvmEdkifiHrSwqifh vufeufudkifwkduf&ef óud;pm;cJhonf? vG,fvG,fululyif acsr_ef;cHcJh&onf?
'kwd,urBmtppf+yD;cgp q,fpkESpfrsm;wGifyif t,fvf qmvfaA;'dk;EdkifiHonf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;topfwrsKd;ESifh

+idwG,f&jyefonf? AdkvfcsKyfwa,muf. }uD;rm;aomtrdef@ae&mudk tzGJ@tpnf; tpktpnf; csKyfudkifr_u
tpm;xdk;0ifa&mufvmonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&xJwGif nD!Gwfr_&Sdae+yD; aumfzDpD;yGm;a&;&eH@onfvnf; aumif;rGef
aeqJjzpfonf?
òrd@jyoydwf. EdkifiHa&;tarGonf pk+yHKvmcJh+yD; qmvfaA;'dk; vli,frsm;twGuf wnfaqmufqJ umv jzpfonf? (1960)

wGif zmbDtdkumpwDvdkonf oufwrf;wdkaom ppftpdk;&. t&yfom;tzGJ@0ifwOD; jzpfonf? xdkaemuf (1963) rS (1967)
txd t,fvf qmvfaA;'dk; wuUodkvf ygarmuQcsKyftjzpf tr_xrf;cJhonf? (1967) wGif Renovating Action Party .
orwavmif;tjzpf 0ifòydifcJhonf? txufwef; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif *sKd;aq; eydkvD,ef 'Ggaw; (Jose Napoleon
Duarte)u t,fvf qmvfAm'dk&Sd c&pf,mef 'Drdku&ufwpf ygwDudk zGJ@pnf;um vkyfudkifcJhonf? (1984) wGif
EdkifiHawmforwtjzpf a&G;cs,f cH&onf? qmvfaA;'dk; u,fwif&Sifrsm; onf ppftm%mpdk;rdk;r_ESifh EdkifiHa&;yÉdyuQrsm;.

r_ef0g;0g; q,fpkESpfxJwGifyif tm%mòydifqdkifae=uonf? odk@aomf 1990 ckESpfrsm; ra&mufcif jynfolrsm;. toHESifh
vGrf;rdk;Edkifr_onf (1944) ck aEGOD;rSmwkef;uuJhodk@ xGufay:vmchJonf?
---------------? -----------------
t=urf;zufr_ESifh acsr_ef;cJhaom orwwOD;udk z,f&Sm;zdk@ qmvfaA;'dk;jynfolrsm; t=urf;rzuf tm%m &,lr_.

twdkif;twmESifh t&Sdeft[kefonf (20) &mpkESpftwGif;wGif òydifbufuif;vSonf? wu,fawmh xdkwdkif;jynfonf
ao;i,fonf? xdktcsdefu òrd@}uD;[lI wckom&Sdonf? rmwDewfudkqef@usif v_H@aqmfcJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_onf qmvfaA;'dk;
vlr_todkif;t0ef;. ta&;ygcufcJaom tydkif;rsm;wGif yg0ifonf? odk@aomf tm%m&Siftm; ðzwfcsa&;qdkwmavmuf
aocsmaomt&mr&Sday? òrd@jyoydwfrsm;. &kwfw&ufatmifjrifr_onf vmbfjrifaom acgif;aqmifrsm;.vkyfaqmifr_
ta&;r}uD;[k qdkvdkcsif;r[kwf/ olwdk@vnf; pGrf;aqmifcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifrsm;u wpk+yD;wpk uif;uGmcJhonfhtwGuf rmwDewftm; qef@usifhcJhaom,m,DtzGJ@ o¿mefonf

wjznf;jznf; xGufay:cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? tvkyform;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mt&if;tjrpfrsm; ESifh ppfwyfwGif; rausreyf
jzpfaeaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk pkpnf;jcif;rsm;onf tapmydkif;uwnf;u pdwfck apcJhonf?
owif;pmq&mtawmfrsm;rsm;onf olwdk@.vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk ydwfqdk@cH&+yD;onfhaemuf &efvdk rkef;xm; jzpfvmonf?
twwfynm&Sifrsm;/ wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tjyif tpdk;&0ef}uD;rsm;. &efvdkrkef;xm; r_onf rmwDeuf
&mxl;rSE_wfxGuf&efjiif;qdk+yD; xifwdkif;}uJóudwifcef@rSef;Ir&aom vkyf&yfrsm;wdk;wdk; vmaomtcgwGif ay:xGufvmonf?
aemufqHk;wGif orw. vlvwfwef;pm;tusKd;ðya&;0g'odkd@ ajymif;vJr_ ESifh wif;rmaom vlenf;pkxJwGif
tm%mpkpnf;jcif;jzifh tkyfcsKyfonfhtwGuf ajr&Sif}uD;rsm;tm; txiftjrif vGJapcJhonf? xdkodk@uGJjym;aeaom
qmvfAm'dkvlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;onf tm%m&Sifðzwfcsa&;qdkaom bHk&nfrSef; csufudk axmufcHzdk@ jzpfvm&onf?
odk@aomf t=urf;rzuf ckcHr_onf rawmfwqjzpfvmjcif;r[kwf? pDpOfay;&efvdkonf/ ysKd;axmifay;&ef vdkonf?

twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;onf toufarG;0rf;a=umif;tvkyfrsm;/ pmyHkESdyfvkyfief;rsm; ESifh wuUodkvf
ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS ay:xGufvm+yD;/ olwdk@onf 'kwd,urBmppf EdkifiHwum EdkifiHa&;tajctaeay:wGif
'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf axmufcH&efE_d;aqmfzdk@ jr‡KyfESH&+yD;/ *&k%moufolrsm;ESifh jzef@usufqufoG,fr_udk vkyf&onf?
at'DtufpftzGJ@/ b¾ma&;tzGJ@rsm;/ wuUodkvftoif;rsm;/ owif;pmwdkufrsm;rSwqifh v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf
taxGaxGjynfolrsm;/ oHwrefrsm; ESifh =oZmt&dSeft0g&Sd EdkifiHom;rsm;. taxmuftyHhudk &&Sdvmonf? A[dkw&m;&Hk;xH
toem;cHpmonf rmwDeufESifh =oZmtòydifjzpfvmatmif wdkif;jynfudk Edk;=um;apcJhonf? xdkodk@ rmwDewftpdk;&tm;
tcsdefqGJ+yD; pdwf&Snf&SnfESifh pdefac:aomvkyf&yfomr&SdcJhv#if òrd@jyoydwfonf uGif;jyifwckxJrS
upm;yGJwckr#omjzpfoGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf?
{+yDv (2) &uf tm%modrf;zdk@óud;pm;+yD;aemuf orwonf tm%mudk tvGeftu|HroHk;cJh&ifvnf; oydwfonf

pnf;v_H@aqmf&ef cufcJvdrfhrnf? vufeufudkifykefuefr_onf qHk;&_H;cJh&+yD;/ twdkuftcHrsm; xGufajy;cJh&onf? AdkvfcsKyfu
t=urf;zufr_udk jyefoHk;vmonhftcgwGif tawmfrsm;rsm;onf olwdk@tm; rxdef;csKyfEdkifcifwGif olwdk@ onf ol@tm;
xdef;csKyfEdkifrSjzpfrnf[k cHpm;rd=uonf? &dkrD&dk ESifh tjcm;vlrsm;udk yg;uGufwyfzGJ@rsm;vufu u,fxkwfjcif;jzifh
&nfrSef;csufwckudk jzpfap+yD;/ tvkyform;jynfolrsm;udk v_yf&Sm;r_xJygvmaponf/ t&m&m wdkif;twGuf
ta&;}uD;vmonfqdkwmudk jrifvmaponf? jynfolrsm;tm; "m;rdk;+yD; t=urf;zufpdk;rdk;cJhjcif;onf
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm;=umcJhonf? odk@aomf vlwa,mufaoonfudk ayghqvdkufonfESifh ESdyfqufn‡if;yrf;oltay: vlxk.
onf;cHEdkifr_tm; tqHk;owfaponf? bk&ifrif;jrwf. ppfom;rsm;u tdENd,ckcHwGef;vSefolrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf
owfypf&if =urf;=uKwfaom +Adwdo# tkyfpdk;r_. rSufESmzHk;ukd cGmcs+yD;om;jzpfrnf/ ckcHr_vnf; }uD;xGm;vmrnfqdkonfudk
*E<Dodonf/ xdktwdkif; tmvf qmvfAm'dkwGif jzpfcJhonf?
jywfjywfom;om; v_H@aqmf&eftcGifhta&;jzpfvmonfhtcgwGif wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u enf;AsL[mwckudk

vkyf&awmhonf? olwdk@onf (1930) ckESpfrsm;u tdENd,/ csDvD ESifh usL;bm;EdkifiHrsm;rS t=urf;rzufvkyf&yfrsm;udk odonf?
xdk@tjyif twdkuftcHrsm;tm; ESdrfeif;&ef t=urf;zufr_wGif tm%mudkoHk;vdrfhrnf[k oabm ayguf=uonf? xdk@a=umifh
olwdk@onf vufeufrygbJ tpdk;&ESifhaqG;aEG;&ef a&G;cs,f+yD; vlxkudk t=urf; zufvkyf&yfrsm; rvkyfrd&ef a&Smif&Sm;cdkif;onf?

“vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfzdk@ r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonf/ rmwDeufeJ@ xdyfwdkufawG@zdk@r[kwfbl;/ 'grSom b,fol@udkrS
typfrcH&rSm”[k umpwDvdku &Sif;jyzl;onf? xdkpum;wa=umif;uom ol@tm; yJhwif&dkufcwfaeonf[k aemufydkif;rSm
aemifw&+yD; ajymcJhonf? “tJ'Duwnf;u bmudkypf&r,fqdkwm OD;wnfcsufudk a&G;vdk@ r&bl;”[kajymonf?
aemufqHk;wGif t=urf;zufr_us&_H;cJhaomae&mwGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; vkyfvmonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf
t=urf;rzufr_onf twdkuftcHrsm;udk ydkrsm;apaoma=umifhjzpfonf? t=urf;rzufr_onf t"rRapcdkif;aom tpdk;&ESifh
ol.enf;vrf;rsm;udk ausmfv$m;Edkif&ef enf;vrf;opfrsm;udk awG@&Sdaponf? t=urf;rzufr_onf AdkvfcsKyf.
taygif;tygrsm;udk zdESdyfr_rsm;vkyf&ef ol&Jabma=umifaponf?
t=urf;zufr_xuf ydk+yD;tiftm;}uD;onfhtwGuf rmwDeufudk ðzwfcsEdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf wnf+idrfaom t&yfom;rsm;ESifh

'Drdku&ufwpftpdk;&rsm;twGuf tajctaersm; tvdktavsmuf rzefwD;ay;Edkifay? xdyfqHk; wGif&Sdaom AdkvfcsKyftm;
z,f&Sm;jcif;jzifh ppfwyf.tm%mudk rudkifwG,fEkdifay? t,fvf qmvfaA;'dk;wGif trsm;jynfolESifhqdkifaom
tm%mtajccdkif&ef twdkuftcHrsm;wGif tcsdefr&cJhay? *ENDonf tdENd,EdkifiHwGif qGm&mh*sf ac: udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpH ESifh
wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhtwl tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;tm; vef;qef; apcJhonf? ydkvefwGif qENjyorm;rsm;ESifh
tvkyform;or*~rsm;u udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhtm%mudk us,fjyef@ apcJhonf? tu,fIom xdkuJhodk@
vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhrnfqdkv#if xdkv_yf&Sm;r_onf jrefjrefqefqefESifh jyefaumif; vmcsifaumif;vmr,f/ odk@r[kwf qef@usifbuf
jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfoGm;Edkifonf/ yrmtm;jzifh &nf&G,f csuf}uD;aom tpDtpOfwcka=umifh ppft&m&Sdrsm;/ t&ifu
rmwDeuftpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh wcsdefu *&k%m oufcahJ om aumfzv D yk if ef;&Sifrsm; paom ðyjyifajymif;vJvdkolrsm;udk
v_yf&Sm;r_u uif;uGmaumif; uif;uGm apEdkifonf?
qmvfaA;'dk; oydwfonf acgif;aqmifwOD;udkom &nf&G,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ pepfwckudk r[kwf? xdkol E_wfxGuf oGm;onfESifh

'Drdkua&pDudk wrf;wcJhaom olrsm;onf tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm;udk olwdk@zmomolwdk@awG@vmcJhonf? odk@aomf
r[mrdwfaumif;rsm; ray:awmhacs? t=urf;rzufr_onf jynfol. oabmwlnDcsufqENudk qHk;&_H;oGm; onfh
tkyfcsKyfolrsm;udk wGef;xkwfEkdifcJhonf? odk@aomf t=urf;rzufr_ESifh enf;AsL[monf xdkacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;
ausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;aom tm%m.tajccHtkyfjrpftm; rajymif;vJypfEdkifbl;qdkv#if yÉdyuQrsm;udk ausmfv$m;+yD;
vlxka&;&mtwGuf armif;ESifay;Edkifrnfr[kwfacs? t,fvf qmvfaA;'dk;wGif (1944) ckESpfrSom t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh
atmifEdkifcJh&onf? xdkwdkif;jynftwGuf xdktcsdefonf atmifjrifr_ topfwckjzpfonf?

tcef; (7)
tm*sifwD;em;ESifh csDvD -
zdESdyfr_udk awmfvSefjcif;
tm*sifwD;em;-rdcifowWd
“vJrusoa&G@ qufav#mufaer,f”
yxrae@awmfvSefonfh tiftm;pkxJwGif (14)OD;om&Sdonf/ rjzpfEdkifavmufonfh touftv,ftvwf&Sd

trsKd;orD;wyfzGJ@jzpfonf? trnfazmfjyr_r&SdbJ omrefr#jzpfonf/ pdk;&drfa=umifh=ur_vnf; &SdcJh=uonf? tm%mydkif rsm;.
rD;cdk;a&mifpGJaeonfh vufrsm;u olwdk@tm; acsrGoGm;rnfavm/ odk@r[kwf azsmufzsufypfvdkuf rnfavm qdkonfudk
rodEdkifay? aqmif;OD;&moDnaecif;. tDauGwmaea&mifjcnfudkausmfjzwf+yD; wyfpdyfw0ufpmcef@&Sd xdktzGJ@onf
òrd@.ordkif;0if ajruGufvyf&Sd ausmufvrf;rsm;ay:wGif pDwef;vrf;av#muf+yD;/ (19) &mpkESpfu pydeftkyfpdk;r_a=umifh
tqufjzwfcHxm;cJhonfudktxdrf;trSwfðy&ef pdkufxlxm;onfh ausmufwdkifteD;em;wGif pk&Hk;=uonf?
olwdk@onf tjcm;vGwfvyfr_wck&SmazG&ef AsLEdkat;&D;pf (Buenos Aires) òrd@v,facgif&Sd ar,dkukefwdkufa&S@ Plaza de

Mayo &ifjyifudkoGm;=uonf? a=uuGJjcif;xufydkonfh ajcmufvSef@r_rS vGwfajrmufr_&Sm&ef jzpfonf? olwdk@&vmonfh
tawG@t}uHKrsm;onf omrefxuf xl;jcm;aevdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhae=uonf? olwdk@ vkyfEdkifonfxufvnf;
ar#mfvifhae=uonf/ odk@r[kwf olwdk@acgif;aqmifrsm;. A[kokw&Sdoavmufom jzpfEdkifonf? xdkt&monf
qHk;&H_;oGm;onfudk ajymjy&ef/ xdkaemuf tpdk;&. ulnDr_udk tEl;t!Gwfawmif;cH&ef jzpfonf? (1977) ck {+yDv.
aemufqHk;ae@rsm;wGif umqm &dkqm'g (Casa Rosada) tjyifbuf ajruGufvyfwGif olwdk@ ay:xGufvmonf?
“usrwdk@awG wae&mqDua&mufvmw,f/ usrwdk@[m a'gurf ygwJhzdeyfawG0wfw,f/ olwdk@awG usrwdk@aemuf

vkdufvm&if &,fp&mjzpfatmifvkyfEdkifw,f/ tpdk;&tdrfawmfa&S@rSm qENjyzdk@qdkwm odyftEW&m,f &Sdw,f”[k trsKd;orD;xJrS
wOD;jzpfaom Maria del Rosario de Cerruti u ajymonf? odk@aomf olwdk@onf olwdk@ jrifzl;aeustwdkif;
awmifpGef;ay:u awmifwuform;rsm;vdk óud;jzifhvHkðcHr_&Sd&ef wa,mufESifh wa,muf csdwfqufxm;onf? tm;vHk;onf
rdcifrsm;/ olwdk@wGif aysmufqHk;oGm;aom uav;rsm;&Sdonf?
yxrae@wGif olwdk@tm; b,folrS taESmuft,Sufrvkyfay? paeae@w&ufu jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; tpDtpOfawG

tysufcH+yD; xdkrdcifrsm;onf b%frsm;ESifh tpdk;&&Hk;wHcg;rsm;/ yef;a&mif orweef;awmf. wHcg;rsm; ydwfcsdefudk trSwfwrJh
a&G;cs,fcJhonf? “usrwdk@ &Hk;zGifh&ufw&uf&ufudk jyefvmzdk@ oabmwlcJhw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm orwqdk+yD; ae&m,lcJhwJh
tm*sifwDem; AdkvfcsKyf AD'Jvm; (Videla)qDydk@zdk@ pmwapmifudk twlwl jyifqif=u w,f”[k od&onf? olw@kd
tcsdefudkufvkyfcJhonf/ aemuf aom=umae@ 3 em&DcGJ vrf;rrsm; vlpnfum; csdefwGif vkyfonf? xdk@aemuf
rdcifrsm;xJrSwOD;u aom=umae@udk ‘pHk;rrsm;.ae@’[kac:&ef E_d;aqmfonf? xdk@aemuf =umoyaw;ae@wGif vlpk=uonf?
vlOD;a&wdk;wdk;vmonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf atmufajcwGif bm&Sdonfqdkwmrodaomfvnf; tay:,Hausm avmuf

prf;oyf=unfhaeonfqdkonfudk olwdk@zmom odvm=uonf? tm%m&Sifrsm;vufatmufwGifae&aom urBmhtjcm;
a'orS vlrsm;tawmfrsm;rsm;udkvnf; atmufajcwGif bm&Sdonfudk ajymjycJhrSmjzpfonf? tm%m ydkifrsm;ESifhqdkifaom
tkyfcsKyfr_ESifh tvdrftnmrsm;udk jzpfonf? oef@&Sif;aomavxkxJwGif tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH&Sd vlaer_ b0tajctaeonf
e*dk&Sd&if;pGJtwdkif; jrif&onf? omreftaetxm; rsufESmpmudkom jyxm;onfh twGuf tpkd;&rS &efðywmrsKd;
r&Sd[kxif&onf? xdkuJhodk@ xif&mvkyfonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;rSwyg; xdkt&mudk azmfxkwf&ef rnfolr# ay:xGufrvmcJhacs?
tywfpOf qENjyr_rsm;+yD;aemuf/ aemuf (2) v rwdkifcGifwGif aysmufqHk;oGm;aom vlrsm;. trnfpm&if;rsm;

ol@xHwGif&Sdonfqdkaom AdkvfcsKyfwa,mufvnf;jzpfonfh tpdk;&twGif;ydkif;0ef}uD;tm;awG@&ef rdcif (3) OD;udk cGifhðycJhonf?
xdkpm&if;wGifvnf; ol@rdwfaqG rdom;pk0ifrsm;. trnfavmufomygonf? odk@aomf rnfolawGu ac:oGm;cJhonfudkvnf;
olroday? “tJ'DbufrSm b,folrS xdef;csKyfuGyfuJvdk@r&wJh avxD;ppfom;tzGJ@ awG&Sdw,f”[k &dkqm&Dtdk (Rosario)u
ajymjyzl;onf[k olajymjyonf? “ol@taeeJ@ tjcm;vlawGudk tcGifhtvrf;awG ay;cJhw,f? aemuf+yD;

usrwdk@&J@om;awG[m rdef;uav; wa,mufa,mufeJ@ cdk;ajy;wm jzpfEdkifw,f/ usrwdk@orD;awG[mvnf;
wjcm;wae&mrSm jynfhwefqm vkyfae=uwmvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkif w,f”[k oluajymjyonf?
xdktcsdefwGifyif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf pdk;&drfa=umuf&GH@r_rSwqifh a'goxGufvmonf? “usrwdk@ ol@udk ajym+yD;+yDyJ/ olwdk@[m

owWdr&Sd=ubl;/ bmvdk@vJqdkawmh z&efudk (Franco)vdk &ufpufwJh tm%m&Sifwa,mufuawmifrS ao'%fay;zdk@
ol@vufeJ@ udk,fwdkifqdkif;xdk;cJhao;wmyJ? usrwdk@&J@ cHpm;r_awGtm;vHk;udk ol@udk ajymjyw,f/ +yDawmh olwdk@ usrwdk@udk
tajzray;rcsif; tywfwdkif;jyefvmr,fvdk@ ol@udk ajymjyw,f? usrwdk@bufu vJrusoa&G@ aom=umae@wdkif;
'DajruGufvyfrSm vrf;av#mufr,f”[k ajymonf? xdkAdkvfcsKyfu olwdk@tm; ajymaomtcsdefonf
vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;rvkyf&ef ydwfyifxm;aomtcsdef jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@tm; tajzwckck ray;rcsif;
qufaernf[k ajymcJh=uonf? olwdk@ xdktajctaeudk rodcJhaomfvnf; a=uuGJaeaom trsKd;orD;rsm;u
ppfausnmcJhonf?
tm%modrf;jcif;/ jyefay;qGJjcif; ESifh 0&kef;okef;umjzpfjcif;
xdkrdcifrsm;. &efolonf ESpfaygif;ig;q,favmufuwnf;u t&_yftaxG;rsm;ESifhtajcðycJhaom ppftpdk;&w&yf jzpfonf?

(1930) pkESpfrsm;ESifh (1940) pkESpfrsm;udk twef=umjzwfausmf+yD; ppftm%m&Sifrsm; arS;rSdef,drf;,kdif vmcJh+yD;
vufwiftar&dum;EkdifiHrsm;xH jyefvnfEdk;=um;apcJhonf? xdkaemufydkif; tmvf qmaA;'dk;EdkifiH. rufpDrDvD,mEdk
[meef'wf rmwDeuf ðywfuscJhaom tcsdefavmufwGif tcsdef=um=um tm%m&,lxm;onfh tm%m&Sifya'o&mZfudk
ðzwfcscJhonf? tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGifvnf; ppft&m&Sdrsm;rS &mxl;}uD;}uD;ae&m,lxm;+yD;/ aemufydkif;wGif rwlnDaom
tawG;tac:rsm;rS 0&kef;okef;um;tajctaersm;qD a&mufcJhonf?
tm*sifwD;em;onf (1930) ESifh (1973) =um;umvwGif ppftm%modrf;r_ (8) }udrf}uKHcJh+yD;/ (1946) ESifh (1951) wGif
vGwfvyfonfha&G;aumufyGJ (2) }udrfomvkyfEdkifco
Jh nf? &,fp&maumif;onfrSm orwa&G;cs,fyGJtwGuf
rJay;rnffhvlrsm;u wifvdkufonfh ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;onf *sLtef 'dkrif*dk yD&Gef (Juan Domingo Peron) qdo k l
aemufAdkvfcsKyfwa,muf jzpfaeonf? ol. vlxktay:tajccHonfh0g'ESifh Edkufuvyf,Ofaus;r_ a&maESmaer_onf
tm*sifwD;em;jynfolwdk@. ADZESifh qef@usifbufjzpfaeygonf? ol@ZeD; tJADom (Evita) tm; awmufawmufajymifajymif
0wfpm;qif,ifap+yD; twlaysmfyg;aejcif;onf vufwifEdkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_wGif topfwckvdk jzpfaeonf? ol.
ykcHk;ay:&mxl;wHqdyfrsm;ESifhwl awmufawmufajymifajymif r,m;vnf;jzpfonf? ol@. yD&GefepPwmppfwyfwGif
EdkifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_ wckudkvnf; jzpfapcJhonf? toH0g0g}uD;ESifhtwl wif;rmonfh rsufESmxm;a=umifh tkyfcsKyfI
r&Edkifatmif jzpfcJhonf? ppfat;wdkufyGJ. t&Sdefu a&avmif;ay;+yD; olysKd;axmif cJhaom tm%m.o¿mefonf
t=urf;zufr_toGifjzifh tudkif;,Sufjzm}uD;xGm;vmonf? (1955) wGif tm%mukefqHk;r_udk óudqdkonfhtaejzifh yD&Gef
(Peron) tm; AdkvfcsKyfaemufwOD;u pydefbufodk@ armif;xkwf vdkuf+yD;/ r=umcifrSmvnf; xdkoltm; aemufwa,mufu
òydvJap+yD;/ ol@udkvnf; aemufwa,mufjzifh ðzwfcs cJhonf?
(1966) ckwGif AdkvfcsKyf [Grf um;vdk@pf tGef*geD,m (Juan Carlos Ongania) OD;aqmifaom tm%m&Sif tpdk;& onf
EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh ygwDrsm;udkwm;jrpf&rnf[k azmfxw
k fjcif;/ vufudkifwyfrsm;jzifh wefjyefwdkufcdkuf jcif; ESifh
wuUodkvf. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tqHk;owfapjcif;rsm;ESifhtwl ae&m&vmonf? xdktm;vHk;onf t"du&k%f;rsm;ESifh
taESmuft,Sufrsm;udk zdwfac:cJh+yD;/ wcsdefxJwGif v#K@d 0Suf jynfol@ppfrsm;xJodk@ vuf0Jorm; rsm; yg0ifvm=uonf?
zdESdyfaom yD&dkepfwm (Peronistas) wyfrsm;qDrS cGJxGufvmaom rGefwdkeD&dkrsm; (Montoneros)onf òrd@rsm;wGif
jyefay;qGJjcif;rsm;/ um;AHk;axmifjcif;rsm;udk vkyfvmonf? xdk@jyif Ejercito Revolucionario del Purblo (ERP)
ac:onfh jynfol@ awmfvSefa&;wyfrS aus;vufa'o wlulref (Tucuman)wGif 'kuQa&mufaponf? xdkwyfonf ol.
tawG;tac:t,l0g'udk acs (Che) .aemufydkif; *GD;Am;&pf (Guevarist) 0g'tjzpf azmfxkwfcJhonf? ,cif
orwa[mif;wa,muftm; rmwdkeD&dkwyfrsm;u jyefay;qGJowfjzwf+yD;aemuf (1970) ckESpfwGif tGef*geD,m (Ongania)
tm; AdkvfcsKyfaemufwOD;u ESifxkwf cJhonf? ol@tvSnfhwGif tmav*sef'&dk atmf*ufpwif; vmEl;ap (Alejandro
Agustin Lanusse) qdkol aemufwOD;jzifh jyeftpm;xdk;cJhonf? odk@aomf b,f,leDazmif;0wfrsm;rS pD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfr_udk

rpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJh ay? wenf;tm;jzifh t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifhom xm;&pfcJh=uonf? vmEl;ap;udk a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;y&ef
zdtm;ay; cJh+yD; tusKd;quftjzpf [Grf yD&Gef (Juan Peron) jyefvm&eftwGuf vrf;zGifhay;cJhonf?
0&kef;okef;um;jzpfr_rsm;[m yD&Gef. obm0tdk;tdrfjzpfonf? (1973) ckwGif tpPbJvf (Isbel) [kac:aom ol@.

wwd,ZeD; rm&d,m tufpw,fvm rmwDeuf 'D yD&Gef (Maria Estela Martinez de Peron) ESit hf wl 'korwtjzpf
tm%mjyef&vmonf? tpdk;&opfonf vuf0Jrsm;tay:wGif jcaoFhwaumifuJhodk@ ajymif;vJcJh+yD; pD;yGm;a&;udk jr‡ifhwif&ef
óud;pm;cJhaomfvnf; tm*sifwD;em; tpGef;a&mufrsm;u olwdk@. rdom;pk0iftcsif;csif; owfonfhppfyGJtm;
rpGef@ypfcsif=uay? xdkaemuf yD&Gef aoqHk;cJhonf? (1974) wGif ol@ESvHk;cHk&yfwef@oGm;+yD;/ tawG@t}uHKr&Sdaom ol@ZeD;
rkqdk;rtm; tkyfcsKyfr_tydkif;wGif xm;&pfcJhonf? orwtopfonf (1976) ckESpfavmufwGif urBmESifht0Srf;
qDaps;wufr_rsm;a=umifh wESpfv#if &mcdkifE_ef; (3) axmifcef@ aiGazmif;yGr_ rsm;ESifhtwl tcuftcJrsm;udk udk;,dk;um;,m;
udkifwG,fxdef;odrf;cJh&onf?
xdktawmtwGif; ysufpD;jcif;omjzpfapaom trsKd;rwl owW0grsm;t=um;qufqHr_rsKd;jzpfonfh oabmxm; wif;rmol

vuf0J ESifh vuf,m acgif;aqmifrsm;=um;wGif jzpfay:vmonf? rGefwdkeD&dkrsm;onf azmfrdkpmòrd@&Sd ppfwef;vsm;udk
0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufcJhonf? tD;tmyD jynfol@awmfvSefa&;wyfu wlulref (Tucuman)udk zrf;qD;&ef jyifqifv_yf&Sm;onf?
(1974) twGif;wGif The Alianza Anticomunista Argentina tm*sifwD;em; uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;tzGJ@u
todynm&Sifrsm;ESifh a&S@aersm; 70 avmufudk owfcJhonf? (xdk@jyif (1975) uvnf; wywfv#if ta,muf 50
cef@txdowfcJhonf?) ESpfbufpvHk;onf jyefay;qGJjcif;rsm;/ "m;jr wdkufjcif;rsm;ESifh t"rRaiGn‡pfjcif;rsm;udk
ydkvkyfvm=uonf? (1974) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif tpPbJvf yD&Gef onf ppfwyf.vufrsm;udk óud;ajzay;vdkufonf?
wyfom;ig;aomif;onf tiftm; w&mcef@&Sdaom tD;tmyD olyek frsm;udk acsr_ef;&ef wlurl efòrd@odk@ csDwufvmonf?
olv#Krd sm;/ avxD;wyfrsm;ESifhtwl ppfwyftm; v#Kd@0SufonfhvufeufudkifwyftoGifjzifh vdktyfv#if
bmrqdkvkyfEdkifa=umif; cGifhðycJhonf? vtenf;i,f twGif;yif tm*sifwD;em;&Sd t=urf;zufr_rsm;tm;
+idrf;owfypfvdkufonf? odk@aomf ppfwyfonf cHwyfodk@ jyefvm&ef aESmifhaES;aecJhonf? (1975-76) wGif wdkif;jynfonf
t=urf;zuf rwnf+idrfr_rsm;qDodk@ jyefa&muf oGm;aomtcsdefwGif ppfwyfonf tpPbJvftm; E_wfxGuf&ef t}uHðycJhonf?
olrae&mwGif tpm;xdk;vdkufonfh wyfrrSL; AdkvfcsKyf a*smh &mzJvf AD'Jvm; (Jorge Rafael Videla)u tpdk;&tm;
OD;aqmifcJh&onfhtwGuf a=umufrufzG,f&m bmawGrsm;xyfjzpfvdrfhOD;rvJ[k jzpfae&onf?
wdkif;jynf ya'o&mZfpHepfodk@ jyefa&mufjcif;
AGD'Jvm;onf “wdkif;jynf. twGif;oabmESifh yHk&dyf”udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom “udk,fusifh w&m;/

tpGrf;tpESifh xda&mufr_rsm;” jyefvnfxdef;odrf;&rnf[k uwday;&if; tm*sifwD;em;trsKd;om; jyefvnf pkpnf;a&;rl
(The Proceso) tm; wcrf;wem;xkwfazmfvdkufonf? odk@aomf xdkodk@jrifhrm;onfh &nfrSef;csufrsm; aqmif&Guf&ef
y&dkpdqdkrlonf edrfhusaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk oHk;cJhonf? uGef*&ufv$wfawmf/ wdkif;tvdkuf tpdk;& rsm;ESifh A[dkw&m;&Hk;rsm;udk
zsufodrf;cJhonf? EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ESifh tvkyform;or*~ v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk ydwfyifvdkufonf? xdk@jyif
EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; ppfcHk&Hk;rsm;rS tcsdefra&G; ppfaq;Edkif&ef pDpOfcJhonf?
y&ufpDqdkrl. t"du OD;wnfcsufonf tzsuftarSmufrsm;udk zkef;uG,fxm;&efjzpfonf? xdk@jyif xdkrlonf

rnfonhftiftm;rSoHk;p&mrvdkaom npfywfatmufwef;usonfh bmrqdktukefvkyfrnfh rljzpfonf? rnfol onf
&efolenf;? “t=urf;zuform;wa,mufvm;/ aoewfrsm;AHk;rsm; rygwJh vlwa,mufvm;” tzsuf tarSmifhqdk&mwGif
“tm*sifwD;em; vlrsKd;wdk@&J@ vlaer_b0udk qef@usifwJh b,fol@udkrqdk”[kqdk+yD; orw AGD'Jvm;u &Sif;jycJhonf?
a'owdkif;wGif y&ufpDqdkrS ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;xdwf;odrf;a&;pcrf;rsm; pdkufxl+yD;/ oHo, &Sdolrsm;udk zrf;qD;&efESifh ppfaq;&ef
txl;wyfzGJ@rsm;udk oifwef;ay;onf? “wdkif;jynfzsufqD;oltm;vHk;udk igwdk@owf&r,f”[k ppfzufqdkif&m AsLEdkat;&D;pf
(Buenos Aires) òrd@awmf0efu &Sif;jyonf? “tJ'DaemufrSm olwkd@eJ@yl;aygif;aqmif&GufolawGudk owfr,f/ tJ'Daemuf
olwdk@udk axmufcHolawG/ tJ'Daemuf tzufrvkyf olawG/ aemufqHk;rSm a=umufwwfolawGudk igwdk@ owfypfr,f”[k
ajymonf?

odk@aomf xdkodk@owfjzwfjcif;onf rvHkavmufay? teuftm;jzifh aysmufusm;qdk&mwGif yifv,fxJrSig;rsm;uJhodk@
vlOD;a&wdk;wufr_ESifhtwl a&G@&Sm;aeonf? olwdk@tm;&Sif;ypf&ef yifv,fxJrSa&rsm;tm; cwfxkwfypfIr&ouJhodk@/
yifv,fxJ tqdyfcwfIvnf; r&Edkifay? tm%m&Sifa&G;cs,faom tqdyfonf tpdk;&rSzefwD;aom t=urf;zuf
v_H@aqmfr_rsm;yifjzpfonf? xdkt&mrsm;onf jyefay;qGJjcif;/ ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;/ n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh v#Kd@0SufpGm
tusOf;csxm;jcif;rsm; jzpfonf? tGef*geD,m tm%m&vmonfhae@rsm;rSpI vltrsm;tjym; aysmufuG,f oGm;=u+yD;
awmxJodk@tcsKd@/ The Rio de la Plata odk@tcsKd@/ [,fvDaumfywmjzifh ork'N&mxJodk@ tcsKd@ a&mufoGm;=u+yD; vuf0JESifh
vuf,m0g'Drsm;. tESpfoufqHk;vufeufrsm;tjzpf a&mufoGm;=uonf? aysmuf uG,foGm;=uonfh ta&twGufonf
(1971) wGif vufwqkyfpmcef@rS (1975) wGif &mESifhcsDI tenf;i,f jrifhwufcJhonf? xdkaemufwGif &kwfcsnf;axmifESifhcsD
jrifhwufoGm;onf? xdktcsdefwGif tm*sifwD;em;vlrsKd; (3) aomif;cef@ aysmufoGm;zG,f&m&Sdaomfvnf;
aysmufqHk;r_toD;oD;udk zkef;uG,fcJhonf/ jiif;qdkcJhonf? usef&pf olrsm;vnf; bmrSr&Sdaom ajruGufvyfav;ESifhtwl
usef&pf+yD;/ olwdk@tay: arwWmxm;Edkifol wOD;wa,mufrS ray:aygufcJhyHkrsKd; jzpfcJh&onf?
yrmtm;jzifh olwdk@.trSwftom;jzpfvmaom tjyma&mif zdk@'f z,fvfuGef (Ford Falcons) um;rsm;jzifh

a&mufvmaom t&yf0wft&yfpm;ESifh vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;u tzrf;cH&olrsm;udk ac:oGm;jcif;jzpfonf? ueOD;wGif
nOfheufrSom v_yf&Sm;cJhonf/ odk@aomf olwdk@0ef;usifwGif pdk;&drfr_tajctae }uD;rm;vmv#if ae@cif;a=umifawmifwGifvnf;
zrf;awmhonf? aysmufoGm;aomvlrsm;xJrS tcsKd@xHrS &Edkifrnfo h wif; &,l&ef xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;odk@ ydk@jcif;jzpf+yD;/
ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_a=umifh jrefjreftoufxGufroGm;&efvnf; tem;wGif q&m0eftcsKd@udk toifhjyifcdkif;xm;onf?
xdkodk@ðyrl&if; aemufxyf&ufpufr_ n‡if;yrf;ESdyfqufr_rsm;ESifh oDwif; ygwfaygif;/ vaygif;rsm;pGm =umoGm;wwfonf? aemuf
10 ESpft=um tm*sifwD;em;owif;azmfjycsufwckt& xdkcH&olwdkif;onf vl@*k%foduQmrSefor# aphaphpyfpyf aoaocsmcsm
tprusefvkyfcJhjcif;udk cHEdkif&nf&SdcJh=uonf?
zdESdyfr_rsm;jzpfay:vmonfhtwGuf a=umuf&GH@r_onf vl@toufwacsmif;tay:wGif ae&m,lvmonf? aysmuf

uG,foGm;aomolrsm;onf tjcm;aysmufuG,foGm;=uaomvlrsm;ESifh rqdkoavmufav; uGmjcm;Ivnf;jzpf onf?
xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;toD;oD;onf ol@Oya'ESifholjzpfonf/ ol@om;aumifrsm;tm; zrf;qD;&ef ol@udk,fydkif
xifovdkpHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;udk toHk;ðyonf? “tJ'D&ufawG[m tm%m&Sif ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfr_ atmufa&muf cJh+yD;/
tJ'DwkH;u yxrwyfawmfu bGJ@wHqdyf&,lcJholawG&Sdonf/ 'kwd,wyfawmfrSm jyefay;qGJw,f/ wwd,wyf awmfrSm
owfw,f/ yÌravmufrSm vufpvuferusefatmifvkyfw,f”[k EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;wa,mufu jyefajymjyonf?
xdkt=urf;zufr_onf toD;oD;tay:wGif wajy;wnf;wnDwnf; jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unf&onf? owif;pmq&m/ a&S@ae/
wuUodkvfq&mrsm; ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ay:wGif oufn‡mr_&Sdonf[k xif&aomfvnf; omrefa,mufsm;/ rdef;rESifh
uav;rsm;udk vlom;rqefonfh qefcgay: tavsmhtaygh tajymif;tvJr&Sd ypfwifvdkuf=uonf?
ppfwyfu igwdk@uav;awGudk ac:oGm;+yD
ueOD;wGif aysmufqHk;oGm;olrsm;. rdcifrsm;onf cyfxHkxHkcHpm;&onf? tcsKd@rSm pm;r0if tdyfraysmf/ odk@r[kwf

tdrf&mxJvJaeonftxd a=uuGJae&onf? odk@aomf olwdk@qDrS tqef;wus,f aysmufqHk;oGm;jcif;rsm;udk b,folrS
vmajz&Sif;ay;rnfr[kwfqdkonfudk oabmaygufI olwdk@onf rdom;pkESifh tdk;tdrfrsm;udkypf+yD; EdkifiHa&;t&
Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&Sdaom tm*sifwD;em;. at;pufpufvGifjyifrsm;rS 0rf;enf;yufvuf ajymif;a&$@oGm; =uonf?
ueOD;wGif olwdk@onf olwdk@uav;rsm;udk b,fudkac:oGm;onf/ b,ftcsdefwGif jyefawG@&rnfudk wOD;csif; ar;=uonf?

wcgw&HwGif olwdk@onf w&m;pGJqdk&efvkyfonf/ olwdk@r=umcifodvmonfh omrefOya'rsm;/ tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;jzifh
w&m;qGJ&efvkyfvkyfaomfvnf; aysmufqHk;oGm;onfh olwdk@om;rsm;ESifhtwl ygoGm;cJh &onf? aysmufqHk;r_owif;rsm;
jyef@ESH@vmonfhtwGuf rdom;pkrsm;ESifh rdwfaqGrsm;onf usef&pfolrsm;xHrS cyfvSrf;vSrf;aevm=u+yD;/ ty,fcHb0ESifh
tpdk;&.0uFygrsm;xJwGif av#mufae&onf? odk@aomf rdcifrsm;onf olwdk@wOD;csif;oufouf r[kwfjcif;udk od=uonf?
wjcm;ulnDrnfholr&Sdaomfvnf; wOD;ESifh wOD;ulnD&ef toifh&Sdae=uonf?

&,fp&maumif;atmifyif olwdk@.oabmaygufr_onf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme&Sd tcef;wckxJwGif xdkifaecJhpOfrSm jzpfcJhonf?
udk,fcsif;pmr_&Sdaom &JarwOD;onf olwdk@. emrnf/ ae&yfvdyfpm/ olwdk@aysmufoGm;aom uav; rsm;.trnf/
olwdk@.tzGJ@tpnf;trnfrsm;udk rSwfxm;vdrfhrnfudk todaemufuscJh=uonf? xdktcsif;t&m onf
t=urf;zuftr_H@}udwfonfhxJrS tusKd;tjrwfyifjzpfonf? odk@aomf 0ef}uD;XmerS olwdk@ xGufrvmcifwGif
olwdk@}udwfcHpm;ae&onfrsm; aygufuGJxGufay:vm+yD; olwdk@ajymjycGifhr&aom Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk wOD;ESifhwOD; ajym=uonf?
xdktjzpftysufrsm;tm; vHk;vHk;rodcJhaomfvnf; r=umcifwGif olwdk@onfh tdrfrsm;wGifawG@qHk =u+yD;/ a=uuGJcHpm;r_rSwqifh
tiftm;w&yftjzpf tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfvm&ef olwdk@tm; pkpnf;ay;vdkufonf?
omreftajctae. uef@vef@umaemufuG,ftm; rjzpfraevSyf=unfh&if; rdcifrsm;onf olwdk@. yk*~vdu

qHk;&_H;r_rsm;xuf}uD;rm;onfh a=umufrufzG,f&mudk awG@vm&onf? aoqHk;r_ESifhqdkifaom trsKd;om;pnf;&Hk;
v_H@aqmfr_rsm;udk Oya'pdk;rdk;r_tm%m/ tdrfeD;csif;jynfe,frsm;ESifh uufodkvpfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;. oabmwlnDr_ rsm;jzifh
vkyf=uonf? EdkifiHa&;tawG@t}uHKenf;yg;=uaomfvnf; olwdk@onf tvdktavsmuf odaewwfaom
rdcifpdwfrsm;&Sdaeonf? olwdk@onf a=umufI+idrfaejcif;xuf pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;onf tpdk;&.&kyfydkif; qdkif&mzdESdyfr_rsm;udk
avsmhenf;aponf[kodonf? xdk@a=umifh xdk&efoltm;qef@usif&ef vufeufudk&Sm&if; olwdk@ bmtvdkvm;qHk;onfudk
tpdk;&rodap&ef zHk;zdcJhonf/ wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwfaevdkuf=uonf?
“yxrOD;qHk; usrwdk@&J@jy\emu usrwdk@ wa,mufta=umif;wa,muf rodbl;qdk&if tpnf;a0;awG

b,fvdkvkyfac:rSmvJ”[k 'dk&m a'; bwfaZ; (Dora de Bazze) u ajymonf? “&Sifwdk@ab;em;rSm b,fol
&Sdaew,fqdkwm &Sifwdk@vHk;0rodwJhae&mwdkif;rSm &JawG/ vHk+cKHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifawG trsm;}uD;&Sdaew,f/ odyftEW&m,f &Sdw,f?
usrwdk@csif; wa,mufudkwa,mufodatmif wa,mufwrsKd;udkifvm=u&w,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh wa,mufu
ol@vufxJrSm opfcufwckudk udkifxm;csifukdifwm;/ wOD;u [ef;buftdwfwvHk;tpm; ydkufqH tdyfav;udk
udkifxm;csifudkifxm;/ wOD;u aumfvHay:rSm opf&Gufwckxdk;xm;csifxdk;xm;&w,f/ rdcifwa,mufjzpfw,fqdkwmudk
odatmifvdk@”[k oluajymjyonf?
rdcifrsm;onf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udkvnf; yHkESdyf+yD;/ olwdk@b,fudkoGm;awmhrnfudk vlxkxHajym=um;onf/ xdk@jyif

“usrwdk@&J@aysmufoGm;wJh uav;awG b,fae&mrSvJ”qdk+yD; qdkif;xdk;xm;=uonf[k 'dk&m a'; bwfaZ;u olrSwfrdwmudk
jyefajymjyonf? “olwdk@awG[m bwfpfum;awGeJ@ ajratmuf&xm;awGrSmuyfzdk@ nbufrSm xGuf=uw,f/ +yD;awmh
vltrsm;tjym; =unfhEdkifatmif yDqdkaiGawGay:rSm pmawGa&;w,f? b,fowif;pm xJrSawmh rygbl;?
owif;pmq&mwOD;u owif;ay;&if olvnf; aysmufomG ;wmyJ? &kyfjrifoH=um;eJ@ a&'D,dkawGvnf;
ppfwyf&J@tkyfcsKyfr_atmufrSm vHk;0a&mufaew,f? tJ'ga=umifh vlxku owdrxm;rdcJhbl;”[k oluajymonf?
tmZlap;em; a'; AGDvmzavm a'; a'; Aifpefaw; (Azucena de Villaflor de De Vincente) onf rdcifrsm;xJrS
yxOD;qHk;xGufvmaom acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? olronf tawG@t}uKH vHk;0r&Sdolawmh r[kwf/ ol@r.rdbrsm;onf
tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ay&GefepPwmrsm; (Peronistas) vnf; jzpfonf? wcsdefu tdrfaxmifuscJh+yD;
tdrfr_tvkyfrsm;ESifhomaecJhaom olronf olr.ay&Gefepf om;jzpfol eufpwm (Nestor) ESifh ol@ZeD; &multJvf
(Raquel) wdk@ aysmufoGm;onfhtcsdef (1976) ckESpftxd ol@ywf0ef;usifudk wcgrS vSnfhr=unfhcJholjzpfonf? xdktcsdefrSpI
olronf avayGwckjzpfcJhonf/ rdcifrsm;udk pkpnf;onf/ ol@rtdrf tm; tpnf;ta0;ae&mtjzpfay;onf/ EdkifiHwum
vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@}uD;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tar&duefwdkufwGif;aumfr&SifxH pma&;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;vkyf&ef
pnf;&Hk;vkyfaqmifonf? xdktcsufrsm;onf ol@azmfjycsuft& olwdk@.a=uuGJr_rS The Plaza de Mayo &ifjyif.
awmufyonfhtvif;a&mifrsm; jzpfcJh&onf[k od&onf?
“yxrwHk;u 'D&ifjyifrSm twlwl wGJrav#mufcJh=ubl;/ usrwdk@awG[m cHkwef;awGay:rSm odkar$;xdk;vdk@jzpfap/

tpkvdkufav;awGjzpfap xdkifaecJh=uw,f? usrwdk@wawG[m avoHwdk;wdk;eJ@ oGufoGuf pum;ajym=uonf/
tJ'Dvdkqdkawmh usrwdk@ tpnf;a0;vkyfaew,fqdkwmudk rodomawmhbl;? &JawGu usrwdk@ukd aoewfe@J axmuf+yD;
vrf;av#mufzdk@ajymw,f/ tJ'D&ifjyifudk (2) ywf ywf&w,f? usrwdk@xJu wcsKd@ cufcufcJcJ ywfcJh&wmudk
owdxm;rdcJhw,f? aemuf+yD; usrwdk@&Sdaew,fqdkwmudk vlxkodatmifvkyf&w,f? usrwdk@udk vlawG =unfhapcsifw,f/

tJvdk=unfhwJhtcg usrwdk@[m ajruGufvyf tv,facgifrSm txdef;trSwf ausmufwdkifudk ywf+yD;vrf;av#mufw,f”[k
rm&D,m 'Jvf &dkpm&Dtdk (Maria del Rosario)u ajymonf?
xdk&ifjyifwGif olwdk@vSnfhywfonfhtcgwiG f rdcifrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;jyZmwfvkyf&ef todpdwf 0ifvmcJhonf? wcgw&HwGif

olwdk@onfh aysmufqHk;oGm;onhf uav;rsm;twGuf olwdk@. yk*~vdua0'emrsm;udk pkyHkzGifhcs=u+yD;/
bk&m;ocif.r,fawmfESifhtwl olwdk@.pnf;vHk;r_udkjyo&ef tdrf&dkufoHrsm;udk r=umc%,laqmifcJh=uonf?
r,fawmf.om;vnf; xdef;odrf;cH&+yD; aoonftxd ESdyfpufcHcJh&onf? (1977) ck pufwifbmvwGif AsLEdktdkif;&D;pf
(Buenos Aires)òrd@tjyifbuf rdkif (30) cef@tuGm&Sd vl*sef; (Lujan)òrd@wGif tysKdpif r,fawmfrm&D,mtm; *g&0ðy&ef/
ESpfywfvnfbk&m;zl;c&D;wGifyg0if&ef/ xdkrSwqifh vrf;av#mufpOftwGif; olpdrf; {nfhonfrsm;udk
olwdk@.Zmwfa=umif;rsm;udk ajymjy&ef tcGifhtvrf;&vdrfhr,f[k tmZlap;em; (Azucena) u awG;rd+yD; qHk;jzwfcJhonf?
odk@aomf bk&m;zl;axmifaygif;wGif;pGmxJwGif olwdk@tm; owdxm;rd&ef cufcJvSonf?
“tmZlap;em;&J@ t}uH[m usrwdk@uav;awG&J@ tESD;ydwfpudk acgif;pnf;tjzpf 0wfzdk@jzpfw,f/ bma=umifhvJ qdkawmh

rdcifwdkif;u olwdk@ydkifqdkifwJh uav;awGi,fi,fu tJ'DvdkrsKd;0wfqifwwf=uw,f? tJ'Dvdk0wfqif jcif;[m
vltkyfawGxJrSm acgif;pnf;awGudk txift&Sm;jrifapw,f? tJ'Duaep+yD; wjcm; tpnf;a0;awG rSmvnf;
acgif;pnf;awGudk oHk;vmw,f/ aemuf Plaza de Mayo &ifjyifudk oGm;wdkif;pnf;=uw,f? +yD;awmh usrwdk@ uav;rsm;.
emrnfawGudk a&;xkd;=uw,f? tJ'Daemuf tJ'DemrnfawGay:rSm ‘Apricion con Vida’ qdk+yD;a&;w,f/ t"dy`g,fuawmh
touf&Sif&uf jyefay:vmjcif;jzpfw,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh usrwdk@[m uav;wa,mufxJtwGuf &Smaep&mrvdkbl;/
aysmufoGm;wJh uav;rsm;tm;vHk;twGufjzpfw,f”[k tmtD;'g; a'; qGm&uf (Aida de Suarez)u ajymonf?
“usrwdk@ bmrS rvkyfEdkifbl;[k xifcJhonf”
(1977) ck aemufqHk;vrsm;wGif Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo (yvmZm a'; rm&dk; u rdcifrsm;)[k
vlodrsm;vmonfh t&ifuodyfpdwfrygcJhaom tdrfaxmif&Sifr (14) a,mufcef@rS qENjyrdcif (150) txd jzpfvm aom
rdcifrsm;onf aemufxyf&mESifhcsDonfh rcifrsm;ESifh tmEl; xdawG@+yD; uav;aysmuf&Sm&ef &nf&G,fcJh =uonf? “olwdk@udk
b,frSm zrf;xm;w,f qdkwmudk usrwdk@ tawmfodvmw,f/ b,fvdk n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpuf cHae&w,f/
b,fvdkypPnf;awGoHk;w,f/ n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufolawG&J@ emrnfawG/ olwdk@aewJ@ae&mawG odvmw,f? 'gawGtm;vHk;u
cifAsm;udkajymif;vJay;vdkufw,f/ tJ'g[m odyfcufvdrfhr,fvdk@ usrwdk@odw,f/ 'gayr,fh trSefw&m;udk&Smzdk@
tpyJ&Sdao;wmrdk@ &yfypfvdk@r&bl;qdkwmvnf; odw,f?
xdkyxrESpf atmufwdkbmv (5) &ufae@wGif olwdk@onf La Prensa owif;pmwGif pmrsufESm w0ufcef@&Sd rdcifrsm;ae@
a=umfjimxnfh&ef pDpOfcJhonf? A[dkw&m;&Hk;csKyf OuUX/ wyfrrSL;rsm;/ tpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh bk&m;ausmif;rsm;xH
pma&;onf? “rdcifwa,mufudk t&ufpufqHk; ESdyfpufjcif;[m olwdk@uav;awG&J@ uH=urRmeJ@ywfouf+yD; raocsmr_ygbJ/
olwdk@rSm tjypf&Sdovm;/ r&Sdovm;qdkwm ppfaq;zdk@ w&m;0ifawmif;qdk vdkufw,f”qdk+yD; ygonf? &ufowWygwf
tenf;i,f=umonfhtcg olwdk@onf uav;aysmuf (537) OD;. trnfESifh vufrSwfaygif; (2) aomif; (4) axmifxdk;+yD;
toem;cHpmwapmifwifonf?
urBmw0Srf;vHk;rS owif;Xmersm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;u odvm=uonf? n‡if;yrf;r_rsm;ESifh aysmufqHk;r_rsm;onf

vltcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;=um;wGif jyef@ESHoGm;onf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif topfa&G;cs,fcH&onfh
umwmtpdk;&u ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sd oHudk,fpm;vS,f ygx&DpD,m 'g&D,ef (Particia Derian)udk =unfh&_ppfaq;&ef
apv$wfonf? rdcifrsm;onf tm*sifwD;em;wGif bmjzpfaeonfudk tcsufjycJhI tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm; vG,fvG,f ululESifh
OD;wnfwdkufcdkufvmEdkifcJhonf? tultnDrJ@aeaom trsKd;orD;rsm;onf txD;usefjzpfaepOfu tpdk;& onf
ol@.xdk;ESufcsufrsm;udk &yfqkdif;xm;onf? xdkaemufydkif;wGif &JtzGJ@wzGJ@u rdcifrsm;tay: =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;
ðyrlqufqHavonf/ okd@[kwf zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;vdkufonf? okd@aomf wa,mufudkrS ta0;udk ac:aqmifoGm;wm
rcH&ay? tJ'DtcsdefrSm onf;cHEdkifr_vnf; ukefcrf;oGm;onf?

“olwdk@awGu usrwdk@udk ‘las locas’ t&l;rawGvdk@ ac:vm=uw,f? EdkifiHjcm;oH&Hk;awGu ar;cGef;awG ar;vmwJhtcgrSm/
EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufawGu usrwdk@ta=umif;awG ar;vmwJhtcgrSm olwdk@awG tJ'Dvdk oHk;E_H;wwfw,f? [kwfygw,f/
olwdk@[m usrwdk@udk t&l;awGvdk@ac:w,f/ wu,fyJ usrwdk@[m t&l;awGjzpfygapOD;/ 'Doufvufykdif;t&G,f
trsKd;orD;awGa=umifh olwdk@b,fvdkpdk;&drfae&w,fqdkwmudk vufeufudkifxm;wJh wyfawGu b,fvdk0efcH EdkifrSmvJ?
wa,mufcsif; t=urf;zufcH&whJtcsdefrSmvnf; usrwdk@[m tdrrf Sm idkraeygbl;/ olwdk@awGeJ@ wdkuf&dkuf&ifqdkifzdk@
vrf;rawGay:udk xGuf=uonf? usrwdk@[m &l;oGyfae=uw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Dvkyf&yf[m razmufjyefwJhenf;vrf;ygyJ”vdk@
tdkif;'g; a'; qltm&wf (Aida de Suarez) u ajymjyonf?
rm&Dem a'; ul&D,m (Marina de Curia) tqdkt& tpdk;&[m olwdk@tm; pdk;&drfw}uD;ESifhqGJ&ef apmifh=unfhaeonfrSm
=um+yD[k od&onf? “olwdk@awG[m usrwdk@udk csufcsif; rESdrfeif;cJhbl;/ bmvdk@vJ qdkawmh usrwdk@ bmrSvkyfEdkifrSm
r[kwfbl;vdk@ olwdk@awG;xm;cJh=uvdk@yJ/ ol wu,fvkyfawmhrnf qdkwJh tcgusawmh awmfawmf aemufusoGm;+yDav/
usrwdk@vnf; pkpnf;rdoGm;=u+yD/ yxrwHk;u olwdk@awG usrwdk@udk y&d,m,feJ@ vSnfhpm;zdk@ óud;pm;cJhw,f/ tJ'DaemufrSm
zrf;r,fvdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufw,f/ towfcH& r,fvdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufw,f”vdk@ ajymonf 'gayr,fh olr[m olr&J@
&efolta=umif;udkodonf? “ppfwyf[m usrwdk@udk ajcmufvSef@aewm omjzpfw,f/ olwdk@wu,f wckck
vkyfawmhrnfqdk&if óudwiftod ay;wmrsKd; wcgrS rvkyfzl;bl;” [k jyefajymjyonf?
olwdk@udk wm0ef,l+yD;ulnDaewJholawG=um;xJwGif vli,fwa,mufygonf/ olonf qHyifa&$0ga&mif&Sd+yD;/ aysmufoGm;aom

nDwa,muf&Sdonf[k ajymzl;onf? tmZlap;em;tqdkt& ol[m ewfom;wr# rsufESmaygufrsK;d eJ@ ol@udk,fol *lpfwmAkd
eDEkd (Gustavo Nino) vdk@ac:+yD; ,ifwaumifudkawmifrS xdcdkufemusifatmif rvkyfzl;bl;[k od&onf? &ifjyifay:rSm
rdcifawG[m ol@udk &JawGeJ@ reD;&atmif ol@udk 0ef;&Hxm;=uonf? wae@rSm rdcifawG[m Santa Cruz Church
bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;udk a&mufwJhtcgrSm 'kwd,t}udrf a=umfjimtwGuf t+yD;owfvkyfae=uonfh tcsdefrSm eDEdk;[m
a=umfjimtwGuf aumufcH&&Sdonfh aiGrsm;udk yHkcsvdkufonf/ rdcifawGudk tuJcwf+yD; xGufoGm;onf? c%r#=umaomtcg
b,furSef;rodaom vlrsm;a&mufvm+yD; rdcifrsm;udk &dkuf+yD; qGJac:oGm; =uonf? “usrwdk@[m usrwdk@rdwfaqGawGudk
xyfrawG@&awmhbl;”vdk@ rwfwyf&yfaewJh vltkyfawG =um;xJrSm ykef;aecJh&wJh rm&D,m a';vf &dkqm&Dtdk u ajymonf?
*lpfwmAdk eDEdkvnf; wcgrS ay:rvmawmhbl;/ aemufydkif;usrS ol@udk ta0;a&muftm*sifwD;em;awGudk pHkprf;axmufvSrf;zdk@
jyifopfudk ydk@vdkufonf[k od&onf/ tJ'Daemufydkif; awmiftmz&duudkvnf; tJ'DvdkrsKd;yJ apv$wf cH&jyefonf?
“ESpf&ufavmufaeawmh tmZlap;em;udk ac:oGm;w,f? oHk;&uftwGif;rSm aoG;tºuGqHk;rdcif (3) OD;tygt0if (14)

a,mufudk qGJoGm;w,f”[k r&dkif,m a';vf &dkqm&D,dk u ajymjyonf? “rdcif (14) a,mufudk jyefay;qGJvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh
olwdk@[m usrwdk@&J@v_yf&Sm;r_udk zsufqD;Edkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ tm%mydkifawGu xifcJhw,f? tJvdkvkyfwm[m usrwdk@&J@
pdwfqHk;jzwfcsufudk ydk+yD;cdkifrmatmifvkyfay;vdkufw,f qdkwmudk olwdk@oabm raygufcJhbl;/ usrwdk@uvnf;ajymygw,f/
r[kwfbl; olwdk@[m usrwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_udk zsufqD;vdk@r&bl;/ usrwdk@ ydk+yD; ckdifcdkifrmrmeJ@ qufvkyf&rSmyJ/ xdk&ifjyifudk
jyefroGm;&Jatmif usrwdk@ odyfa=umufaevdrfhr,fvdk@ olwdk@xifaew,f? jyefoGm;zdk@ cufaeayr,fh usrwdk@
jyefoGm;cJhw,f”[k tmtD;'g; a'; qltm&ufZf (Aida de Suarez)u ajymjyonf?
“usrwdk@ uav;awGudk touf&Sifvsuf jyefvdkcsifonf”

yvmZm'Dar,dk&ifjyifudk jyefvm+yD; aoa&;&Sifa&;ESifhywfoufaom &dk;&m"avhxHk;pHudkvkyf=uonf? rdcifrsm;u
olwdk@.v_H@aqmfv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf taESmuft,Sufvky&f yfrsKd;jzpfonf[k odvmcJh=uonf? olwdk@. wcgwav
pdwfqENtavsmufqENjyjcif;onf tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm; xdxdrdrd +cdrf;ajcmufEkdifcJhonf? xdktcg AdkvfcsKyfrsm;u tpdk;&.
jypfr_usL;vGefr_rsm;tay:wGif Oya'pdk;rdk;r_udk ypfy,f=uaomfvnf; rdcifrsm;rSm Oya'a=umif;t& aqmif&Gufonf?
olwdk@xJrStcsKd@ +cdrf;acsmufcH&onf/ aysmufoGm;cJhv#ifvnf; olwdk@onf tavsmhray;vdk=uay? olwdk@onf tpdk;&u
zdESdyfwdkufcdkufI r&Edkifavmufatmif olwdk@vrf;twdkif;qufoGm;+yD; olwdk@tm; qef@usifI r& qdkonfhrsufESmxm;jzifh
&J0HhaomowWdudkjy=uonf?

(1978) wGif tif*sifwD;em;EdkifiHonf urBmhzvm;abmvHk;yGJudk vufcHusif;y&onf? ueOD;wGif xdkolwdk@onf
pdwfv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;xJY rdcifrsm;tm; owdrðyrd=uay? olwdk@onf urBmudk ajymjy&eftcGifhta&;&+yD[k oabm
ayguf=uonf? abmvHk;yGJowif;,l&efvmaom owif;pmq&mrsm;udk acgif;pnf;tjzLrsm;ESifhrdcifrsm;. pk&yfjzpf aom
urf;em;odk@ ac:aqmifoGm;=uonf? aoG;pnf;r_udkjyonfhtaejzifh Oa&mytm;upm;orm;rsm; xdk&ifjyif odk@ vm=uonf?
tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiHrS urBmhzvm;yGJwGif tEdkif&onfhtcgwGif y&dowfrsm;=um;rS AdkvfcsKyfrsm;udk
jynfwGif;&kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;rSwqifh jyoonf? 'wfcsf &kyfjrifoH=um;wGif las madres trsKd;orD;rsm;udk jyonf?
xdkESpfwGifyif abGEdk;at;&D;pf (Buenos Aires) òrd@wGif EdkifiHwum usef;rma&;nDvmcHusif;yonfhtcg EdkifiHjcm;
owif;axmufrsm;ESifhtwl rdcifrsm;vnf; wuf=uonf? olwdk@rsm; rdcifrsm;. aºuG;a=umfoHtopfudk jrif=u &onf?
“olwdk@awG[m uav;awGudk t&Sifvwfvwf ac:oGm;w,f/ usrwdk@ olwdk@udk touf&Sif&uf jyefvdkcsifw,f”[lI
jzpfonf?
yxr EdkifiHwGif;uae tpdk;&. w&m;r0ifr_udk pdefac:&mrS EdkifiH&yfjcm;xd odukefatmifvkyf=uonf? rdcifxJrS (3) OD;onf
urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm; =um;xJ0if+yD; xdk&Sif;vif;aom a=unmcsufudk xkwfjyonf? “usrwdk@[m tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH
abGEdk;tkdif;&D;pfòrd@u aysmufoGm;wJholawG&J@ rdcifawGjzpfw,f/ usrwdk@[m vl@tcGifhta&; twGuf
aqG;aEG;zdk@vmaeygw,f”[k azmfjyyg&Sdonf? olwdk@onf tumtuG,fay;Edkifaom yk*~Kdvfxl;udk &Smaejcif;jzpfonf?
olwdk@a&m/ tpkd;&a&m em;vnfEdkifonfh xif&Smolrsm;onf vG,fvG,fululESifh ykef;a&SmifaeI r&acs?
tm*sifwD;em;&Sd wjcm;vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom EdkifiHa&;tajctaea=umifh aysmufqHk;oGm;ol rsm;.

rdcifrsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m c&pf,mbmoma&;*kd%faygif;pHktzGJ@/ vl@tcGifhta&; tjrJwrf;v$wfawmf ponfrsm;onf
rdcifrsm;ESifhtwl Ekd;=um;r_udk E_d;qGay;vdkufonf? w&m;Oya'ESifh vlr_a&;qdkif;&m A[dkokawoe Xmeu
EdkifiHawmft=urf;zufr_tm; aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf udk,fpm;vS,fa&S@aersm;ESifh Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;udk apv$wfcJhonf? las
madres rdcifrsm;. t}uHay;yk*~Kdvf tm'dkvfzdk yD&uf tufpfuGD;AJvf (Adolfo Perez Esquivel) u ol@.+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh
w&m;r#wa&;c&pf,meftoif;. tvkyfrsm;ESifhtwl xdo k wif;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;azmfjyonf? xdktcsif;t&monf
aemufydkif;wGif ol@tm; EdkbJvfqk&apcJhonf? xdk@jyif yvmZm'Dar,kd; &ifjyif. tzGm;rsm;vnf; aysmufqHk;aeaom
ajr;rsm;&Sm&ef ay:vm=uonf?
(1979) =o*kwfvwGif yvmZm 'D ar,dk; (Plaza de Mayo) qdkonfhrdciftoif;}uD;udk tzGJ@tpnf;tjzpf rSwfyHk
wifcH&onf? xdktcsdefup+yD; rdcifrsm;[m tm*sifwD;em;wEdkifiHvHk;ESifhqufpyfaom tcef;u¾ESifhtwl &mESifhcsD
wdk;yGm;vmonf? wESpfxJwGif vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tar&duefwdkufwGif;uefaumfr&Sifonf tm*sifwD;em;odk@
oGm;a&mufcJh+yD; w&m;r0ifzrf;qD;jcif;/ ESdyfpufjcif; ESifh aysmufqHk;aer_owif;rsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;cJh=uonf? ol. (374)
rsufESmygaom rSwfwrf;wGif tm*sifwD;em;udk ydwfqdk@=u/ tpdk;&udk &_H@cs=u/ aysmufqHk;aer_rsm; avsmhyg;atmif ulnD=u[k
yg&Sdonf? odk@aomf wjcm;ae&ma'orsm;wGif tenf;usOf;om v_H@aqmfEdkifonf?
xdk@aemuf rdcifrsm;tay: zdESdyfr_rsm;vnf; jyif;xefvmonf? olwdk@qENjyonhfae@rsm;udk &Jtapmifht=uyfrsm;ESifh

txrajrmufatmif r=umc%ajymif;vJap+yD; olwdk@tm; yvmZm'D;ar,kd;&ifjyifudk acwWr# pGef@v$wfxm;atmif
zdtm;ay;avonf? odk@aomf (1980) wGif olwdk@jyefa&mufvm+yD; xdkodk@vkyfv#if touftEW&m,f&Sdonf qdkonfudk
odaomfvnf; olwdk@.&ifjyiftm; jyef&,l&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? ueOD;wGif azazmf0g&Dv =uoyaw;ae@wGif xdk&ifjyifY
pk&Hk;onf/ tv,fwGif&Sdaom oHk;ajr‡mifc|ef;udk ajz;ajz;ywf=uonf/ &ufowWygwfcef@&Sdaomtcg &Jrsm;u rdcifrsm;tm;
eHygwfwkwfrsm;/ acG;rsm;jzifh ESdrfeif;onf/ tawmfrsm;rsm; tzrf;cH&onf? odk@aomf xdktcsdefup+yD; olwdk@onf
=umoyaw;ae@wdkif; xdk&ifjyifodk@ oGm;=uonf? ppfwyfrS vlpkcGJIr&Edkifonftxd jzpf&onf?
aemufqHk;wGif avwyfrawmfonf ukef;wyfESifh a&wyfrS cGJxGufoGm;onfhtwGuf tufa=umif;rsm;rSwqifh tpdk;&.

twGif;ydkif;udk jrifEdkifaomtajctaejzpfvmonf? wif;rmr_onf npfnrf;aomppfudk aqmifusOf; ay;+yD;/ t"dy`g,frJhaom
wnf+idrfr_udk xdef;odrf;jcif;onf olwdk@tm; ysufpD;aponf/ pD;yGm;a&;ysufpD;jcif;onf vnf; ydkqdk;0g;apjyefonf? (1981)
ckESpf rwfvwGif AGDa';vm; (Videla) tm; orwtjzpf jyefvnftpm; xdk;onf? odk@aomf tm*sifwD;em; yDqdkaiGwefzdk;
xdk;usoGm;+yD;/ b%frsm; zsufodrf;vdkuf&onf/ t&if;tESD;rsm; wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ a&mufukefonf? odk@aomf ppfwyfonf

wif;rmaom yD&Gefepfpwmqef@usifa&;orm; AdkvfcsKyf vD,kdydk'dk; *gvfwDat;&D; (Leopoldo Galtieri) tm; aumufwif+yD;
tm%modrf;jyefonf?
ol@. ppftpdk;&onf v#rf;v#rf;awmuf emrnfaumif;&&ef }uHzefjyefonf? (1982) ck rwfvwGif tm*sifwD;em;

urf;wufwyfrsm;onf azmfuvefu|ef;wGif ajccscJh+yD;/ +Adwdo#ydkifu|ef;udk olwdk@u rmvfAD;em; (Malvina) [kac:+yD;
olwdk@ydkif[k awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? usL;ausmfjcif;onf ysufqD;apaom wGufcsufr_trSm;wckjzpfonf? av;vcef@r&SdcifwGif
tm*sifwD;em;wyfrsm;tm; awmiftwWvefwdwf ork'N&modk@ 0ef}uD;csKyf rm*&ufoufcsm apv$wfvdkufonf +Adwdo#
a&wyfoabFmrsm;u upOfhuvsm; armif;xkwfypfvdkufonf? rdcifrsm;tay: opPmazmufcJhaom *lpwmAdk eDEdk (Gustavo
Nino) [k od=uonfh Adkvf}uD; tmvfza&'dk tmpfwdZf (Alfredo Astiz)vnf; vufeufcsonfh olrsm;xJwGifygonf?
aemufqHk;awmh tm%m&Siftpdk;&. xif&mjrif&mvkyf&yf onf ol@tm; ðywfusapcJhonf? aemufwESpfrukefcifwGif
tm*sifwD;em;. tkyfcsKyfr_onf &mpkESpfw0ufwGif wwd,t}udrfr#jzpfaom tajccHOya't& a&G;cs,fcH&aom tpdk;&xH
v$Jay;&onf?
yvmZm'Dar,dk rdcifrsm;twGuf xdkjzpf&yfonf a0'em =um&SnfcHpm;cJh&+yD;/ wcgw&H txD;usefcHpm;cJh&+yD;rS

tqHk;owfcJh&onf[k qdkEdkifygonf? trSefpOfppf xdkjzpf&yfonf c&D;opfwckom jzpfygonf? EdkifiHa&;
tul;tajymif;umvtwGif; olwdk@onf &Jrsm;tay: &efvdkrkef;xm;jzpf=u&onf? aysmufqHk;oGm;olrsm;twGuf
qENjy&rnfhtpm; npfnrf;aomppfESifh r[kwfr[wfvkyfcJholrsm;udk vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;&ef ppfwyf. jyifqif
aer_rsm;udkvnf; wdkufcdkufae=uonf? olwdk@.yef;wdkifonf }uD;rm;aomwm0eftjzpf ajymif;vJvmonfhtwGuf
aooGm;olrsm;tm; vGrf;qGwfae&efr[kwfawmhaomfvnf; olwdk@.uav;rsm;tm; owfolrsm;udk w&m;Oya' t&
tjypfay;&efjzpfonf?
&mpkESpfwck ukefoGm;wJhtcg (1977) ckESpfu tm*sifwD;em; yxrqHk; t=urf;zufykefuefr_udk OD;aqmifcJhaom &J&ifhonfh

trsKd;orD;rsm;xJrS usef&pfolrsm;onf touftm;jzifh 60/ 70/ 80 rsm;jzpfukefonf? vltawmf rsm;rsm;u
tpdk;&0ef}uD;Xmersm;qD csDwufyGJrsm;/ wef;pDqENjyyGJrsm;ESifh ae@a&mnmyg 'kuQcHae=uwkef;yif jzpfonf? odk@aomf
ppfwyfonf tm*sifwD;em; EdkifiHa&;wnfjrJapzdk@ vkyfaqmifae&onf? tm*sifwD;em; trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh
vufwiftar&dum;&Sd tjcm;a'orsm;rS emusnf;aeaom trsKd;orD;rsm;onf acgif;pnf; yk0grsm; pnf;=uonf? 20
&mpkacwf a=umuf&G@Hr_udk trSefw&m;jzifh tpm;xdk;jcif;onf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf yxrtqifhjzpfonfqdkjcif;avmuf
rnfonfht&mrS ydkaumif;wJhvuQ%m r&SdEdkifacs?
*smr%D/ tm*sifwD;em;/ csDvD
owWdqdkonfrSm t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. wpdwfwydkif; jzpfonf? las madres rdcifrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rwdkifcif ESpfaygif; (30)
avmufwGif *sL; trsKd;om;rsm;. *sL;vlrsKd;r[kwfaom ZeD;rsm;onf rD;avmifwdkufoGif;jcif; (Holocaust) twGuf
pka0;+yD; Rosenstrasse (orweef;awmfteD;&ifjyif)ay:wGif wywfcef@ rwfwyf&yfae cJh=u+yD;/ olwdk@ vifa,mufsm;rsm;
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? udk,fhudk,fudk,f a,mufsm;yDool [k armfºuGm;aeaom *smref ESifh
tm*sifwD;em;tpdk;&rsm;tm; [efaqmifr_uif;aom trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;u tav#mhray;jcif;onf ra0cGJEdkifavmufatmif
jzpf=u&onf? twdkuftcHrsm;. ydk+yD;xif&Sm;aom pkpnf;r_rsm; tygt0if t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
=um&Snfjzpfay:aejcif;onf wkE_dif;p&mr&Sd jzpf&onf? cufxefaom ppfom;rsm;onf t=urf;zufr_udk oHk;onf/
trsKd;orD;rsm;wGif vufeufyifryg=uacs?
(1943) ck bmvifòrd@wGif Rosenstrasse ZeD;onfrsm;u emZDt=urf;zufr_udk tm;ay;aom *smrefrsm;tm;

aESmuf,SuftEW&m,fðyonfhtwGuf tpdk;&onf +cdrf;ajcmufrr_ sm; prf;oyf&m wGe@f qkwo f mG ;&onf? (1977) ck
AsLEdkat;&D;pfòrd@wGif las madres rdcifrsm;u tm*sifwD;em; t=urf;zufr_ta=umif; wdwfqdwfae&mrS +zKdcGJvdkuf+yD; urBmxd
onf;rcHEdkifatmif E_d;qGay;vdkufonf? tzGJ@ESpfckvHk;onf ao;i,faomfvnf; &Sifoef aeaom ae&mav;rsm;udk
zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ xdkae&mwGif tpdk;&. t+iKd;taw;onf jiLql&Hkwifru &_H@cs uef@uGuf vmawmhonf?

(1976) ckwGif ADa';vm; (Videla) tm*sifwD;em;wGif tm%m&vmonfhtcg ol pHerlemxm;onfhtxJrS
tcsif;t&monf ol@xuf (3) ESpfcefapm+yD; csDvDEdkifiHwGif tm%modrf;cJhaomtpdk;& jzpfonf? odk@aomf csDvDEdkifiHonf
ppftpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfr_atmufodk@ a&mufoGm;onfhtcsdefwGif ADa';vm;. wdkif;jynfonf 'Drdkua&pDudk tenf;i,f
=um;zl;em;0&Sdonf? tm*sifwD;em;wGifvnf; aysmufqHk;r_rsm;onf aomif;*%ef; jzpfaeonf? om;owf orm;rsm;
vufcsufa=umifh csDvDEdkifiHwGif jzpfcJhjcif;xuf twdkif;twm }uD;rm;aeonf? odk@aomf npfnrf;aomppfpwif+yD;
wESpfavmufwGif 'Drdkua&pDpepfESifhaoGzDaom tm*sifwD;em;wGif xdkjzpf&yfrsKd; jzpfcJhonf/ xdkxJwGifwGif tvnftvwf
tdrf&Sifr (14) OD;u yvmZm'Dar,dk; &ifjyifwGif vrf;av#muf=uonf/ raumif;qdk;0g;udk &ifqdkif&ef ol@wdk@udk,folwdk@
owWdarG;cJh=uonf? jcm;em;csufrSm xdktcsdefu 'Drdku&ufwpf csDvDEdkifiHonf ol@tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk (10) ESpfcef@
+idrfouf+yD; onf;cHcJhonf/ qifwD,m*dkòrd@. orweef;awmf tjyifbufajruGufvyfwGif b,facgif;pnf;tjzLESifh rdcifrsm;rS
ray:cJhay? odk@aomf (1983) ckwGif owWdrsm; jyefay:vm&onfh vuQ%mrsm; &SdcJhonf?
csDvD - a=umuf&GH@r_udk pGef@v$wfjcif;

ar 11/ 1983
pifwD,m*dkòrd@onf xdkreufu EHk;tDtDESifh Edk;xpjzpfonf? vltenf;i,fom vrf;ay:xGuf+yD; av#mufoGm; ae=uonf?

vrf;r}uD;rsm;wGif tjrJwrf;uif;vSnfhaewwfaom 'DZ,f ppfbwfpfum;wyfcGJrsm;vnf; aysmuf uG,foGm;cJh+yD;jzpfonf?
ausmif;tawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; ydwfxm;=u+yD; naeapmif;avmufqdk&if &Hk;taqmufttHk rsm;wGif vl&Sif;vmonf?
wdusa&&mr_ vrf;r&Sdaom xdkòrd@onf csDvDEdkifiHudk 10 ESpfavmuftkyfpdk;cJhonfh ppftpdk;&tm; pdefac:&ef
trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ae@ awmif;qdk&ef aqmif&Gufae=uonf? ae0ifqnf;qmcsdef avmufwGif aES;auG;r_rsm;ESifhtwl
wckwnf;aom ywf0ef;usifwif;rmrlrsm;jyo&if; qENjyr_tenf;i,f &SdyHk &onf? xdknae (8) em&Dcef@wGif xdkòrd@onf
b0.tcsKd;tauG@wckudk a&mufcJhonf? &yfuGufwckrS wckqDodk@ a&G@vmaom cyfrSdefrSdef oHacsmif;rsm;jrnfoH
pwif=um;&+yD; vlrsm;onf tdk;rsm;/ ',f'dk;rsm;ay:wGif xk&dkufoouJh odk@ toHrsm; wjznf;jznf; us,fvmonf? òrd@.
qif;&Jom;t&yfrsm;rS vli,frsm;onf rD;rsm;zdkxm;=uonf/ vrf;rsm;ydwfxm;=uonf/ vlvwfwef;pm;rsm;u
um;[Gef;rsm;wD;+yD; auG@0dkufarmif;oGm;=u&onf?
“tJ'g tHh=op&myJ/ tJ'g[m vlwa,mufawG;xifEdkifwJh jzpfEdkifacsxufvGefoGm;+yD”[k vmau; qm*g&pf (Lake

Sagaris) uajymonf? “arv (11) &ufae@[m aysmf&$ifr_ pdwfv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. aygufuGJr_wck jzpfw,f/ bmvdk@vJqdkawmh
jynfolawG[m olwdk@ zGifhcsjywJh olwdk@&J@toHawGudk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufjzpfaevdk@ tHh=oae =uw,f? tJ'Dtjzpftysuf[m
csDvDEdkifiH urBmhzvm;yGJrSm tEdkif&oGm;ovdkrsKd;eJ@qifw,f”[k ajymonf? r=umcifwGif carabineros [kac:aom
jynfol@&Jrsm;u aysmf&$ifaeaom tajctaeudk av#mhcs&ef rsuf&nf,dkAHk; ypfv$wfvdkufonf? EdkifiHom; (2) a,muf
aoqHk;cJh&onf/ t&yf0wf 0wfxm;aom&JtzGJ@rsm;rS ypfvdkufonfrSm xif&Sm;onf? um;armif;orm;rsm;udk
olwdk@um;rsm;xJrS qGJxkwf+yD; &dkuf=uonf? qENjyr_ pwifcJhonfh a=u;eD owWKwGif;wl;azmfa&;or*~ acgif;aqmif &dk'dkvfzdk
aq*ltJvf (Rodolfo Seguel) tygt0if vl (600) ausmftzrf;cH&+yD; xdkaemufydkif;ae@rsm;wGif vufwkef@jyefr_rsm;vnf;
tawmfrsm;rsm; jzpfcJhonf?
ol@udk,fydkiftawG@ t}uHKavmufom cHEdkif&nf&SdonfhtwGuf csDvDppftm%m&Sif atmf*ufpwdk yDEdka&S; (Augusto

Pinochet) onf qENjyr_rsm;a=umifh &Sufa'go jzpf&onf? =urf=urf;wrf;wrf; ESdrfeif;onf/ txl;ojzifh qif;&Jom;rsm;udk
jzpfonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&udk axmufcHtm;ay;aom t,fvf rmusL&Dtdk (El Mercurio) owif;pmu
ºuGufºuGufnHaeaom atmufajcrS ydk+yD;rwnfr+idrfjzpfaeonfh owif;udk =um;odcJhonf? “'DqEN jyr_[m tpdk;&&J@ (10)
ESpfwmumvxJrSm tpdk;&udk tjyif;xefqHk; pdefac:vdkufwmjzpfw,f”[k xdk owif;pm wGif azmfjycJhonf?
a0;a0;udk=unfhv#if yDEdka&S;onf (1973) wGif tm%modrf;um &uf&ufpufpuftkyfpdk;cJhjcif; jzpf&rnf? teD; jrifuGif;wGif

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_wdk@ wjznf;jznf; edrfhqif;vm+yD; tpdk;&twGif;
ajy;p&majrr&Sdawmhavmufatmif jrifuGif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf arv. xdkae@wGifyif “qENjyr_rsm;[m tvkyfjzpfr,fvdk

b,folrS r,Hkbl;”[k c&pf,mef 'Drdku&ufwpfacgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfaom *Dem&dk tm&D,m*g'dk (Genaro Artiagado)
uajymcJhao;onf? odk@aomf xdktcsif;t&monf vlxkxHrSaygufzGm; vmjcif;jzpf+yD; ppftpdk;&tm;qef@usifaom
jynfol@tHk@ºuGr_jzpfonf? csDvDEdkifiH. pdwf"mwfonf 'Drdkua&pDodk@ ajcwvSrf;pvSrf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?
“q,fhwpf&ufae@”
(1973) ck pufwifbmv (11) &ufae@wGif orw qmvfAm'dk&f tm,ef;a'; a*ghqef; (Salvadoe Allende Gossens).
qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&onf cyfjrefjref ppftm%modrf;+yD; &Sif;ypfvdkufonf? ol@tpdk;& acgif;aqmifrsm; u
vufwiftar&dum;. oufwrf;t&ifhqHk;ESifh twnf+idrfqHk; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;xJrS wckjzpfaom csDvDEdkifiHudk
vrf;jyay;rnfh wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;tjzpfESifh xdef;csKyfay;onf? zD'Jvf uufpfx&dk . usL;bm;EdkifiHu ,ljyay;cJhaom
vrf;ay:uae aoGzDoGm;onf? tm,ef;a'; tpdk;&. aumif;rGefapvdkwJh &nf&G,fcsuf prf;oyf csufwckonf
rSm;oGm;rnfvm;/ rmhufpf0g' twGuf ydk@aqmifay;ovdk jzpfoGm;rnfvm;qdkonfudk rodEdkif jzpf&onf/ csDvDEdkifiHonf
0&kef;okef;um;jzpfr_/ pD;yGm;a&;ysuf,Gif;r_rsm;udk }uKHcJh&onf? csDvDvlrsKd;tawmfrsm;rsm; onf tm,ef;a';tm; (1971)
ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif ol&cJhonf odyfrrsm;aom rJ 36 &mckdifE_ef;udk ay;cJhrdI aemifw&cJhonf? twdkuftcHudk
qdk;qdk;0g;0g; òyduGJapcJhovdk csDvDorw eef;awmfjzpfaom vm; rGefae;'g (La Moneda)wGif ol ae&m&atmif
vkyfay;cJhrd=uonf? aemufvmrnfh a&G;aumufyGJwGif ol Edkifvdrfhr,f[k rnfolr# r,Hk=uacs?
ppfwyftm; tapmifhcsxm;&ef rjyifxm;cJhrday? xdkaewGif The Eleventh “q,fhw&ufae@”qdk+yD csDvD

pum;qef;wckay:vmcJhonf? a[mum [ef;wm; (Hawker Hunter) av,mOf (2) pif;u wdkufcdkufcJh+yD;/ tajrmufrsm;
vuffeufi,frsm;jzifh pk+yKHypfcwfr_onf orweef;awmftm; rD;avmifwdkuf jzpfapcJhonf? tm,ef;a'; aooGm;onf/
udk,fhudk,fukd,f tqHk;pD&if oGm;yHk&onf? ae0ifqnf;qmtcsdefwGif wdkif;jynfonf (24) em&D=um
ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@atmuf a&mufcJhonf? aemufxyf acgif;aqmifopfrsm; olwdk@zmomolwdk@ wufvm=uonf?
avwyfAdkvfcsKyf wOD;/ a&wyfAdkvfcsKyf wOD;/ um&mbifae;&dk; jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@rS AdkvfcsKyfwa,muf ESifh AdkvfcsKyf atmf*ufpwdk
yDEdka&S; tl*gaw; xuf wvavmufapm+yD; ppfaoemywdtjzpf ol@udk,folay;xm;onfh tmvfvef a'; qdkolwdk@
jzpf=uonf? AdkvfcsKyf yDEdka&S;onf tm%modrf;r_wGif aemufrSygvmjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; t}uD;qHk;ppfwyf.
acgif;aqmifjzpfonfhtwGuf ppftpdk;&. yxrqHk; orw jzpfvmonf?
'g[m tm%modrf;wmr[kwfbl;/ wdkif;jynfu,fwifr_wck jzpfonf[k tpdk;&opfu &Sif;vif;onf? ukefoG,fa&; qdkif&m/

tvkyform;qdkif&mESifh tm;vHk;twGuf wOD;csif;tcGifha&;rsm;udk (1925) ck zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' atmufwGif
tav;xm;rnf jzpfonf? odk@aomf ppftm%modrf;+yD;onfhae@wGif ppftpdk;&onf wdkif;jynfwck vHk;tm;
ta&;ay:tajctaeausnm+yD; ppftm%modrf;vdkufonf? EdkifiHom; tcGifhta&;rsm;udk uef@owfonf/ ppftiftm;udk
cdkifrmatmifvkyfonf? pdwfcs&+yDqdkonfhaemuf jrif;ukef;ESD;ay:rS xdkvlrsm;onf u,fq,fa&; twGuf
uqkefaygufxGuf=uonf? (1930) ckESpf uwnf;u csDvDEdkifiHonf pkpkaygif; (13) vavmufom ppftkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif
a&mufcJhonf? vufeufudkif wyfrsm;onf t+rJwrf; u|rf;usifaom ynm&Sifrsm; jzpfoGm;+yD;/ pm&dwWcspm;jcif;vnf;
r&Sdacs? a=umufrufzG,faumif;aom yDEdka&S;onf “wdkif;jynf emvefx vmwmeJ@wòydifeuf ppftpdk;&u
vlxkvdkvm;olrsm;xH tpdk;&tm%mudk v$JtyfrSmjzpfw,f”[k tcdkiftrm xyfajymonf? xdk@a=umifh aemufqHk;
yÉdyuQrsm; +idrf;at;oGm;onfhtcsdefwGif olwdk@onf olwdk@. 0wfaumif; pm;vSrsm; 0wfqif+yD; rJqENay;onfhpm;yGJodk@
csDwufrnf[k tawmfrsm;rsm;u ,Hk=unfcJh=uonf? tjcm;bmrS rpOf;pm;rdcJh=uacs?
odk@aomf rpOf;pm;cJhjcif;rsm;onf ykÀm;uG,fxJrS apmifhqdkif;aecJhonf? vufeufudkifwyfrsm;onf wdkufyGJtwGuf

0wfqifxm;aomfvnf; wdkufcdkuf&ef wa,mufrS rawG@oavmuf jzpf&onf? oHo,&Sdol axmifaygif; rsm;pGm tm;
ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;/ &dkufESufjcif;/ n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf armif;xkwfypf&ef zrf;qD;pkaqmif;onf?
ppfom;rsm;.tjrifwGif uGefjrLepf0g'tm; wdkuf&efqifhac:cH&+yD;/ rESpfòrd@zG,f ajcvSrf;rsm;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;xJrS
oef@&Sif;pif=u,fatmifvkyf&ef txl;vdktyfaeonf[k xifaponf? qifwD,m*dkòrd@. qif;&Jom;&yfuGufrsm;udk
&uf&ufpufpuf 0ifa&mufpD;eif;cJhonf? topfzGJ@pnf;vdkufaom Direccion de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA)
trsKd;om;axmufvSrf;a&;Xme. udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yD&l;rS yefw*dk;eD;,m;odk@oGm;aom &Snfarsmarsm

usOf;ajrmif;onfhe,fajrwGif oGm;vmae=u+yD; trsm;jynfoludk a=umuf&GH@aponf? tpdk;&opf. ta0;a&muf
a0zefa&;orm;rsm;udk E_wfydwf&ef xdk tdkiftJefat u a=umufrufzG,f vufrsm;udk qef@xkwfcJhonf? yDEdka&S;
t&dkuft&mudk qufcHaom t,fvHa';. ppftmodrf;+yD;aemufwESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyf um;vdk@pf y&ufpf (Carlos Prats) ESifh
ol@ZeD;wdk@onf AsLEdkat;&D;pfòrd@&Sd olwdk@aetdrf tjyifbufwGif towfcHvdkuf&onf? (1976) ckESpf pufwifbmwGif
tm,ef;a';. EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;ESifh tar&duefqdkif&m ,cifoHtrwfa[mif; atmfvef'dk vufoDvD,m (Orlando
Letelier) onf 0g&Sifwef 'D pD wGif um;AHk;wvHk;jzifh towfcHcJh&onf?
EdkifiHwGif;xJwGifvnf; ppfacgif;aqmifonf tusifhp&dkufESifh ,Hk=unfr_wGif cufxefonfhrsufESmxm;&Sdol/ apvdk &mapEdkifol

jzpf+yD;/ ol@.udk,fydkift&nftcsif;a=umifh ,Hk=unfcH&aom t&nftaoG;&Sdolwa,mufjzpfonf? (1974) ck ZGefvwGif
ol@tpdk;&u ol@tm; A[dktvkyfr_aqmifvl}uD;tjzpf vkyfay;rnfh Oya'w&yfudk vufrSwf a&;xdk;zdk@ pGJaqmifcJhonf? xdkrS
wdkif;jynf. OD;ao#miftjzpfudk wcsufxJESifh&,lcJhonf/ xdk@tjyif EdkifiHawmforw tjzpfvnf; &,lcJhonf? ppftpdk;&xJwGif
yDEdka&S;onf cGJjcm;+yD; v$rf;rdk;tkyfcsKyfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh orwtm; apmfum;jcif;[k avwyfrawmfrS
ppftpdk;&tzGJ@0ifwa,mufudk ol@. umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmerS xkwfvdkufonf/ jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom &mxl;qufcHEdkifolrsm;
pm&if;xJrS eHygwf (9) jzpfaom AdkvfcsKyf zmeef'dk rufao;tD; (Fernando Matthei)ESifh tpm;xdk;vdkufonf?
ol@&Jabmf&Jbuf wyfrSL;rsm;udk &mxl;tenf;tusOf;avmufom wdk;ay;+yD;/ yDEdka&S;onf tpdk;& jzpfvmonf? csDvD.

jynfaxmifpk e,fajrrsm;onf ol@e,fajrrsm;jzpf+yD;/ csDvD. &efolonf ol@&efoljzpfonf? csDvDEdkifiHa&;
orm;wOD;ajymouJ@odk@yif “ol[m touf&Sif&yfwnfzdk@oufouf &efoludk ae@pOf &SmazGaeol jzpfw,f/ olwdk@r&SdbJeJ@ ol
b,folb,f0gqdkwm ol@udkolrodEdkifbl;”[lI jzpfonf? ol@tpdk;&onf wdkif;jynf. owif;pm (4) ckxJu (3) ckudk
ydwfvdkufonf/ wuUokdvfrsm;udk ppfwyf. }uD;=uyfr_atmufwGif xm;vdkufonf/ jynfolrsm;=um;wGif
aw;oDcsif;oDqdkr_rsm; ydwfyifxm;+yD; *pfwmwD;jcif;udkyif rwD;&bl;[k ydwfyifcJhonf? qifqmvl}uD; wOD;onf
ukApfZifrfyef;csD (cubism)ESifhywfoufaom pmtkyfrsm;tm;vHk;udk xdkt&mrsm;onf usL;bm;ta=umif;rsm;
jzpfonf[kqdk+yD; rD;&_d@ypf&ef trdef@yif ay;cJhzl;onf?
w}udrfwcg tm,ef;a';udk ðzwfcs&mwGif axmufcHtm;ay;cJhzl;aoma=umifh uufodkvpfbk&m;ausmif; twGuf vnf;

n‡mwmr_wckrS r&ay? yGJOD;xGufuwnf;u bk&m;ausmif;onf t}urf;zufr_ v_dif;xydk;rsm;rS ykyfwif
vdkufaomt&mrsm;udk odrfodrfarG@arG@ v#Kd@v#Kd@0Suf0Suf tultnD ay;cJhonf/ xdk@tjyif tm;vyfcsdefwGif w&m;0if
ydwfyifrxm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGufvnf; tpnfta0;vkyf&efae&m ay;cJhonf? yDEdka&S; tkyfpdk;pOf
av;ESpf=umonfhtcgwGif bkef;awmf}uD; a&mvf qDvfAm [ef&DuGuf (Cardinal Raul Silva Henriquez) ESihf
qefwD,m*dkòrd@. *dk%fcsKyfbkef;awmf}uD; tkyfcsKyfr_atmuf&Sd a'oonf zdESdyfn‡if;qJcH&aom 'kuQonfrsm;tm; ulnD&ef
pnf;vHk;aom bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tzJG@ (Vicaria de la Solidaridad) udk wnfaxmifcJhonf? xdktzGJ@u aysmufqHk;r_rsm;udk
rSwfwrf;wifxm;+yD; touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf tultnDrsm;/ cdkv_H&mrsm;ESifh aq;0g;rsm; udk axmufyHhay;onf?
“w&m;0ifajym&&if igwdk@&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m[m vl@tcGifhta&;jzpfw,f/ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_0g' r[kwfbl;/ 'gayr,fh

tJ'gu igwdk@udk tpdk;&eJ@qef@usifbufjzpfatmif vkyfaew,f”[k bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tzGJ@ t}uD;tuJ zmom c&pf&Sef
y&ufcsf (Father Christian Precht)u &Sif;jyonf? “vl@tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fjcif;[m vufawG@tm;jzifh
'Drdkua&pDpepfudk jr‡ifhwifjcif; jzpfw,f/ tJ'gawG[m '*Fg;jym;wjym;&J@ acgif;ESifhyef;vdkygyJ/ igwdk@wwfEdkifwJh enf;vrf;awGeJ@
igwdk@ulnDw,f/ +yD;awmh tEW&m,f wpHkw&mvnf;&Sdw,f/ igwdk@bkef;}uD;awGeJ@ oDv&SifawG tpdk;&&J@ wdkufcdkufjcif;udk
cH&w,f”[k qufajymonf? tm*sifwD;em;&Sd las madres rdcifrsm;. tajctaersKd; r[kwfaomfvnf;
bkef;awmf}uD;tzGJ@onf wlnDaomyef;wdkifodk@ a&muf&Sd&ef vkyfaqmifonf? tpdk;&. jypfr_rsm;udk a0;a0;vHvH
us,fus,fjyef@jyef@txd odatmif taotcsmaqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf? ol@[m olawmh tm%m&Sif ðywfusoGm;rnfr[kwf/
odk@aomf olr&SdyJ tiftm;ygaom twdkuftcHrsm;udk v_H@aqmf EdkifzG,fr&Sd [lIjzpfonf?
(1977) ck 'DZifbmvwGif ukvor*~onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf csDvDtpdk;&tm; jypfwif &_H@csvdkufonf?

orw epfqif vufxufwGif orw tm,ef;a';udk ðzwfcs&ef tm;ay;cJhaomfvnf; *sifrD umwm
vufxufa&mufaomtcg raxmufcHawmhay? EdkifiHwumacs;aiG ray;&ef =um;aerJay;+yD; csDvD ppfwyfxH
tar&duefvufeufrsm; rpD;qif;ap&ef ydwfyifonf? ,if;udk tm%m&Sifu ol@tpdk;&. ykHo¿mefudk

vljrifaumif;atmifvkyfjcif;jzifh wHk@jyefonf? tajymtqdkcHae&aom 'Dtdkiftefat axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@udk
w&m;0ifzsufodrf;vdkufonf? odk@aomf ,if;. ,EW&m;wGif tenf;ESifhtrsm;qdkovdk &SdaeqJjzpfonf? xdktzGJ@.ae&mwGif
A[dk trsKd;om;jyef=um;a&;Xme (The Central Nacional de Informaciones - CNI) jzifh tpm;xdk;cJhonf?
wcsdefxJwGifyif yDEdka&S;. csDum*dkcsmwdwfrsm; (Chicago Boys)[kac:aom/ csDum*dkwuUodkvf. ausmf=um; aom

pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfonfh rDvfwef z&dkif;rif; (Milton Friedman) ESifh tmEdk; [mbm*g (Arnold Harberger)
wdk@. aemufvdkufrsm;jzpf=uaom t}uHay;rsm;onf csDvDEdkifiH. aygufuGJaeaom pD;yGm;a&; twGuf olwdk@.
aps;uGufvGwfvyfcGifh aiGa=u;xdef;csKyfa&; ay:vpDudk toHkðycJhonf? odk@aomf urBmhpD;yGm;a&; usqif;r_u wGef;tm;ay;cJh+yD;
a=umufrufzG,f pD;yGm;a&; usqif;oGm;jcif;udkjrif&onf? aemufydkif;wGif wurBm vHk; pnf;yGm;a&;usqif;r_rS
jyefvnfoufomjcif;ESifhtwl csDvDonf jyefckefwufvmonf? ydk,drf;,dkifr_&Sd+yD; tòydiftqdkif ydkrsm;vmonf? xdkaemuf
ydk+yD;aEG;axG;aom pD;yGm;a&;aea&mifatmufwGif aev_H&if; yDEdka&S;onf ol@.tm%mvdkvm;r_tm; w&m;0ifjzpfap&ef
vkyfaqmifonf?
vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;/ bk&m;ausmif;acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh csDvDEdkifiH. touf&Sif&Sdaeao;aom orwa[mif; (3)

a,mufwdk@. a'gorsm;udk vpfvsL&_+yD; (1978) ck Zefe0g&DvwGif qENcH,lyGJusif;ycJhonf? rJyHk;ay:wGif csDvD.
&Snfarsmarsm=u,ftvH trSwfom;onf ‘axmufcHonf’[k t"dy`g,f&a=umif; ausnmcsufwGif azmfjy xm;+yD;/
wenf;tm;jzifh “csDvDEdkifiH. *k%foduQmtm; xdef;odrf;umuG,f&ef usaemfusrwdk@ orw yDEdka&S;tm; axmufcHygonf/
tpdk;&. w&m;0ifr_udk xyfavmif;twnfðyygonf”qdkaom oabmyifjzpfonf? teufa&mif rJrsm;udk
axmufcHrJrsm;tjzpf a&wGufcJh+yD;/ r#wovm;qdkjcif;udk b,folrS rpOf;pm;cJhay? odk@aomf tm%m &Sifonf ol@
atmifjrifr_udk vufa0S@&rf;jycJhonf? yDEdka&S;onf pdwf"mwfusaeaom ol@EdkifiHom; &efolawGudk “udka&$ EdkifiHa&;
orm;rsm;cifAsm;/ 'g[m cifAsm;wdk@&J@vrf;qHk;ygyJ/ 'Duae@csDvD[m csDvDEdkifiHopfjzpfoGm;+yD”[k ajym=um;cJhonf?
ppftm%modrf;aom (7) ESpfajrmufae@wGif rmhpf0g'DtzGJ@rsm;udk wm;qD;&ef tajccHOya'opfudk &dk;&dk;axmufcH jcif;/

uef@uGufjcif;jzifh awmif;qdkaom 'kwd,t}udrf qENcH,lyGJrS pDrHcef@cGJa&;tm%mtwGuf wGef;tm;ay;onf?
uGef*&ufv$wfawmfudk wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifh wm0efay;&ef vkyfaqmifonf? yDEdka&S;onf aemufxyf (8) ESpf
tm%m,l&rnf/ xdkaemuf qENcH,lyGJrS ppftpdk;&wifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftm; axmufcH. uef@uGuf. ajym &rnf?
tpdk;&onf oltqdkðyaomtwdkif;twmrsKd; wcsKd@ae&mrsm;ESifh vlOD;a&vsmxm;csufxufydkaeaom qENrJay;olrsm;xHwGif
r&Edkifaomfvnf; jynfol@qENcH,lyGJwGif EdkifoGm;onf? tpdk;&onf ol@atmifjrifr_udk qufvufzdESdyfzdk@twGuf
cGifhjycsuf&vdkifpifwckvdk toHk;ðycJhonf? xdk@jyif tjcm;tm;ay;tm;ajr‡muf owif;rsm;vnf; &Sdonf? 0g&Sifwefòrd@wGif
orw a&mfe,fa&*if. uGefqmaA;wpfygwD tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m& vmonf/ csDvDEdkifiH. cdkifcdkifrmrm
uGefjrLepftay:qef@usifonfh tpdk;&ESifhtwl yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufygrnf[k vuQ%mrsKd;pHkudk jycJhonf?
qENjyaomae@rsm;
yDEdka&S;onf vm; rGefae;'g; (La Moneda) orweef;awmfudk jyefvnftoufoGif;onf/ +yD;v#if (1981) ckwGif
qefwD,m*dk ta&S@awmifydkif;/ The Peach Tree [kac:aom t,fvf r,fvdkudkwef+rdK@ yk*~vdu tdrfawmf}uD; wckudkvnf;
wnfaqmufonf/ ol@tm%m. tjrpfonf ydk+yD;eufeuf&_dif;&_dif; yGm;rsm;aeonf? odk@aomf ol.tkyfcsKyfr_ESifh
ol@.tajccHOya'ESifhywfouf+yD; jynfol@qENcH,lyGJESpfck[m awmfawmfrsm;rsm; owdrðyrdaom
qifhyGm;tusKd;oufa&mufr_&SdcJhonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;rwdkifcifwGif twdkuftcHygwDonf rD;yHkyGJwck. rD;usD;cJrsm; uJhodk@
jyef@usJoGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif tqHk;r&Sdaom oufOD;qHydkiftkyfcsKyfr_tm; uef@uGufqENjyjcif;jzifh &efpcJhonf?
wdkif;jynfwGif rD;cJjymzHk;jzpfaeaom 'Drdku&ufwpf rD;}uD;cJonfvnf; jyefvnfvef;qef;vmonf? pD;yGm;a&;aumif;wck.
t&nftaoG;onf pwifajcmuf aoG@vmouJhodk@&Sdonf? (1982) ckwGif a=u;eDaps;rsm; xdk;usoGm;onf? EdkifiHjcm;rS
wifoGif;qD ukefusp&dwfonf jrifhwufoGm;+yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk b%fwdk; E_ef;xm; ckefwufr_wcka=umifh
awmifydkif;tm; *,uf&dkufaponf? csDvDEdkifiH. b%fwdk;E_ef;udk 16 &mcdkifE_ef;txd jrifhwufoGm;apcJhonf? vlOD;a& (11)
oef;&Sd wdkif;jynfwGif (5) oef;onf tvkyfvufrJh jzpfcJhonf?

(1973) ck tm%modrf;jcif;onf tvkyform;rsm;. pnf;vHk;r_udk ysufjym;aponf/ odk@aomf odyfrsm;rsm; pm;pm;awmh
r[kwfay? tvkyfXmersm;&Sd a'gorsm; tqHk;owfoGm;jcif;onf óudqdkvdkufaom tajymif;tvJ wckjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh
tpkd;&twdkuftcHrsm;udk tiftm;jzpfapaom tvkyform;rsm;. pGrf;aqmifcsufonf vlpdwf0ifpm;atmifvkyfjcif;om
jzpfonfqdk+yD; vlwdkif;awmh pdwfrylyef=uacs? csDvD. }uD;us,f+yD; tajccHus aom t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl
tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_wckonf tajymif;tvJtwGuf ta&;ygonfh tm;wck jzpfonfqdkaom ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk
rv_yfcgEdkifacs? xdktcsdefrSp+yD; xdktiftm;udk E_d;qG=uonf?
(1978) ckESpfwGif ajrmufydkif;oJuEWm&&Sd }uD;rm;aom a=u;eDowWKwGif;jzpfonfh csLuGDumrmwm (Chuquicamata)

owWKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;onf vkyfcwdk;ay;&ef awmif;qdkcsuf &_H;edrfh+yD;onfhaemuf olwdk@. xrif;pm;aqmifrsm;tm;
oydwfarSmuf&ef óud;pm;=uonfhtcsdefwGif tpdk;&u olwdk@udk tvG,fwul zdESdyfcJh onf? &kwfw&uf a'owckxJrS
tHkºuGr_wckonf uGefjrLepfrsm;tjzpf jynfESif'g%fxkwfcH&aom qENjy acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl tqHk;owfoGm;onf?
ESpftenf;i,f=um+yD;aemufydkif; ydk+yD;tajccHusaom tvkyform; wufºuGolrsm;onf trsKd;om;tzGJ@tpnf;wckudk
zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; pnf;&Hk;jcif;u udpPwck/ xda&mufr_ &Sdovm;r&Sdbl;vm;qdkonfu aemufudpP jzpfonf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif&Sdaom AFL-CIO ukr`%D csDvDukefypPnf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufvdkufaom +cdrf;

ajcmufr_wcka=umifh tpdk;&onf xdef;n‡dr_wcsKd@ ðyvkyf&onf? (1978) ck atmufwdkbmwGif wdkif;jynf
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;vkyf&ef tpdk;&rS ausnmonf? xdkxJwGif oef;w0ufcef@&Sdaom tvkyform;rsm;onf ‘q,fhw&ufae@’
uwnf;u yxrOD;qHk;taeESifh cdkifrmaomtvkyform; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk a&G;xkwfEdkifcJh =uonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap
a&G;cs,fcHr,fhudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf tpdk;&todtrSwfðy jzpf&rnf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDwGif rygygbl;[k usdefqdk&rnf?
vtenf;i,f=um+yD;onfhtcg tpdk;&onf oydwfrsm;ESifh oloabmrusaom tpnf;a0;rsm; usif;y&ef
w&m;0ifcGifhðyonf? odk@aomf aESmifóud;ygonf/ oydwfarSmuf+yD; &uf (30) wGif tvkyform; wa,mufudk jyefcef@Edkif+yD;/
&ufaygif; (60) xuf=um=um oydwfarSmufv#if xkwfy,f+yD; jzpf&rnf? vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;&Sdonf/
odyfvGefoGm;v#if tjypf'g%fxdrnf?
tvkyform;acgif;aqmif (2) OD;.vkyf&yfonf yDEdka&S;ESift h wl wdkif;jynf. om;acsmhaw;udk &yfypf&ef tcGifh tvrf;

ta&;}uD;a=umif; tcsufjycJhonf? xdkodk@vkyfv#if tEW&m,fvnf; &Sdjyefonf? ESdrfhcsaom pm&if;udkif wOD;jzpfol wlumy,f
*sifref;eufZf (Tucapel Jimenez) onf 0efxrf;or*~wGif twef=umyg0ifcJhaom wufºuGolwa,mufjzpfonf?
odk@aomf yDEdka&S; ay:vpDudk wdkufcdkuf+yD;onfhaemuf jy\emaumifwa,muf tjzpf tvkyfxkwfcH&onf? wkefv_yfr_r&SdyJ
olonf tpdk;&. *&krpdkufr_udk v_yfcgzdk@ tvkyform;rsm;udk awmif;qdk&if; tpdk;&tm; qufvuf}udrf;armif;onf? (1982)
ck azazmf0g&Dv wreufwGif 'Gefwlum (Don Tuca) onf tjcm; tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awG@qHk&ef
tpnf;ta0;wckodk@oGm;pOf vrf;wGif aysmufoGm;onf? em&Dydkif;t=umwGif vnfyif;udk tvSD;cHxm;&+yD;
ol@tavmif;tm; toGm;tvm &Sif;aom vrf;ay:rS ol@um;xJwGifawG@&onf? “igaorSyJ
tvkyform;tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf wdkufcdkufjcif;udk&yfr,f”[k 'Gefwlum u ajymzl;onf? tpdk;&u ol@pum;twdkif;
vkyfcJhonf?
tjcm;or*~0ifuawmh csDvDEdkifiH. t}uD;qHk;or*~jzpfwJh a=u;eD;owWKwGif; tvkyform;wGif; uGefz,f'a&;&Sif;rS touf

(29) ESpft&G,f tzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfonf? &dk'dkvfzdk aq;*lt,fvf (Rodolfo Seguel) onf owWKwGif; tvkyform;awmif
r[kwfay/ t,fvf w,feDtefaw; (El Teniente) owWKwGif;rS tr_xrf;vpm pma&; wa,mufjzpfonf?
xdkowWKwGif;onf qifwD,m*dk ta&S@awmifbuf rdkif (50) cef@&Sd yifv,fa&rsufESmjyif rDwm (2100) cef@jrifhaom
tef;'ufpf awmifatmuf wl;ajrmif;rsm;&Sd }uD;rm;aom a=u;eDowWKwGif;jzpfonf? ajrmufydkif; rif;ae;&dk; (mineros)
oJuEWm&rS xGif;xkvdkufaom wGif;rsm;qDrS owWK&dkif; ukAuDvdkrDwm aygif;rsm;pGmudk ,ufxkwf&if; acgif;r!$wfcJhonfh
vlrsm;onf a,bHk,stm;jzifh em=unf;csufwckESifhtwl a&S@qufwuf&ef jzpfonf? xdkodk@r[kwfv#if olwdk@.
&Sif;vif;jywfom;aom pdwf"mwfrsm;onf vufawG@ usaomt&mrsm;jzpfonfh vpmay;a&;/ tdk;tdrfaqmufay;a&;/
usef;rma&; odk@r[kwf tvkyfcsdefponfh udpPrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeonf? odk@aomf olwdk@onf tvkyform;rsm;=um;xJwGif
txufv$mjzpfonf? xdk@jyif a=u;eDonf csDvDEdkifiHtwGuf ta&;ygq;kH jzpfonft
h wGuf tvkyo f rm;ol&Jaumif;rsm; xdkodk@
vkyfaqmifae onfhtcsdefwGif tpdk;&onf tm&Hk pkdufvm&onf?

(1981) ckwGif aq;*lt,fvfu (59) &uf=umaom oydwfwckudk t,fvf w,feDtefaw; (El Teniente) òrd@wGif
OD;aqmifcJhonf? EdkifiHawmforwa&G;cs,f&ef oltEdkif&cJhaom (1982) ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv or*~ a&G;aumufyGJwGif
trsm;;vufcHEdkifaom udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfvm&ef xdkqENjyyGJu ol@tm; *k%fowif;}uD;apcJhonf? wcsefwcgu wdkif;jynf.
t}uD;qHk;toif;}uD;udk wdkif;jynf. t}uD;qHk;EdkifiHa&;ygwDESifh xdxda&mufa&muf qufpyfay;+yD; tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif c&pf,mef
'Drdku&ufwa,mufjzpfcJhonf? (1983) ckESpf {+yDvwGif topfzGJ@pnf; vdkufaom Commando Nacional de
Trabajadores (CNT) trsKd;om; tvkyform;rsm; aumfrwD. acgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ v_H@aqmfwJht}uHwckudk
axmufcHtm;ay;oltjzpfvnf;aumif; oludk,fol &yfwnfcJhonf? qENjyjcif;onf owWKwGif;tvkyform;csnf; r[kwfay/
jynfol tm;vHk;yg+yD; tpdk;&a&S@wiG f csjy&ef oHvufoD;wckjzpfonf?
“oydwfudk usaemfwdk@ a=unmwJhtcg usaemfwdk@&J@owWKwGif;awGudk wifhum;awGeJ@ wyfzGJ@awG 0dkif;xm;wm awG@&w,f/

ppf&[wf,Ofuvnf; tay:uae 0Jaew,f? aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfawmhr,f qdkwmudk usaemfwdk@ oabmaygufoGm;w,f/
usaemf tJ'DtwGuf raqmif&Gufcsifbl;/ tJ'ga=umifh oydwfrarSmufcif (4) &uf avmufrSm tpDtpOfqGJcJhw,f/ tJ'gudk
trsKd;om;oydwfae@tjzpfeJ@ usaemfwdk@ ajymif;ypfvdkufw,f/ usaemfwdk@ wEdkifiHvHk;xd jyef@ESH@oGm;zdk@ óud;pm;w,f/ pD;yGm;a&;
=uyfwnf;r_wcktwGuf oydwfarSmufzdk@ r[kwfbl;/ vl@tcGifh ta&;csKd;azmufr_vnf;ygw,f/ pepfwckvHk;ygw,f?
wpHkwa,mufaomolu ol[m tm%m&Sifjzpfw,f/ tJ'g[m tm%m&Siftpdk;&jzpfw,f/ usaemfwdk@ tajymif;tvJwck
vdkcsifw,fqdkwmudk tm%m&Sifudk ajym0Hhvmw,f”[k aq;*l;t,fvfu aemufydkif;wGif ajymjyonf?
xdktcg twdkuftcHrsm;onf wyfOD;rSor*~rsm;ESifhtwl vpOf tpdk;&udkqef@usifaom qENjyyGJrsm; qufwdkuf vkyfvmrnf?

'kwd,t}udrfqENjyr_onf ZGefv (14) &uf t*Fgae@jzpfonf/ Tt}udrfwGif pDwef; vSnfhvnfr_ rsm;. toHrsm;
qifwD,m*dkòrd@.eH&Hrsm;udk rjzwfausmfEdkifyJ yJhwif&kdufcwfoGm;onf? csDvDEdkifiH. &dk;wHwav#muf &dkufcwfoGm;onf?
t&G,faygif;pHkEdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh tqifhtwef;toD;oD;rsm; yg0ifcJhonf/ xdk@tjyif olwdk@onf wrift}urf;rzufvkyfjcif;om
jzpfonf? xdkaemufwGif twdkuftcHrsm; uGJoGm;onf? tzGJ@wcku oydwfrsm;udk olykefx&ef a&S@ajy;edrdwftjzpf
oHk;oyfcJhonf? tjcm;tzGJ@rsm;u oydwfrsm; qufvkyf&ef t=urf;rzuf v_yf&mS ; r_rsm;jzpf&rnf[k wdkufwGef;onf?
“'DqENjyyGJawGu 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&; umvwckeJ@ywfouf+yD; oabmwlzdk@ tpdk;&udk aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;
pm;yGJ0dkif;rSm xdkifvmatmifvdk@ wGef;tm;ay;wmom jzpfwJhta=umif; usaemfeJ@ wjcm;vlawG jiif;ckHcJh&w,f”[k
qENjywJhae@rsm;xJrS w&uftm; pnf;&Hk;vkyfaqmifcJhaom a*em&dk tm&D,m*g'g (Genaro Arriagada) u ajymonf?
odk@aomf ZGefv oydwfwGif EdkifiHom; (3) OD;aocJh+yD;/ &mESifhcsD tzrf;cHcJh&onf? tzrf;cH&onfhxJwGif &dk'dkvfzdk aq;*lt,fvf
vnf;ygonf? eHeuf (1) em&DcGJcef@wGif tm%mydkifrsm;u ol@wHcg;udkcsKd;zsuf0if+yD; ol@tm; tdyf,mxJrSqGJxkwfoGm;onf/
+yD;awmh ol@tm;armif;xkwfvdkufonf[k aq;*lt,fvf u aemufrS jyefajym jyonf? oltowfcHrvm;/
EdkifiHuESifxkwfcHrvm;qdk+yD; olpOfpm;cJh&yHkudkvnf; jyefajymjyonf? qD;*l;t,fvf tzrf;cH&jcif;ESifhywfouf+yD; pdefac:zdk@
or*~rsm;u taxGaxGoydwfwckudk awmif;qdkjyefonf? xdxda&muf a&muf rjzpfvdkufay/ oydwfonf
taumiftxnfray:vdkuf? cufcJaomtcsed frsm;wGif tvkyfvufrJhjzpfjcif;. wu,fhtajctae[m n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;/
tusOf;csjcif;/ ESifxkwfcH&jcif; ponfh +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;xuf ydk+yD;qGJaqmifr_tm;}uD;aeonf? jrifomonfh ppfwyfwnf&Sdr_
taetxm;ESifh xdktcsif;t&mrsm;u a=u;eD owWKwGif; tvkyform;rsm;udk tvkyfjyef0ifapcJhonf?
“tvkyform;or*~awGudk udk,fpm;ðywJh us&H_;oGm;wJh 'Doydwf[m oydwfarSmufr_rsm;rSm OD;aqmifr_tydkif; &,lzdk@

yxrqHk;ESifh aemufqHk;óud;pm;jcif;omjzpfw,f? trsKd;om;oydwfwcku vufawG@rjzpfEdkifr_udk jyocJh ayr,fh
tJ'DvdkoydwfrsKd;&J@ t}uHtpnf[m }uD;rm;wJhtm%mudk jyefxdef;odrf;Edkifw,f/ wcsKd@awGtwGuf ,kwWd&SdwJh
xifjrif,lqcsufxuf pdwfv_yf&Sm;r_tydkif;udk ydk+yD;jzpfaponfqdkaom ,Hk=unf csufrsKd;eJ@qdkifvdrfh r,f”[k tm&D,m*g'g
(Arriagada) u ajymjyonf? xdkodk@ aygufwwfu& pdwful;,Ofr_udk ydkvefaoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@uvnf;
olwdk@ajratmufa&mufoGm;+yD;aemuf vdkufvkyf=uonf?
olwdk@. acgif;aqmif *gb&Dt,fvf Am;vf'ufpf (Gabriel Valdes) tygt0if xif&Sm;aom c&pf,mef 'Drdk
u&ufrsm;tm; zrf;qD;cJhjcif;udk &_H@csa0zef&ef wwd,t}udrf oydwfarSmufwJhae@udk Zlvdkifv (12) &ufae@wGif
ac:vdkufonf? a=u;eDowWKwGif; tvkyform;rsm;. rauseyfjcif;ESifhtwl pwifcJhjcif;onf EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m us,fjyef@r_rsm;

jzpfapcJhonf? odk@aomf &Sif;vif;aom &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkif rxGufvmcJhay? qENjyr_rsm;onf qdk;qdk;0g;0g; }uD;xGm;vm+yD;
olwdk@csnf;tm%m&Sifudk ðzwfcsEdkifvdrfhrnf[k tawmfrsm;rsm;u EHkEHkcsmcsm awG;xifxm;cJhonf? vrf;ay:qENjyyGJrsm;ESifh
bmrSydkrxl;jcm;aom ydwfqdk@r_avmufESifh uavmxkwf r&avmuf atmif yDEdka&S. csKyfudkifr_u =urf;wrf;vGef;w,f?
“,HkrSmawmifr[kwfbl;/ tvkyfvufrJhawG&J@ axmufcHr_&cJhwJh v_yf&Sm;r_[m qENjyyGJtao;av;awGeJ@
rwwfomvdk@&yfqdkif;cJh&ayr,fh/ tJ'gawG[m pdwf"mwfa&;&mt& bmrS ajymp&mr&Sdbl;/ ppftpdk;&udk wGef;vSefzdk@
vHkavmufwJhtaetxm; jzpfoGm;vdrfhr,f”[k tm&D,m*g'g u ajymjy onf?
v_yf&Sm;r_rSm vufeufudk oHk;rnfvm;/ 'grS[kwf vHk;0t=urf;rzufwJhenf;oHk;rnfvm;qdkjcif;ESifhywfoufI tcsdef=um=um

pum;tajctwif aqG;aEG;r_rsm;&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD/;tzGJ@rsm;wGif jzpfonf? ppfwyftm; atmifEdkif&ef
vHkavmufaom vufeufudkifaqmifEdkifr_ r&Sdbl;qdkonfudk tawmfrsm;rsm;uodonf? yDEdka&S;wufvm+yD;r=umcif
ol@taztm; n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufcHcJh&onf owif;pmq&m yufx&Dv#m Am'l*dk (Patricia Verdugo)u qENjytrsKd;orD;rsm;
ajymonfudk jyefajymjyonf? &Jrsm;a&mufvmwJhtcg olwdk@onf =urf;jyifay:wGif 'l;axmufrnf/ vufoD;rsm;udk
ajr‡mufxm;rnf/ xdktcsdefwGif “+idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyonfhyHkpHrsKd;” &Sdaev#if wdkufcdkwfr_rsm; aemufqkwfoGm;rnf jzpfonf?
xdktcsdefwGif olwdk@onf “um;wm&mrsm; rD;&_d@/ r&_d@v#if vrf;rsm;ay:wGiftwm;tqD;rsm;vkyf/ rvkyfv#if
ausmufcJrsm;jzifhypfwwfaom vli,frsm;ESifh jcm;em;onf”udk jyo&ma&mufrnf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmifaomfvnf; tpdk;&ESifh
vuf0Jrsm; bufqDrS t=urf;zuf +cdrf;acsmufr_rsm; a=umifh t=urf;rzufa&;twGuf vdkuyf gorl sm;udk owWed nf;ap+yD;
oydwftiftm;udk avsmhapcJhonf?
pnf;&Hk;&efavm zsufpD;&efavm
(1983) ckESpf =o*kwfv tapmydkif;wGif qefwD,m*dkòrd@wGif csDvD. EdkifiHa&;e,fy,f trsm;pkudk udk,fpm;ðy+yD; tzGJ@ wzGJ@
pk&Hk;cJhonf? vuf,m0g'Drsm;qDrS orwpepfvufcHolrsm;/ tajccHvlwef;pm;rsm;/ vlr_a&;qdkif&mrsm;/ A[dkrS
c&pf,mef'Drdku&ufrsm;ESifh vuf0J0g'Drsm;qDrS qdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;rsm;ygonf? xdkygwDtm;vHk;onf ydwfyifcHxm; &aom
ygwDrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_tjzpf wnf&Sdae=uonf? xdktcsdefwGif olwdk@onf tmvD,efZm 'Drdku&ufwDum
(Alianza Democratica – AD) tzGJ@udk wnfaxmifvdkuf+yD; *gb&Dt,fvf Am;vf'ufZf (Gavriel Valdes) u
OD;aqmifonf? olwdk@.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;onf ta=umif;t&m wckwnf;odk@ avsmh usoGm;onf? “rwlnD=uwJh EdkifiHa&;/
tawG;tac:/ bmoma&;taetxm;rsm;ESifh wOD;csif;pDawGjzpf=ur,fh usaemfwdk@awG[m 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifzdk@
wcsKd@aom vl@usifh0wfqdkif&m ed,mrawGeJ@ wefbdk;awGudk av;pm;zdk@/ jr‡ifhwifzdk@ oabmwl+yD; pkpnf;vdkufwmjzpfw,f?
tJ'gawGr&SdyJeJ@ vGwfvyf+yD;wefzdk;&SdwJh/ wnfwHhcdkifjrJwJh vlr_b0[m rjzpfEdkifygbl;”[lIjzpfonf? &mpkESpftapmydkif;u
&k&Sm;vGwfajrmufa&;0g'Drsm;uJhodk@ at'DtzGJ@onf tqifhtwef;ESifh tawG;tac:ykdif;qdkif&m uGJjym;r_rsm;udk ausmfjzwf+yD;
tajcus,fjyef@onfh twdkuftcHwckudk wnfaqmufonf/ vG,fvG,fawmhr[kwfacs?
=o*kwfv (10) &ufae@wGif AdkvfcsKyfonf uufbdeuf0ef}uD;rsm;udk jyefvnfae&mcsxm;+yD;/ twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh

aqG;aEG;r_pwif&ef ,cif vuf,m*dk%f; trsKd;om;ygwDacgif;aqmifa[mif; qm*Dtdk tGefEdkza&; *sm&yg; (Onofre Jarpa)
tm; jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;topftjzpf tm%may;onfhta=umif; ausnm&ef trsKd;om; &kyfjrifoH=um; Xmeodk@ oGm;onf?
odk@aomf xdkae@aemufydkif;ae@rsm;wGuf pDpOfaom qENjyr_rsm;twGuf wyfom; (1) aomif; (8) axmifudkvnf;
vrf;rrsm;ay:wGifcsxm;&ef trdef@xkwfcJhonf? xdktcsif;t&monf uwWDygvuftdyfpGyfxm; aom oHvufoD;jzpfonf?
aemufae@reufwGif ppfom;rsm;udk rmydkcsKdjrpf (Mapocho River). uGef*&pf urf;yg;wav#mufwGif csxm;onf?
xdkjrpfonf qifwD,m*dk òrd@v,facgif. wzufwcsufudk jcm;xm;onf? aemufqufwGJjzpfvmaom ypfcwfr_wGif
uav;oli,f (3) OD;tygt0if (26) OD;aoqHk;cJhonf? (tpdk;&. xkwfjyefcsuft& (17) OD; jzpfonf?)
tpdk;&onf ol@.tEdkifrcHt&H_;ray;onfhpdwf"mwfudk xyfrHjyo&if; aqG;aEG;&eftqifoifhjzpfaeonf? qifwD,m *dkòrd@.

bkef;awmf}uD;opf [Grf z&efqpPudk z&ufpEdk (Juan Francisco Fresno). =um;0ifjzefajzr_ESifhtwl *sm&yg; ESifh
tmvD,efZmtzGJ@wdk@t=um; tquftpyf&oGm;onf? yxr tpnf;ta0;wGif Am;vf'ufpf ESifh ol@taygif;tygrsm;u
yDEdka&S; E_wfxGufa&;ESifhpwifonfh awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk wifjy=uonf? *sm&yg;u taxmuftxm;pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk

vufcH&efyif jiif;qdkcJhonf? *sm&yg;a=umifh olwdk@ ESpfcgxyfawG@=u&onf/ odk@aomf bmwdk;wufajymif;vJr_rS rjzpfvmay/
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf twdkuftcHu tpdk;&qif;ay;&efom vdkonf[k oljrifxm;onf? tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;r_rsm;
qufjzpfae+yD; *sm&yg;u (3) ckudk avsmhay;&ef oabm wlonf? ta0;a&mufaeolrsm; jyefvm&efvufcHonf/
ay:ay:xifxif&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDwcsKd@udk cGifhðyonf/ pmtkyfxkwfolrsm;udk óudwifoabmwlnDr_&,l&efrvdkyJ
acgif;pOfrsm;ay;cGifhðyonf?
twdkuftcHxJrS tawmfrsm;rsm;u xdkwdk;wufr_onf yDEdka&S;udk tdk;rsm; ',fjym;rsm; ydkwD;cwfjcif;jzifh qENjyr_rsm;

xyfvkyfv#if aemufqHk;wGif ðzwfcsEdkifrnfqdkonfudk jyoaeonf[k awG;xif=uonf? odk@aomf qENjyr_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonfh
wu,fhjcm;em;csufrSm ydk+yD;odrfarG@onf? *sm&yg; pum;ajym+yD;aemuf tzGifhpum;onf tm%m&Sif tm;
r+cdrf;ajcmufEdkifcJhay? odk@aomf xdkn‡dE_dif;r_onf 'Drdku&ufwpf twdkuftcHrsm; vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfh us,fjyef@ onfh
ae&mvGwfjzpfapcJhonf? xdkrSom tem*wfvkyfaqmifr_twGuf jzef@usufxm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhtopfrsm; jzpfvmrnf?
tpdk;&w&yfESifhtwl v_yf&Sm;&kef;uefwnfaqmuf&if; yDEdka&S;tm; qef@usifaom 'Drdku&ufwpf wyfrsm;tm;
&SmIr&ao;aomfvnf; atmifyGJavm &H_;edrfhyGJavm qdkjcif;udk rod&ao;onfh tpHkvdkuf aphpyf n‡dE_dif;r_rsm;.
qufwdkufjzpfaer_ tawmftoifh rjzpfcJhacs? odk@aomf tjyeftvSeftusKd;ðyr_wckonf twdkuf tcHwcktm; ol@AsL[mudk
taumiftxnfazmfaqmifr_rsm;tjzpf vdkvm;onfudk jyaeonf?
tmvD,HZmzGJ@onf jynfwGif;ppfxufqdk;onfht&m bmrSr&Sdqdkaom csDvDvlrsKd;trsm;pk. xifjrifcsuftm;

a&mifjyef[yfapaom twdkuftcHwdk@. t=urf;rzufaomrsufESmpmjzpfonf? odk@aomf 20 &mpk tapmydkif;
yÉdyuQrsm;rSmuJhodk@ vlxk. axmufcHr_tm; pkpnf;&ef aqmif&GufcJhaom t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_onf csDvDEdkifiHwGif
vuf0JESifh vuf,m tpGef;a&mufrsm;u atmifjrifaom tm%mqdkonfrSm udk,fhvrf;a=umif; ay:wGif ydwfaeonfh
olrsm;udk owfjcif;jzpfonfqdkonfh olwdk@. ,Hk=unfcsufudk rpGef@v$wfcsif=uacs? abmf&SdApfu (1905) ckESpf
ratmifjrifcJhaom qENjyr_udk rD;pysKd;cJhjcif; ESifh *smrefzufqpfrsm;u (1932) ckESpf jyifopfusL;ausmfolrsm; qef@usifonfh
jyif;xefaom tzsufvkyfief;rsm;uJhodk@/ tm%monf aoewfaysmif;0rS vmonfqdkjcif;udk oufaojy&ef csDvDEdkifiH&Sd
tajccHvuf0J0g'Drsm;u ydkif;jzwfxm;onf?
(1980) wGif tm%m&Sifonf ol@. tajccHOya'opfrSwqifh wGef;wifay;vdkufouJhodk@ uGefjrLepfrsm;u

vGwfvyfa&;twGuf csDvD. (19) &mpkwdkufyGJ aysmuf=um;acgif;aqmif wOD;twGuf emrnfay;cJhaom csDvDEdkifiH.
Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front – FPMR udk ay:aygufaponf? tjcm;wzGJ@. ta0;a&muf tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf
The Revolutionary Left Movement awmfvSefaom vuf0Jv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@/ wenf;tm;jzifh MIR tzGJ@udk jzpfaponf?
olwdk@xJuwcsKd@udk eDum&m*Gg/ usL;bm;/ t,fvfa*;&D;,m; ESifh ta&S@Oa&my wdk@wGif aysmuf=um;ppftwGuf
avhusifhay;+yD; q,fpkESpftapmydkif;uyif csDvDEdkifiHodk@ jyefydk@cJhonf? *sm&yg;ESifh aqG;aEG;a&;wGif ºuGif;usefcJhaom
wif;rmonfhvuf0J0g'Drsm;onf MIR tzGJ@ESifh qdk&S,fvpfvlpkrsm;udk aygif;pnf;+yD; Popular Democratic Front
jynfol@'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;/ wenf;tm;jzifh MDP ac: wjcm;r[mrdwfwckudk zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf? tmvD,efZm ac:
tm*sifwD;em; 'Drdku&ufwpftzGJ@ ESifh trf'DyD ac: jynfol@'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;wdk@. AsL[mrsm;onf yDEdka&S;.
twdkuftcHrsm;=um;wGif tajccHuGJ+yJr_udk jzpfaponf? “tmvD,efZmudk qENjyr_awGrSm tpdk;&udk
aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_awGvkyfvmatmif ,laqmifay;EdkifwJh vlr_qdkif&m zdtm;taeeJ@ &_jrif=uw,f”[k tm&D,m*g'g u
a&;om;cJhonf? odk@aomf trf'DyDuawmh olwdk@udk vlxkqlyltHkºuGr_twGuf eif;cHkwcktjzpfjrifcJhonf? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;u
avsmhay;r_rsm; vkyfvmonfhtwGuf trf'DyD (jynfol@'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;) u ysuf&,fðy+yD;/ trftdkiftm (awmfvSefaom
vuf0Jv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@) u ppfyGJqifawmhonf?
=o*kwfv wreufcif;wGif qifwD,m*dk. ppfbufqdkif&mòrd@0efonf tem;ujzwfoGm;onfh ukefwifum;ay:rS

aoeyform;rsm;. ypfcwfr_jzifh}uKHcJh&+yD; olESifhtwl ol@tul&Jabmf (2) OD;vnf; ypfowfcHcJh&onf? vkyf}uH
owfjzwfr_onf t&ifu olwdk@wGif ukefwifum;rsm;&SdcJhz;l I trftdkiftm tzGJ@uvkyfonf[k ,lq=uonf? (1973) ck
ppftm%modrf;onfh atmufarhzG,ftcrf;tem;rS tapmifhwOD;tm; (1980) ckwGif ypfowfcH&onf? odk@aomf tm%m.
A[dktcsuftcsmESifh b,fwHk;urS reD;uyfcJhay? tpdk;&onf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@xkwf&ef ol@aoG;wdk;udkprf;onf? odk@aomf
wywfcef@=umaomf pDtJeftdkif (A[dktrsKd;om; jyef=um;a&;Xme)rS wyfzGJ@rsm;u trftdkiftm . ykef;tdrf (2) vHk;udk
pufaoewfjzifh ypfcJhI tvkyform; (5) OD; aoqHk;cJhonf?

t=urf;zufr_wckESifh pwifzGifhvSpfcJh+yD; vuf0Jaysmufusm;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&wyfrsm;u csDvdDEdkifiHwGif tajymif;tvJ
t&dyft¹rGufjyvdkonfh enf;vrf;tjzpf aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;tpm; wdkufyGJrsm;ESifhtm;yg;w& tpm;xdk;cJhonf? i,f&G,faom
qef@usifolrsm;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf tufzfyDtrftm (rsKd;cspfwyfOD;) ESifh trftdkiftm wdk@qDudk OD;wnfoGm;cJh+yD;
tmvD,efZmESifh tawG@tóud&ifhusufr_udk odrfodrfarG@arG@&,lcJh&mrS a0;oGm;=uonf? “uGefjrLepfrsm;&J@tjrift&
vufo,rf;zsufqD;jcif;/ vk,ufzsufqD;jcif;awGrS vufeuf udkifaqmifxm;jcif; r&SdwJh vlrsm;u vHk+cKHa&;wyfom;awGudk
cJeJ@ypfaygufjcif; pwJh b,ftusifhp&dkufrsKd;rqdk vufcHEdkifw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ vuf0JtpGef;a&muf0g'DawG
em;vnfzdk@cufaewmu tJ'DvdkrsKd; t=urf;zufr_[m tpkd;&udk qef@usifv_yf&Sm;wJ@ae&mrSm vH;k 0xda&mufrr_ &Sdovd/k qENjy
v_yf&Sm;r_udk zsufqD;zdk@ txda&mufqHk;enf;vrf; jzpfw,f”[k tm&D,m*g'gu jyefajymjyonf? t=urf;zufr_onf
vpOfqENjyr_rsm;. yHkpHopfvdk jzpfvmwJh twGuf tv,ftvwfESifh txufwef;v$mrsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;=uonf?
csDvDvlrsKd;rsm;. a'gifvdkuf jzwfydkif;wckudk wcgxJqGJcsEdkifonfht&monf tcktcgwGif csDvDqif;&Jom;rsm;.
rauseyfcsufrS xGufaygufwck jzpfvmcJhonf?
(5) }udrfajrmufqENjyyGJudk pufwifbmv (8) &uf =umoyaw;ae@wGif ac:vdkufonf? ppftm%modrf;r_.

q,fESpfajrmufESpfywfvnfjzpfonhf &SufzG,f (3) &ufjzpfonf? ygwDESpfckvHk;onf xdkqENjyr_onf +idrf;csrf;r_ &Sd&rnf[k
oabmwlcJhonf/ trSefwu,f tmvD,efZm 'Drdku&ufwpftzGJ@ESifh *sm&yg;wdk@t=um; pum;pjrnf onf
wdk;wufajymif;vJaeonf? xdkxJwGif ppfom;rsm; r&Sd&/ +idrf0wfydjym;a&;udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef um&mbDae;&dk;rsm;
carabineros jynfol@&Jrsm;yJ &Sd&rnf? odk@aomf qENjyr_ pwifwmESifhwòydifeuf &Jrsm;tm; rD;owfydkufrsm;/
rsuf&nf,kdAHk;rsm;jzifh wdkufcdkif;onf? tm&d,m*g'gonf eHygwfwkwfrsm;ESifh &dkufcH&aom vlrsm; xJwGif ygonf?
atmufwdkbmv (11) &uf (6) }udrfajrmufoydwfarSmufr_wckudk 'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwfrsm;u vkyfwmr[kwfbJ/ trf'DyD
jynfol@'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;u vkyfonf? tv,ftvwfwef;pm;rsm; xdkqENjyyGJodk@ rwufEdkifcJhay? (6) a,muf
towfcH&+yD;/ tm;vHk;onf qif;&Jom;t&yfrsm;rS jzpfonf?
xdktcsdefavmufwGif Edk0ifbmv vlxkqENjyyGJwckudk arv (11) &uf qENjyr_onf =umcJh+yD[kxifrSwfaeaom

tmvD,efZm 'Drdku&ufwpftzGJ@u ðyvkyfcJhonf? w&dyf&dyfwufvmaom ukefaps;E_ef;onf t&Sdefjrifhwufvm+yD;
'Drdkua&pDpepfuJhodk@ atmifjrifaomt&mwckcktwGuf tcGifhtvrf;onf ydk+yD;a0;uGmvmonf? “EdkifiHa&; orm;awG/
todynm&SifawG/ ausmif;q&mawG/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;acgif;aqmifawG/ or*~acgif;aqmifawG twwfynm&SifawGeJ@
tEkynm&SifawG&J@ vlr_a&;qdkif&mpnf;&Hk;r_udk zefwD;zdk@ igwdk@&J@ tJ'Denf;AsL[mudk uGefjrLepf0g'D tpGef;a&mufarGu
xdef;csKyfvmrSmudk wu,fpdk;&drfrdw,f”[k *gb&Dt,fvf Am;vf'ufpf u ajymonf? jzpfwJhenf;ESifh
aysmuf=um;ppfudka&Smifzdk@ olvdkvm;onf? “usaemfoabmaygufw,f/ usaemfwdk@ 'Dvrf;a=umif;ay:u qufroGm;Edkifbl;/
bmvdk@vJqdkawmh t=urf;zufr_[m odyf=urf;wrf;w,f yGifhvif;vGwfvyf wJh qENjyr_wu G dk vpfvsL&_xm;jcif;jzifh
tmvD,efZmtzGJ@u vlowfr_eJ@qdkifwJh ykefuefr_ay: !$wfvmwJh olawGudk owfuGif;tjzpfay;vdkuf&w,f”[k
oluqufajymonf?
(1984) rwfvwGif jyefpaom qENjyr_rsm;aemufodk@ ajratmuf&xm;vrf; AHk;axmifjcif;/ um&mbDae;&dk; jynfol@&Jrsm;udk

wdkufcdkufjcif;/ v#yfppfwm0gwdkifrsm;udk 'dkif;erdkufESifhazmufcGJjcif; paom qef@usifbuf t=urf; zufr_u vdkufygvmonf?
tufzfyDtrftm rsKd;cspfwyfOD;. rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;wcku “tm%m&Sif. wyfrsm;udk +zKdzsufrnfh wGef;tm;rsm;udk
wGef;wif&ef jynfol@ppfwyfwck wnfaxmif&r,f”[k a=unmonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;u csDvDwEdkifiHvHk; rv_yf&Sm;Edkifatmif
trsKd;om;oydwfwck azmfaqmif&ef ar#mfvifhxm;onf? vlOD;a&wpHkvHk;. ykefuefxºuGr_ vdkufygvm&rnf/
vufeufudkifwyfrsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;vnf;ygvm&rnf? trftdkiftm (awmfvSefaom vuf0Jv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@) tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh
tjcm;jynfol@ppfrsm;onf (1984) ckESpfwGif csDvDEdkifiH. pHkcsnfqefcsnftESH@ AHk;aygufuGJr_ (700) ausmf&Sdonfudk
ay:vGifap&ef a=umufrufzG,f v_H@aqmfr_ wckudk wGef;wifcJhonf? Edk0ifbmvwGif yDEdka&S;u pD;eif;wkef@jyef+yD;
ppftm%modrf;jcif;. tpydkif;ae@rsm;uJhodk@yif qif;&Jom;rsm;udk axmifESifhcsD+yD; zrf;qD;pkaqmif;jcif;rsm; pwifonf?
&maygif;wGif;pGmtm; jynfwGif;&Sd rJZm&yfrsm;odk@ ydk@cH&+yD;/ (8) axmifausmfausmf xdef;odrf;xm;vdkufonf?
t=urf;zufaom vuf0Jrsm;ESifh t=uifemrJhaom tpdk;&=um; xdkokd@ tjyeftvSefjzpfr_rsm;onf =unfhrSef. yHkwl

tcsKd;nDr_rsKd;uJhodk@ jzpfcJhonf? xdkxJwGif wzuf.vkyfaqmifjcif;udk wjcm;wzuf.wkef@jyefr_u raoGzDyJ yHk&dyfxif

[yfaponf? “'Dtpdk;&eJ@ aysmuf=um;awGrSm aumif;rGefwJh tjyeftvSef tusKd;ðyr_ qufpyfr_wG&Sdw,f”[k oHwrefwOD;u
xkwfazmfajym=um;cJhonf? yDEdka&S;. &mxl;oufwrf;onf ta0;a&mufvuf0Jrsm;qDrS a=umuf&GH@r_udk aocsmap+yD;/
t=urf;zufr_onf xdkoufwrf;tm; wGef;tm;ay;&ef qifajcjzpfonf?
t&Sdeft[kefopf/ t=urf;zufr_topf
twdkuftcH. yxrqHk;xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;t+yD; (2) ESpft=um (1985) ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif t"du acgif;aqmifrsm;u

qifwD,m*dk&Sd cef;em;aom Spanish Circle club wGif tpnf;ta0;wck jyefvkyfonf? bkef;awmf}uD; z&ufpEdk
(Fresno) ESifh yDEdka&S;tm%mr&cifwkef;u 0ef}uD;a[mif;wOD;jzpfaom qm*sDtdk rdkvDem (Sergio Molina) wd@k u
E_dif;,SOfr&aom upm;orm;rsm;udk yg;yg;eyfeyf xdk;wifay;jcif;jzifh vaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdefukefvGefcJhonf?
vwfwavmtajctaewGif tpOftvma[mif;udk t&dk;pGJaeonf t,fvefa';acwf qdk&S,fvpf0g'Drsm;qDuae/
vli,ft&if;&SiftpktzGJ@wckjzpfonf vGwfvyfaom 'Drdku&ufwpf or*~ (The Union Democrattica Independiente
– UDI) ESifh jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;tjzpfrS E_wfxGufcJhaom *sm&yg; zefwD;vdkufonfh trsKd;om;or*~ (Union Nacional)
uJhodk@ tpGef;ra&mufaomtzGJ@rsm;jzpfonfh vwfwavm ay:vmygwDrsm;txd (11) ygwD&Sdonf? uGefjrLepfESifh tpdk;&rygyJ
vlwdkif;udk udk,fpm;ðyonf? uGJjym;r_rsm;tpm; xdktzGJ@onf AsL[mwcktay:wGif oabmwl+yD;/ olwdk@ac:qdkaeaom The
Natioal Accord for Full Transition to Democracy (Acuerda Nacional) 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ vHk;0ajymif;vJa&;
trsKd;om; oabmwlnDr_tzGJ@ qdkonfudk taumiftxnfazmfonf?
trsKd;om;oabmwlnDr_tzGJ@onf cdkifrmaom t&mwckudkcsrSwfonf/ odk@r[kwf yDEdka&S;.wjznf;jznf;csif;

axmufcHcJh&aom ay:vpDudk ,kwWd&Sd&Sd pdefac:&efr[kwfay? tcsKd@u 'Drdkua&pDodk@ ul;ajymif;Ekdif&ef at;pufpuf Edkifonf[k
ajymEkdifonf? xdktzGJ@onf tm%m&SifE_wfxGuf&ef awmif;qdkr_ESifh t&m&mudk pGef@pGef@pm;pm; vkyu f kdif &r_rsm;udk
a&Smif&Sm;onf/ yDEdka&S;udk ol@b0.aemufqHk;ae@rsm;twGuf xdyfqHk;udk ydk@ay;EkdifcJhaom w&m;0if ,EW&m;}uD;jzpfonfh
(1980) ckESpf tajccHOya'udk vufcHonf? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh xdktzGJ@onf (1988) ckESpftwGuf axmufcHonf/
uef@uGufavmufom vkyf&aom vlxkqENcH,lyGJudk vGwfvyf+yD; òydifqdkifr_&SdwJh a&G;aumufyGJESifh tpm;xdk;Ekdif&efESifh
urf;vSrf;cJhonf/ xdk@tjyif wdkif;jynftm; ta&;ay: tkyfcsKyfa&;rS &yfqdkif;ay;&ef/ a&G;aumufyGJpepfopfwckvkyf&ef/
EdkifiHom;vGwfvyfcGifrsm;apmifhxdef;&ef ESifh jynfolrsm;udk aemufxyfta0;odk@rydk@&ef jzpfonf?
trsKd;om; oabmwlnDr_tcsdefusrS wdk;wufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf ar#mfvifhcsufrsm; wdk;wufvmonf?

yGifhvif;vGwfvyfaom qENjyr_rsm; jyefvnftm;aumif;vm&ef wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifh taxmuftulðyonf?
qENjyr_rsm;ESifh rmausmvmaom csDvDEkdifiHom;rsm;onf vrf;rrsm;qDodk@ olwdk@. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk ,lvm jcif;jzifh
carabineros jynfol@&J/ ppfom;rsm;. n‡yfyl;n‡yfydwfwdkufyGJrsm;ESifh xyf&ifqdkif&ef qEN&SdyHk&onf? 0g&Sifwefòrd@wGifyif
pdwf"mwfrsm;onf rwl=uacs? “a&*iftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfwJh yxrESpftwGif; csDvDEdkifiHtay: jyowJh udk,fcsif;pmr_[m
oabmrusr_udk }uD;xGm;apzdk@ vrf;a=umif;ay;vdkufw,f”[k tm&d,m*g'gu rSwfcsufcscJhonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&onf
=um;od&aom a'gotenf;i,fESifhtwl jynfwGif;ESifh jynfy rauseyfr_ tawmfrsm;rsm;udk oludk,fwdkif
E_d;qGay;vdkufonf?
(1985) ck rwfvwGif tpdk;&vHk+cKHa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u qifwD,m*dkwGif&Sdaom uufodkvpf vl@tcGifhta&;&Hk;rS vl (2) OD;udk

qGJcJhonf? ausmif;q&mrsm;or*~ acgif;aqmifESifh bk&m;ausmif;tzGJ@wckESifh vkyfudkifaeaom vlr_a&;&m
pDrHcef@cGJr_ynm&Sifwa,muf wdk@jzpfonf? =um;0ifjzefajz&efóud;pm;onfh ausmif;q&mwa,mufonf AdkufwGif
aoewfESpfcsuf ypfcH&onf? aemufwae@wGif t&yfom;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u wwd,vludk zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;onf? (3)
a,mufvHk;udk uGefjrLepfaomif;=urf;olrsm; jzpfonf[k pGyfpGJcH&onf? oDwif;ywftukef xdkvrf;wav#muf&Sd ajrmif;xJwGif
acgif;jzwfxm;onfh tavmif;rsm;udk awG@&onf? xdkae&mwGif vGefcJhonfh (3) ESpf tapmydkif;u wlumy,fvf *sif;rufeuf
towfcH&zl;onf?
*sif;rufeuf towfcH&r_[m t"dutm;jzifh pdwfysufr_udk jzpfcJhaomfvnf; vnffvSD;cH&wJh vloHk;OD;. uH=urRm onf

a=umuf&GH@r_udk z,f&Sm;ay;vdkufaom vlxkwckrS tv#iftjref ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_udk jzpfaponf? ppftm%modrf;jcif;
(5) v=umcJhaomfvnf; vGrf;qGwfol (1) aomif; (5) axmifcef@onf uufoD'&,f bk&m;ausmif;rS ocsõKif;qDodk@

tokbvSnfh vdkufydk@=uonf? w&m;pD&ifr_tm%muvnf; zdESdyfxm;onf? (4) v =um pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;wcka=umifh
carabinero jynfol@&Jt&m&Sd (14) OD;udk pGJcsufwifEdkifcJh+yD; trsKd;om;&JwyfzGJ@. t}uD;tuJudk ðzwfcsEdkifcJhonf?
orw.xdef;csKyfudkifwG,fr_udk tm;aysmhapjcif;jzifh ol@ae&mtm;qufcHol &dk'dkvfzdk pwefa*; udk yDEdka&S;.
&kyfao;&kyfrjzpfatmif ajymif;vJaponf?
vufwiftar&du tm%m&Sifrsm;tay: 0g&Sifweftpdk;&. pdwf&Snfr_onf xdktcgwGif ododomom arS;rSdef vmonf?

arvwGif tar&dueftwGif;a&;udpPrsm;twGuf wkdif;jynf. wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL; tjzpfrS yDEdka&S; tpdk;&tay:
us,fus,favmifavmif axmufcHolwa,mufjzpfonfh vef[Gef; armhwav (Langhorn Motley)udk xkwfy,f+yD;
vltcGifhta&;ESifh vlom;a&;&mXmerS ,cif twGif;a&;rSL; tJvD;a,mh atb&rf (Elliott Abrams)ESifh jyefvnf
tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? xdk@aemuf (1982) ckESpfuwnf;u wm0efxrf;aqmif aeaom qifwD,m*dk&Sd yDEdka&S;bufrS umuG,f
ajymqdkol tar&duefoHtrwfae&mtm; oHwrefwOD;jzpfonfh [m&D *sD bm;eufpf *sLeD,m (Harry G. Barnes, Jr.) ESifh
tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? ol@t&nftcsif;awGudk orwxH wifjyjcif;jzifh “'Drdkua&&J@ qdk;0g;r_awGudk ydk+yD;'Drdkua&pDuswJh
pepfeJ@om taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif ukoEdkifw,f”qdk+yD; bm;eufpfu ol@udk ajymcJhonf[k od&onf?
pyvdefwckuJhodk@ aysmhajymif;r_ jzpfawmhrnf[k,lq&onf? tm%modrf;r_onf ZGefvwGif jzpfcJh+yD;/ tm&Dum (Arica) rS

awmifbufpGef;&Sd yGefwm t&D;em;pf (Punta Arenas)odk@ jyef@oGm;aom pufwifbm (4) &uf qENjyr_wckonf ppfwyfESifh
carabineros jynfol@&Jrsm;. cgwdkif;vdk }uD;rm;wJh wyfcsxm;r_udk rjzpfapcJhay? tcsKd@u xdkodk@ csKyfwnf;xm;jcif;udk
yDEdka&S;tpdk;&. taygif;toif;a&mif;&if;rsm;u *emr+idrfjzpfaevdrfhrnf/ ol@ae&mudk csufcsif;jyeftpm;xdk;&rnf/ 'grS
tem*gwfudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ydkjrif&rnfqdkonfh vuQ%mwcktjzpf jrifonf? jynfh0+yD; vGwfvyfaom
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf vlxkqENcH,lyGJvkyf&ef t}uHtpnfudk pGef@v$wf &rnf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap yDEdka&S;twGufrSmawmh
xdktcsif;t&monf EdkifiHa&;orm;awGqDrSm jzpfwwfaom jzpfcsifwmudktajccHaom pOfpm;r_wck jzpfonf?
“wcsKd@EdkifiHa&;orm;awG oGwfoGif;vdkufwJh or&dk;us bmrSrygwJh 'Drdkua&pDudk vufcHvdkufr,fqdk&if usaemfwdk@[m
csDvDjynfolawGudk opPmazmuf&musr,f”[k ol ausnmcJhonf?
csDvDjynfolrsm;onf vufrcHEdkifbl;[k awmif;cHcJhonf? The Vicariate of Solidarity bkef;awmf}uD;wGif; ESifh

bkef;awmf}uD; z&ufpfudk. wnf+idrfaumif;rGefonfh &Hk;Xmersm;rSuwqifh &SifoefwufºuGaeaom bk&m;ausmif; onf
twdkuftcHrsm;. aemufxyfjr‡m;wpif;twGuf }uD;rm;aomwkefv_yfr_udk jzpfaponf? bkef;}uD;rsm;ESifh oDvS&Sifrsm;.
tzGJ@wckonf vlodrsm;aom w&m;0ifn‡if;yrf;ESdyfpuf&mae&ma&S@wGif qENjyodrf;ykdufvdkufonfh twGufjzpfonf?
wcsdefxJwGifyif &dk'dkvfzdk aq;*l;t,fvf ESifh ol@taygif;tygrsm;onf avmuDae&mXemwckrS v_H@aqmfr_topfwckudk
&,lcJhonf? “&kyf&Sifjyaew,fvdk@ usaemfxifaewm/ *E<D aygh/ (1983) ckESpfu jynfol@&kyf&Sif&HkawGrSm jyaewm/
Zmwfum;pwifwJhtcsdefavmufrSm/ +yD;awmh usaemfwdk@ tJ'gudk (2) }udrfavmufawmh tenf;qHk;=unfh&w,f”[k ol
ajymjyonf? qD;*l;t,fvfu *E<DESifh ydkvefu vufbm0ifqm (Lech Walesa) wdk@t=um; vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk
,SOf+yD;jrif&a=umif;/ “vl (2) OD;vHk;[m vufeufeJ@ ajz&Sif;wmxuf ydk+yD;tusKd;jzpfxGef;apwJh t=urf;rzufjcif;eJ@
wdkufyGJawG 0if=uw,f”[k oluajymonf?
qENjyolrsm;[m taºuG;a=umfoHtopfudkvnf; awG@cJhonf? Tenemos las manos limpias! “igwdk@rSm

oef@&Sif;wJhvufawG&Sdw,f” csDvDEdkifiH&Sd òrd@rsm;.vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf olwdk@.vufrsm;udk
ajr‡mufxm;onf/ vuf0g;rsm;udk jzef@xm;onf? o&kyfaqmifolrsm;[m jyZmwfwck+yD;oGm;wJhtcg y&dowfudk
vufz0g;rsm;axmif+yD; E_wfquf=uonf? y&dowfuvnf; toHwdwf todrSwfðywJhtaejzifh o&kyfaqmifolrsm; udk
vufz0g;rsm;axmifjy+yD; wkef@jyefonf? owif;tcsuftvufonf &dk;&dk;r[kwfay/ twdkuftcHrsm;u t=urf;zufr_udk
tm;rudk;awmhay/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&. enf;AsL[mudk vdkufoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pD r&Edkif[kqdkjcif;jzpfonf?
jynfolrsm;. ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_onf olwdk@.&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifESifh worwfxJ jzpfae&rnf? xkd@a=umifh
twdkuftcHrsm;u tpdk;&ESifhomru vuf0Jrsm;. t=urf;zuf qlylaomif;=urf;r_ rsm;ESifhvnf; uif;atmifaeonf?
odk@aomf aus;vufa'orsm;wGif ajymufusm;rsm;onf xdkodk@ wdusa&&mr_rsm;udk r=um;ovdkaeonf/ [efaqmif+yD;

tpdk;&. ro'Dp&m enf;vrf;rsm;udkcGifhv$wfonf? The degolados v#yfppfrD;0efxrf;rsm;. tokb tcrf;tem;[m
wdkif;jynf. av;yHkoHk;yHkxufreJudk tarSmifxJodk@ydk@vdkufaom csDvDEdkifiH. t"du v#yfppfrD;tm;puf&HkwGif

aygufyGJr_wcka=umifhjzpfcJh&onf? tajymif;tvJonf vufxJwGif&Sd&rnfqdkonfh !$efjy csufwdkif;twGuf
aemufxyfoufao wck&Sdonf/ ,if;u twdkuftcH ppfwyfESpfckonf owfuGif;xJwGif a&mufaeonf? tu,fI olwdk@
aemufqHk;rSm &ifqdkifrnfqdkv#if csDvDEdkifiHonf jynfwGif;ppf 0J*,ufxJodk@ a&mufoGm;rnfjzpfonf? 'Drdku&ufwpf
twdkuftcHrsm;u t=urf;zufr_wGif xdk}uH&mygrsm;=um;xJ axmif acsmufrdoGm;rnfudk jrifa,mifaeonf? ESpftukef
c&pPrmwf. pdwf"mwfonf orwtm; aysmhajymif; apvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;+yD; bkef;awmf}uD; z&ufpEdkonf
trsKd;om;a&; oabmwlnDcsufwGif vufrSwfxdk;olrsm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef yDEdka&S;udk yk*~Kdvfa&;t& awmif;qdkr_wck
vkyfcJhonf? “tJ'g ydkaumif;vdrfhr,f/ wu,fvdk@ aemufpmrsufESmudk vSefvdkuf&HkeJ@ pmrsuEf Smopfudk rD;awG/ aoG;awG/
pdwfysufr_awGeJ@ a&;ae&vdrfhr,f”[k yDEdka&S;u jyefajymcJhonf?
(1986) ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif tar&duef txufv$wfawmftrwf tuf'0gh'f uae'D csDvDEdkifiHodk@ tvnf

tywfvmcJhonf? tpdk;&udk,fwdkif}uD;rSL;onfh =uufOESifhypfaygufjcif;rsm;ESifh yk*~Kdvfa&; a0zefr_rsm; &Sdaomfvnf;
twdkuftcHrsm;udk qdk;qdk;0g;0g;vdktyfaeaom wufºuGapaompdwf"mwf ol ay;cJhonf? azazmf0g&D[m (yDEdka&S;vdk
t,lonf;ol wa,mufa,muftwGuf) aumif;usKd;ray;wJh edrdwfvuQ%mrsm;ESifh wu,fhudk jrnf[def;cJhonf?
tm%m&SifESpfOD;jzpfaom a[wD rS *,efuavmh 'l;aA;vD;,m (Jean Claude Duvalier) ESifh zdvpfykdif u zm'Deef
rm;udk@pf (Ferdinan Marcos) wdk@udk jynfESif'g%fay;vdkufonf? rm;udk@pf E_wfxGufoGm;jcif;[m a0g[m&topfwck
urBmudkay;cJhonf? csDvDwGifvnf; rnfodk@vkyfaqmif&rnfudk &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif; jzpfapcJhonf? vlxk tm%momjzpfonf?
odyfr=umcifwGifyif tar&duef orw. txufwef; t&m&Sd a':e,fa&*ifudk tar&duefjynfaxmifpku yDEdka&S;tpdk;&udk
tajc,kdifatmif v_dufpm;aevm;qdk+yD; ar;=unfhawmh oluvnf; “r[kwfygbl;/ tckcsdefwGif r[kwfygbl;”qdk+yD;
aemufrSvmrnfqdkonfhoabm xm;&pfcJh+yD; taysmftysufr[kwf tckdiftrmajz=um;cJhonf? tar&duef
axmufcHr_ESifhtwl ukvor*~uvnf; vl@cGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf csDvDudk xyfrH&_H@cs vdkufjyefonf?
odk@aomf ol@.aemufausmwGif urBm.xifjrif,lqcsuf avt[kefESifhtwl twdkuftcHonf wdk;wufr_ rsm;rsm;pm;pm;

rjzpfEdkif[k ol@[mol awG@vmonf? aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_twGuf yDEdka&S;. jiif;qdkr_ESifh tpGef;a&muf vuf0Jrsm;.
jrifhwufaeaom a=umufrufzG,f&m t&Sdeft[kefudk &ifqdkif&if; the Acuerdistas trsKd;om;
oabmwlnDr_tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf tjyifa&mufoGm;ouJhodk@ cHpm;&onf? xdk@aemuf olwdk@onf aemufxyf
qENjyr_rsm;twGuf enf;y&d,m,frsm; uGJvGJukef=uonf? qdk&S,fvpfrsm;ESifh c&pf,mef'Drdku&uf wcsKd@u qENjyr_rsm;udk
xdef;xm;zdk@ jiif;qef=uonf? xdktcsdefwGif uGefqmaA;wpf a&S;&dk;pGJrsm;u tv,ftvwf vlwef;pm;rsm;. axmufcHr_
qHk;&_H;oGm;rnfudk pdk;&drf=uonf? tvGeftu|Hrjzpfap&ef jiif;qdk=uonf? xdk@aemuf tzGJ@topfwck ay:vmonf? the
Asamblea de la Civilidad (assembly of civility) ,Ofaus;odrfarG@olrsm;tzGJ@ jzpf+yD; ukefwifum;armif;olrsm;/
aps;onfrsm;/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh wjcm;twef; tpm;rsm;yg0ifonfh r[mrdwftzGJ@wck jzpfonf?
tm,ef;a';acwfwGif xdkuJhodk@ r[mrdwftzGJ@wcku taESmuf t,Sufjzpfr_rsm; &SdcJhonf? ukefum;armif;olrsm;.
oydwfonf ukefoG,fr_udk ysufpD;apvdrfhrnf/ aps;onfrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;udk &yfqdkif;apvdrfhrnf/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;onf
aq;&Hk/ wuUodkvfrsm;ESifh w&m;&Hk;rsm;udk ydwfypfvdkufvdrfhrnf[k csDvDEdkifiHom;rsm;u odonf? The Asamblea
(,Ofaus;odrfarG@ olrsm;tzGJ@) u Zlvdkifv (2) &ufae@rSp+yD; trsKd;om;oydwrf sm; qufwdkufvkyf&ef awmif;qdkonf?
twdkuf tcHxJrS tcsKd@ vlvwfwef;pm;rsm; tm;vHk;vdkvdk aocsmayguf tdrfxJwGifomae=uvdrfhrnf/ ta0;a&muf
vuf0Jrsm;uvnf;yg=uvdrfhrnf r[kwfqdkonfudkod+yD; aemufwGef@onf? xdktcsdefwGif wjznf;jznfatmifjrif
vmaomoydwfonf a=umufrufzG,faumif;aom &ufpuf,kwfrmr_ topfwckatmufwGif usqHk;oGm;onf?
Zlvdkifv (2) &ufae@wGif avmhpf Edk*gvufpf (Los Nogales) qif;&Jom;&yfuGufwGif r*~Zif;wcktwGuf

tvGwf"mwfyHkowif;axmufwa,muftjzpf vkyfaeaomfvnf; owif;pmorm;wa,muf. t&nftaoG;
r&Sdao;aom (19) ESpft&G,f &dk'&D*dk &dk*sufpf a'; ae*&D (Rodrigo Rojas de Negri) &Sdonf? olonf
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif }uD;jyif;cJholjzpfonf? olonf tm%modrf;r_a=umifh Edk;=um;vmr_wGif tESdyfpufcH&+yD;aemuf
ta0;a&mufcJhaom csDvDrdcifwOD;. om;wOD; jzpfonf? olonf vrf;ydwfqdk@&ef oGm;&if; vli,f (2) a,mufqDodk@
um;wm,mtqkwfrsm;/ "mwfqDyHk;wck ESifh vufvkyfAHk; (Molotov Cocktails)twGuf ykvif;wcsKd@udk vufxJwGifukdif+yD;
ajy;oGm;onf? r=umcifwGif umref *avmf&D,m uGifwmem (Carmen Gloria Quintana) qdkol (18) ESpft&G,f
ausmif;olwOD;onf avmhpf Edk*gvufpf&yfuGuf tjyifbuf olav#mufrnfhvrf;tm; avhvm&efóud;pm;&if;
olwdk@ESifhvmaygif;onf? csDvDEdkifiHom; (4) OD;tzGJ@ onf qENjy&efOD;aqmifonf/ uGifwmemESifh &dk*sufpfwdk@onf tapmydkif;

&uftenf;i,favmufurS olrvkyftm;ay;tjzpf vkyfay;aeonfh pGyfðyyfqdkifwGif awG@ qHkcJh=u+yD; wOD;udkwOD;
t=urf;zsif;avmufom od=uonf?
&kwfw&ufqdkovdkyif rsufESmwGif trJa&mifokwfxm;aom ,leDazmif;tjynfhtpHkESifh ppfom;rsm;yg&Sdonhf

x&yfum;wpD;onf vrf;xJodk@ 0ifvmonf? wyfom;rsm; olwdk@um;ay:rS ckefqif;vmcsdefwGif vli,frsm;onf
upOfhuvsm; xGufajy;=u+yD; (2) OD;omvGwfoGm;cJhonf? ywfwa,mifvSnfhvmaom ppfom;rsm;onf olwdk@zrf;rdaom
&dk*sufpfESifh uGifwem wdk@ (2) OD;udk vrf;ab;csKdifhrsm;&Sdaomae&modk@ ac:oGm;+yD; ar;cGef;rsm;ESifh ar;aepOf wcsufwcsuf
aoewfrsm;ESifh xk=uonf? ar;jref;=uonf? xdk@aemuf ppfom;rsm;onf olwdk@ESpfOD; tm; "mwfqDavmif;
rD;&_d@vdkuf=uonf? “vli,f 2 a,mufvHk;u olwdk@udkavmifaewJh rD;awGudk +i‡drf;owfzdk@ óud;pm;cJh=uw,f? 'gayr,fh
ppfom;wa,mufu aumifrav;.yg;pyfudk aoewfESifh&dkufw,f? tJ'Daemuf aumifav;udkvnf; owdvpfoGm;wJhtxd
&dkuf=uw,f? c%aeawmh ppfom;awG[m tavmif;awGudk apmifeJ@xkyf+yD; ypPnf;xkyfawGvdk ukefwifum;aemufudk
ypfwifvdkufw,f”[k a=umufrufzG,f&mjrifuGif;udk wae&muae apmifh=unfhaecJhwJh a*smh qef[l;Zm; (Jorge
Sanheuza)u ajymjyonf?
ppfum;onf avqdyfbufodk@ vSnfhoGm;+yD;aemuf &yfvdkufonf/ olwdk@. xdwfvef@p&maumif;onfh txkyfrsm; udk

vrf;&Sif;onfhem;wGif csonf/ +yD;awmh vrf;uvnf; aoG;rsm;ESifh ayusHaeonfudkjrif&onf? wlumy,f *sif;reuf ESifh
degollados t&yfom; (3) OD;wdk@udk xdkae&mwGif aoaeonfudk awG@&onf? uGifwmemESifh &dk*sufpfwdk@[m
olwdk@rsufESmrsm;ESifh cE<mudk,frsm;wGif rD;avmifu|rf;xm;aomfvnf; touf&Sifaewkef;yif&Sdonf? olwdk@[m
vrf;ab;ajrmif;rS wG,fwufvm+yD; armfawmfum;orm;rsm; &yfay;+yD; olwdk@tm; wifaqmifoGm; onftxd
vrf;awmufav#muf r&yfEdik yf J r=umc%vJaeonf? (4) &ufcef=umaomtcg &dk*sufpfonf rD;avmifr_udkuko&ef
rjynfhpHkonfhaq;&HkwGif aooGm;cJhonf? 0rf;enf; ylaqG;ol (5) axmifcef@onf ol@edAŠmef ,mOfaemufrS ocsõKif;txd
vdkufydk@=uonf? apmifh=unfhaeaom ppfom;rsm; rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;jzifh 'vpyf ypfaeonfudk vpfvsL&_cJh=u+yD;
vdkufydk@=uolrsm;xJwGif tar&duef oHtrwf bm;eufpfvnf; ygonf? umref uGifwmemudkawmh w&mbm*sm'dk;
(Trabajador) òrd@&Sd tqifhjrifhjynfhpHkaom aq;&Hkodk@ ydk@vdkufonf? vtwef =umaomtcg rGefx&D,,f (Montreal)
aq;&Hk}uD;odk@ ajymif;vdkufonf?
uGifwmemonf ao&mrSaejyefvm&ef wdkufyGJ0ifae&onfhtcsdefwGif tpdk;&u 'Dtjzpftysuf[m rrSefa=umif;

oufaojyonf? &dk*sufpf ESifh uGifwmemwdk@onf carabineros jynfol@&Jrsm;udk ypf&ef tufqpfygaom vufvkyfAHk;rsm;udk
jyifqifaecsdefwGif olwdk@zmomolwdk@ rawmfwqxdcdkufrdwm[k ajymonf? csDvDEdkifiHudk oGm;a&muf=unfh&_onfh
tar&duef qD;edwfv$wfawmftrwf *sufqD [Jvfrf (Jesse Helms) u rD;avmifcH &aom 'kuQonfrsm;onf
uGefjrLepft=urf;zufolrsm;jzpfonf[k a=unm+yD;/ tar&duefpme,fZif;wckudkvnf; yDEdka&S;tkyfcsKyfr_.ty:
oabmxm;tjrif bufvdkufr_twGuf a0zefajymqdkonf? wOD;wnf;aom rsufjrif oufaojzpfonfh a*smh
qef[lat;Zm; tzrf;cH&+yD;/ ol@Zmwfa=umif;udk rajymif;vJbl;qdkv#if towfcH&r,f[k +cdrf;acsmufcH&onf? olESifh
ol@rdom;pkonf bk&m;ausmif;wGif cdkv_Hae&+yD;/ aemufwGif =opaw;vsY EdkifiHa&;cdkv_HcGifh cH,lcJhonf? vli,f (2) OD;onf
rD;pGJavmifºuGrf;r_udk z,f&Sm;Edkifaomfvnf; tpdk;&onf &ufpuf,kwfrmr_udk ab;z,fxm;I r&bl;? pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rS
xGufay:vmcsuft& t&m&Sd (3) OD;/ jyefwef;0ift&m&Sdr[kwfol (5) OD;ESifh ppfr_xrf;&efqifhac:xm;&ol (7) OD;udk
zrf;vdkufonf? tpdk;&onf rsufESmwck wyf&jyefonf? Tw}udrfwGif yDEdka&S;awmh r[kwfay? um;ref; uGifwmem.
'g%f&musefaeaom rsufESmbuf jzpfonf?
xdktjzpftysufonf wdkif;jynftm; E_d;qG&efvHkavmufaomtcsujf zpfaomfvnf; vlxkonf oD;jcm;jzpf+yD; ol@tvkyfESifhol

&_wfaeonf? a'govnf; jzpfvmrnfr[kwfay? tpdk;&. apwemrsufESmzHk;trsKd;rsKd;onf tufuGJoGm;vnf;
csDvDpD;yGm;a&;onf jyefvef;qef;vmonf? csDvD. tom;wif jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfr_onf tajccdkifrmr_udk jyef&vmonf?
tvkyfvufrJhjy\emESifh aiGazmif;zGr_rsm;udk jyefvnfxdef;csKyfvmEdkifonf? tjcm; vufwiftar&duefEdkifiHwGif;rSm
aºuG;rqyfEdkifbJjzpfaepOf ESpfpOfukefoG,fr_. tydktv#Honf a':vm oef;axmifcsD &aponf? csDvDonf
jynfol@aiGESifhvnfywfonhf ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&r_ pHerlemtjzpf xGufay:vm onf? csDvDEdkifiHom;twGif;pkr[kwfaom/
EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_wGif vkyfazmfudkifzuf r[kwfolrsm;u tm%mydkif rsm;. ajcvSrf;rsm;a=umifh xdk;azmufcH&onfh

ylazmif;rsm;uJhodk@ csDvDpD;yGm;a&;òyduGJoGm;jcif;udk jrifvdk=uonf? 0rf;enf;zG,fwckyif jzpfonf/ odk@aomf urBmqHk;wdkifawmh
r[kwfacs?
xdktcsdefESifra0;vSaom ppfat;wdkufyGJonf rD;pGJavmifr_+yD;aemuf ajcmufvcef@wGif aemufxyf 0ifa&mufvm jyefonf?

tar&duef A[dkaxmufvSrf;a&;at*sifpD (pDtkdifat)rS axmufvSrf;a&;ò*dvfwk. "mwfyHkrsm;rSwqifh csDvD&Sd
v#Kd@0Sufvufeufxm;&Sd&mae&mrsm;udk&&Sd+yD; qifwD,m*dkòrd@wGif&Sdaom axmufvSrf;a&; at*sifpDudk owif;ay;onf?
xdkudpPonf uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; tdyfrufjzpfonf? qifwD,m*dk teD;em; (3) ae&mESifh ajrmufykdif;oJuEWm&&Sd (7) ae&m
pkpkaygif; (10) ae&mu trf-16 &kdifz,f (3) axmif/ 'Hk;ypfavmifcsm &maygif;rsm;pGmESifh azmufcGJa&;ypPn;f
wefcsed &f maygi;f rsm;pGmESifh vufypfA;kH / cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf wefcsdeftawmf rsm;rsm; xGufvmonf? tpdk;&onf csDvD.
uGefjrLepfaomif;=urf;r_tay: rD;cJjymzHk; a=umufvef@aer_udk udkifwG,fvmonfhtwGuf twdkuftcHrsm;
a=umufvef@wkefv_yfvmonf? ta0;a&mufvuf0Jrsm;u EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ b0tajctaersm;tay: topfjzpfvmonfh
yDEdka&S;. Zufóud;udkifr_udk qef@usif=uonf?
pufwifbmv (4) &uf aom=umae@wGif trf'DyD jynfol@'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; u aemufxyf EdkifiHtESH@ oydwfarSmuf&ef

óud;pm;onf? xHk;pHtwdkif; rD;owfydkufESifh rsuf&nf,kdAHk;rsm;. qufwdkufypfr_rsm;udkausmf+yD; bmwckrSrjzpfcJhovdk
vk,ufr_wcsKd@ESifh vl (2) OD;aoqHk;r_om jzpfcJhonf? “twdkuftcHwdk@&J@ tm;enf;csuf awG[m yDEdka&S;
udk,fydkiftiftm;xufydkjcif;a=umifh ol@udk ydkt"Gef@&Snfapw,f”[k trf'DyD t}uD;tuJu 0efcHajym=um;onf?
xdkt"Gef@&Snfjcif;[m r=umcifrSm wefcdk;&Sifavmuf jzpfaponf?
xdkwe*FaEGae@ naeapmapmwGif orw. ,mOfwef;onf tef'ufpf (the Andes) awmifwef;. jrLESif;rsm;=um;wGif

auG@aumufarmif;ESifvmonf? xdktzGJ@onf t,fvf r,fvdkudkwGef (El Melocoton) rS qifwD,m*dkodk@ jyefvmaom
armfawmfqdkifu,fpD; a&S@ajy; carabinero jynfol@&J (2) a,mufESifh twef;vdkufarmif;vmaom qD'ifum; (5)
pD;wdk@jzpfonf? xdktzGJ@onf xdk;xGufaeaom urf;yg;wckESifh udkvdk&m'dkjrpfudk jzwfoGm;aom wHwm;teD;&Sd
acsmufurf;yg;wdk@t=um;rS xGufay:vm+yD; vrf;v,facgifwGif &yfxm;aom ukefwifwGJqDodk@ jznf;jznf;armif;vmonf?
*i,fauG@wck. tv,facgifavmufwGif &yfvdkuf ouJhodk@ jzpfoGm;onf? &kwfw&ufyif xdktzGJ@onf vrf;.ab; ESpfzufrS
w&pyf ypfcwfr_udk cH&onf? 'Hk;usnf wcku tdky,fum;rsm;a&S@rS armif;vmaom armfawmfqdkifu,fa&S@ajy;tzGJ@udk
rD;vHk;}uD;wckESifhtwl vdrfhoGm; aponf? aemuf'Hk;usnf wcku 'kwd,ae&mwGif&Sdaom xHk;acsmufa&mif zdk@'f *&efem'g
(Ford Granada)um;udk zsufqD;vdkufonf? wwd,um;jzpfaom oHcsyfumwyfxm;onf rmqD'D;qD'ifum;udk
rGpmusJatmif usnfqHrdk;&Gmcsvdkuf+yD; 'Hk;usnfjzifhypfcwf zsufqD;vdkufonf? xdk@aemuf w&pyf ypfcwfr_onf pwkwˆESifh
yOPrum;rsm;qDodk@ a&G@oGm;+yD; olwdk@vrf;udkvnf; ,mOfwef;aemufuaeygvmaom 'kwd, paw&Sif0uf*Gef;um;ESifh
ydwfqdk@xm;+yD; jzpfonf?
ypfcwfr_onf txufESifhatmuf ab;wzufwcsufrsm;qDrS ae&m,lxm;onftwGuf yOPrum;armif;orm; onf

ol@.oHcsyfumygaomum;udk twif;aemufjyefarmif;/ aemufjyefvSnfh+yD; vHk+cKHr_twGuf q,frdkif cef@a0;aom t,fvf
rDvdkudkwGef bufodk@ w[kefxdk;armif;ajy;onf? qD'ifum;onf usnfqHrsm;ESifhtwl qefcgaygufrsm;jzpfukefonf?
um;wHcg;rsm; tpdwfpdwftr$mr$muGJukefonf? 'Hk;usnfwcku raygufuGJyJ um;acgifrdk;udk ydefcsKdifhoGm;aponf?
wdkufcdkufolrsm;onf &Gmrsm;bufodk@ xGufajy; aysmufuG,foGm;=uonf? tcsKd@u pDteftdkif trsKd;om;
owif;axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;uJhodk@ 0wfqifxm;olrsm;u vrf;ydwfqdk@jcif;rsm; vkyfcJhonf[k ajymonf?
em&Daygif;twef=umonftxd aysmufoGmaom um;ay:ygolrsm;. =urRmqdk;udk b,folrSrodvdkufay? um;armif;orm;/
vufaxmufwa,muf/ &dk'&D*dk (Rodrigo) [kac:aom q,fESpft&G,f aumifav;ESifh ol@.tzdk; atmf*ufpwdk yDEdka&S;
(Augusto Pinochet)wdk@ jzpfonfudk b,folrS rovdkufacs?
xdknwGif trsKd;om;&kyfjrifoH=um;rS AdkvfcsKyfay:vm+yD; aoewf&mrsm;ESifh aygufaeaom ol@. rmpDwD;um;ESifh twl

ywfwD;pD;xm;onfh ol@. b,fbufvufudk ol@jynfolrsm;xH jyonf? yxrwkef;u ol. pdwfvdkufrmefyg vkyfvdkpdwfu
um;udkpGef@ajy;zdk@jzpfonf/ xdkaemufwGif ol@ajr;av; b,favmuf tumtuG,frJhaernfudk oabmayguf+yD;/
qD'ifum;rSm usnfqefxdrSef+yD; pOfxGufaeaom oHprsm;/ rSefprsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeonhftwGuf aumifav;tm;

ol@udk,fvHk;ESifh uG,fay;xm;cJhonf? vlwdkif;u touf (70) &Sd+yDjzpfaom tzdk;}uDtay: b,fvdkyJpOf;pm;pOf;pm;/ b,folrS
ol@udk o&Jabma=umifol[kawmh ajymEdkifrnf r[kwfygacs?
xdktcgwGif csDvDonf aemufxyftm%modrf;r_atmufwGif &Sdaewkef;yifjzpfonf? aemufxyf umzsL;trdef@wck

xkwfxm;onf? tarSmifacwf. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u qifwD,m*dkòrd@xJudk nbufwGif0ifvmonf? pwif bmv (8)
&ufae@ reufapmapmwGif t&yf0wfESifhvlwpkonf uGefjrLepfwa,mufESifh trftdkiftm (awmfvSef aom
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tzGJ@)ESifh qufoG,fol (2) OD;udk zrf;ac:vmonf? pwkwˆajrmufwOD;udk xdknbufwGif ac:vmjyefonf?
olwdk@rsm;. cE<mudk,frsm;wGif usnfqefrsm;xdrSefxm;onfudk &yfuGuftoD;oD;u aemufydkif; wGif odoGm;cJhonf? &Dum'dk
vm*dk@pf (Ricardo Lagos) tygt0if twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif (8) a,muf tzrf;cH &onf? c&pf,mefbkef;awmf}uD;
awmfawmfrsm;rsm; csDvDrS armif;xkwfcH&onf? oabmxm;uGJvGJolrsm;. yHkrSeftvkyftudkifrsm;udk tydwfcH&onf?
AkdvfcsKyf. tHh=ozG,f aowGif;xJuae vGwfarmufvmjcif;. wzefEdk;x r_wGif pufwifbmv (9) &ufae@twGuf
pDpOf+yD;jzpfaom ppfa&;jytcrf;tem;onf xl;jcm;aom tm;& auseyfr_ESifhtwl qufvkyfjzpfonf? tm%m&Sifonf
wyfppfaq;yGJwGif tjrefav#muf csDwufvmaom ol@ppfom;rsm;udk tm;&0rf;om vufa0S@ ,rf;jyonf?
uGefjrLepfaysmufusm;rsm;. vkyf&yfrsKd;jzpf+yD; vl (25) OD;tzGJ@ wdkufcdkufcJhonf[k abGEdk;at;&D;pfpfòrd@ owif;pm

&Sif;vif;yGJwGif tufzfyDtrftm rsKd;cspfwyfOD; u azmfjycJhonf? xdkwdkufcdkufr_onf oufOD;qHydkif. ppfat;wdkufyGJ
tmp&Smpudk cdkifrmapcJhonf? ydkqdk;onfrSm xdkwdkufyGJonf ol@tm; rausmfv$mEdkifawmhaom =oZmt&Sdeft0gudk
ay;vdkufonf? twdkuftcHrsm;onf aoeyfrsm; 'Hk;usnfrsm;. ,ef;aiG@rsm;=um;wGif oGm;&rnfh 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf
aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;tjyefvrf;rsKd;udk óudwifjrifcJhonf? &kwfw&ufyif olwdk@onf ab;'kuQqdk; ESpfckudk wck+yD;wck
&ifqdkifcJh&onf? olwdk@. 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifa&; tdyfrufonf vef;qef; wufºuGaeaom ppftkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif
a=urGysufpD;oGm;+yD;/ tm,ef;a';tpdk;&. t=urf;zufacsr_ef;r_atmufwGif jymuscJh &onf?
odk@aomf t,fvf r,fvdkudkwGefòrd@ (El Melocoton) rStvm vrf;ray:rSjzpfysufr_rsm;onf pdwfvSnfhpm;r_udk

aygufyGm;aponf? ao&mrS ol.vGwfajrmufvmjcif;onf yDEdka&S;udk ol. *k%fodumQ ydkif;wGif cdkifrmap+yD;/ olonf
tajccHOya'ujyXmef;xm;aom (1989) jynfol@qENcH,lyGJwGif ,SOfEdkifolr&Sdaom ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k
,Hk=unfr_udkvnf; jzpfaponf? ol@tm; qef@usifaom t=urf;rzufolwGbufuawmh xdkwdkufckdufr_onf
jynfol@qENcH,lyGJwGif yg0ifrnfh wOD;wnf;aomol@udk olwdk@. a&G;cs,fr_uae avsmhus aponf/ xdkqENcH,lyGJudk olwdk@u
tusKd;r&Sdbl;[k jrifonf? xdk@tjyif olwdk@,Hk=unfxm;jcif;onf rsKdrusEdkifavmufatmif &_H;vdrfhrnf? wzef vuf0Jaysmuf
usm;rsm;onfvnf; olwdk@vlrsm;tm;ac:&ef tcsdefwdk twGif; a&mufvm+yD;/ jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;. tm&HkOD;udkjrifae&+yD[k
vHk;0xifxm;onf? xdkt&mtm;vHk;onf pdwful;,Ofoufoufjzpfonf/ vlwdkif;rSm;=uonf?
tkyfcsKyfr_ESifh upm;jcif;
ratmifjrifaom vkyf}uHr_rS (1989) ckwGif pDpOfxm;aom rJqENay;r_tpDtpOfxd (aemufydkif;wGif (1988) ck

atmufwdkbmvodk@ ajymif;oGm;cJhonf) tpdk;&rdk;aumif;uifxJrS vrf;jy=u,fonf tEdkifydkif;rnfh eD;uyfvmaom
jynfol@qENcH,lyGJjzpfonf? rJrsm;udk tay:yJxnfhxnfh atmufyJxnfhxnfh/ ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u ydk@vdkufaom tpdk;&.
ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;ESifh yg0if,SOfðydifrnfholr&Sdjcif;t=um; a&G;cs,fr_onf wckxJom vkdtyfonf? ta&twGufonf
yDEdka&S; bufqDudk yHkusaeonf? odk@aomf olqHk;&_H;oGm;aomf rjzpfxdkufonfh tjzpftysufxJwGif olonf a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;
rvkyfao;rcsif; aemufxyf (17) v orwtjzpf wnf&Sdae& OD;rnf? ol@bufu &_H;&ifvnf; ol[m ppfwyf.
ppfaoemywdtjzpf aemufxyf (8) ESpf &SdaeOD;rnf? xdk@tjyif ol@ppfr_xrf;ouf +yD;oGm;jyef&ifvnf;
&moufyefv$wfawmftrwfwOD; qufjzpfaeOD;rnf?
yDEdka&S;. tawG@ t}uKHopfonf tHh=ozG,ftaetxm;yHkpHrsm;udk ,lvmonf? wdkif;jynfukd ppftm%m odr;f xm;r_EiS hf

=o*kwfvwGif ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@xkwfxm;jcif;onf ESpfopful;wGif tqHk;owfoGm;onf? ta0; a&muf EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
jyefvmcGif@ay;onf? a&S;&dk;pGJorm;rsm;. vufeufcszsufodrf;r_udk vm; rGefae;'g; (La Moneda)òrd@wGif ae@vnfpmjzifh
óudqdkonf? xdk@tjyif 'kwd,ajrmuf ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD; ykyf*|efaygvf vmvnfwJh {+yDvwae@wGif csDvDodk@jyefvmaom
umrefuGifwm;em;udk ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;rS zuf&rf;erf;&H_@jcif;rSwyg; "gwfyHk &dkuf&ef wu,fhtcGifhta&;}uD;yifjzpfonf?

qif;&Jom;&yfuGufwGif aiGa=u;axmufyHhay;aom awmiftmz&du enf;udkoHk;+yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif twdkuftcHudk
wyef;om&ef qENcH,lyGJwGif tpkd;&wckvHk;.,EW,m;rsm;onf aus;vufòrd@awmf0efrsm;ESifh òrd@apmihfwyfwyfrSL;rsm;xd
pD;qif;ouffoGm;+yD; axmufcHrJ&a&;twGuf aemufuG,frS pnf;&Hk;=uonf?
rsufESma=umwif;aom AdkvfcsKyfonf odrfarG@vmonf? cufxef+yD; ,leDazmif;tjynfhtpHkESifh ,Ofyg;aeus jzpfaom

yHk&dyfonf ,Ofaus;odrfarG@aom qif,ifr_rsKd;jzifh aysmhajymif;vmonf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;u owWKwGif;
wl;azmfa&;orm;wa,muf. OD;xkyfaqmif;xm;+yD; uav;aygufprsm;udk ðyH;ðyH;&$if&$ifESifh vufqGJE_wfquf aeonfh ol@tm;
jrif=u&onf? tpdk;& csKyfudkifxm;aom &kyfjrifoH=um;XmerS ol. xGufaygufydwfaeaom EdkifiHom;rsm;udk }uD;yGm;aejcif;/
wnf+idrfaejcif;rsm;jyonf? yDEdka&S;onf oludk,fpm;vS,fjzpfEdkifacs&Sdvmaomtcg ol@twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk
oa&mfavSmifajymif+yD; pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;udk tcuftcJr&Sd qufwdkuf vkyfonf?
xdkodk@ =oZm}uD;rm;aom tiftm;udkqef@usif&if; twdkuftcHrsm;onf ar#mfvifhcsufrJh ajcvSrf;rSm;[k ,lq onf?

trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;onf a&S;&dk;pGJ0g'Drsm; ab;xGufukefjcif;/ qENjyr_rsm;&yfqdkif;&ef twdkuftcHrsm;udk
zdtm;ay;jcif;rsm;a=umifh qdk;qdk;0g;0g; òyduGJoGm;onf? olwdk@onf tjcm;rnfr#yif +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifygap/ tpdk;&udk
b,fawmhrS ðzwfrcsEdkifawmhay? olwdk@.jy\emrsm;udk jznfhpGuf&if; wif;rmaom vuf0Jrsm;u qifwD,m*dkESifh
aus;vufa'orsm;wGif aemufwenf;onf owfjzwfjcif;ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'jzpfonfqdkaom jrifuGif;udk yHkazmfay;+yD;
&Hzef&efcg t=urf;zufr_rsm;vkyfonf? (1989) wGif qENcH,lyGJrvkyfoifhyJ a&G;aumuf yGJom vkyfoifhonf[k
pGJpGJjrJjrJ,Hk=unfaeaom twdkuftcHrsm;=um;wGif aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;onf trSefwu,f atmifjrifyghrnfvm;/
tajzxGufyghrnfvm;[k oHo,rsm;jzpfvm=uonf?
ueOD;u atmifjrifvdrfhrnf[kxifxm;aomfvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;onf (1980) tajccHOya'udk jyifqif&ef

vdktyfaeonf? avwyfESifh a&wyftpdk;&tzGJ@0ifrsm;rS xdkajymif;vJr_udk vufcHa=umif; ajymonf? jzpfEdkifacsudk vdkuf&if;
qm*sDtdk rdkvDem (Sergio Molina) onf (1986) ESpfukefydkif;wGif vGwfvyf+yD;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf
pnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvkyfonf? vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfu the Peace commission of the Catholic Church
wGifvkyfudkifcJhaom rdkeDum *sif;rufeuf (Monica Jimenez)tm; OD;aqmif&ef zdwfac:cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif
tar&dueftpdk;&XemrS}uD;rSL;+yD; *sif;rufeufudk tar&duefjynfaxmifpkodk@ zdwfac:onf? xdktcg v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk
pnf;&Hk;&efvkdtyfonf[k olrtm; t}uHay;onf? tar&duef vlrsKd;rsm;onf vlxkyg0ifvmatmifpkpnf;onf
trsKd;orD;tzGJ@csKyf rJqEN&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;or*~rsm;rsKd; OyrmtpDtpOfrsm;udk csjyonf?
xdkv_yf&Sm;r_udk EdkifiHom;rsm;yg0ifaom ppfyGJ (Crusade for Citizen Participation)[k ac:onf? aemufydkif; wGif
vG,fvG,fululygvm=u+yD; r=umcifwGif apwemh0efxrf; ta,muf (7) axmifudk qENrJay;olrsm;xH
pm&if;aumuf,l&ef apv$wf+yD;pnf;&Hk;cJhonf? csDvDEdkifiHwGif jynfol (12) oef;&Sdonf/ olwdk@xJrS (4) yHk (3) yHkausmfonf
òrd@aevlwef;pm;rsm; jzpfonf? (8) oef;cef@onf t&nftcsif;jynfrDaom rJqEN&Sifrsm; jzpfonf? odk@aomf 3
oef;cef@udkom pm&if;oGif;EdkifcJhonf? “usaemfwdk@ vHk;0vGwfvyfwJh v_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ pw,f/ tJ'DrSm vlwdkif;udk
OD;wnfcsufxm; v_yf&Sm;w,f/ tJ'Daemuf cdkifrmwJh tuGuftuGif;awGudk OD;wnfcsufxm;wG,f? usaemfwdk@ a&mhcf
azsmfajzyGJawGudk uruxvkyfw,f/ tJ'DrSm wm;jrpfxm;wJh aw;oDcsif;awGudk wD;r_wf azsmfajzonf? 0ifcGifhtwGuf
ydkufqHrvdkbl;/ 'gayr,fh rJay;u'fjym;vm,lwJh olrsm;udkyJ 0ifcGifhðyw,f? wdkufwGef;cH&wJh vli,fawG
pm&if;ay;zdk@vm=uw,f” [k *sif;rufeufu &Sif;jyonf?
qif;&Jom;&yfuGufrsm;rS tcdkifrmqHk; oufaojyonf[k *sif;rufeuf (Jimenez) u ajymonf? “bmvdk@vJ qdkawmh

uGefjrLepfeJ@ qdk&S,fvpftpGJu txl;ojzifh 'Da'oawGrSm cdkifrmwJhtwGuf/ tJ'DrSm zdESdyfr_rsm;uvnf; ydkrsm;wJ@twGuf
jzpfw,f/ aumvm[vrsm;vnf; jyeff@vGifhaew,f/ rJray;=ueJ@/ v#Kd@0SufwJhpuf,EW&m;awGu ighrJudk
rSwfwrf;wifxm;vdrfhr,fqdkwJh aumvm[vyJ”[k *sif;rufeufu ajymjyonf? pnf;urf;u rSwfyHkwif u'f
&Sd&rnf[kqdkonfhtwGuf tcsdefESifh aiG tenf;i,f tukeftuscH&efvdktyfaeI qif;&Jom;rsm;twGuf
t[ef@twm;jzpfaeonf? qENcH,lyGJrwdkifcif (2) vavmuftvdkwGif pm&if;aumuf,lr_rsm;udk &yfqdkif;&rnf
jzpfonfhtwGuf tvkyfrsm;r+yD;cifwGif csDvDEdkifiHom; (4) oef;avmufudk rJqENay;&ef pm&if;oGif;EdkifcJhonf?

odk@aomf qENrJay;ol pm&if;oGif;r_onf wdk;wufvmaomfvnf; ESpfvnfydkif;ra&mufcifwGif vGwfvyfyGifhvif; aom
a&G;aumufyGJjzpf&ef tcGifhtvrf;onf ysufpD;oGm;onf? xdkt&mtm;vHk;+yD;oGm;csdefwGif (1980) ckESpf tajccHOya'udk
jyifqif&ef enf;vrf;vHk;0r&SdcJhouJhodk@ jynfol@qENcH,yl GJtm; a&SmifvGJEdkifzdk@vnf; r&Sdawmhacs? tcsdefESifh
óud;pm;tm;xkwfr_onf epfjrKyfoGm;cJh+yD; xdktcsdefwGif rJtEdkif&&ef }uD;rm;aom taESmuft,Sufrsm; &SdvmcJhonf?
twdkuftcHrsm;u jynfolrsm;udk yDEdka&S;. tkyfcsKyfr_ESifh tEdkif,lr_rsm;udk 0ifa&mufupm;&ef jzpfEdkifonf? r#w+yD;
&dk;om;aom qENrJay;r_rsm; &Sdvm&ef tvm;tvm&Sdonf[k vufcH,Hk=unfaponf? olwdk@onf &kyfjrifoH=um;rS
rJqG,fcGifh &zdk@vnf;vdkonf?
vlxk. tjrifESifhrwlyJ twdkuftcHrsm;onf tpdk;&ESifhywfouf+yD; ,cifurvkyfEdkifcJhaom cHpm;r_tppftrSef rsm;udk

xkwfazmfjyoonf? “usaemfwdk@ vlxkoabmxm;qENrJaumufcHr_awGudk vkyfcJhw,f/ yDEdka&S; tpdk;&[m aumif;w,fvdk@
,lqolawG[m vlOD;a&&J@ (20) &mcdkifE_ef;uae (30) &mckdifE_ef;avmufom &Sdw,f? 'Dtpdk;&raumif;bl;vdk@
xljrifaeolawG[m vlOD;a&&J@ (70) &mcdkifE_ef;uae (80) &mcdkifE_ef;avmuf &Sdaew,f/ 'gayr,fh avhvmr_rsm;t& vlxk&J@
(80) &mcdkife_ef;[m yDEdka&S;r&_H;Edkifbl;vdk@ xifjrifae=uw,f”[k acgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfaom a*em&dk tm&d,m*g'g (Genaro
Arriagada)u ajymonf? twdkuftcHrsm; bufwGifvnf; vlxk&Sdonf/ tEdkif&&rnfqdkwm olwdk@udkjyzdk@vdkonf?
twdkuftcHrsm;u rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;a&;rsm;twGuf tm&D,m*g'g acgif;aqmifaom ygwD (16) ckaygif;xm;onfh the

Commando Para El No tzGJ@udk pwifwnfaxmifv_yf&Sm;onf? xdktzGJ@onf b¾ma&;tm;jzifh rjynfhpHkaomfvnf;/
(15) ESpfcef@vkyfvm=uaom EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;wufºuGolrsm;uJhodk@ u|r;f usifaom avhusifh ay;xm;aomolrsm;. tzGJ@wck
jzpfonf? olwdk@onf xdktcsdefwGif olwdk@. csDvDjynfolrsm;. =oZmtm%m vnfywfonfhpepfjzpfaom zkH;tkyfaeonfh
uGef,ufozG,f vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk jyefvnfvef;qef;vm&ef vkyfaqmifonf? r=umcifwGif olwdk@. tmabmfjzpfaom
“Chile, la alegria ya viene (aysmf&$ifr_[m ol@vrf;ay:wGif &Sdw,f)”qdkonf aw;oDcsif;oHrsm;onf ae&mwdkif;wGif
=um;ae&onf? No (uef@uGufonf) qdkaom pmvHk;wvHk;omygaom oufwef@yHk olwdk@.trSwfwHqdyfonf
vlxk.pdwfxJodk@ pdrfh0ifoGm;onf?
xdktawmtwGif; av;pm;zG,f qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmif &Dum'dk vm*dk@pf (Ricado Lagos) qENrJay;olrsm; t=um;

xGufay:vmonf? olwdk@. ay;vdkaomowif;pum;onf jynfolrsm; uef@uGufrJay;rS olwdk@. pGrf;tm; ESifh csDvDEdkifiHudk
'Drdkua&pDbuf jyefa&muf&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfjzpfonf? c&pf,mef'Drdku&uf acgif;aqmif Am;vf'ufpf (Valdes)
ae&mtm; ygx&DqDtdk t,fvf0if; (Patricio Aylwin) tpm;xdk;jcif;jzifh uef@uGufrJay;r_twGufvdktyfaeaom
vltiftm;twGuf jyefjznfh&ef aqmif&GufEkdifrnf jzpfonf? ta&;}uD;qHk; rSm twdkuftcHygwDrsm;=um;wGif tu,fI
axmufcHygonfqdkwJholrsm;bufu EdkifoGm;&ifudk em;vnf+yD; uawmufuqwf jzpfr_rsm;enf;yg;oGm;onf?
tajccHqdk&S,fvpf0g'Drsm;awmifrS raxmufcHbl;qdkonfhbuf pkpnf;&ef t=urf;zufr_udk pGef@v$wf=uonf? aemufqHk;wGif
uGefjrLepfrsm;yif ajy;0ifvm=uonf?
&kyfjrifoH=um;onfvnf; ta&;ygonf? *|efv aqG;aEG;cef;wGif &Dum'dk vm*dk;'f ygcJhonf/ yDEdka&S;udk

vufnSdK;aigufaigufxdk; uifr&mudk wnfhwnfh=unfh+yD; wJhxdk;pum;ajymcJhonf? “cifAsm;[m wdkif;jynfudk
ESdyfpuf!Sif;yrf;r_/ owfjzwfr_/ vl@tcGifha&; csKd;azmufr_awGeJ@ aemufxyf (8) ESpftkyfcsKyfzdk@ uwdðyw,f/
csDvDEdkifiHom;wa,muf tm%mudk (25) ESpfavmuf vSnfjzm;udkifaqmifxm;zdk@twGuf &nf&G,fcsuf }uD;vGef;aewmudk
usaemhtaeeJ@ vufrcHEdkifbl;”[k ajymcJhonf? aqG;aEG;yGJwGif tjcm;yg0ifolrsm;u cyfrqdwf aeapzdk@ }udK;pm;jcif;udk
vufrcHbJ “usaemfhudk cGifhv$wfyg/ (15) ESpfvHk;vHk; yg;pyfydwfaecJh&wmawGtwGuf tckawmh ajymyg&ap”[k
qufajymoGm;onf? xdktjzpftysufonf ol@udk emrnfausmfwa,mufjzpfatmif vkyfay;onf? &kyfjrifoH=um;wGif
b,fvdk pGrf;aqmifEdkifrnfudk olrodcJh[k aemufrS jyefajymjyonf? xdktjzpftysufonf *E<DawmifrS tdyfrufrrufcJhzl;aom
vlxkaxmufcHr_&,l&ef pifjrifhwckjzpfcJhonf?
=o*kwfvwGif tpdk;&onf jynfol@qENcH,lyGJusif;yrnfhae@udk (1988) ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (5) &ufae@tjzpf

owfrSwfay;vdkuf+yD; yDEdka&S;udk axmufcH&rnfhudk,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf owfrSwfay;vdkufonftwGuf tcsKd@u
r,Hk=unfEdkifavmufatmif jzpfoGm;onf? csDvDEdkifiHom;rsm;. trSwfonmxJwGif yxrqHk; t}udrf tjzpf rJqENwck[m
ydkufqHaphwckuJhodk@ &Sif;&Sif;av;jzpfonf? wzufwGif yDEdka&S;yHk ygonf/ wjcm;wzufwGif

pnf;vHk;aomtwdkuftcHrsm;ygonf? xdk@aemuf tpdk;&. owif;Xmersm;u pdk;&drfp&m aumif;avmufatmif
,HkrSm;vGefjzpfapatmif tjcm;tajymif;tvJonf 0&kef;okef;um;r_ jzpfEdkifonf[k tjyif;txef owday;r_rsm; vkyfonf?
xdkcufxefaom0g'jzef@r_rsm;u twdkuftcHrsm;. ydk+yD;&k;d om;r_ESifh vlom;qefr_udkjzpfponf? tvkyform;rsm;/
pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;/ vl}uD;vli,frsm; cspfcspfcifcif pkpnf;rdvmonfESifh ododomom xif&Sm;aeonf?
v_yf&Sm;r_. uef@uGufrJ&&Sda&; aemufqHk;wGef;tm;ay;r_u &dk;om;aomrJa&wGufr_ wckudk awmif;qdkjcif;jzpfonf? (1988)

ck jynfol@qENcH,lyGJonf yifudk,ftm;jzifh =unfvifonf? (1980) ckESpf qENrJay;r_ vkyfpOfuxuf ukvm;zefxdk;r_rsm;
enf;onf? vlwdkif; tHh=o&avmufatmif tajccHOya' cHk&Hk;tzGJ@wcku jyif;jyif;xefxef wm0ef,l+yD; rJ&HktoD;oD;wGif
tuJcwfrsm;udk pDpOfay;onf? xdkrSwqifh vkyfudkifr_tqifhqifhudk t,Hkt=unf&Sd vmatmif vkyfaqmifonf?
twdkuftcHrsm;bufuvnf; rJvdrfIr&atmif udk,fwdkiftòydiftqdkif rJa&wGuf r_rsm; vkyfonf? csDvDEdkifiHom;rsm;onf
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf rJay;Edkif=uonf? pkpkaygif; rJ&Hk (2) aomif; &Sdonfhteuf erlemrJ&Hk (10) &mcdkifE_ef;wGif tuJcwfrsm;
csxm;cGifhðyonf? qefwD,m*dk&Sd uGefjyLwmA[dkXmeodk@ owif;rsm; xyfqifhydk@&efjzpfonf? TpHerlemonf
&v'ftrSefxGufa&;twGuf tm;xm;avmufaom cef@rSef; csufudkay;onf?
atmifjrifrnf[k ,Hk=unfxm;&if; yDEdka&S;onfvnf; ol@.tkyfcsKyfr_udk ¹cGif;csufr&Sdtm;ay;aom rJqENwckudk

&csifaeaomta=umif;&Sdonf? ol &mxl;ay;xm;aom ol@&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;uvnf; twdkuftcHrsm;udk pdwfysuf atmif
aESmuf,Suf&+yD; olwdk@vufvSrf;rD&mrsm;wGif t[ef@twm;rsm;vkyf&onf? odk@aomf olonf r&dk;om;rrSefuefaom
a&G;aumufyGJa=umifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHrS xGufoGm;&aom zm'Deef rm;udk@pf. erlemudk vdkuf&ef qENvHk;vHk;r&Sday? yDEdka&S;onf
ol@atmifjrifr_udk ay;Edkifrnfh qENrJudk vdkovdkcs,fvS,f&efvnf; tpDtpOfrsm; &SdcJhonf[k tcsKd@u awG;=uonf?
xdkt&mudk vufOD;r_,l&ef v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;axmufcHolrsm;qDodk@ vSnfhoGm;onf? jynfol@qENcH,lyGJ rwdkifcif

wvavmufwGif rdkeDum *sif;rufeuf (Monica Jimenez) ESifh ol@tazmfwa,mufonf òrd@awmf vHk+cKHa&;t}uD;tuJxH
{nfhonfawmf EdkifiHwumtuJcwf ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@twGuf cGifhðycsuf&,l&ef oGm;awG@onf? jynfol@&Jrsm;u
z&dkz&Jjzpfaeaom aumvm[vrsm;udk =um;ae&+yD; tqdk;qHk; tajctae rjzpfvm&ef jyifqifaeonf[k xdkt&m&Sdu
ajymonf? “txl;ojzifh olwdk@awG[m vrf;rawGay:rSm ppfom;awG trsm;tjym;csxm;awmhr,fvdk@ oluajymjyw,f/
olwdk@awG[m tiftm;eJ@ qENrJcdk;zdk@ ta=umif;&Same =uw,f”[k *sif;reufZfu ajymjyonf?
csDvDEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwa,mufu olrtm; a&Smif&Sm;aezdk@ESifh tar&duefoHtrwfudk oGm;awG@ zdk@ t}uHay;onf?
xdkaemuf eHeuf (2) em&Dcef@wGif *sif;rufeuf wae&modk@ xGufcGmoGm;onf? tar&dueftpkd;&Xmeudk ydk@vdkufaom
owif;wckudk =um;&+yD;aemuf oHtrwf bm;eufpf tdyf,mrS Edk;oGm;onf? xdkeHeufaemufydkif;wGif tar&dueftpdk;&XmerS
csDvDEdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmeodk@ a=u;eef;wck ydk@vdkufonf? xdkxJwGif *sif;rufeuf owif;ydk@csuft& xdkodk@ jzpfvmrnfqdkv#if
tar&duefjynfaxmifpktaejzifh xdkqENcH,yl GJ &vm'fudk todtrSwfrðy[k yg&Sdonf?
twdwfqDudk r[kwf
oef@&Sif;vwfqwfonfavrsm;u csDvDEdkifiHom;rsm;. òrd@awmfudkv$rf;+cKHxm;aom c&rf;a&mif rD;cdk;jrLr_Htv$mudk

wdkufxkwfz,f&Sm;ypfvdkufonf? xdk@a=umifh aEGOD;ayguf&moD. 'DAk'<[l;ae@ tm&HkOD;[m rdk;+cdrf;oHvdk =um;&+yD;/
aumf'Dav;&m; (The cordillera). ta&S@bufwGif v#yfpD;rsm; vufaeonf/ aEG;axG;+yD;oef@&Sif;aom avrSwqifh
qifwD,m*dkòrd@udk ta&mifwifxdefxdefvif;vmzdk@ oef@pifay;vdkufonf? xdkae@onf (1988) ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (5)
&uf/ csDvDEdkifiH. qENrJa&wGufaomae@ jzpfonf?
“usaemf tjyifxGuf+yD; av#muf=unfhw,f/ olwdk@&J@ 0wfaumif;pm;vSawG0wfqif+yD; vlwdkif; wef;pDae=uw,f/

tvGefwdwfqdwf+yD; pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ@ rJay;zdk@ apmifhqdkif;ae=uw,f? vlwdkif;[m wcsdefcsdefrSm zsufodrf;oGm;rSm/ 'grSr[kwf
ysufpD;oGm;rSmudk pdk;&drf=uwJhtwGuf reufykdif;}uD;rm;&Snfvsm;wJh vlwef;}uD;awG[m naeydkif;rSm wa,mufrS
r&Sdawmhrvdk jzpfaew,f”[k vmau qm*&Dpf (Lake Sagaris)u ajymjyonf? ppfx&yfum; rsm;ESifh jynfol@&J
teufa&mif ywfwa&mifum;rsm;onf òrd@tESH@ ae&mwdkif;wGif&Sdonf? wdkufyGJ0if ,leDazmif; rsm;ESifh
ESdyfeif;a&;wyfom;rsm;onf olwdk@ESifhtwl&Sdaeonf? yDEdka&S;uvnf; owif;axmufrsm;udk ol@wGif wyfom;tiftm; (2)

aomif; (5) axmif toifh&Sdonfqdk+yD; today;onf? qifwD,m*dkòrd@tESH@wGif ykef;atmif;aeaom
a&cJjyifav#mpD;rsufESmzHk;rsm;ESifh wap>o&Jvdkvlrsm;vnf; &Sdaew,f[k vlxku ajymae=u onf?
xdkae@tjzpftysuftwdkif; qm*Dtdk rdkvDem (Sergio Molina)u ol@.qwfom; ausmif;om;rsm;,lvmaom

owif;rsm;ESifhtwl ol@uGefysLwmxJ tcsuftvufrsm; xnfhoGif;onf? xdknaeapmif; (9) em&Dcef@wGif
ola&wGuf=unfoavmufonf uef@uGufrJu ta&S@uajy;aeonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&uawmh axmufcHrJu EdkifoGm;onf[k
ajymonf? tpdk;&tzGJ@0if (2) a,mufjzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf zmeef'dk rufoJtD; (Fernando Matthei) ESifh a&wyfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;
*sKdaq; rm&DEdk (Jose Merino) wdk@u a&wGufr_ (2) ckvHk;tm; apmifh=unfh+yD; uef@uGufrJta&twGufu vHk;0Edkifonfudk
r=umcif odoGm;onf? orw eef;awmfwGif òrd@v,facgif aysmf&$ifr_ udk t&Sdefavsmh&ef jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@udk rSmonf?
jynfol@qENcH,lyGJudk zsufodrf;ypf&ef &r,f&Smawmhonf? odk@aomf olwdk@u jiif;qdkonf? tm&D,m*g'gu tòydifrJ
ta&twGufudk qufvufxkwfjyefonf/ odk@aomf rxl;jcm;ay? EdkifiHawmf&kwfjrifoH=um;XmerS axmufcHrJta&twGufu
a&S@uajy;aeonf[k ajymonf? xdk@aemuf a&G; aumufyGJowif;rsm;udk &yfvdkuf+yD; umwGef;um;rsm;ESifh
tar&duef[mojyZmwfrsm; v$ifhaeonf? nv,fwGif aemufxyf rJta&twGuftopfrsm;udk
rausnmawmhonfhtcgwGif xm0&òydifbufrsm;jzpfaeaom qm*Dtdk tGefEdkza&; *sm&yg; (Sergio Onofre Jarpa) ESifh
ygx&DqDtdk t,fvf0if; (Patricio Aylwin) wdk@ uufodkvpf wuUodkvf &kyfjrifoH=um;vdkif;rS twlay:vm+yD;
uef@uGufrJuEdkifawmhrnf[k a=unmcJhonf?
xdk@aemufodyfr=umcifwGif yDEdka&S;u ol@0ef}uD;tzGJ@udkac:+yD; jynfol@qENcH,lyGJwGif ol &_H;oGm;+yD[k ajymonf? xdk@jyif

olwdk@tm; csufcsif;E_wfxGuf=uzdk@ ajymonf? acgif;ajcmufoGm;aom 0ef}uD;rsm; xGufoGm;wmESifh wòydifeuf aemufxyf
ppftpdk;&. wyfrrSL; (3) ODudk ac:onf? olwdk@onf umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmerS vm; rGefae;'g; (La Moneda)udkoGm;aom
&ifjyifudk jzwfvm=uonf? vrf;ay:wGif AdkvfcsKyf rufao;tD; (Matthei) u owif;pmq&mrsm;udk
ajym=um;&ef&yfvdkuf+yD; uef@uGufrJu EdkifoGm;a=umif;udk ajymonf? ol@rSwfcsufpum; onf òrd@xJodk@ jyef@oGm;+yD;
twdkuftcHrsm;u wzufapmif;eif;jzpfr_udkqef@usif+yD; olwdk@Ekid foGm;+yD[k rSwf,lvdkuf =uonf? wyfrrSL; (3) OD;tm;
apmifhaeaom txJrSvlonf a'gojzpf+yD; pm;yGJcHkudk vufoD;jzifhxk+yD; opPm azmufwmyJ[k atmf[pfvdkufawmhonf?
olwdk@ pD;yGm;a&;udk pwifaZmufcsvkyfawmhrnftcsdefwGif yDEdka&S;u ol@udkaxmufcH&ef ol@taygif;tygrsm;udk

wGufaeonf[k ajymonf? olwdk@tm; ppfOya'xkwfzdk@ wyfrsm;udkapv$wf&ef a&mufae=u+yDqdkwJh oabmrsKd;
oG,f0dkufajymvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf *k%foduQm&Sdaom xdkt&m&SdoHk;OD;vHk;onf oGm;&efjiif;qefcJhonf? yDEdka&S;u
&GHrkef;pGmjzifh “aumif;+yD/ ppfwyfuyJ qufvkyfawmhr,f/ igwdk@ rif;wdk@tultnD rvkdawmhbl;”[k ajymvdkufonf? xdkaemuf
olwdk@tm; rSwfwrf;wckudk vufrSwfxdk;&ef ajymonf? “bmrSwfwrf;vJ”[k olwdk@u ar;onf? ol@vufaxmufrsm;u
pm&GufwcsKd@udk ,lvm+yD t&m&Sdrsm;u zwfjyonf? tpkdk;&. wjcm;tzGJ@0if rsm;u olwdk@. tm%mrsm;tm;vHk;udk
yDEdka&S;udk v$Jajymif;ay;ygonfqdkaom xkwfjyefcsufwckjzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyf wa,mufu orwa&S@wGif csufjcif;
qkwfjzJypfvdkuf+yD; ajr}uD;ay:odk@ v$ifhypfvdkufonf? xdktcsdefwGif yDEdka&S;udkqef@usifolrsm;u ol@udk
ol@wdk@.bufawmfom;tjzpf xnfhoGif;owfrSwfvdkufonf? xdkwGifyif +yD;qHk;oGm;awmhonf?
Commando de No (uef@uGufrJwyfom;rsm;). atmifyGJonf jynfh0aom 'Drdkua&pD.tp vHk;0 r[kwfovdk/

atmf*ufpfwdk yDEdka&S;ESifhywfouf+yD; wdkif;jynf. cHpm;ae&aoma0'em tqHk;owfoGm;jcif; r[kwfaomfvnf;
csDvDEdkifiH.ordkif;wGif yÉdyuQrsm;trsm;qHk; zdpD;aeaom tcsdefumvudk tqHk;owfoGm;aponf? wESpfcef@ =umaomtcg
ygx&DqDtdk t,fvf0if; u qENrJ (6) oef;eD;yg;. (55) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf+yD; tpdk;&bufu udk,fpm;vS,favmif;xuf (2) q
tomjzifh tEdkif&+yD; orw jzpfoGm;onf? olonf EdkifiHudk trdef@ay;&rnf jzpfaomfvnf;
EdkifiH.vufeufudkifwyfrsm;udkawmh trdef@ay;Ir&ay? tpdk;&opf.txufwGif yDEdka&S;onf Vif;w}uD;waumifuJhodk@
em;aewkef;yif? tjcm;tpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; olwdk@vdkvm;&if (1977) ESpf rwdkifciftxd qufaeEdkifonf?
odk@aomf atmifyGJcH+yD;+yD;csif;wGif csDvDjynfolrsm;onf wdkif;jynf. 0rf;enf;zG,ftajctae tqHk;owfudk usif;y&ef

cGifhðyvdkufonf? a&G;aumufyGJnwGif qifwD,m*dk. vrf;rrsm;onf tvHrsm;/ uef@uGufrJ ezl;pnf;pmwef;rsm;udk
a0S@&rf;aeaom csDvDEdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeonf? trsKd;om;&Jrsm;u tem;wGif a0'emudk}uH@}uH@cH
rwfwyf&yfaeonfhtcsdefwGif pDwef;vSnfhvnfolrsm;onf vGefcJhwJh (5) ESpf arvwkef;u olwdk@wGif&SdcJhaom OD;csKdrsm;udk

wD;r_wfonf? odk@aomf xdktcsdefwGif olwdk@onf “tm'Dtdk@pf - yDEdka&S;”qdk+yD; us,fus,fatmfEdkif+yD/ olwdk@
tzrf;rcH&awmhbl;[kvnf; odae=u+yD? xdk@tjyif olwdk@tEdkif,lcJh+yDqdkwmudk olwdk@ ESvHk;om;rsm;uvnf; odae=u+yD?
---------------------------
vlxkqENcH,lyGJ aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;ESifh aemufqufwGJ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk vuf,mESifh vuf0J0g'Drsm;a=umifh

a=umufrufzG,faygufuGJr_rsm;ESifh pGe;f xif;cJh+yD; csDvDEdkifiH. 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnfxlaxmifjcif;onf racsmarG@cJhay?
wdkif;jynfonf yDEdka&S;tkyfpdk;wJhESpfrsm;. emusnf;cHpm;r_rsm;udk jznf;jznf;csif; ukoae&onfh tcsdefjzpfonf?
AkdvfcsKyfuvnf; ol@zmomol (1990) ckESpfrsm;wGif ppfwyfrS tem;,lcJh+yD; txufv$wfawmftrwf&mxl; twGuf
awmif;qdkonf? olonf &mpkESpfukefydkif;wGif A[dkpifjrifhudk aemufw}udrf odrf;ydkufcJhonf? odk@aomf
ol&nf&G,fcJhonfhtwdkif;awmh rjzpfcJhay? pydefvlrsKd;w&m;ol}uD; wODu ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_rsm;ESifh tpkvdkuf
t+yKHvdkufowfr_rsm;ESifh ywfouf+yD; (ol +Adwdefodk@ aq;uko&ef oGm;csdef) +AdwdefEdkifiHuae w&m;cHv$Jajymif; ay;&ef
óud;pm;onfhtcsdefwGif ol@tm; csDvDEdkifiHudk wnfwnf+idrf+idrf armif;ESifcJholtjzpf rjrifbJ/ vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk
tjypf'%fay;&ef qHk;jzwfay:xGufvmaom urBmha&pD;wGif touf}uD;&ifhaom 0&rf;ajy; wa,muftjzpf
us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jrifvm=uonf? ol@.aemufqHk;ae@rsm;wGif ol@udkcsnfaESmif&ef +cdrf;acsmuf aeaom Oya'ESifh
emrnfysuf&cJhjcif;rsm;. vkyf&yfonf EdkifiHa&;vGwv f yfr_qDudk jyefa&mufvmaom ol. wwdkif;jynfxJom;rsm;.
vrf;a=umif;w0ufyif rrDacs? ordkif;. t&dktaoay;r_rS aemufqHk; yDEdka&S; us&_H;&jcif;onf ol@jynfolrsm;.
oabmqENudk r&,lcJhjcif;. erdwfvuQ%mjzpfonf?
yxrqHk; qENjyonhfae@rS tm%m&Sif. aemufqHk;ae@txdtcsdefrsm;onf tvsiftjrefwdk;wuf&efcJ,Of;+yD; 1944 ck

qmvfAm'dk&rf òrd@jyoydwfrsm;vdk r[kwfbl;? csDvDEdkifiHom; twdkuftcHrsm;u tpdk;&tm; qef@usifjcif onf
wckwnf;aom r[mAsL[mudk rjzpfapcJhay? (1980) pkESpfwGif; tv,fydkif;avmufwGif tpGef;a&muf vuf0Jrsm;u
t=urf;zufolykefxcJhonf? xdkt=urf;zufr_onf ppfrSefaomtajymif;tvJ atmifjrifr_ rjzpfcJh ovdk yDEdka&S;u
b,fvdkjyeftoHk;cs&rvJqdkonfh t=urf;zufr_rsKd;qDokd@ csJ@ay;cJhonf?
tvkyform;rsm;onf olwdk@qHk;&H_;oGm;cJh&aom ,cifu tiftm;rsm;/ ppftpdk;&u &uf&ufpufpuf owfypfonfudk

cHcJh&aom rdom;pkrsm;ESifh csDvDEdkifiHa&;. us,fjyef@aom A[dkcsufrudk jyeft&,lzdk@ oEMdÏmef ðycJh=uonf? xdkt&mrsm;onf
a=umuf&GH@r_udk pGef@v$wfvdkuf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnfazmfaqmifa&;twGuf rav#mhwrf;wdkufyGJ0ifrnffh tiftm;rsm;jzpfonf?
vlxkqENjyyGJrsm;udk xdef;odrf;&if;/ tvGeftu|H rjzpfatmifvkyfaqmif&if;/ zdESdyfr_udk jrifhrm;apaom t=urf;zufr_udk
a&Smif&Sm;&if;/ jyifytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;.tultnDudk &,l&if; pwif&Hkoufoufjzpfaomfvnf;
jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tm%m&Siftm; ðzwfcsaom armif;wHjzpfvmcJhonf? yDEdka&S;onfh
ol@udkqef@usifaom t=urf;zuf&efolrsm;udk *k%fowWd ysufys,fapaomfvnf; t=urf;zufr_udk qef@usifaom
v_yf&Sm;r_onf olusqHk;ap&ef taxmuftul jzpfonfqdkwmudk odvmcJh&onf?
yDEdka&S;udk qef@usifaom csDvDEdkifiHom;rsm;onf tm*sifwD;em;rS The Plaza de Mayo rdcifrsm;vdk &dk;&dk;vkyfjy

vdkufwmjzpfaomfvnf; jynfolqdkwm oufOD;qHydkifwa,muftm; ðzwfcs&ef r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonf? olwdk@onf tpdk;&wGif
jynfol. ppfrSefaom axmufcHr_&Sdonfqdkwm [efaqmifyefaqmifjyI r&atmif olwdk@.qENrsm;udk &kyfodrf;cJhonf?
axmufcHr_ wck+yD;wck&,l+yD; tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr_ESifhywfouf+yD; jynfwGif;ESifh jynfyrsm;wGif oHo,rsm;udk zefwD;onf?
tpdk;&. vGefuJaomrmeu a&G;aumufyGJwGiftEdkif&zdk@ v_yf&Sm;r_tcGifhtvrf;udk usOf;ajrmif;apcJhonf?
ol@.tm%mawmif;qdkr_udk rSwfwrf;wifzdk@ tm%m&Sif. udk,fydkifvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;udk oHk;cJhonf? xdk@tjyif
tpdk;&uGJoGm;aomtcsdefwGif ol@t&ifa&mufcJh=uaom rmwDeufpf ESifh rm;udk@pfwdk@. ordkif;a=umif;wGifom
aomifwifusef&pfcJh&onf? v#Kd@0SufrJay;pepfrsm;uom ol@tm; xdcdkufapcJhonf? rJyHk;rsm; uom ol@tm;
ðzwfcsEdkifcJhonf?

tar&duef awmifykdif;
jynfol@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_
“rjrifEkdifaom tiftm;rsm;”
tmz&duef-tar&duef0ef}uD; a'gufwm [kd;0g'f om;&fref; (Dr. Howard Thurman) onf

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ ta=umif; ESifh tar&duef jynfaxmifpkwGif jzpfay:aeaom vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r_rsm;
tqkH;owf&eftwGuf rnfuJhokd@ vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfukd tdENd,EkdifiH&Sd rkd[ef'wfpf *END (Mohandas Gandhi) tm;
ar;jref;vkdonftwGuf rwfv 1936 ckESpfwGif oGm;a&mufawG@qkHcJhygonf? tdENd,acgif;aqmifrsm;. (1920) ESifh (1930)
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ta=umif;ukdvnf; xdyfwef; tar&duefvlrnf; owif;pmESifh *sme,f}uD;rsm;rSm owd}uD;pGmESifh
az:jyaecJhonf? rm;uyfpf *gAD; (Marcus Garvey) ESifh 'AvsL tD; bD 'lbkd;tpf(p) (W. E. B. DuBois) uJhokd@aom
vlrnf; EkdifiHa&; ESifh ynmwwf acgif;aqmifykdif;rsm;rSvnf; tdENd,&Jh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd tar&du&Sd tmz&duefrsm;twGuf
pHerlemwcktjzpfxm;=uonf? xkd@twGufa=umifh a'gufwm om;&fref;. c&D;onf bk&m;zl;c&D;wpfck[kyif qkdEkdifygonf?
vlrnf;0ef}uD;u t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ (non-violance) ukd aphpyfa&;jzifh r[kwfyJ oydwfarSmufjcif;/ qENjyjcif;
ponfjzifh wkduf&dkufv_yf&Sm;r_ (Direct Action) ykHpHwcktjzpfowfrSwfygovm;[k ar;jref;aomtcgwGif *ENDu “'g[m
urBmay:rSm t}uD;us,fqkH;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_tiftm;” tjzpf av;eufjywfom;pGmajzqkdcJhonf? +yD;awmh olu
xkdtiftm;ukd pdef@aygvf&Jh cspfjcif;arwWmESifh E_dif;,SOfcJhygonf? vufatmufcHjzpfae&jcif;b0wGif }uHh}uHhcHEkdif &eftwGuf
ukd;uG,fr_bmomw&m;ukd vkdtyfonfh cGeftm;tjzpf t+rJwrf;=unfhwwfaom tar&duefvlrnf;rsm;tzdk@ TudpPonf
tvGefpdwf0if;pm;zG,f&maumif;aomt&m wcktjzpf jyefajymif;ajymqkdygao;onf? vlrnf;owif;pmq&m a*g'Gef
[efuGwfu 1932 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom The Norfolk Jounal and Guide txJwGif “*END&Jh pGrf;tm;[m
ausmrGJemZm&if;awG&Jh b0eJ@ tqkH;trrSm pdwf"gwfukd wdrf;!Gwfatmif vkyfEkdifwmu/ tiftm; tm%meJ@
tEkdif,lwmxuf/ ykdaumif;onf” [k jznfhqD;ay;cJhonf?
okd@aomf tcsKd@aom vlrnf;avhvma&;orm;rsm;u *END}uD;. vufawG@oifcef;pm tvkyfrsm;ukd a=ueyfESpfouf
tm;&=uonf? tdENd,wGif (1921) ESifh (1922) yl;aygif;raqmif&Gufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ðyvkyfaecsdefwGif onf csDum*dk 'Dzef;'g
The Chicago Defender owif;pmrS owif;pmq&mwpfa,mufu tar&dum;wGif vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r_rsm;udkusifhoHk;
ae=uonfh ukef;vrf;o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;um;rsm;udk qef@usifuef@uGufonfhoydwfrsm;ukd óudwifjrifcJhygonf? “usaemfwkd@
. ZeD;/ om;orD;rsm;ESifh vrf;av#mufxGufwJhtcg temw& apmfum;cH&wJhtcg wae@ae@rSm awmifykdif;òrd@}uD;rsm;&Sd
csrf;omºuG,f0onfh "mwf&xm;um;ykdif&Sif}uD;rsm;. um;rsm; tvGwfjzpfaernfukd usaemfwkd@,kH=unfygw,f?”
[kd;0g'f om;&fref;eJ@awG@+yD; wESpfcef@t=umwGif *END}uD;u tjcm;xif&Sm;aom tmz&duef-tar&duef vlrnf;
ESpfa,mufjzpfonfh a'gufwm csefeif; wkdbd,ufpf (Dr. Channing Tobias) eJ@ a'gufwm bif*srif ar;pf (Dr.
Benjamin Mays) wkd@ukd t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufI Tokd@ajymcJhygonf “E_wfjzifh ajymjy&kHjzifh r&Ekdifygbl;/
vufawG@vkyfaqmif&rSm jzpfygw,f/ +yD;awmh wpfOD; wpfa,mufcsif;pD&Jh &JpGrf;owWd eJ@ wpfa,mufwnf; vkyf&wm
r[kwfygbl; - 'g[m vlxktiftm;eJ@om vkyfaqmifEkdifygw,f?” olu Todk@ajymqdkcJhonf?
t=urf;zufenf; tokH;ðyjcif;ukd qef@usifonfESifh ywfoufI [pfwvm/ rlqkdvkdeD ESihf pwmvifwkd@.
t=urf;zufjcif;. vufiif;tusKd;jzpfxGef;r_&Sda=umif;ukd *ENDtaejzifh 0efcHaomfvnf;/ ol@taejzifh ,kH=unfpGm edrdwfzwfcJh
onfrSm “'g[m *sif*pfcef owfjzwfr_rsm;vkd tcsdefykdif;r#om cHygvdrfhr,f”/ a&S;a[mif; rGef*kd ppfbk&ifukd
&nf!ïef;ajymqdkjcif; jzpfygonf? ol. tifykdif,m oJjyif}uD;.atmufukd jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;onfrSm =umcJhyg+yD? t=urf;
rzufv_yf&Sm;r_[m &kd;pif;aomfvnf;yJ aemufqkH;wGif thHrcef;t&mwcktjzpf urBm}uD;wckvkH;rSm
twm;tqD;r&SdwnfwHh&yfwnfaerSmukd *END}uD;u jrifonf? rjrifEkdifaom tiftm;w&yf. wdwfqdwf+yD;/ xda&mufaom
vkyfief;w&yftjzpf ,kH=unfaecJhygonf?
olajymcJhonfhtwkdif; tar&dum;wGif jrifawG@cJh&onfrSm aemufxyf ESpfaygif; 30 wdkif vlom;wrsKd;vkH;.
tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd pHepfwus/ wcgw&H t=urf;zufIjiif;qkdr_rsm; ajymifuspGmqufvuf&SdaecJhjcif;jzpfonf? Ttcsuf
onf thHrcef;zG,f&mudpPr[kwfyJ pufqkufzG,f&momjzpfonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl *ENDajymcJhaom tiftm;rsm;rSm
us,fjyef@aom twkdif;twmESifhtwl tm;vkH;ukd ajymif;vJapEdkifcJhygonf?

o=u*[ awmifykdif;okd@0ifvmjcif;
tawG;tac:&Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm;
1959 ckESpf tukefykdif;tcsdefwGif jzpfonf? csDum*kdawmifbufykdif;&Sd 'kdif,if; emh&Sf (Diane Nash) trnf&Sd
tmz&duef-tar&duef trsKd;orD;i,f wOD;onf wefeufpDjynfe,f (Tennessee) òrd@awmf&Sd vlrnf;rsm;}uD;pkd;aeaom
zpfuf wuUokdvf (Fisk University) 0ifcGifhtwGuf a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? urBm}uD;ukd atmifEkdif&ef&nf&G,fI olr
aumvdyfausmif;ukdoGm;cJhonf/ odk@aomfvnf; emh&SfAD;vf (Nashville) òrd@rSmawmh olrukd rjrif&aom wHwkdif;rsm;.
aemufuG,fwGif xm;rnfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfudk olr awG@vkduf&onf? tcsdeftm;&Sdwkdif; òrd@av;xJodk@ olrpGef@pm;I
oGm;vmcJhonf? olrukd 'kwd,wef;pm;vlwOD;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onfqkdwm owday;aomolrsm;/ vljzLrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifcJh
&onf? yxrqkH;t}udrfuawmh wefeufqDjynfe,f zGH@òzd;om,ma&;tzGJ@eJ@awG@qkH&ef olr oGm;aomt}udrfjzpfonf?
tom;a&mif uGJjym;olrsm;twGuf oD;oef@xm;aom a&tdrfukd tokH;ðycJh&onf? TtajctaersKd;udk ajrmufykdif;a'orsm;
wGif aexdkifpOfu olr rawG@óuHcJh&? òrd@xJukd aps;0,foGm;onf? 0l;vf0kd@of (Woolworth's store) pwkd;qkdifwGif
ae@vnfpm pm;zkd@0ifxkdifaomtcg “usaemfwkd@ epf*g (Nigger) awGukd {nfhrcHygbl;”[k tajymcHcJh&onf? olrtaejzifh
qif;'0pftom;n‡yfaygifrkef@ukdpm;csifygu tjyifukd,loGm;+yD; pm;&rnfjzpfonf? tjcm;aom vlrnf;rsm; xkt d wkid ;f
pm;aomufae=uonfukdvnf; olrawG@&ygonf? “'g[m vl@*k%foduQmudkcsKd;azmufr_yJ/ vlrsKd;cGjJ cm;r_tay: usr&Jh
rkef;wD;r_[m }uD;xGm;cJhygw,f?” olru jyefajymjyonf?
emh&Sfu zpfufrSm&Sdaom tjcm;aomausmif;om;rsm;ukd vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_ESifh ywfoufonfh wkdufyGJrsm; ‚if;wkd@od/ rod
ta=umif;ukd ar;jref;=unhfonf? xdkolrsm;u “at;at;aeyg/ rif;taeeJ@ bmrS ajymif;vJEkdifvdrfhr,f r[kwfbl;/
rif;taeeJ@ 'kuQa&mufzkd@yJ&Sdw,f? rif;taeeJ@ ausmif;oGm;+yD; pmoifcef;xJrSm tcsdefawGudk bmjzpfvkd@tokH;rcswmvJ/
ausmif;tm;&ufqkd&ifvnf; ygwDyGJawGqDukd bmvkd@roGm;wmvJ” [komtajz&&SdcJhonf? aemufqkH;rSm olru aygvmy&'f
(Paul La Prad) trnf&Sdaom zpfufwuUokdvfu vljzLausmif;om;wa,mufukd ar;jref;cJhygonf? xdkausmif;om;u ol
0ef}uD;wa,mufukdodonf/ xdk0ef}uD;[m t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ygwfoufaom tvkyf&kH aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk
wufa&mufEdkifrnfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk &Smaeonff[k owif;ay;onf? emh&Sfu olr TuJhodk@aqG;aEG;yGJrsKd;udkwufrnf/
óud;pm;r,f[k qkH;jzwfcJhonf?
tvkyf&kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ukd tygwfpOf t*Fgae@naewkdif; rufo'pf bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;i,fav;wpfckwGif ðyvkyfonf?
vljzLausmif;om;rsm; tenf;i,fygaomfvnf;/ wwfa&mufaomausmif;om;trsm;pku vlrnf;e,fajrrsm;rSm&Sdaom
vlrnf;wuUokdvfrsm;rS ausmif;om;trsm;pk jzpfonf? olwkd@onf rkd[ef'ghpf *END (Mohandas Gandhi) ta=umif;ESifh
ol. o=u*[udk avhvm=uonf? zdESdyfr_rsm;udk tqkH;owfEdkifa&;twGuf vkyfaqmifae=uaom jynfolvlxk. trsuf
a'goonf trSefw&m;ykHpHwckjzpfonf/ Todk@v_yf&Sm;r_jzifhom zdESdyfolrsm;. ESvkH;om;ESifh pdwfxm;ukd ajymif;vJypfEdkif
apvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? vufawG@o&kyfjyavhusifhcef;rSmwGif olwkd@onf ukd,fxdvufa&mufaomfvnf;aumif;/ E_wftm;jzifh
aomfvnf;aumif; apmfum;r_rsm;ukd jyefvnfrwkef@jyefyJ/ tu,fI wkdufckdufcJhvmcJhv#ifaomfrS ‚if;wkd@.cE<mukd,fukd
rxdcdkuf&avatmif rnfokd@umuG,f&rnf/ tp&Sdonfwkd@ukd avhusifhavhvm=u&onf? ‚if;wkd@tkyfpki,fav;rSty jyify
vlrsm;u rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;r_ rjy=uay? odk@aomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;u tar&duefawmifykdif;&Sd xkH;wrf;pOfvm
ozG,fjzpfaeaom vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_ pepfukd pepfwus&ifqkdifwkdufckduf&eftwGuf jyifqifae=uygonf?
rufo'pf0ef}uD; *sdrf;pf avmffqif (James Lawson) ESifh Aef'gbvfwf bmoma&;ausmif;rS (Vanderbilt
School of Divinity) bGJ@&ausmif;om;wOD;wkd@onf olwkd@. q&mrsm;jzpfvm=uonf? rsurf eS w f yfxm;aomT
tmz&duef-tar&duef vli,fav;onf (1958) emh&SfAD;vf (Nashville) ukdoGm;onfhtcsdefwGif touf (30) r#om
&Sdygao;onf? okd@aomfvnf; t=urf;zufr_tay: ol. &GH@vsmrkef;wD;r_ESifh vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_}uD;xJwGif *k%foduQm&SdpGm aexkdifcJh&
aom tkd[kdif;,kdjynfe,f i,fb0u ol@udkaphaqmfcJhonf? tJonf i,fumvrsm;wkef;u olonf rdcif/ zcifwkd@. =uifem
El;nHhaom apmifha&Smufr_atmufwGif }uD;jyif;cJh&onf? ol}uD;jyif;vmwJhtcg i,fb0uoif=um;cJh&aom &efukd&efcsi;f
rwkef@ESif;&ef/ onf;cHcGifhvïwfr_ tp&Sdonfh bmoma&;tqkH;trrsm;onf vlrsKd;a&;zdESdyfr_rsm;. a0zefwkdufckdufr_rsm;ESifh
awG@óuHvm&awmhonf? ol.zl;yGifhump t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_0g'onf tdENd,&Sd *END}uD;.atmifjrifr_ owif;aumif;
rsm;. qGJaqmifr_jzifh ykdrkdtm;aumif;vm+yD;/ xkdowif;rsm;ukd vlrnf;owif;pmrsm;wGif tm;óud;rmefwuf a&;om;awmh
onf?
tkd[kdif,kd jynfe,f&Sd rufo'pfausmif;wckjzpfaom abmf'Gif a0gavhpf (Baldwin-Wallace College)
aumvdyfwGif avmffqifu *END. tawG;tac:rsm;ukd yxrOD;qkH;tjzpf av;av;eufeufavhvmcJhygonf? ausmif;0if;xJ
oGm;vnfaom wae@wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh w&m;r#wr_twGuf tjyeftvSef ,kH=unfa&; tkyfpkwck jzpfaom Fellowship

of Reconciliation (FOR) rSat-a*s rwfpfwD (A.J. Muste) ESifhavmffqif rdwfaqGjzpfcJh&+yD; 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u
*smr%Dudk ckcH qef@usifcJhaom 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;. ckcHr_tygt0if/ *END. a&;om;r_rsm;ESifh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_
orkdif;a=umif;rsm;ukd rdwfqufay;cJhygonf? avmffqiftm; ab;,'f &yfpwif (Bayard Rustin) ESihf *srd f;pf zmrm;
(James Farmer) uJhokd@aom tjcm;aom vlrnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhvnf; qufoG,f&efajymqkdcJhygonf? avmffqifonf
r*~Zif;ukdvnf; vpOfa=u;ay;oGif;+yD; (1936) ckESpfwGif *ENDESifh oGm;a&mufawG@qHkcJhaom 0ef}uD; [kd;0g'f om;&fref;
ta=umif;ukdvnf; avhvmcJhygonf?
tapmykdif;uwnf;uyif avmffqifonf wkduf&kdufv_yf&Sm;r_ enf;pepfrsm;udk tawG@tóuH&SdcJh+yD;jzpfonf? xkd
tawG@tóuHrsm;ukdyif emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jyefvnfa0iSoifay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? txufwef;ausmif;wGif &SdpOf
uwnf;uyif olESifh tjcm;aomoli,fcsif;wOD;wkd@onf tom;n‡yfaygifrkef@qkdifwckwGif tjcm;aomvlrnf;rsm;uJhodk@
qkdifjyifyrpm;yJ/ qkdiftwGif;Y 0ifa&mufpm;aomufcGifh&&ef awmif;qkdcJhzl;onf? aumvdyfausmif;wGif &SdpOf taemuf
tv,fykdif;w0kduf&Sd vli,ftpnf;ta0;rsm;twGuf c&D;oGm;vmaomtcgrsm;wGifvnf; xkdcGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;twGuf
wukd,fawmfwkdufyGJqifr_rsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifcJhonf? ‚if;. &J0Hhaom tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. OD;wnfcsufonf vlrsKd;
cGJjcm;r_0g'twGuf &nf&G,fjcif;r[kwfyJ/ ppfyGJqef@usifa&;twGufjzpfcJhonf? xdktcsdefu tar&duefwyfzGJ@rsm; ukd&D;,m;
ppfyGJwGif yg0ifaepOfjzpfonf? (,if;ukd avmffqifu rSm;,Gif;aom vkyf&yf[k ,kH=unfcJhonf?) 0ef}uD;Xmem. ppfr_xrf;
qkdif;iHhcGifh/ usifh0wfta=umif;jycsufjzifh ppfr_xrf;&ef jiif;qkdol tqifhtwef;wkd@ukd awmif;cH&efxuf/ ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;
bkwftzGJ@ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@ olu jiif;qefvkdufonf? xkdjiif;qkdr_twGuf tar&duef tpdk;&tusOf;axmiftwGif;Y
wESpfausmf=umaexkdifcJh&avonf?
abmf'Gif a0gavhpf (Baldwin-Wallace College) aumvdyfrS bGJ@&&Sd+yD;aemuf avmffqif tdENd,okd@
xGufvmcJhonf? tdENd,&Sd em*fyl;òrd@ aumvdyfwckwGif omoemðywOD;tjzpf tr_xrf;cJhonf? avmffqif. tvkyfonf
pmoifay;&eftwGufomjzpfaomfvnf;/ tdENd,EkdifiHw0Srf;vkH;okd@vSnfhvnfI avhvmcJhonf? okH;ESpfr#=umjrifh+yD;aemuf
*END}uD;ESifhywfoufI wpkdufrwfrwfpkHprf;avhvmr_rsm;ðyvkyfcJh+yD; r[wWr*END. aemufvkdufwynfhaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@ESifhvnf;
awG@qkHcJhonf? tjcm;aom tdENd,acgif;aqmif}uD;ESifhywfoufI tvGefenf;yg;vSonfh A[kokwrsm;&Sdonfh tmz&duef-
tar&duef rsm;pGmwkd@uJhokd@yif/ c&pfawmf.pdwf0dnmOfrsm;onf *END}uD;. oif=um;r_rsm;ESifh b0ay:wGif xif[yfaeonf
[k ,kH=unfvmcJhonf? *ENDaemufvkdufwOD;tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ c&pfawmf aemufvkdufwOD;tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;
avmffqiftwGuf cgwkdif;xufykdI bmr#xl;jcm;rvmcJhay?
1955 ckESpf 'DZifbmv - avmffqiftdENd,wGif &SdaepOf wae@Y emh*fyl;wkdif;rf owif;pmukd aumuf,lzwf=unfh
vkdufrdonfhtcg armif*kdrm&D ESifh tvmbm;rm;òrd@rsm;wGif vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;xm;onfh òrd@wGif; "gwf&xm;/ um;rsm;ukd
oydwfarSmufaeonfukdawG@vkduf&avonf? yxrOD;qkH;t}udrftjzpfvnf; ‚if;ESifh oufwl&G,fwl bkef;awmf}uD; rmwif
vlomuif; *sLeD,m (Martin Luther King, Jr.) . ta=umif;ukd =um;vkduf&onf? tdENd,okd@ rxGufcGmcifu
avmffqifonf *END.tawG;tac:rsm;ukd awmifykdif;&Sd vljzL/ vlrnf;cGJjcm;r_ wkdufyGJrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;tokH;ðy&v#if
aumif;rnf[k pOf;pm;cJhao;onf? ,cktcg armif*kdrm&D tjzpftysufjzpfyGg+yD;aemuf omrefvlrnf; jynfolrsm;onfvnf;
xkdv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wGif yl;aygif;yg0if&ef toifhjzpfae+yD[k ,lqvmcJhonf? yxrurBmppft+yD; tdENd,rSmuJhokd@ t=urf;rzuf
vGwfajrmufa&; wkdufyGJv_yf&Sm;r_wcktwGuf awmifykdif;onfvnf; tcsdefus &ifhrSnfhvm+yD[k jrifvmonf?
1956 ckESpfwGif avmffqif tar&dum;ukd jyefoGm;cJhonf? tkd[kdif;,kd; ukdoGm;+yD;aemuf tkdbmvif aumvdyfwGif
r[mbJG@twGuf ausmif;qufwufcJhygonf? ol.yef;wkdifrSm oDtkdvkd*sD bmoma&;avhvma&;ynmwGif yDtdwfcsf'D (yg&*l
bGJ@) &atmif,l+yD;aemuf vlom;tm;vkH;nDr#a&;twGuf tvkyfqufvkyf&efjzpfonf? okd@aomf (1957) ckESpf azaz:0g&D
vwGif tkdbmvifaumvdyfokd@ rmwifvlomuif;tvnftywfa&muf&Sdvm+yD;aemuf ol. yxrOD;pm;ay;xm;r_rS vrf;vGJ
vmcJhonf? xkdtcsdefwGif trsm;.acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfðycHxm;&onfh uif;onf tkdbmvifwGif rdef@cGef;ajym&ef
twGuf oGm;a&mufcJhonf? xkd@jyif olonf ausmif;om;rsm;/ q&m/ q&mrrsm;ESifh awG@qkH&eftwGuf ae@vnfpm
pm;yGJi,fav;wckukdvnf; pDrHxm;ygonf? avmffqifonf uif;xkdifaeaom pm;yGJ. a&S@wnfhwnfhwGif ae&m,l
vkdufygonf? xkd@aemuf ol. axmifwGif;tcuftcJrsm;/ jy\emrsm;/ tdENd,wGif aexkdifpOfESpfrsm; ESifh ol.
tcsdwftqufrsm;/ xkdolrsm;rS uif;tm;t}uHay;ykHrsm;ESifh vuf&Sd pmoif=um;r_ +yD;qkH;+yD;aemuf awmifykdif;okd@ qif;&ef
&nf&G,fxm;onfrsm;ukdyg ajymjyonf? xkdtcg uif;rS ol@tm; jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rS avmffqiftm; ta&;w}uD;
vkdtyfaea=umif;ESifh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ urfydef;wGif vkdtyfonfrsm;ukd trSew f u,fem;vnfaom tjcm;vlrnf;
acgif;aqmifrsm; r&Sda=umif;/ xkd@a=umifh xkdtcsdeftxd rapmifh&ef ajymygawmhonf? uif;. arwWm&yfcHcsufu
usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfonfudk awG@&aomtcg avmffqifvnf; awmifykdif;qif;&ef oabmwlvkdufawmhonf?

avmffqifonf FOR ESifh qufpyfxm;r_ukd qufvufxdef;odrf;cJhygonf? r=umrDrSmyif awmifykdif;wGif vufawG@
vkyfief;cGifxJYvkyf&eftwGuf twGif;a&;rSL;wa,mufukd &SmazGaeonfqkdaom owif;ukd =um;&awmhonf? tvkyfonf
olESifh txl;oifhavsmfaomtvkyfwckjzpfonf? aemufqkH;wGif emh&SfAD;vfY tajcpkduf&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufonf? emh&SfAD;vf&Sd
Aef'gbvfwfwGif (Vanderbilt School of Divinity) olonf pmoif,lEkdifonf? xkdausmif;onf bGJ@&vlrnf;rsm;
twGuf 0ifcGifhukd r=umrDurS vufcHcJhjcif;jzpfonf? (1958) ckESpf tapmykdif;wGif ol. Zmwdòrd@jzpfaom tkd[kdif;,kdjynfe,f
rwfqDvGef (Masillon) ®r@av;wGif tar&duef vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;0g'udk t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzifh tqkH; owf&eftwGuf
bwfpfum;wpD;ukdwufpD;cJhygonf? Tokd@jzifh wap>ajcmufcHae&aom tar&duefvlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;0g'ukd t=urf;rzuf
wkdufyGJESifh ydwfqkd@wkdufckduftEkdif,lrnfh c&D;ukd pwifcJhygawmhonf?
“wcJeuf tkHºuGtHwrk _”
*sdrf;pfavmffqif emh&SfAD;vfokd@ a&mufoGm;aomtcgwGif awmifykdif;wGif jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_ pwif&efwmpl

ae+yDjzpfonf? vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;r_rsm;ESifh vlrnf;rsm;tm; tjynfht0EkdifiHom;tjzpfray;yJ z,fxkwfxm;r_rsm;twGuf
ra=ureyfjzpfr_rsm;onf zufaygif;pkHrS0ifvm+yD; avmifu|rf;awmhrnfjzpfonf? okd@aomf (1950) ck ESpfukefykdif;txd vlr_
taqmufttkHwckvkH;wGif }uD;}uD;rm;rm;ajymif;vJr_ jzpfrvmao;acs? jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf vlwef;pm;
cGJjcm;r_Oya'rsm;ESifh/ xkH;wrf;tpOftvmrsm;ukd wkdufzsuf&ef taumif;qkH;enf;vrf;rsm;twGuf oabmwlnDr_vnf; r&&Sd
=uao;acs? v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;Y t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. tcef;u¾onfvnf; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; r&Sdao;ay?
tom;ta&mif&Sdolrsm; zGH@òzd;a&;qkdif&m EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m tpnf;t&kH; National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) onf q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmuyif xif&Sm;ausmf=um;cJhavonf? xkdtzGJ@udk
todynm&Sif/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;rS OD;aqmifjcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@. vrf;jy=u,f}uD;rSm tar&duef jynfwGif;ppf}uD;
+yD;aemuf (14) }udrfESifh (15) }udrfajrmuf jyefvnfjyifqif a&;qGJxm;aom tajccHzGJ@pnf;yHkOya'. tydk'frsm; jzpfonf?
xkdtajccHOya'jyifqifr_wGif Oya'. umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_udk vlom;wkdif; tnDtr#cH,lykdifcGifh&Sdjcif;/ rJay;ykdif cGifhwkd@ukd
xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onf? okd@aomf awmifykdif;url t+rJwrf;vkdvkd TtcGGifhta&;rsm;ukd vpfvsL&_xm;cJhonf? qG,fw&m;
a[mjcif;rsm;/ tr_tcif;&ifqkdifjcif;rsm;jzifh NAACP onf A[dktpkd;&tm; xkdtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tmrcHr_&&ef/
wif;wif;=uyf=uyfvkyfaqmif&ef óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? Tenf;onf txkduftavsmuf tm;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonf? orw
[,f&D x&l;rif; (Harry Turman) vufxufwGif vufeufukdifwyfrsm;twGif; tom;a&mifcGJjcm;r_rsm;ukd tqkH;owf
apEdkifcJhonf? xkd@jyif (1954) ba&mif;ESifh ynma&;bkwftzGJ@ (Brown v. Borad of Education case) wkd@jzpfyGg;
aomtr_wGifvnf; \. a&S@aerS A[kdw&m;&kH;wGif tEkdif&atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhonf? ,if;tr_rSm tpkd;&ynma&;ausmif;
rsm;Y vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;r_rsm;onf (14) }udrfajrmuf tajccHOya'jyifqifcsufukd csKd;azmufjcif;jzpfonf [kqHk;jzwfay;cJhjcif;
jzpfonf? Todk@ESifh tcsdefumvwckokd@a&mufvmaomtcg NAACP . OD;wnfcsufvkyfief;pOfrsm;onf vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_
rsm;ukd wEdkifiHvHk;twkdif;twmjzifh us,fus,fjyef@jyef@wkdufckduf&ef tpysKd;ay;vkdufouJhokd@ jzpfvm+yD; A[dktpkd;&tm;
csKyfukdifvmEkdif[ef&Sdvmonf?
okd@aomf ba&mif;tr_onf awmifykdif;&Sd vljzLrsm;tm; }uD;rm;aomtHwkr_udk wGef;tm;ay;cJhavonf? A[dk
tpkd;&rS vlrsKd;/ tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_rsm;ukd umuG,&f efóud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_onf jynfe,frsm;. tcGifhta&;udk
csKd;azmufr_jzpfcJhonfqkdaomfvnf;/ t"du OD;wnfcsufrmS woD;yk*~vtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd us,fus,favmifavmif atmfae
aom vlrnf;rsm;udk qufESdyfuGyfxm;Edkifa&; jzpfonf? A[dktpdk;&w&m;&kH;rsm;wGif ausmif;rsm;Y tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_
rsm;ukd zsufodrf;&ef tr_zGifhjcif;/ toem;cHv$mwifjcif; ðyvkyfaom vlrnf;rdbrsm;ukd xdckduftemw& jzpfonftxd
wkdufckdufrnf[k+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ tvkyfrS xkwfypfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif; ponfenf;rsm;jzifh wkH@jyefcHae&onf? jynfe,f
tpkd;&rsm;rSvnf; NAACP tm; taESmuft,Sufrsm;ay;&eftwGuf tpDtpOfrsm; pkdif;jyif;a&;qGJvm=uonf? (1957)
ckESpfwGif t,fvmbm;rm;Y tzGJ@&Hk;rsm;tm;vkH;wòydifeuf ydwfypfcHcJh&onf? (1950) aemufykdif;rsm;wGifrl tzGJ@tpnf;onf
&mESifhcsDaom a'oEW&tzGJ@cGJrsm;ESifh tzGJ@0if ig;odef;cef@txd qHk;&_H;cJh&onf?
NAACP a&S@aersm;rS w&m;&kH;rsm;twGif; “cGJjcm;xm;rnf okd@aomf wlnD&rnf” [laom ynma&;ukd qef@usif
wkdufyGJ0ifaepOfwGif awmifykdif;òrd@rsm;&Sd omrefvlrnf;jynfolrsm;rSmvnf; vltrsm;o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;qdkif&m/ vlrnf;
vkyfief;rsm;wGiftom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_rsm;tm; qef@usifonfhpD;yGg;a&;ppfyGJrsm;ukd qifE$Jae=uonf? vlrnf;c&D;onfrsm;
onf òrd@wGif;bwfpfum;rsm;.aemufykdif;&Sd owfrSwfxm;aom xkdifckHrsm;wGifom pD;Ekdif=uonf? tu,fI vlrnf;rsm;
twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom xkdifckHrsm;jynfhaeygu vljzLrsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom a&S@ykdif;&Sd xkdifckHrsm; vGwfaeaomf

vnf; xkdifcGifhr&SdbJ rwfwyf&yf&rnfjzpfonf? ‚if;onf vlrnf;c&D;onfrsm;twGuf *k%foduQmESdrfhcsaom pHepfjzpfonf?
okd@aomf ,if;onf ypfrSwftjzpftoHk;ðyEdkifaom aysmhuGufwckjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf bwfpfvkdif;rsm;.
t"du0ifaiGonf vlrnf;rsm;ay:wGif rDSwnfaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? vl0DqD,m;em;rS bmwGef a&mh*f/ t,fvmbm;rm;rS
armifh*kdrm&DESifh zavm&D'g&Sd w,fvm[wfqD; òrd@}uD; (3) ®r@wGif&Sdaom vlrnf;tm;vkH;onf bwfpfrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf=u
avonf? vlrnf;bkef;awmf}uD;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;rsm;rSaeI !ïef=um;csufrsm;ay;jcif;/ vlxktpnf;
ta0;yGJrsm;Y pdwf"gwfrsm;jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;/ &HykHaiGaumufcHay;jcif;ESifh oydwfarSmufolrsm;twGuf tvkyfoGm;/ tvkyfjyef
um;rsm;pDpOfay;jcif;wkd@ ðyvkyfay;=uonf? xkdòrd@tm;vkH;wGif oydwfarSmufr_onf aphpyfaqG;aEG;&onfhtqifh a&mufonf
txd wif;xm;EkdifcJhonf?
,if;onf bwfpfum;oydwfarSmufr_ yxrqkH; r[kwfay? armif*kdrm&D®r@onf oydwfarSmufr_ trsm;qkH;jzpfaom
òrd@ jzpfonf? oydwfarSmufr_pwifaomtcg touf (26) ESpfom&Sdao;aom rmwifvlomuif;onf xkdòrd@wGif (2) ESpf
r#omaexkdif&ao;onf? ,if;oydwfonf ‚if;. pdwful;pdwfoef;vnf; r[kwfcJhovkd ol@a=umifh pwifcJhjcif;vnf;
r[kwfay? t"du pwifv_H@aqmfolrsm;rSm armif*kdrm&D NAACP twGif;a&;rSL; &kdpm yghuf (Rosa Park)
tvkyform;pnf;&kH;a&;rSL; wOD;jzpfonfh tD; 'D epfqif (E. D. Nixon) ESifh t,fvmbm;rm; jynfe,f aumvdyfrS
ausmif;q&m wOD;jzpfonfh *sKdtef; &kdbifqef (Jo Ann Robinson) wkd@jzpf=uonf? yghuf onf vljzLrsm;twGuf
owfrSwfxm;aom xkdifckHwGif xdkifrdonfhtwGuf tzrf;cHcJh&+yD;aemuf epfqif ESifh &kdbifqefwkd@rS oydwfarSmuf&ef pDrHcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;rS vlrnf;jynfolvlxkukd taumif;qkH;pnf;&kH;Ekdifvdrfhrnf qkdonfukd olwkd@ aumif;pGm oabm
aygufcJh=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;. xif&Sm;aom t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh touft&G,f}uD;/
tawG@tóuHrsm;r_rsm; a=umifhjzpfonf? uif;rS OD;aqmifr_u¾ukd qufvufwm0ef,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
i,f&G,faom w&m;a[mq&m uif;tm; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wGif OD;aqmifolwOD;jzpfvmap&eftwGuf tcsdeftm;jzifh
odyfr=umjrifhcJhacs? uif;onf ol. touftEW&,ftm;+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ aetdrftm; AkH;jzifh ypfcGJjcif;rsm; ponfh aorif;ESifh
&ifqkdif&eftwGuf owWdpGrf;tm;rsm;&Sdoljzpfonfhtjyif/ pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;aumif;wOD;vnf;jzpfonf? ol.rdef@cGef;ukd em;axmif
rdolrsm;tm; bwfpfum; xkdifckHwGif xkdifcGifh&&eftwGufr#omr[kwfawmhyJ/ trSefw&m;twGuf &ifqkdifwkdufckduf&ef
pdwf"gwfrsm;ukdyg wzGm;zGm;arG;zGg; ay;Ekdifaom pum;ajymaumif;oljzpfonf? olonf &kyf&nfoef@jyef@aom/ Xmefu&kd%f;
usus ajymqkdEkdifaom/ ynmwwfaom/ c&pf,mefwOD; jzpfonf? xkdt&nftcsif;rsm; tm;vkH;onf ol@tm; tar&duef
vljzLrsm;tm; qef@usifonfhv_yf&Sm;r_ukd qufvufo,faqmif&eftwGuf pHjywOD; jzpfapcJhonf? qENjyoydwfarSmufr_
rsm; qufvufjzpfyGg;ae+yD; (1956) ckESpfwkdifatmif tm;avsmhoGm;jcif; r&Sdonfh vuQ%mukd jrifae&aomtcg Ekid if w H 0Srf;
&Sd owif;pm q&mrsm;ESifh urBmuyg armif*kdrm&D®r@ukd tm&kHpl;pkdufvmap+yD; uif;tm; xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aom acgif;aqmif
wOD;tjzpf todtrSwfðyvmapcJhonf?
tjcm;aom uif;. {nfhonfwa,mufrSm *&if;0pf &GmrSoufvwfykdif;t&G,f&Sd vlrnf; tEkynmonfwOD;
jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;onf uGefjrLepfa[mif;wOD;jzpfonfhtjyif vdifwlqufqHol wa,mufvnf;jzpfonf? ‚if;.trnfrSm ab;,'f
&yfpwif (Bayard Rustin) jzpfonf? (1956) ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif uif;ESifhawG@&ef qif;vmcJhonf? xkdolonf
tawG@tóuH&Sdonfh pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;wOD;jzpf+yD; tvkyform;ESifh jynfol@tcGifhta&; tkyfpkrsm;ESifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vufwGJI
vkyfukdifcJholwOD;jzpfonf? t&kduftESufcH&jcif;/ axmifwGif;tusOf;cscH&jcif;wkd@ukdvnf; óuHawG@cJhzl;oljzpfonf? xkd@tjyif
olonf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wkdufyGJrsm;ukd pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ,kH=unfol wOD;vnf;jzpfonf? xkdta=umif;rsm;a=umifh oydwf
wkdufyGJrsm;/ uif; ESifh ol. vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;. t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd rnfokd@pwifaqmif&Gufrnf/ vnfywfrnfukd
odonf? uif;ESifh ol.vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk =um;od&aom tcgwGif olonf armif*kdrm&Dokd@ tajy;
tv$m;a&muf&SdcJhavonf? FOR rS *vef; prkdifav; (Glenn Smiley) u &yfpwif. tvkyfrsm;ukd
qufvufvkyfudkif&eftpm;xdk; a&mufvmaomtcg olòrd@rSxGufcGgvmcJhawmhonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ enf;vrf;ukd ESpfoufaom tjcm;aomtar&duefrsm;uJhokd@yif/ uif;onf c&pf,mef
orRmusrf;pmwGif t=urf;zufvkyfief;awGukd jyif;jyif;xefxefa&Smif=uOfzkd@ !ïefjyxm;onfukd awG@&ygonf? xkd@tjyif
bmoma&;pl;prf;avhvmol &D[kd;vf eDbl[m; (Reinhold Niebuhr) . tvkyfrsm;ukdvnf; avhvmcJhygonf? ‚if;rS
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd tajymxuf vufawG@ususvkyfaqmifzkd@ wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? tmz&duef-tar&duef trsm;pk
onf nDr#r_tcGifhta&;udk t=urf;zuftiftm;jzifh atmifjrif&&Sdvdrfhrnfvkd@ rar#mfvifhcJh=uay? tu,fI olwkd@t=urf;
zufenf;ukd prf;oyf=unhfcJhrnfqkdv#ifvnf;/ awmifykdif;a'otm%mykdifrsm;. jyif;xefaomwkef@jyefzdESdyfr_rsm;udk
óuHawG@&rnf rvGJay? xkd@jyif A[dktpkd;&. =um;0ifaqmif&Gufay;r_rsm;/ ‚if;wkd@bufrS axmufcH&yfwnfay;r_rsm;ukdvnf;
&&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? &yfpwifESifh prkdifav;wkd@onf vufawG@tokH;usonfh t}uHay;pum;rsm;ESifh oifwef;rsm;jzifh
jznfhqnf;ay;onfhtjyif/ jyifyurBmukdvnf; yËdyuQESifh ywfoufonfh tawG;tac:rsm;/ t=urf;zufjcif;. tjcm;aom

enf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; avhvmEdkifap&ef wHcg;zGifhay;avonf? ,if;onf avmffqifwa,muf/ abmvf'Gif a0gavhpf wGif
aexkdifpOf ESpfrsm;twGif;u zGifhrdcJhaom wHcg;yifjzpfonf? oydwftwGif; ol. tawG@tóuHrsm;ESifh xkdvkyfaqmifr_rsm;ukd
ol aus;Zl;wifygonf? uif;onf yDyDjyifjyif&kyfvkH;ray:ao;onfh rESpfòrd@zG,f&maumif;aom t=urf;zufr_rSonf &Sif;vif;
jywfom;onfh/ oEMdXmefcdkif=unfonfh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_tm; jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_. vrf;!ïeftajccHoabm
w&m;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJvkdufygawmhonf?
bmwGef a&mh*f ESihf w,fvm[wfqD;rSmuJhokd@ armifh*kdrm&D oydwfwGifjzpfay:aeaom owif;rsm;tm;vkH;onf
aocsmaom atmifyGJwcktwGuf tmrcHcsuf r[kwfay? xkdokH;®r@pvkH;&Sd oydwfarSmufolrsm;onf bwfpfum;rsm;ay:wGif
cGJjcm;xm;r_rsm; tqkH;owf&eftwGuf oydwfpcJhjcif; r[kwfyJ/ tu,fI vlrnf;rsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom xkdifckHrsm;
jynfhaeygu a&S@wef;&Sd xkdifckHrsm;wGif ae&mvGwf&Sdaeygu 0ifa&mufxkdifcGifh&&Sda&;ukd jyefvnfokH;oyf&ef twGufom
awmif;qdkcJhjcif; jzpfonf? bmwGefa&mh*frS ®r@tm%mykdifrsm;onf bwfpfum;rsm;tay:wGif “t&ifvmol t&ifxkdif” pepf
udk oydwfarSmufr_rsm; &yfwef@oGm;&eftwGuf wywftwGif; pDrHEkdifcJh=uonf? vlrnf;c&D;onfrsm;onf aemufwef;rSaeI
pwifxkdifvm+yD; a&S@okd@qufvufxkdifoGm;&efESifh vljzLc&D;onfrsm;onf a&S@qkH;wef;rSaeI pwifxkdifvmu aemufokd@
wjznf;jznf; qufxkdifoGm;&ef [lIqHk;jzwfcsufðyay;cJhonf? armif*kdrm&D&Sd oydwform;rsm;onfvnf; tqkdyg oabmwl
nDr_ukdyif &&SdcJh=uonf? okd@aomf vljzLt&m&Sdrsm;onf wESpfausmf=umwif;cHxm;+yD; oydwfrsm;qufarSmufaecJh&onf?
aemufqkH;wGif w&m;&kH;okd@ a&muf&SdoGm;+yD; A[kdw&m;&kH;csKyfrS bwfpfum;rsm;ay:wGif cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;ESifh ygwfoufonfh
trdef@Oya'rsm; xkwfjyefay;aomtcgrSyif tqkH;owfoGm;avonf? w,fvm[wfqD v_yf&Sm;r_wGifrl a'obwfpfum;
vkdif;rsm;ukd 0efaqmifr_rS tm;vkH;&yfqkdif;xm;&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? okd@aomf ‚if;wGifvnf; A[dkw&m;&kH; 0ifvmrSyif
tqkH;owfoGm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf?
bwfpfum;oydwfwGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tiftm;wckjzpfonf qkdonfukd
oufaojyEkdifcJhaomfvnf;/ awmifykdif;wcGifvkH;okd@ us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ ykdrkdv_yf&Sm;r_ul;pufoGm;ap&eftwGufudkrl
rvkyfaqmifEkdifcJhay? awmifykdif;&Sd òrd@}uD; tawmfrsm;rsm;onf oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;/ Oya'jzifh pdefac:r_rsm;ukd óudwifwm;qD;
&ef ‚if;wkd@ bwfpfum;rsm;ukd zufaygif;pkHrS aygif;pnf;xm;cJhonf? twWvefwm/ rrfzD;pf ESifh e,l;atmfvef ponfh
acgif;rmaomòrd@}uD;rsm;onf ao;i,faomqENjyr_rsm;onf tr_tcif;rsm;jzpfoGm;+yD; xkdrSwqifh w&m;&kH;okd@a&muf&SdoGm;
um w&m;&kH;rS tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_rsm;ukd zsufodrf;onfh trdef@Oya'rsm; xkwfjyefcJh&avonf? xkd@jyif oydwfrsm;onf
vlrnf;tenf;i,fom&Sdaom ae&mrsm;wGif pkpnf;Ekdifr_tiftm;enf;yg;ojzifh aumif;pGmrvkyfaqmifEkdifcJhay? vlrnf;rsm;
xHrS &&Sdrnfh 0ifaiGa':vmrSmvnf; rjzpfpavmufom jzpfonfhtwGuf pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukdvnf; rxdckdufapEdkifcJhay?
tusKd;oufa&mufr_&Sd&eftwGuf tiftm;}uD;rm;aom vlxkyg0ifaqmif&Gufr_vkdtyfonf? xkd@twGufa=umifh oydwfrsm;
rSm tiftm;awmifhwif;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh us,fjyef@aom tpnf;t&kH;rsm; r&Sdygu vkyfaqmif&ef roifhavsmfay?
(1957) ckESpfwGif rmwifvlom uif; ESifh tjcm;aom i,f&G,fonfh vlrnf; bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;onf awmifykdif;&Sd
a'oEW&acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd pkaqmif;&efESifh vlrnf;tokdif;t0kdif;rsm;t=um; tcsif;csif; csdwfqufr_&Sd&ef awmifykdif;
c&pf,ef acgif;aqmifr_ uGefz&ifh Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) udkwnfaxmifcJhonf?
uif;. yJhukdifr_ESifh ab;,'f &yfpwif ay;aomt}uHrsm;uJhokd@ ajrmufykdif; enf;AsL[mrsm;jzifh jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;
twGuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ wkdufyGJukd jr‡ifhwifoGm;rnf[k SCLC rS a=unmcJhonf? vlxktm; &J0Hhaom vkyfaqmifr_
rsm; pnf;&kH;&eftwGuf csDwkHcswkHjzpfaepOf tpykdif;Y rJqEN&SifrSwfykHwifonfhudpPukd t"duxm;vkyfcJh&m tuef@towfESifh
atmifjrifcJhonf? xkdpOftwGif; awmifykdif;&Sd rsm;pGmaom tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm; ESifh rodrom
wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJa&;0g'Drsm;. enf;AsL[mrsm;t=um;wGif pdwfr&SnfEkdifjzpfaeaomfvnf;/ NAACP acgif;aqmifrsm;
onf w&m;a&;qkdif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh tvkyf&_yfaecJhonf?
tu,fI jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf (1950) ukefESifh (1950) vGefESpfrsm;txd t&Sdeft[kefjr‡ifhwif&ef
rjzpfEdkifcJhyguvnf;/ ysufokOf;oGm;&ef ta0;}uD; jzpfygonf? SCLC bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;onf twWvefwm/ bmrif[efESifh
emh&SfAD;vf tp&Sdaom òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukd zGJ@pnf;ae=uonf? ajrmufykdif;tajcpkduf v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onfvnf;
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf oifwef;rsm; tultnDay;ae=uonf? tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd; cGJjcm;xm;aom pwkd;qkdif
rsm;/ pm;aomufqkdifrsm;wGifvnf; tpm;taomufaumifwmrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufxkdifum ae&mrz,fay;yJ xkdifoydwf
qifEGJonfhenf;uJhokd@aom wkduf&kdufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf enf;vrf;opfrsm;udkvnf; rdwfqufoif=um;ay;ae=uonf?
awmifykdif;e,fpGef e,fzsm;&Sd òrd@}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh rD,mrD/ uef;qufpDwD;/ pdef@vl0pf/ vl;0pfAD;vf ESifh tkduvm[kd;rm;
tp&Sdonfh ®r@}uD; w'gZifausmfausmfokd@ oydwfqifEGJ&ef vltrsm;u oGm;a&mufcJh=uonf? tqkdyge,frsm;okd@ xkdv_yf&Sm;
aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ukd pwif&eftwGuf vSnfhvnfc&D;oGm;vmaeaom vlwa,mufrSm toufi,f&G,faom bkefawmf}uD;
wyg;jzpfonfh *sdrf;pf avmfqifyifjzpfonf?

emh&SfAD;vf xkdifoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;
atoifawmifykdif;
(1957) ckESpfwGif awmifykdif;okd@oGm;&ef avmfqif qkH;jzwfvkdufaomtcg OD;pGm twWvefwmokd@t&ifoGm;&ef
qEN&Sdonf? twWvefwmonf a'o. ®r@jywkd;wufzGH@®z;r_ tjrefqkH;aomjzpfonf? okd@aomf *vef prkdifav; (Glenn
Smiley) rS ol@ukd emh&SfAD;vfokd@ oGm;&ef pnf;&kH;avonf? emh&SfAD;vfonf wefeufqDjynfe,ftv,fykdif;&Sd ykdao;i,f+yD;
odyfvnf; rpnfum;aom ®r@jzpfonf? xkd®r@wGif wkd;wufaom txufwef;v$m vlrnf;wa,muf&Sdavonf? t"du
tOD;wnfcsufrSm u,fvD rDvm prpf (Kelly Miller Smith) qkdoljzpfonf? t&nftcsif;&Sdaom bkef;awmf}uD;
wyg;jzpf+yD; SCLC wnfaxmifolwOD; vnf;jzpfonfhtjyif wGJzufxm;onfh a'otzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfh euf&SfAD;vf c&pf
,mefacgif;aqmifr_ uGefz&ifhudk Nashville Christian Leadership Conference (NCLC) pwifwnfaxmifol
wOD;vnf;jzpfonf? emh&SfAD;vfwGif tvm;tvm&Sdaom v_yf&Sm;ol ausmif;om; axmifaygif;rsm;pGm&Sd+yD; ‚if;wkd@onf ®r@.
vlrnf;rsm;}uD;pkd;aom aumvdyfav;ckwGif ynmoif=um;cJh=uolrsm;jzpfonf? emrnf}uD;aumvdyfrsm;jzpfonf zpfuf
wuUokdvf/ r[m&D aq;aumvdyf (Meharry Medical College) rSonf emrnfr}uD;onfh wefeufqD pkdufysKd;a&; ESifh
pufr_aumvdyf Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial (A&I) / The American Baptist Theological
Seminary (ABT) wkd@yg0ifonf?
vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r_ ywf0ef;usifonfvnf; awmifzuftzsm;ykdif;usonfh a*smf*sD,m/ tvmbm;rm; ESihf rpPpyD
tp&Sdonfh jynfe,frsm;xufenf;yg;avonf? emh&SfAD;vfwGif vlrnf;rsm;onf tqkdygjynfe,frsm;avmuf/ cGJjcm;qufqHr_
+cdrf;ajcmufr_ rcH&acs? ®r@. vljzLrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@ukd,f ‚if;wkd@udk,f‚if;wdk@ ,Ofaus;aom ®r@}uD;om;rsm;tjzpfcH,l=u+yD;
wkd;wufaom tjrif&Sdolrsm;tjzpf owfrSwf=uonf? ®r@ukdvnf; atoifawmifykdif;®r@tjzpfwifpm;=uonf? vlrnf;rsm;
tm; a'oEW&EkdifiHa&;pepfwGif ryg0if&[k rwm;jrpfxm;ay? vlcGefOya'ESifh ®r@.a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif awmifzufykdif;wGif
usifhokH;onfh vlrnf;rsm; rJxnfhcGifhr&Sd[laom &kd;&mtpOftvmukdvnf; t}udrfrsm;pGm y,fzsuf=uonf? emh&SfAD;vf.
®r@awmfaumifpD0if a&G;aumufyGJwGifvnf; vlrnf;rsm;tEkdif&onfh t}udrfrsm;vnf;&Sdavonf? ®r@awmf0ef bef0ufpf
(Ben West) onfvnf; tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd;a&;udpPrsm;wGif tv,ftvwfoabmxm;&Sdoljzpfonf? ®r@.emrnf}uD;
owif;pmwapmifjzpfonfh The Nashville Tennessean t,f'Dwmonfvnf; vlwef;pm; vpfb&,ftjrif&Sdaomol
jzpfonf? xkdowif;pmwGif vlcGefawmfzsufodrf;a&;ESifh jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukdvnf; tm;wufoa&m
axmufcHa&;om;oljzpfonf?
xkduJhokd@aom ,Ofaus;odrfarG@r_rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; emh&SfAD;vfonf awmifykdif;&Sd tjcm;aom ajAmifuspGm tom;
ta&mif/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;onfh w,loef ®r@}uD;rsm;xuf enf;yg;onfqkd&kHomjzpfonf? vlrnf;rsm;rSm pm;aomufqkdiftrsm;pk
wGif 0ifa&mufpm;aomufcGifh r&Sd=uacs? &kyf&Sif&kHrsm;twGif;okd@ ‚if;wkd@twGuf oD;oef@vkyfxm;aom 0ifaygufrsm;ukdom
tokH;ðy&onfhtjyif 0&efwmrsm;wGifom xkdif&onf? a&ul;uefrsm;ESifh a*gufoD;uGif;rsm;ukdvnf; tokH;ðycGifh r&&Sd=uay?
blwm&kHrsm;wGifvnf; &xm;apmifh&eftwGuf oD;jcm;tcef;rsm;cGJxm;onf? ukefwkdufrsm;/ pm;aomufqkdifrsm;/ pwkd;qkdif
rsm;ESifh b%frsm;wGifvnf; vlrnf;jzpfv#if tapmifh (okd@r[kwf) yef;uefaq;tvkyfukdom &&Sd=uonf? xkdtvkyfrsm;
r[kwfyJ wjcm;aomtvkyfrsm;jzpfyguvnf; ‚if;wkd@tm; vljrifuGif;wGif rxm;&Sday?
(1957) ckESpfwGif A[dkw&m;&kH;rS ausmif;rsm;wGif vlrnf;rsm;vnf; twlwuG pmoif=um;cGifh trdef@xkwfjyef
aomtcg ®r@tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;onf tjcm;aom awmifykdif;®r@rsm;twGuf pHerlemtjzpf pDrHudef;wckukda&;qGJ=uonf?
,if;rSm w&m;&kH;. trdef@xkwfjyefcsufukd vkdufemaomtm;jzifh rjzpfpavmufaom ajymif;vJr_tenf;i,fukd
ðyvkyf=uonf? yxrtqifh&&Sdaomolukdom wESpfv#if wa,mufcGifhðyjcif;jzpfonf? “cifAsm;&Jh orD;i,fukd igwkd@
aoatmif&kduf+yD;awmh ajcaxmufuae óud;eJ@ aZmufxkd;csdwfqGJxm;r,f” [k trnfrazmfyJ w,fvDzkH;xJrSaeI ausmif;
wufcGifh&onfholukd +cdrf;ajcmuf=uonf? ausmufcJrsm;jzifh ypfcwfjcif;/ vltkyftwGif; wkwfrsm;ukdifaqmifvmjcif;wkd@udk
ðyvkyf=uonf? xkd@a=umifh vlrnf;rdbtrsm;pkrSm ‚if;wkd@. om;/ orD;rsm;ukd xkdyxrESpfwGif 0ifa&mufwufjcif;rS
xkwfz,fxm;vkduf=uonf? ®r@. (1400) xJrS yxrtqifh vlrnf; (19) a,mufom ,cif vljzLausmif;rsm;okd@
0ifa&mufcGifh&=uonf? ,if;onf awmifykdif;vljzLtrsm;pk vlrnf;rsm;ESifh twlwuGaexkdifcGifh ay;vkdufonfh vlrsKd;a&;
cGJjcm;xm;r_rS wkd;wufr_trsKd;tpm;wckjzpfcJhonf?
*sdrf;pfavmfqifa&muf&SdoGm;aomtcg emh&SfAD;vfY ZmwfcGJjcm;r_&Sdae+yD;jzpfonf? rwluGJjym;aom vlrsKd;rsm;
aexkdif/ pm;aomuf/ upm; &rnfh ae&mrsm;/ xkdolwkd@ vkyfEkdifaom tvkyfrsm;/ vrf;ay:/ pwkd;qkdifrsm;wGif wOD;ESifh wOD;

awG@aomtcg rnfuJhokd@ ðyrlqufqH&rnf qkdonfrsm;wkd@jzpfonf? okd@aomf xkdcGJjcm;r_rsm;ukd pdefac:&ef pdwfxufoef
aeaom vlrnf;acgif;aqmif rsm;vnf;&Sdonfh tjyif xkdvlrnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd vkdvkdvm;axmufcHrnfh pdwfrygaom
vljzLrsm;vnf;&Sdonf? emh&SfAD;vf&Sd *sifrfu&kd; (Jim Crow) rSm ‚if;. wGef@qkwfaom aemufajcaxmufrsm;ay:wGifom
&yfwnfaeojzifh avmfqifrSm xkd wGef@qkwfonfh ajcaxmufrsm;ukd atmufajcrS jzwfawmhrnfomjzpfonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ twwfoifausmif;
wefeufqDokd@a&ï@ajymif;+yD;aemuf FOR twGuf avmfqifonf tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_rsm;tm; qef@usif
wkdufckduf&eftwGuf oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;ESifh t=urf;rzufenf;vrf;rsm;twGuf t}uHay;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmif&efawmifykdif;
òrd@rsm;okd@ c&D;xGufcJhonf? emh&SfAD;vfwGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? (1959) ckESpfwGif
òrd@wGif;Y jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef jyifqifcsdefa&muf+yD[k avmfqif qkH;jzwfcJhavonf? xkd@aemuf u,fvD
prpfESifh tjcm;aom vlrnf;bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@. bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;rsm;rSwqifh ausmif;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufyg0if
aqmif&Guf&ef ol@taejzifh vkdtyfaeonfqkdaom pum;rsm; xkwfjyef&ef ckdif;apcJhonf?
wkef@jyefr_rSm tm;&p&modyfraumif;ay? a'owGif; vlrnf;ausmif;rsm;rSm jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
twGuf pdwftm;xufoefr_ odyfr&Sd=uacs? ausmif;om;rsm;rSm pnf;rsOf;rsm;twkdif; aexkdif&ef zdtm;rsm; ay;cHxm;&onf?
tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf aemufqkH;wGif i,f&G,faom bGJ@&vlrnf;ausmif;om;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@rwkdifrD aemifawmf
ausmif;om;rsm; pdwfr#yif rul;zl;aom tvkyftudkif tcGit hf vrf; tmrcHcsuf uwdrsm;ukd &&Sdxm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf?
xkzd t d m;rsm;rSm tjcm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;xuf qif;&Jaom rdom;pkrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;wGif tjyif;xefqkH; jzpf[ef
&Sdonf?
(1959) tukefykdif;avmufwGif uvyftrSwfw& nD!Gwfaom ruf''pfausmif;awmf Clark Memorial
United Methodist Church wGifðyvkyfaom avmfqif.aqG;aEG;yGJokd@ wufa&mufvmaomausmif;om;rsm;onf vuf&Sd
ykdae+rJ usm;ae+rJtajctaeukd a=ueyfESpfodrfh raeEkdifaomolrsm;jzpf=uonf? ‚if;wkd@txJrS wcsKd@rSm 'kdif;ae emh&SfuJhokd@
ajrmufykdif;a'oom;rsm;jzpf=u+yD; tqifhtwef; edrfhusonfh awmifykdif;pepfukd pufqkyf&GH&Smaom olrsm;jzpf=uonf?
tjcm;aomolrsm;rSm awmifykdif;om;rsm;jzpf=u+yD; wpkHwckaomta=umif;jzifh olwkd@. rdbrsm;ukd a&ikHE_wfydwfraeEkdif[k
qkH;jzwfxm;aom olrsm;jzpf=uonf? rm&D,Gefbm&D (Marion Bary) onf zpfuf (Fisk) rS aumvdyfausmif;olwOD;
jzpfonf? olronf rrfzD;pf (Memphis) &Sd vDrdGKif;aumvdyf (LeMoyne College) rS vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;r_ xkwfjyefa=u
nmcsufukd &_H@csaoma=umifh aumvdyfrS xkwfcHxm;&oljzpfonf? tqkdyg aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;okd@ wufa&mufaom pdwf"gwf
tjyif;xefqkH;ol ESpfOD;rSm (ABT) rS jzpfonf? ®r@. emrnfr}uD;qkH;ESifh tqif;&JqkH; ausmif;jzpfonf? bmemh'f vaz,wf
(Bernard Lafayette) rSm awmifykdif;wGif arG;zGm;+yD; ajrmufykdif;okd@ ‚if;. rdbrsm;ESifhtwl emh&SfAD;vfokd@ roGm;rD
a&ï@ajymif;oGm;ol wOD;jzpfonf? olonf tjcm;aom atbDwDausmif;om; wOD;. wkdufwGef;r_jzifh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;okd@
wufa&mufcJholjzpfonf? *|ef vl;0pf (John Lewis) rSm t,fvmbm;rm; &Sd 0g*Grf;xGufaom a'orSoD;pm;v,form;
rdom;pkrS jzpf+yD; &Sufwwfaom vli,fwa,mufjzpfonf? olonf ,cifESpfuwnf;u aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;okd@ wufa&mufcJhol
wOD;jzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@txJwGif ayg vmy&'f (Paul LaPrad) uJhokd@aom tawG;tac:0g'D vljzLausmif;om;
tenf;i,fvnf; yg0ifonf?
avmfqifonf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wkd@. t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif orkdif;bmom ESifh '\eaA' wkd@.
ausmaxmufaemufcHðyr_rsm; ta=umif;ukd oif=um;ay;onf? zsuo f drf;a&;0g'Dwkd@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ta=umif;/ (1940) vGef
ESpfrsm;wGif csDum*kdY vlrsKd;a&;nDr#r_ uGef*&uf (Congress of Racial Equality - CORE) rS ðyvkyfonfh ae&mrz,f
ay;aom xkdifoydwform;rsm;/ armif*kdrm&D bwfpfum;oydwf/ ESifh *END}uD; OD;aqmifonfh tdENd, ESifh awmiftmz&du&Sd
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ta=umif; wkd@jzpfonf? t"du A[kdðyaom pHerlemrsm;rSm *END ESihf c&pfawmf wk@d jzpfonf? w&mrr#wr_rsm;ukd
o=u*[ (avmfqifu ,if;ukd 0dnm%f cGet f m; [kac:qkdonf) rS rnfokd@ wkH@jyefwkdufckdufonf qkdonfudk ausmif;om;
rsm;tm; em;vnfapcsifonf? eif;jym;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@tay: zdESdyfolrsm;tm; &_H;edrfhatmifvkyfrnfr[kwf/ olwkd@a=umifh
xkdeif;jym;rsm; b,fvkdcHpm;ae=u&onfukd odapjcif;jzifhom vlom;csif; pmempdwfay:vmaprnfjzpfonf?
avmfqiftwGuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf vlr_a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ enf;emrsm;xuf ykdrkdonf? ,if;onf cGeftm;rsm;twGuf
ykdrkd tajccHusaom &if;jrpfrsm;ukd &SmazGonfhenf;jzpfonf?
ol. wnf+idrfr_/ vufawG@qefr_wkd@onf i,f&G,faom wynfhrsm;twGuf tHtm;oifh txif}uD;r_wck jzpfap
cJhonf? ol@ukd,fol acgif;aqmifwa,muftaejzifh r[kwfyJ/ oif=um;jyool q&mwa,muftaejzifh qufqHcJhonf?

vl;0pfESifh emh&Sf tygt0if tcsKd@wynfhrsm;onf v#ifjrefpGm wwfajrmufcJh=uonf? tjcm;olrsm;rSm avmfqifajymjy
onfrsm;ukd vufcHem;vnf&ef cufcJcJh=uonf? “cifAsm;taeeJ@ tvG,fwul jyefvnf &kef;xzkd@eJ@ jyefvnftm;arG;+yD;
jyefvnfwkdufckdufzkd@ 'Denf;eJ@om jzpfEkdifayvdrfhr,f” [k jyefajym=uonf? ol. enf;vrf;rsm;onf bmoma&;
,kH=unfr_rsm;ESifh rnfokd@qufEG,faeonfukd &Sif;jy+yD; ‚if;wkd@. pdwf"gwfukd jrifhwufapcJhonf? olwkd@. tcsKd@aom oHo,
rsm;ukd avmfqiftaejzifh tvG,fwulyif acszsufypfEkdifcJhonf? avmfqifonf wpkHwckukd taumiftxnf
az:&ef}uHpnfaeaoma=umifh usefaomolrsm;onf qufvufyg0ifae=uonf? 'kdif;ae emh&Sf rS “t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ [m
tvkyfrjzpfbl;vkd@ usrxifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh aqG;aEG;yGJawGrSm usrqufvufyg0ifae&wJh ta=umif;wckuawmh 'D®r@rSm
vkyfp&m tJ'Denf; wrsKd;yJ&Sdvkd@jzpfygw,f” [k jyefajymcJhygonf?
tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_rsm; tqkH;owf&eftwGuf avmfqifonf ®r@v,facgif&Sd emh&SfAD;vf aps;xJrSm
v_yf&Sm;r_ wckukd pwif&eftwGuf rsufpda'gufaxmuf tuGuf=unfhaecJhonf? avmfqiftyg0if ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm
®r@av;. tjyifyrS jzpf=uonf? xkd@a=umifh olwkd@onf emh&SfAD;vf vlrnf;&yfuGuf. axmufcHr_ukd&&Sd&ef tEkdif&Ekdifaom
ypfrSwfwck a&G;cs,f&rnfjzpfonf? okd@r[kwfygu vlrsKd;/ tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;olrsm;rS olwkd@tm; jyifyrS jy\em&Sm&ef
vmolrsm; tjzpf wHqdyfuyf+yD; tvG,fwul txD;wnf;jzpfapvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? bkef;awmf=uD;prpfausmif;awmf
Reverend Smith's church rS rdef;r wcsKd@onf aqG;aEG;yGJwckokd@ oGm;a&mufcJh=u+yD; ®r@v,frSqkdiftrsm;pkonf
vljzLrsm;om xkdifIae@vnfpm pm;aomufEkdifaom qkdifrsm;jzpfaeonfhtwGuf olwkd@taejzifh rsm;pGm pdwftaESmuf
t,Suf jzpf&onf[k &Sif;jy=uonf? ukefwkduf}uD;rsm;ESifh pm;aomufukefypPnf;rsm;rS qifajczkH;&yfrsm;okd@ rjyef@ESH@rD/ (1970)
vGefESpfrsm;txd ®r@wGif;&Sd ukefwkduf}uD;rsm;/ qkdif}uD;rsm;rSm òrd@}uD;tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sd tqifhtwef;rDaom qkdifrsm;jzpfonf?
vlrnf;trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm xkdqkdifrsm;wGif em&Daygif;rsm;pGm aps;0,fEkdif=uaomfvnf; xkdifckHaumifwmrsm;wGif acwWc%
tem;,l&eftwGuf ajccscGifh/ xkdifcGifh r&&Sd=uay? qkdifwGif;&Sd tnpfta=u;pGef@/ oef@pifa&;tcef;rsm;ukdvnf; tokH;ðycGifh
r&&Sd=uay? TtajctaersKd;onf ‚if;wkd@ yifyef;EGrf;e,faeaomtcsdefrsm; ESifh qmavmifrGwfodyfaeaomuav;i,frsm;
ygvmaomtcgwGif ykdqdk;avonf? tu,fI ausmif;om;rsm; taejzifh xkd jy\emukd ajz&Sif;&efóud;yrf;rnfqkdygu
tqkdyg trsKd;orD;}uD;rsm;vnf; 0ifa&mufyg0if qifEïJrnfrSm trSefyifjzpfayonf?
rkd;&moD ukefqkH;I aqmif;a&mufvmaomtcg/ avmfqifonf ‚if;. oDtkd&D tqifhrsm;ukd ausmfum
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jzpfvmawmhrnfh ta&;rsm;twGuf óudwifjyifqifr_rsm; ðyvkyfum vufawG@oifwef;rsm; ay;av
awmhonf? *|efvl;0pfu Tokd@jyefajymjyonfrSm vlr_a&;Zmwfvrf;i,frsm;ukd ZmwfwdkufonfhozG,f vufawG@ðy
vkyf=u+yD;/ xkd@aemuf qENjyonfhykHpHi,frsm;ESifh &efrlcH&jcif;rsm;ukd o&kyfaqmif=uonf? usaemfwkd@xJrS tawmfrsm;rsm;ukd
acgufukvm;xkdifrsm;wGif pDwef;I xkdifap+yD; ae&mrz,fay;bJ pDwef;I xkdifoydwf usif;yykHrsKd; zefwD;=uonf? usefae
ao;aom tcsKd@olrsm;ukd aumifwmpm;yGJxkd;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ab;rS &yf=unfhaeonfh pdwfqkd;aeaom
y&d\wfrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ xkdifaeolrsm;ukd epf*g (niggers) [laom pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh rsufESmrsm;ukd =unfhI
qJa&;wkdif;xGmaeykHrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ xkdifaeolrsm;ukd =urf;jyifay:okd@ wGef;xkd;vJScsI =urf;wrf;pGmðyrlqufqHae
onfh ykHpHrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; toD;oD; o&kyfaqmifapygonf? *sifrf avmfqifonf t+rJwrf; xdkodk@Zmwfwdkufavhusifh
onfhae&mwGif twl&Sdae+yD; o&kyfaqmifaeolrsm;tay:wGif vSnfhvnfI wGef;xkd;jcif;/ wkdufwGef;jcif;/ E_d;qGjcif;/ oif=um;
ajymjyjcif;/ ukd,fwkdif o&kyfaqmifjyjcif;ESihf acsmharmhajr‡mufyifh em;csjcif; ponfhjzifh trsKd;rsKd; vkyfaqmifay;ygonf?
olwkd@[m wkdufckdufcH vm&onfhtcgwGif rdrdukd,fukd rnfokd@ckcHumuG,frnfqkdonfwkd@ukd avhvm&ygonf? cE<mukd,f.
ta&;}uD;aom ukd,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;ukd rnfokd@umuG,frnf/ rdrdwkd@xJrS tazmfwa,mufa,mufu t&kduftESuf
cH&ygu tultnDay;aomtaejzifh usefaomolrsm;vnf; 0kdif;tkHvmygu &kdufESufr_rsm;onf wa,mufxJay:wGif tm&kH
rpkdufEkdifawmhbJ tjcm;olrsm;ukdyg &kdufESuf&rnfjzpfaoma=umifh rnfokd@jyef@usJoGm;rnf tp&Sdonfwkd@ukdvnf; oif=um;
jyoygonf? avmfqifonf rdrdwkd@tm; &efrlrnfht&dyfvuQ%mrsm;ukdvnf; xkdolwkd@. rsufpdukd tcsdefwkdif; =unfhjcif;jzifh
odem;vnfEkdifykHukdvnf; oifjyay;onf? ,if;onf wkdufckdufrnfhol. a'gorkefwkdif; tqifhukdvnf; tawG@tóuHtm;jzifh
odEkdifonf? xkd@jyif rnfokd@ jyefvnfckHcHumuG,fjcif;jzifh &efðyolwkd@. pdwfukd ykdrkdE_d;qGrvmEkdifykH ukdvnf;oif,l&onf?
avmfqif. aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf t=urf;rzuf wkduf&kdufv_yf&Sm;r_ (nonviolent direct
action) - qENjyjcif;/ oydwfarSmufjcif; - rsm;ukd jynfol@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_ (Civil Rights Movement) . t"du
tpdwftykdif;r[kwfaomfvnf;yJ oif,l&avonf? ,if;onf bwfpfum;oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;xuf rsm;pGm xdyfwkduf &ifqkdif
awG@r_rsm; yg0ifavonf? vlrnf;rsm;onf vljzLrsm;om xkdifIpm;aomufcGifh&Sdaom ae@vnfpm aumifwmrsm;wGif
0ifa&mufxkdif+yD; ‚if;wkd@twGuf pm;yGJxkd;ay;&efawmif;qkdjcif;jzifh awmifykdif;. vlr_a&;xkH;wrf; ESifh Oya'ukd ukd,fxd
vufa&muf csKd;azmufvkdufjcif;vnf;jzpfonf? xkd@twGufa=umifh avmfqifrS tav;teufajymonfrSm “wif;=uyfaom
pnf;urf;vkdufemr_rsm;/ jyif;xefaom oifwef;rsm;/ &_yaf xG;aom enf;AsL[mrsm; ESifh pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;/ vlopfxyfrH

pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh vlopfrsm; oifvkyfaqmifaom trsKd;tpm;twkdif; v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfay:vmatmif vkyfaqmifEkdif&ef
r&SdrjzpfvkdtyfykHrsm;” jzpfonf? “'gawG[m tvkdtavsmuf jzpfvmrSm r[kwfygbl;? pepfwus pDrH
taumiftxnfazmfrSom jzpfvmEkdifwmyg? wpkHw&m vkdtyfoGm;wmESifh wòydifeuf qef@usifbufawG&Jh
tiftm;atmufrSm ysufpD;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? ” oluajymonf?
ae@vnfpmaumifwmrsm;/ pwkd;qkdiftvkyform;rsm; ESifh tu|rf;w0ifjzpfap&eftwGuf pae (2) ywfqufwkduf
c%wðzwf csOf;eif;0ifa&muf owif;axmufjcif;rsm;ukd ðyvkyf=u&ygonf? t}udrfwkdif;Y aooyfusepGm 0wfqifxm;
aom aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif;rS vljzL/ vlrnf;ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifonfh tkyfpk wpkukd pwkd;qkdifrsm;twGif;rS wckckukd 0,f,lI
‚if;wkd@. xkdifckHrsm;ukd ,l+yD; aumifwmwGif xkdif=uum pm;yGJxkd;. 0efaqmifr_ukd apmifhaeapygonf? vlrnf;rsm;jzpfaeI
0efaqmifr_vkyfay;&ef jiif;qkdjcif;cH&ygu pwkd;qkdif refae*smtm; ,Ofaus;jyLiSgpGm ajymqkdqufqH+yD;/ refae*sm.
pwkd;qkdifay:vpDrsm; &Sif;jyonfukd ,Ofaus;pGmem;axmifI jyefvm&ef ckdif;avonf? xkd@aemuf bk&m;ausmif;okd@
jyefvmap+yD; ‚if;wkd@ tawG@tóuHrsm;udk avmfqiftm; jyefajymjyavonf?
c&pfprwftwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;tdrfokd@ rjyefrD vljzLrsm;om xkdifcGifh&&Sdaom qkdifrsm;twGif; 0ifa&mufxkdifI
rz,fay;aom oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;ukd (1960) azaz:0g&DvwGifpwif&ef qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf? emh&SfAD;vfokd@ ZEM0g&DvwGif
olwkd@jyefa&mufvmaomtcg ‚if;wkd@ vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf a&;qGJxm;aom pDrHudef;rsm;ukd a'owGif;&Sd vlrnf;rsm;om
wufaom ausmif;0if;rsm;twGif pwifvnfywfae+yD qkdaom owif;ukd awG@&Sd&awmhonf? xkd@a=umifh wywfv#if
ESpf}udrf uvmuf bk&m;&Sdacgif;ausmif; (Clark Church) Y awG@qkH =uonf? xkdtcsdefrSpI ‚if;wkd@ukd,f ‚if;wkd@ emh&SfAD;vf
ausmif;om; v_yf&Sm;r_ (Nashville Student Movement) [k trnfwyf =uonf? tm;vkH;. oabmwlnDcsufjzifh A[kd
aumfrwD wckukdzGJ@pnf;+yD; wOD;wnf;tay:Y tvGeftu|H rDSckdr_rsm; rjzpfay:ap&eftwGuf tvSnhfus acgif;aqmifr_tjzpf
OD;aqmifoGm;&ef qkH;jzwfEkdifcJh=uonf? ‚if;wkd@onf pkpnf;uspfvpfaom ,lepfwckjzpfvm+yD; pOfqufrjywf
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ac:,lI ykdrkdcdkifrmvmatmif wnfaqmufEkdifcJh=uonf? aemufykdif;wGif atbDwDausmif;om;wOD;
jzpfol bme'f vaz,wf (Bernard Lafayette) rS “0ufpfydGKifh ppfwuUokdvfESifh tqifh nDr#aom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_
twwfoifausmif; (a nonviolent academy, equivalent to West Point) [kac:qkdcJhonf? olwkd@rSm tqkdyg
tu,f'rDausmif;rS bGJ@&=uawmhrnfh ausmif;om;rsm;[k bme'f vaz,wf rS ajymqkdcJhavonf?
azaz:0g&Dv (3) &ufae@wGif *|efvl;0pfonf wefeufqD,ef; (Tennessean) owif;pmwapmifukd ol.
ausmif;aqmifodk@ ,laqmifvm+yD; zwfjyavonf? owif;rSm/ vGefcJhaom ESpf&ufu u,f&kdvkdif;em; ajrmufykdif; attef
wD (North Carolina A&T) rS vlopfav;a,mufwkd@onf *&if;pfbkd&kd (Greensboro) &Sd 0l;vf0kdof (Woolworth) qkdif
ae@vnfpmaumifwmwGif 0ifa&mufxkdif=u+yD; qkdifrS 0efaqmifr_vkyfief; vkyfray;Ekdifyg[k jiif;qkdonfhwkdifatmif
xray;bJ qufxkdifae=uonf? xkdae@wGifyif avmfqif. oli,fcsif; wOD;jzpfaom u,f&kdvkdif;em; ajrmufykdif; rS bkef;}uD;
a'guf*vyfpf rkd; (Douglas Moore) u avmfqifukd w,fvDzkH;rSwqifh xkdifckHwkdufyGJrsm;rSm wae@wjcm; ykdrkd}uD;xGm;vm
aea=umif; ta=umif;=um;avonf? xkd@jyif olukd,fwkdifvnf; xkduJhokd@aom xkdifckHrz,fay;a&;wkdufyGJrsm;
ol.jynfe,fw0kdufwGif taumiftxnfazmf&ef óud;pm;aea=umif;ESifh urBmw0Srf;vkH;ESifh awmifykdif;&Sd wufºuGpGm
v_yf&Sm;ae=uaom bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tm; tqkdygowif;ukd jzef@a0ay;yg&ef tultnDawmif;cH+yD;/ avmfqiftm;vnf;
t&Sdeft[kefqufvufjrifhwufvmap&eftwGuf ‚if;. emh&SfAD;vfwGifvnf; cyfjrefjref taumiftxnfazmf&ef wkdufwGef;
avonf?
tqkdyg nwGif &maygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf avmfqif. azaz:0g&Dv (13) &ufae@wGif emh&SfAD;vf&Sd
pwkd;ukefwkdufrsm;wGif pwifrnfh xkdifckHoydwfwkdufyGJa=unmcsufukd em;axmif&eftwGuf zpfuf wuUokdvf&Sd pum;ajym
crf;rokd@ pka0;a&muf&Sd vm=uonf? xkd qENjy wkdufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifrnfholrsm;onf rdrdudk,fwdkifpdwfvdkvuf&yg0ifaomol
rsm; jzpf&rnf? aemufwywfwGif qENjywkdufyGJrsm;onf u,f&kdvkdif;em;ajrmufykdif; ESifh tdrfeD;csif; jynfe,frsm;okd@yg
ysH@ESH@oGm;avawmhonf? avmfqifESifh aqG;aEG;yGJ 0g&ifh vla[mif;}uD;rsm;onf oifwef;om;opfrsm;tm; oif=um;ay;jcif;
ESifh ‚if;wkd@ vkyfaqmif&rnfh tvkyfrsm;ukd ae@pOf oif=um;ay;avonf? “usaemfwkd@[m usaemfwkd@&Jh pDrHudef;awGudk
t&Sdefjr‡ifhwif ae=uw,f/ [kwfw,f/ usaemfwkd@[m 'Dvyk f&yfawG[m rSefuefw,fqkdwmukd oHEMdXmef csxm;zkd@vnf;
vkdao;w,f” [k aemufykdif;wGif vl;0pfpfrS jyefajymjyygonf? “usaemfwkd@[m vlxk&maygif;rsm;pGm&Jh a'goawGudk ajzvïwf
ay;zkd@eJ@ pdwfcHpm;r_ rsm;wJh ausmif;om;awGukd 'D tHwkr_oydwfvrf;a=umif;xJrSm aumif;pGm jyifqifavhusifhray;yJeJ@
vïwfay;zkd@ usaemfwkd@ tvkdr&Sd=ubl;”? “oifwef;q&mrsm;[m ausmif;om;opfrsm;ukd rnfonfhtajctaersKd;wGifrqkd
vufwkef@jyef*vJhpm;racszkd@ xyfcgxyfcg wkdufwGef;=u&w,f? olwkd@[m oyf&yfpGm 0wfqif&r,f/ nifompGm ajymqkd&r,f/
aumifwmrsm; em&Daygif; rsm;pGm pdwf&Snf onf;cH+yD; apmifhqkdif;=u&r,f/ +yD;awmh olwkd@[m vkdtyfv#if axmifxJukd
0ifzkd@vnf; qEN&SdolawG jzpf&r,f? ”

+yD;cJhonfh rkd;wGif;uwnf;u avmfqif. aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif wufa&mufcJh=uolrsm;rSm ,cktcg ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom
tkyfpk}uD;rsm;. tjrLawrsm; jzpfae=uavonf? aemufqkH;pDrHudef;ukd a&;qGJcJh=u+yD;aemuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif
ryg0ifbJ usef&pfolr&Sd&atmif tcgtcGifh wckukd jyifqif=uavonf? tcsKd@olrsm;onf wkdufyGJwGif tEW&,f&Sdr_rsm;
yg0ifaeaoma=umifh a&Smifz,fvkd=uonf/ uzsufu,ufvkyfvkd=uonf/ tm;upm;orm;rsm;rSvnf; ‚if;wkd@.
paumvm;&Spfrsm; qkH;&_H;oGm;rSmukd tvkdr&Sd=uay/ aq;ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf; cH&aomolrsm;.
rSwfwrf;ukd awG@&onfhtcg ‚if;wkd@. toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm; ysufpD;oGm;Ekdifonf[k pkd;&drf=uonf? xkd@tjyif
vlrsm;onf t&kduftESufcH&jcif;/ axmifxJqGJtoGif;cH&jcif;wkd@ukd yifukd,fobm0tm;jzifh a=umuf&GH=uonf? rdrdwkd@.
pdwfukd ckcH wkef@jyefr_ rjzpfatmif xdef;csKyfEkdifaomolrsm;ESifh jzpfvmrnfh tusKd;qufukd &ifqkdif&Jaomolrsm;om tqkdyg
ae@vnfpm aumifwm xkdifoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufyg0if=uonf?
ta,mufpDwkdif;twGuf vkyfaqmifp&mrSmvnf; trsm;tjym; usef&Sdaeao;onf? vufawG@wkdufyGJrsm;twGif;Y
yg0ifaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGufum; ‚if;wkd@. aemufykdif;wGif axmufyHhykd@aqmifqufoG,fa&; tpDtpOfrsm; &Sd&rnf
jzpfonf? ausmif;0if;rsm; (campus) qDrS yxr bwfywpfpf bk&m;ausmif; (First Baptist Church)/ ,if;wkd@onf
waxmufem;pcef; ESifh xdef;csKyfa&;pcef;rsm;jzpf+yD; xkdo,f,lykd@aqmifrnfh um;rsm;ukd armif;rnfh ,mOfarmif;orm;
rsm;vnf;&Sd&rnf jzpfonf? rnfolu rnfonfhae&mwGif &Sdaeonf/ ®r@xJwGif bmawGjzpfaeonfqkdonfukd bk&m;ausmif;
rSaeI owif;xkdif,l&rnfholrsm;vnf; &Sd&efvkdonf? ®r@xJ&Sdvrf;rsm;ay:wGifvnf; pDrHcef@cGJrnfholrsm;ESihf ajy;vïm;ae&
rnfholrsm;/ tajctaeowif;rsm;ukd bk&m;ausmif;okd@ o,faqmifay;rnfholrsm; ESifh bk&m;ausmif;rsm;rS !ïef=um;csuf
rsm;ukd xkdifoydwfqENjyolrsm;xH o,fykd@ay;rnfholrsm;vnf;vkdonf? rD'D,morm;rsm;ESifh qufoG,f&eftwGuf wm0ef
ay;xm;&rnfholrsm;vnf; &Sd&efvkdavonf?
vGefcJhaom (55) ESpfausmfu pdef@yDwmpbwf®r@&Sd tvkyform;rsm; aqmif;&moD eef;awmfokd@ csDwuf&mc&D;wGif
vkyfaqmifcJhonfhtwkdif; emh&SfAD;vf&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; vrf;rrsm;ay:okd@xGuf+yD; nDr#aom EkdifiHom;tcGifhta&;ukd
awmif;qkd=uawmhrnfjzpfonf? emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm; ESifh pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;rsm;rSm wlnDaom qGJaqmifr_
wpfck&Sd=uonf? ,if;rSm bmoma&;,kH=unfr_yifjzpfonf? ESpfckpvkH;wGif tpOftvm orm;&kd;us r[kwfaom
bkef;awmf}uD;rsm; OD;aqmifjcif;jzpf+yD; vlr_a&;w&m;r#wr_ukdatmifjrif&eftwGuf t=urf;zufenf;vrf;tokH;ðy&ef a=ujim
=uonf? okd@aomfxkdwlnDr_rsm;rSm aemufqkH;wGif tqkH;owfoGm;avonf? &k&Sm;tvkyform;rsm;onf jym,mcwf
pdwfv_yf&Sm;aeonfhtajctaersKd;ukd jyifqifxm;+yD; Zmbk&ifonf tajccHðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef olwkd@. toem;
cHcsufrsm;ukd =um;vdrfhrnf[k ,kH=unfxm;cJh=u+yD; pwkd;qkdifrsm;twGif;Y bmawG&Sdaeonfqkdonfukd olwkd@rod=uay?
emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm olwkd@. pdwfv_yf&Sm;cHpm;r_rsm;twGufrl oHo,&Sdp&mrvkday? olwkd@. pdwfcHpm;r_rsm;ukd
=umjrifhpGm &ifY odrf;qnf;xm;cJh=u&+yD; vkyfief;cGifrsm;okd@ at;at;aq;aq;jzifh pepfwus oGm;cJh=u&olrsm; jzpfonf?
‚if;wkd@tm; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ta=umif;ukd aocsmusepGm oifjyxm;+yD;jzpfonf? olwkd@wGif ar#mfvifhxm;aom
t}uHaumif;rsm; &Sd+yD;jzpfonf?
xkdoabmwlnDr_rSm bkef;awmf}uD; a*sm*sD; a*yGef (Georgii Gapon) ESifh *sdrf;pfavmfqif (James Lawson)
wkd@ESpfOD;=um; uGJvGJr_rsm;rS oufa&mufvmonfh tpdwftykdif;wckjzpfonf? a*yGefrSm pdwfv_yf&Sm;vG,fol/ pdwfjrefol
wOD;jzpf+yD; olonf tjcm;olrsm;. cHpm;r_rsm;ukd E_d;qGay;jcif;jzifh OD;aqmifwwfonf? tjcm;wzufwGifrl avmfqifonf
E_dif;E_dif;csdefcsdef at;at;rSefrSefESifh tvGef pOf;pm;+yD; vkyfwwfoljzpfonf? olonf ol.vlrsm;tm; v_H@aqmfr_ukd
a&Smif&Sm;onf? olonf ol@vlrsm;tm; rdrdwkd@vkyfrnfhtvkyfrsm;/ &ifqkdif&rnfht&mrsm;ukd rvkyfrDt&if pOf;pm;
apvkdoljzpfonf? xkd@jyif avmfqifYom&Sd+yD; a*yGefYr&Sdaomt&mrSm t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ rnfokd@tvkyfjzpfcJhonf ESifh
q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmuwnf;u urBmay:wGif rnfokd@ zGH@®z;wkd;wufvmonf qkdonfh A[kokwjzpfonf? olonf xkd
A[kokwrsm;ukd tm;oGefcGefpkduf tokH;cscJhol jzpfonf? olonf a*yGefxuf ravsmhenf;aom ,kH=unfwwfol wOD;jzpf+yD;/
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ yËdyuQrsm;. wm0efrsm;udk ody`Horm;wa,mufuJhokd@ csOf;uyfoljzpfonf?
“igwkd@tckbmvkyf=urvJ”
xkdifoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;rpwifrD (3) &ufr#tvkdwGif bkef;awmf}uD; prpf. bk&m;ausmif; (Reverend Smith's
First Baptist Church) wGif tpnf;ta0;}uD; wpfc&k adS vonf? prpfESihf tjcm;aom NCLC tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf
tu,fI ausmif;om;rsm;tzrf;tqD;cH&ygu tmrcHaiGay;&ef (wOD;v#if a':vm wpf&mxufenf;aomaiGukd aumufcH
&&SdcJhonf?) aiGaumufcHr&&SdrDtxd qENjyyGJukd a&ï@qkdif;&ef óud;pm;=uao;onf? okd@aomf avmfqif. tiftm;pkrsm;rSm

tcsdefxyfrH apmifhqkdif;&ef tvkdr&Sd=uawmhay? ‚if;wkd@rSm txl;ojzifh *&if;pfbkd&kd &Sdausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom
®r@rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm; jzpf=uonf? rnfokd@aom }uD;rm;onfhtEW&m,frsm;&Sdaeapumrl trSefw&m;onf a&muf&Sdvm
cJhonf?
azaz:0g&D (13) &uf/ we*FaEGae@wGif ajcw0ufr# epfðryfaom ESif;rsm;usaeonfh reufwGif Ekd;vm=uonf?
trsKd;om;rsm;rSm ukwftuôs/ vnfpnf;rsm;0wfIvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm a'gufzdeyfrsm;pD;Ivnf;aumif;/ First
Baptist Church wGif csay;rnfh olwkd@pD;&rnfhum;ukd apmifhae=uavonf? pkpkaygif; ta,mufwpf&mausmfcef@&Sd
vltm;vkH;pkHnDaomtcg/ (25) a,mufpDyg0ifaom tkyfpkrsm; cGJvkduf=uavonf? wtkyfpkwkdif;wGif tenf;qkH;
A[kdaumfrwD0if ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wOD;yg0ifavonf? xkd@aemuf ESpfa,mufwwGJ &ifabmifwef;I
OD;aESmufajcmufum =unhfaeaomolrsm;ukd jzwfausmfum emh&SfAD;vf òrd@xJokd@ vrf;av#mufoGm;=uavonf?
&yfuGufaygif;rsm;pGmukd jzwfausmf+yD;aemuf òrd@. aps;wef;vrf; jzpfaom yÌrajrmuf&dyfomvrf; (Fifth Avenue) okd@
a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? xkd@aemuf tkyfpkwkdif;onf pwkd;qkdifwckpDokd@ 0ifa&mufoGm;=uavonf?
vl;0pf. tkyfpkrSm 0l;vf0kdof (Woolworth's) okd@0ifoGm;=uavonf? ta,mufpDwkdif;onf
aps;0,folrsm;tjzpf ,kH=unfap&eftwGuf ypPnf; wefzkd;ao;ao;wpfckukd0,f=uonf? xkd@aemuf 'kwd,txyfokd@
avSum;twkdif;wufoGm;+yD; xkdifckHqGJ,lum ae@vnfpm aumifwmwGif 0ifa&mufxkdifvkduf=uonf? pm;yGJxkd;rSm
tHhtm;oihfaeavonf? vl;0pfu tpm;taomuf rSm&efjyifaomtcg/ ‚if;rS usaemfwkd@taeESifh epf*g (niggers) rsm;ukd
Tae&mwGif xkdifcGifhray;ygbl;[k jyefajymavonf? aps;0,folrsm;onfvnf; ‚if;wkd@tm; 0kdif;tkHai;=unfhae=uavonf?
“olwkd@t=unfhu olwkd@xJrS wa,mufa,mufu 'DaumifawG[m òrd@xJukd usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmwJh ESHaumift}uD;pm;
awGyJ vkd@ ajymaeovkdygyJ?” i,f&G,faomvljzLwpkonf avSum;twkdif;wufvm=u+yD; atmf[pf}udrf;armif; apmfum;
=uygawmhonf? okd@aomf rnfokd@r# rwkef@jyefaomtcg v#ifjrefpGm jyefxGufoGm;=uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tjcm;
aom pm;aomufolrsm; jyefoGm;=uonfhwkdif at;aq;pGm qufvufxkdifae=uavonf? pm;yGJxkd;rSm wkH@qkdif;pGmjzifh
“aumifwmydwfyg+yD” [laom qkdif;bkwjf ym;av;ukd qGJ,lvmavonf? rD;rsm;ydwf+yD;aemuf pm;yGJxkd;rsm;jyefoGm;
=uonfhwkdif ausmif;om;rsm;rSm xkdtwkdif; qufvufxkdifae=uavonf? obm0tvif;a&mifjzifh pmzwfjcif;/
ausmif;pmrsm;vkyfjcif;wkd@udk qufvkyfae=uavonf? ajcmufem&Dcef@avmufwGif bk&m;ausmif; rS qufom;wpfa,muf
a&mufvm+yD; xGufcgG&ef tcsdefoifh+yD[k ta=umif;=um;ygonf? bk&m;ausmif;okd@ olwkd@jyefa&muf=uaomtcg aysmfjrL;ae
=uavonf? “'g[m ESpfopful;tóudnvkdygbJ - atmf=u/ [pf=u/ aumif;csD;ay;=u/ ayG@zuf=u/ &D=u/ oDcsif;qkd=uw,f”
olwdk@. 0rf;ajrmufaer_udk wOD;ujyefajymjyonf?
emh&SfAD;vf&Sd vljzLrsm;rSm bmawGjzpfysufaeonfukd pOf;pm;Ir&ay? tdrfwGif;Y ukd,fhukd,fukd avSmifydwfrdae
ouJhokd@/ tcsKd@ vljzLrsm;rSm vGefcJhonfh oDwif;ywf wywf/ ESpfywf uwnf;u }uD;rm;aom vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm;udk
owdrrlrdcJh=uay? w®r@vkH;wGif pwkd;qkdif tvkyform;rsm;ESifh refae*smrsm;rSm pdwf&_yfaxG;ae=uavonf? olwkd@taejzifh
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd {nfh0wfrðyEkdifay? urBm}uD;onf a&S;,cifuwnf;u &Sdvmaom "avhxkH;pHukd csKd;azmufvkdufouJhokd@
jzpfaeavonf? tcsKd@jy\emrsm;wGif pwkd;qkdifay:vpDrsm;ukd jynfhpkH&Sif;vif;pGmaz:jyxm;avonf? okd@aomf ausmif;om;
rsm;rS xGufroGm;=uay? olwkd@vkyfEkdifonfrSm aumifwmrsm;ukd ydwf+yD; xkdvli,frsm;ukd xkdtwkdif;xm;I xGufoGm;&ef
omjzpfonf?
xkdae@Y rnfonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm; rjzpfyGg;cJhay? xkd@jyif pwkd;qkdifykdif&Sifrsm;bufrSvnf; ‚if;wkd@.
pnf;urf;rsm;ukd jyefvnfjyifqifvkdonfh t&dyfvuQ%mrsm;ukd rawG@&ay? *|ef pvkef; (John Sloan) uJhokd@ tcsKd@aom
olrsm;rSm vlrsKd;cGJjcm;xm;r_rsm;onf rSefuef+yD;/ jzpfoifhjzpfxkdufonf[k &kd;om;pGm ,kH=unfxm;=uavonf? vlrsKd;tom;
ta&mifcGJjcm;xm;r_rsm;udk vufrcHaomolrsm;udkvnf; pvkef; ESifh *sdrf;pf pwmrefwkd@. a0zefr_ukdcH&avonf? *sdrf;pf
pwmref (James Stahlman) rSm emh&SfAD;vf acgif;pD; (The Nashville Banner) owif;pm. =oZmtm%m&Sdaom
t,f'Dwmwa,mufjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;rSm jyif;xefaom tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_ owif;pmorm; jzpfonf? qkdifykdif&Sifrsm;
rSmvnf; tu,fI vlrnf;rsm;ukd aumifwmwGifxkdifI pm;aomufcGifhay;vkdufygu vljzLrsm; pm;aomufr_rðyawmhv#if
pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief; qkH;&_H;rSmukd a=umuf&GH@=uonf? xkdw}udrfwnf;jzifh *sifrf u&kd;tm; (Jim Crow) ajymif;vJoGm;&ef
rvkHavmufonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf?
qufvufI =umoyaw;ESifh paeae@rsm;wGif ðyvkyfaom 'kwd,t}udrfESifh wwd,t}udrfrsm;wGif ðyvkyfaom
tmcHwkdufyGJrsm;wGifvnf; ‚if;wkd@tm; qef@usifwkdufckdufolykdrsm;vmaomfvnf; yxrt}udrfuJhokd@yifjzpfavonf?
okefr_HaeaomrsufESmrsm;ESifh vljzLwtkyfpkonf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rcHcsifatmif xduyg; &duyg; ajymao;aomfvnf;
ykvdyfrsm; tem;wGif&Sdaeojzifh rnfokd@r# rvkyfaqmifEkdifcJhay? ausmif;om;rsm;rSvnf; rnfonfh Oay'udkr# rcsKd;

azmufcJhay/ tcsdefudkyif rcsKd;azmufcJh=uay? odk@aomf aumifwmrsm;wGif rnfonfh {nfh0wfcHr_ukdr#vnf; r&&SdcJhay? òrd@.
ukefonf}uD;rsm;onf xkdqENjyr_rsm;ukd rnfokd@ udkifwG,f&rnfukd rodEkdifyJjzpfaeavonf?
azaz:0g&D (27) &uf/ paeae@onf aemufw}udrf qENjy&eftwGufowfrSwfxm;aomae@jzpfonf? xkdae@rwkdifrD
wpf&uf/ ESpf&uftvkduyif ®r@. vlrnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tqkdygae@wGif xl;jcm;aom tjzpftysufrsm;óuHawG@
&rnf[laom pum;rsm;ukd &&Sdxm;+yD;jzpfonf? vpfb&,fvljzLbkef;}uD; 0Dvf urfhbJvf (Will Campbell) onf
avmfqif/ prpf wkd@ESifh &if;ESD;aomoljzpf+yD; *sdrf;pf pwmref (James Stahlman) ESifh tjcm;aom tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;a&;
0g'D pD;yGg;a&;orm;rsm;onf ®r@awmf0ef 0ufpf (Mayor West) tm; xkd;azmufxm;onf[laom ‚if;=um;cJh&onfh owif;
rsm;ukd jyefajymjyavonf? ausmif;om;rsm; paeae@wGif xkdifckHwGif 0ifxkdif=uaomtcg ykvdyfrsm;onf ®r@tjyifokd@
xGufoGm;+yD;/ vljzL qkd;oGrf;olrsm;tm; qENjyaeolrsm;xHokd@oGm;jcif;ukd cGifhðyvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xkd@aemuf ykvdyfrsm;onf
jyef0ifvm+yD; qufvufxkdifaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;ukd zrf;qD;rnfjzpfonf?
emh&SfAD;vf. tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;onf aemufqkH;wGif udk,fxdvufa&muf +cdrf;ajcmufr_ AsL[mwpfckukd
a&;qGJvkduf=uonf? axmifxJokd@0if&jcif;xuf t&kduftESufcH&rnfh tvm;tvmrsm;ukd pOf;pm;rdaomtcg emh&Sf/ vl;0pf
ESifh tjcm;aomolrsm;tm; xdwfvef@wkefv_yfr_ukd jzpfaponf? awmifykdif;axmif rsm;twGif; vlrnf;rsm; rnfuJhokd@ cHcJh&
onfqkdonfh =uufoD;xzG,f&m tjzpfrsm;ukd =um;od&jcif;/ xkdolwkd@. usef&pfaom rdom;pkrsm;tm; t&SufwuGJ tusKd;eJ
apaom oifcef;pmrsm;ukd =um;od&aomtcg a=umuf&GH@vm=uonf? okd@wkdifatmif avmfqiftaejzifh tpueOD;
uwnf;uyif jzpfvmrnfh tEW&m,frsm;ukd óudwifodjrif+yD;jzpfonf? xkdab;tEW&m,frsm;rSm ,cktcg vufwurf;wGif
a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpfonf?
paeae@eHeufwGif/ pdwfvdkvuf& yg0ifv_yf&Sm;=uol aAmfvHwD,mrsm;onf First Baptist Church ok@d pka0;
a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? avmfqifESifh A[kdaumfrwD0ifwkd@onf ajrnDxyfwGif awG@qkH=uavonf? tom;ta&mif
cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh ®rt&m&Sdrsm;tm; vufeuftiftm;okH;aom enf;jzifh ‚if;wkd@tm; r[ef@wm;Ekdifqkdonfukd jyo&ef
enf;vrf;wckukd &SmazGae=uavonf? &JrS qENjyolwa,muftm;zrf;oGm;I vGwfoGm;aom xkdifckHwkdif;wGif
aemufwa,mufrS 0ifa&mufI jznfhxkdif&efjzpfonf? xkdtwGuf aumif;rGefaom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ESifh qufoG,fa&;
wkd@vkdtyfonf? xkdtwGuf aemufxyfjznfhrnfh qENjyolrsm; vkdtyfaom ae&mrsm;wGif &Sdae&efvkdtyfonf? aemufxyf
vmrnfh aAmfvHwD,mrsm;rSm tzrf;tqD;ESifh ywfoufonfh aumv[mvrsm; ESifh ausmif; y&0k%frsm;w0kdufwGif
jzpfvmrnfh t=urf;zufr_rsm; ukd a=umufvef@ vdrfhrnf r[kwf[k acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm ar#mfvifh,kHom wwfEkdifawmhav
onf?
acgif;aqmifrsm; avSum;twkdif; jyefwwfoGm;aomtcg okH;&mausmfaom aAmfvHwD,mrsm;ukd awG@&avonf?
,cktcgwGif cgwkdif;xufykdI qENjyolrsm;taejzifh/ txl;ojzifh tawG@tóuH r&Sdao;olrsm;wGif/ pdwfwnfwnf+idrf+idrfxm;
&efESifh vkH;axG;owfykwfjcif;rsm;ukd vkH;0a&SmifusOf&ef vkdtyfonf? ckduf&efjzpfrr_ sm;onf ykdrdk ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;qDokd@
OD;wnfoGm;rnfjzpfonf? avmfqifESifh vaz,wfwkd@onf atbDwDausmif;rSxkwfa0xm;onfh pm&Gufrsm;ukd
,refae@nu aumfyDrsm;ul;xm;+yD; vlopfrsm;tm; a0xm;aom aqmif&ef/ a&Smif&ef pm&Gufi,frsm;tm;
ajymjyaeavonf?
“a&Smif&ef”
1? qJqkd/ apmfum;vmygu vufjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ E_wfjzifhaomfvnf;aumif; wkH@jyefjcif;?
2? us,favmifpGm&D (&,f)armjcif;/
3? vrf;av#mufaeolrsm;ESifh pum;ajymqkdjcif;/
4? acgif;aqmifrS cGifhðycsuf ray;rD rdrdxkdifckHrS xoGm;jcif;/
5? pwkd;qkdif0ifaygufrsm;ESifh rif;vrf;ray:wGif ydwfqkd@xm;jcif;/
“aqmif&ef”
1? tcsdefwkdif;Y rdwfzGJ@vkdr_/ ,Ofaus;jyLiSgr_ukd jyoyg?
2? wnfhwnfhxkdifyg? aumifwmukd t+rJwrf; rsufESmrlxm;yg?
3? jyif;xefaom xdckduf'%f&m&r_rsm;ukd acgif;aqmifxHta=umif;=um;yg?
4? owif;vma&muf,lolrsm;ukd oif. acgif;aqmifxHokd@ csKdom ,Ofaus;pGm v$Jajymif;yg?
5? c&pfawmf/ r[wWr*END ESifh rmwifvlomuif;wkd@. oGefoifr_rsm;ukd owd&yg?

cspfjcif;arwWmESifh t[d Ho wkd@onfh av#muf&rnfhvrf;jzpfonf?
“bk&m;ocif oifwkd@ta,mufpDwkdif;tm; aumif;csD;ay;ygap”
pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;rsm;onf ta,mufpDwkdif;wGif wHpOf; (okd@) tdyfaqmif armif;cs"g;rsm; rygap&ef aocsmpGmppfaq;&rnf

jzpfonf? tkyfpkopfxJrS roifhawmfaom vlwcsKd@tm; z,f&Sm;vkduf+yD;aemuf òrd@xJokd@ xGufcGmvmcJh=uavonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;onf yÌr&dyfomvrf;okd@ vrf;av#mufxGufvmcsdefwGif =unfhav&m&mwkdif;onf wckck
ajymif;vJaeonfukd owdxm;rdavonf? q,fausmfouf&G,f vljzLrsm;rSm tcgwkdif;uJhokd@ atmf[pfqJqkdr_rsm; ðyvkyf
ae=uaomfvnf; ,cktcgwGifrl ukd,fxdvufa&muf wGef;jcif;/ wkdufjcif; rsm;ðyvkyfaeonfukd awG@&onfhtjyif/ &Jrsm;rS xkd
wGef;xkd;r_rsm;ukd wpkHw&m wm;qD;[ef@wm;jcif;ukd rawG@&ay? ausmif;om;rsm; aumifwmwGif xkdifaomtcgusrS
wu,fh'kuQ pwifavawmhonf? &Jrsm;ukd rnfhonfhae&mwGifr# rawG@&ay? }uHhckdifawmifhwif;aom vljzLrsm;onf
qkdiftwGif;okd@ 0ifvm+yD;/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; qJqkd/ usdefpmwkdufjcif;rsm;jzifh pwifavawmhonf? xkd@aemuf xkdifckHrS
qGJxkwfjcif;/ wGef;xkwfjcif;/ xkdifckHrS vJusoGm;olrsm;ukd uefausmufjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfavawmhonf? xkdolrsm;txJrS
wa,mufonf ausmif;om;wa,muf. ausmjyifukd pD;u&ufrD;jzifh xkd;vkdufonfukd vl;0pfpfu jrifvkduf&avonf?
tjcm;aomolrsm;rSm wHawG;jzifhaxG;jcif;/ rkHn‡if;qDrsm;/ ðiyfqDrsm;jzifh acgif;ay:rS avmif;csjcif;/ &Syftuôsay:okd@ yufjzef;
jcif;rsm; ðyvkyf=uavonf? aygvf vy&'f ‚if;. xkdifckHrS qGJxkwfcH&+yD;aemuf =urf;jyifay:okd@ vJusoGm;aomtcg ol@tm;
vljzLa,mufsm;rsm; ESifh rdef;r wtkyfpkrS wkdufckdufaeonfudk wDADGuifr&mwpfckonf &kduf,laeonfukd awG@&onf?
okd@aomf rnfonfhausmif;om;rS jyefvnf wkdufckdufjcif;/ vufwkH@jyefjcif; rðyvkyfay?
tcsdeftenf;i,f=umaomtcg ykvdyfrsm;a&muf&Sdvm+yD; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pwifzrf;qD;avawmhonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wkdufckdufaeolrsm;ukdrl zrf;qD;jcif; rðyay? xkdtcsdefwGif eHeufapmapmu a&;qGJxm;aom
pDrHudef;onf taumiftxnfay:vmcJhavonf? }uD;=uyfcef@cGJolrsm;rSm tzrf;qD;cHausmif;om;rsm;tm; rnfonfhae&m
okd@ ac:aqmifoGm;onfukd aemufa,mifcHvkdufavawmhonf? csufjcif;yif wyfzGJ@opfrsm;ukd vGwfoGm;aom xkdifckHrsm;wGif
0ifa&mufae&m ,lapavonf? tzrf;cH&olrsm;ukd pwkd;qkdiftjyifbufwGif &yfxm;onfh pyg;wifonfh um;rsm;qDokd@
ac:oGm;=uavonf? vltkyf}uD;rSm aumif;csD;ay;aeavonf? ausmif;om;rsm;rSmrl OD;acgif;ukd armhxm;=uonf? &Jrsm;
rSmrl OD;aESmufajcmufaeavonf? xkdaumif;pGm 0wfqifxm;+yD; ,Ofaus;jyLiSgaom vlrnf;ausmif;om;rsm;onf w&m;&kH;
wifppfaq;&eftwGuf tzrf;cHae=uavonf? ‚if;wkd@tm; axmifwGif;okd@ 0if&eftwGuf wGef;tm;ay;aomt&mukd
pOf;pm;I r&ay? &Jrsm;rSm wa,mufrsufESm wa,muf=unfhae=uavonf? 'kdif;ef emh&SfrS - “rif;jrifovm;´ igwkd@
bmvkyf=urvJ´” [k &Jrsm;ajymaeonfukd jyefajymjyygonf? vl (80) avmuftm; qGJ,loGm;+yD;aemuf &JrS qkdifrefae*sm
tm; qkdifukdydwfvkduf&ef ajymavonf? okd@rSom aemufxyf zrf;p&mvkdrnf r[kwfawmhay? ausmif;om;trsm;pk
twGufrl tzrf;cH&onfrSm jy\emr[kwfay? olwkd@rSm olwkd@oif=um;xm;onfrsm;jzifh oufvkHaumif;ae+yDjzpfonf?
“pGrf;tif/ cGeftm; wckckukd usaemfwkd@ cHpm;&rdw,f/ tJ'gu &JwyfzGJ@tiftm; tm;vkH;xuf/ olwkd@&Jh acG;awGtm;vkH;xuf/
tusOf;axmifrsm;xuf ykdrkd}uD;rm;w,f” [k bm;e'f vaz,'frS jyefajymjyygonf?
avmfqifESifh ausmif;om;rsm;u ac:cJh=uaom “}uD;rm;aom pae (Big Saturday) ” onf t"duusaom
tvSnfhtajymif; wc%jzpfygonf? ®r@. bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;ESifh &Jrsm;onf xkd 0&kef;okef;um;naecif; tjzpftysufonf
t"dy`g,fr&Sdaomvkyf&yfrsm;twGuf vkHavmuf avmuf+yD[k ar#mfvifhae=uonf? xkdudpP+yD;aemuf olwkd@tm;vkH;vnf;
oufrrsm;csEkdif=u+yD;/ vkyfief;cGifokd@ cgwkdif;vkd ykHrSef0ifa&mufvkyfukdifrnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? vljzLt&m&Sdrsm;ESifh
vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;onf avmfqif. vrsm;pGm aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;Y bmawGjzpfysufonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rnfuJhokd@
ususee jynfhjynfhpkHpkH jyifqifcJhonfqkdonfh rnfonfh oJvGefpukdr# rod&Sd=uay? ausmif;om;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@tm;
&kdufESufjcif;/ zrf;qD;jcif;rsm;ukd wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;r_r&SdyJ &ifqkdifonfukd awG@&aomtcg tHhtm;oifh =uufaoao=u
avonf? xkd@a=umifh ‚if;wkd@taejzifh xkdv_yf&Sm;r_ukd qufvuft=urf;zuf ESdrfESif;rnfvm; (okd@r[kwf) ausmif;om;rsm;
tm; tav#mhay; nd‡E_dif;rnfvm; qkdonfh a&G;cs,fvkyfukdifp&m vrf;ESpfoG,fom &Sdonfqkdonfukd oabmayguf=u
avonf?
®r@awmf0ef 0ufpfESifh vkyfief;&SifwcsKd@onf ykdrkdaysmhajymif;aom AsL[mukd a&G;cs,f=uonf? tqkdyg pae@ae@wGif
tzrf;cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vnf; '%faiG ig; a':vmtxd av#mhcsvkdufavonf? okd@aomf ausmif;om;rsm;rS
'%faiGay;&ef jiif;qkd=uonf? xkd@a=umifh aemufwae@nwGif olwkd@onf rnfhonhf '%faiGr# ray;aqmif&yJ
vGwfajrmufvmavonf? &uftenf;i,f=umaomtcg w&m;ol}uD;wOD;rS w&m;&kH;wGif ausmif;om; wOD;pDv#if a':vm

(50) ay;aqmif&rnf[k trdef@csrSwfaomtcg/ ‚if;wkd@rS ay;aqmif&ef xyfrHjiif;qkd=uonfhtwGuf tvkyf ESifh axmif'%f
(30) &uf uscHcJh=u&onf? okd@aomf 2 - &ufr#=umaomftcg 0ufpfrS olwkd@tm; v$wfay;&ef trdef@xkwfvkdufavonf?
tqkdawmf [,f&D bJvfvmazgifhwf (Harry Belafonte) ESifh orRwuawmfa[mif; tDvDem &kpbJhvfwf (Eleanor
Roosevelt) wkd@uJhokd@ xif&Sm;ausmf=um;vlodrsm;aom olrsm;rS csD;usL;o0%fv$mwGif Tokd@az:jyxm;avonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;onf emh&SfAD;vf ®r@v,fwGifxuf tcsKyfoHwkdifrsm;.aemufuG,f&Sd ‚if;wkd@. &J&ifhr_rsm;onf ®r@awmf.
ESvkH;om;ukd ykdrkdxdckdufaponfukd oabmayguf&eftwGuf wkdif;jynftESH@rS ‚if;wkd@xHokd@ a&muf&Sdvmaom a=u;eef;rsm;rS
rsm;pGm ulnDay;cJhavonf?
xkd@aemuf ®r@awmf0efonf ‚if;. 0SufzJukd xkwfupm;avonf? vljzL/ vlrnf; ESpfrsKd;pvkH; yg0ifaom
aumfrwDukdzGJ@pnf;rnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmavonf? ,if;aumfrwDwGif zpfufwuUokdvf ESifh wefeufqD A&I wuUokdvfrS
OuUÏ (2) a,mufpvkH;yg0if+yD; ae@vnfpmaumifwmrsm;Y tom;ta&mif vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_rsm;ukd avhvmI t}uHðy tpD&ifcH
pm wpfapmifukd a&;om;&efjzpfonf? ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vnf; aemufxyf xkdifoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;ukd tqkdyg aumfrwDrS
tpD&ifcHpm rwifoGif;rDtcsdeftxd w&m;0ifqkdif;iHhxm;a=umif; a=unmay;&ef urf;vSrf;avonf? ,if;onf
enf;y&d,m,fwpfckxuf bmr#ykdrnf r[kwfa=umif;ukd odaomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;rS 0ufpf. urf;vSrf;csufukd vufcHcJh
avonf? aumfrwDrS vkyfukdifaepOftwGif; rwfv (5) &ufae@rS pI xkdifoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;ukd pae (3) ywfqufwkduf
&yfqkdif;vkdufa=umif; a=unmavonf? okd@aomf t}uHðytpD&ifcHpmonf vljzLrsm;twGuf aumifwmwpfckESifh vlrnf;
rsm;twGuf aumifwmoufoufcGJjcm;&ef/ t}uHðyonfukd od&aomtcg/ aemuf paeae@wGif aumifwmrsm;okd@
ausmif;om;rsm; jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmavawmhonf?
xkdpOftwGif; tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;olrsm;. acgifjzpfaom (tcsKyfjzpfaom) *sdrf;pf pw,fvfref;onf
qef@usifbufvrf;a=umif;ukd wGef;ykd@aeavonf? 0ufpf ESifh wjcm;aom pwkd;qkdifykdif&Sifrsm; uJhokd@r[kwfyJ vlrsKd;tom;
ta&mifcGJjcm;r_udk awmifykdif;vlaer_b0. tajccHrltjzpf ,kH=unfvufcHxm;oljzpfonf? ol@taejzifh pDyGg;a&;
tcsuftjcmusaeaom ae&mrsm;wGif at;csrf;+idrfoufr_ukd jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&kHr#twGufjzifh ol. pdwfukd csKyfwnf;
&ef pdwfr0ifpm;ay? vufwkH@jyefa&; t,f'DwmrSvnf; tajctaeukd oloabmaygufem;vnfxm;onfhtwkdif;
‚if;ukd,fwkdifESifh 0efxrf;rsm;tm; ausmif;om;rsm;rS t=urf;zufwkdufckdufvmygu rdrdukd,fukd ckcHumuG,f&ef vufeufrsm;
wyfqifxm;avonf? xkdifckHoydwfqENjyr_rsm; tqkH;owf&eftwGuf pw,fvfref;rS avmfqiftm; jyifyrS vma&mufI
aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfoltjzifh ,lqxm;avonf? avmfqifrS wnf+idrfaer_rsm; &_yfaxG;atmif vkyfaqmifae+yD; ‚if;r&Sdygu
tajctaersm; jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmrnf[k ,kH=unfaeonf? Aef'gbvfwf bmoma&;ausmif;rS (Vanderbilt School
of Divinity) wGif pw,fvfref;rSm wpkHw&m =oZm&Sdavonf? avmfqif. t&nftcsif;rsm;ukd xkdausmif;rS tcsKd@aom
q&mrsm;rSm em;vnfr_vGJum róudufaomolrsm;&Sd=uonf? tqufrjywf zdtm;ay;r_rsm;atmufwGif avmfqiftm;
rwfv (3) &ufae@wGif ausmif;rS xkwfypfvkdufavonf? (2) &ufr#=um+yD;aemuf avmfqifvnf; tzrf;cH&avonf?
oydwf/ AkH; ESifh csDwufr_
xkdifckHoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;tm; wm;qD;&eftwGuf vljzLacgif;aqmifrsm;onf vrf;p (4) ck cef@avmufukd &SmazG

aepOf jy\em. ykHo¿efrSm ajymif;vJoGm;avonf? ,if;onfvnf; }uD;rm;aompae (Big Saturday) . xGufukef
wpfckyifjzpfonf? rsKd;qufrsm;pGm=umatmif emh&SfAD;vf&Sd vlrJ ESifh vljzLrsm;onf tjcm;aom cGJjcm;xm;r_rsm;ESifhtwl
vljzLrsm;om xkdifI pm;aomuf&onfh aumifwmpHepfukd vufcHcJhavonf? okd@aomf +yD;cJhonfh q,fpkESpftwGif;
awmifykdif;&Sd at;pufrmausmaom "avhxkH; pHepfrsm;onf t&nfaysmfvmcJhavonf? The NAACP . tr_tcif;rsm;/
bwfpfum;oydwfrsm;ESifh w&m;&kH;. vlrsKd;/ tom;ta&mif rcGJjcm;a&; Oya'rsm;onf *sifrf u&kd;. tem*wfukd oHo,
jzpfvmaponf? xkdifckHoydwfrsm;/ &kdufESufr_rsm; ESifh zrf;qD;r_rsm; ponfwkd@onf vljzLrsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@ a&S;&kd;tpOftvm
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xkdausmif;om;rsm;uJhodk@ jrifawG@csif=uavonf? pyg;wifum;rsm;ay:okd@ tEkdifusifh AkdvfusI w&GwfwkdufqGJac:oGm;aom
jrifuGif;rSm pkd;&drfylyef &wufrat;jzpfaponf? vlbD. tdrftm; AkH;azgufcGJr_onf pdwfysufzG,fvdvdjzpfaponf?
,if;t&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf vljzLrsm;. todpdwfay:wGif tusKd;oufa&mufr_jzpfoGm;um/ {+yD (19) &ufae@wGif bif 0ufpf
rS 'kdif;ae emh&Sf. pum;rsm;ukd w&m;&kH;avSum;xpfrsm;ay:wGif em;axmifae+yD; ajymif;vJ&eftcsdefoifh+yD[k
oabmwlvkdufaomtcg/ xkdtodpdwfonf rsufESmjyifukd cGJI tjyifokd@ xGuv f mavawmhonf? 0ufpftm; rnfokd@yif
odrf;oGif;r_ &Sdapumrl ,if;onf *END}uD;. o=u*[rS taumiftxnfay:vm&ef axmufulay;cJhaom ajymif;vJr_
wc%yifjzpfonf?
okd@aomf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. pHerlem,lxkdufonfh tusKd;oufa&mufr_xuf ykdaom atmifyGJokd@ oGm;&ef
rsm;pGm&Sdao;onf? tu,fI xkdifckHoydwrf sm;onf emh&SfAD;vf&Sd =oZm&Sdaom vljzLrsm;ukd ajymif;vJoGm;atmif
ulnDcJhonfqkdv#if ,if;onf olwkd@. ,Ofaus;ysLiSgr_pdwfxm;ukd arwWm&yfcHcJhonfhtwGuf oufoufa=umifh r[kwfay?
xkdifckHoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;onf pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;ukd }uD;pGmxdckdufapcJhonf? ®r@v,fvrf;rrsm;ukd z&kdz&JjzpfapcJhonf?
qkdifrsm;ukd ydwfoGm;&ef refae*smrsm;ukd wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? xkd@tjyif &kdufESufr_rsm;ESifh zrf;qD;r_rsm;ukd tay: }uHh}uhHcHI
qENjycJhaom ausmif;om;rsm;. ZGJ/ owWdESifh ukd,fusKd;rzuf tepfemcHr_rsm;vnf;yg0ifavonf? jynfol@qENjyjcif;rsm;onf
rdrdwkd@. &efoltm; rwnfr+idrfjzpf&kH twGuf r#omr[kwfyJ rvkyfrjzpfvkyf&atmif aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfay;rnfh
tvm;tvm&Sdonfh axmufcHolrsm;vnf; vkdtyfonf? (1930) ckESpf/ tdENd, o=u*[ qENjyyGJrsm;wGif tiftm;opfrsm;
ukd vlxkxHrS qGJ,ltokH;ðyouJhokd@yifjzpfonf?
emh&SfAD;vfwGif aemufESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umaomtcg [rfbm*g rkef@ ESifh aumfzDqkdifrsm;wGif ðyvkyfonfh
xkdifoydwfrsm; (sit-ins) / &kyf&Sif&kHrsm;wGif ðyvkyfonfh rwfwyf&yfoydwfrsm; (stand-ins) ESifh [kdw,f{nfhcef;rsm;xJwGif
ðyvkyfonfh tdyfoydwfrsm; (sleep-ins) vnf; &Sdavonf? pwkd;qkdifrsm;rSm vlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;ukdom iSg;&rf;onfhtwGuf
qef@usifqENjyjcif;jzpfonf? ,cifuxuf vufeufrJhqENjyolrsm;tm; ykdrkd&kdufESufjcif;/ ykdrkdzrf;qD;jcif;rsm;vnf; &Sdavonf?
(1960) xkdifoydwfonf vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_0g'ukd w}udrfwnf;ESifh tqkH;rowfEkdifcJhay? okd@aomf vlrnf;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
v_yf&Sm;olrsm;ukd xkdv_yf&Sm;r_rS qufvufI t&Sdeft[kefjr‡ifhwifay;cJhonf? olwkd@. omwlnDr#r_ tcGifhta&;twGuf
rqkwfrepf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm;onf pHerlem v_yf&Sm;r_ wpfckjzpfcJhonf? emh&SfAD;vfwGif tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_
zsufodrf;a&;wkdufyGJrsm;ukd qufvufvkyfaqmifaepOfwGif/ 1960 avmfqif. oifwef;rS qif;vmaom vli,f trsKd;om;/
trsKd;orD;rsm;onf awmifykdif; ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wkdufyGJrsm;twGuf tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qGJ ae=u
avonf?

trsK;d om;a&;jy\emwck
(1960) aEGOD;ayguf&moD twGif; pdwftm;i,fr_jzpf&onfh t}udrfrsm;pGmukd 'kdif;ae emh&Sf rSwfrdaeao;onf?

xkdtcsdefu olronf (22) ESpfom &Sdao;onfh ausmif;ol wa,mufjzpfonf? xkdtcsdefu olronf
jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;/ w&m;ol}uD;rsm;/ EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; ESifh pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;/ ponfwkd@ESifh qef@usif
twkduftcHðyaecJh&onf? olr. pdwf"gwfcGeftm;ukd jr‡ifhwifay;cJhaom t&mwpfckrSm awmifykdif;&Sd ®r@}uD;/ ®r@i,frsm;
tm;vkH;wGif tjcm;aom ausmif;om; rsm;onf xkdifoydwfrsm; qifE$Jae=uonf qkdonfh a&'D,kd owif;wyk'fyifjzpfonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ vlxk urfydef; rsm;onf a'otawmfrsm;rsm;wGif trSefwu,fyif taumiftxnf
ay:ae+yDjzpfonf?
{+yDv ukefqkH;aomtcg xkdifoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;ukd ®r@}uD; (78) ®r@wGif qifE$Jae+yDjzpfonf? ausmif;om;rsm;rSm
OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uonf? (1960) ckESpfrsm;twGif;&Sd tcsKd@aom qENjyyGJrsm;wGif vl ckESpfaomif;cef@ yg0ifqifE$J=u+yD;/
okH;axmifausmf axmifxJokd@a&mufcJh=uonf? a'oEW& NAACP okd@r[kwf SCLC v_yf&Sm;olrsm;rSm r=umc% qkdovkd
v_yf&Sm;r_. txlxyfqkH;ae&mwGif a&muf&SdaecJh=uonf? okd@aomf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm wnfaqmufxm;+yD;om;
trmcHtzGJ@rsm;ukd ypfuGif;rsm;twGif;okd@ a&mufroGm;apcsif=uay? {+yDvwGif awmifykdif; wcGifvkH;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;onf
u,f&kdvdkfif;em; ajrmufykdif;/ &,fav;®r@ (Raleigh) wGif nDvmcH wpfcktwGuf pka0;cJh=uonf? xkd@aemuf t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; ausmif;om;rsm; aumfrwD (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee -
SNCC) ukd zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? avmfqifESifh emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm pwifzGJ@pnf;pOf wnf;uyif yg0ifcJh=uonf?
rm&D,Gef bm&D (Marion Barry) ukd obmywd tjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhonf? aemufykdif;wGif olonf 0g&Sifwef 'D pD ®r@awmf0ef
jzpfvmcJhonf?
xkdifoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;rSm ‚if;wkd@. vkyfaqmifr_a=umifh v#ifjrefpGm }uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? wefeufqD/ ajrmufu,f&kd
vkdif;em; ESifh wufqufpf tp&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;&Sd e,fpGef e,fzsm;rsm;txda&muf&SdcJhonf? wef;wlnDr#pGm qufqHa&;
twGuf jrifhrm;aom awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd &J0HhpGm awmif;qkdcJhonf? vlrnf;uGefjrLewDrsm;twGif;Y us,fjyef@aom
qENjyr_rsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;rS v_H@aqmfay;cJhonf? vrf;rsm;ay:wGif vlrnf;rsm;tm; aps;r0,f&ef twm;tqD;rsm;
ðyvkyfjcif; ESifh wcgw&H pm;okH;oloydwfwkdufyGJrsm; zefwD;jcif;jzifh ukefonfrsm;tm; pD;ygG;a&; xdckdufepfem rnfh zdtm;rsm;
ay;cJhonf? remvkd0efwkdjzpfaeaom tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;tm;vnf; rdrdbmom rdrdauseyfa&mifh&Jaeaom
vljzLvlOD;a&. wpdwfwykdif;tm; wkdufckduf&efajr‡mufay;avonf? tusKd;quftaejzifh (1961) ESpfukefykdif;wGif
awmifykdif;&Sd ®r@i,f wpf&meD;yg;rS pD;ygG;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tm; pkpnf;EkdifcJhonf?
awmifbuftpGefqkH;ykdif;wGif xkdifoydwfrsm; trsm;tjym; ray:aygufcJhaomfvnf; atmifjrifr_tenf;ukdrl
&&SdcJhonf? a*smf*sD,m/ t,fvmbm;rm;/ rpfppPyD ESifh vl0pfqD;em;jynfe,frsm;wGif vljzLuGefjrLewD trsm;pkrSm
tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;ukd qufvufpGJukdif&ef qkH;jzwfxm;=uonf? xkdjynfe,f&Sd owif;pmrsm;rSmvnf; emh&SfAD;vf&Sd
wefeufqD,ef; owif;pmuJhokd@ nDr#rr_ sm;twGuf a&;om;azmfjyjcif; r&Sd=uacs? '%fcwfr_rsm;rSmvnf; jyif;xef/
v#ifjrefvSavonf? tpkvkduf/ tòyHvdkuf zrf;qD;r_rsm;tjyif/ vljzLtrsKd;om;a&;tpGef;a&muf uluvyfuveftzGJ@ (Ku
Klux Klan) tm; qENjyolrsm;tay: &ufpufpGm vufwkH@jyef&eftwGuf tcGifhtm%m ay;xm;avonf? axmifaygif;
rsm;pGmaom qENjyausmif;om;rsm;ukdvnf; ausmif;rsm;rS xkwfypf=uonf? xkduJhokd@aom +cdrf;ajcmufr_ywf0ef;usifwGif
vlrnf;vl}uD;rsm;rSmvnf; 0ef;&Hay;&eftwGuf pdwftm;xufoefr_ enf;yg;=uavonf?
awmifbuftpGefqkH;ykdif;&Sd ®r@}uD;rsm;rSmvnf; emh&SfAD;vfuJhokd@ a'owGif;jy\emrsm;ukdzefwD;&efESifh enf;AsL[m
rsm;a&;qGJ&ef/ vljzLuGefjrLewDrsm;twGif; oabmxm;rwlnDr_rsm;tay: tjrwfxkwf&efwkd@twGuf rvG,fulay?
awmifykdif;wpfcGifvkH;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdef/ t[kefonf 1960 'kwd,ESpf0ufa&mufaomtcg qkwf,kwfusqif;
vmavonf? xkd@a=umifh jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;rSm csOf;uyfr_topfukd &SmazG&avawmhonf? tapmykdif;
enf;AsL[mrsm;ukdyif twdrf;tapmif; rcHawmhbJ ta&;w}uD; jyefvnf ðyjyifrGrf;rH&avawmhonf? v_yf&Sm;r_
urfydef;rsm;ukd a'oEW&ay:wGif tajcðyv_yf&Sm;aomfjim;vnf; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;rSm rnfokd@aom jy\emonf EkdifiH
w0Srf;vkH;okd@ yJhwif&kdufcwf wkef[D;oGm;Ekdifrnf qkdonfukdom tm&kHpl;pkdufxm;avonf? xkduJhokd@aom jy\emrsKd;
jzpfvmapaom enf;AsL[mukd emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm rwDxGifEkdifay/ okd@aomf ‚if;wkd@rSm jy\emukd ukdifwG,f
tokH;cs&eftwGufum; jynfhpkH u|rf;usif =uolrsm;jzpf=uonf?
(1961) ck aEGOD;wGif *|ef vl0pfonf SNCC pmapmifrS vGwfvyfa&;c&D;onf (Freedom Ride) [kac:aom
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf csDwufyGJtwGuf rdrdoabmtavsmufyg0ifvdkol aAmfvHwD,mrsm; tvkd&Sda=umif; a=unmcsufukd
awG@&Sdavonf? vlrsKd;rsm;omwlnDr#r_ uGef*&uf (Congress for Racial Equality) rS a=unmjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;tzGJ@

wGif trsm;pkrSm ajrmufykdif;om;/ vljzLrsm;jzpf=uonf? jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf &Snfvsm;=umjrifhpGm &yfwnfcJhaom
tkyfpkjzpfonf? xkdtzGJ@rS aygif;pnf;xm;aom toif;wpfckukd awmifykdif;wcGifokd@ bwfpfum;jzifhav#mufoGm;&eftwGuf
apv$wfjcif;cH&rnf? xkd apv$wfcH&rnfhtoif;onf awmifykdif;&Sd bwfpfum;vkdif; rsm;onf A[kdw&m;&kH;csKyfrS xkwfjyef
xm;aom jynfe,ful; bwfpfum;rsm;ESifh um;*dwfrsm;wGif tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_r&Sdap& Oya'ukd vdkufemjcif; &Sd/
r&Sd ppfaq;&eftwGufjzpfonf? arv (4) &ufae@wGif vl;0pfEiS fh tjcm;aom aAmfvHwD,m (12) a,mufwkd@onf 0g&Sifwef
'D pD &Sd bwfpfum; (2) pD;ay:okd@ wufvkduf=uavonf? ‚if;wkd@. tpDtpOfrSm awmifykdif; (7) jynfe,fukdjzwf+yD; ar (17)
&ufae@wkdifatmif e,l;atmfvif;txd pD;oGm;&efjzpfonf?
vGwfvyfa&;c&D;onf (Freedom Riders) rsm;rSm ajrmufu,f&kdvkdif;em; ESifh Am*sD;eD;,m;wkd@wGif tcuftcJ
tenf;i,f awG@=u&onf? xkdjynfe,frsm;wGif vrf;ay:rsm;Y xkdifoydwfrsm; usif;yaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? okd@aomf
‚if;wkd@. yxrqkH;&yfem;onfh awmifykdif; u,f&kdvkdif;em;&Sd/ a&mhcfa[;vfwGif ykHpHwrsKd;jzpfavonf? vl;0pfonf bwfpf
um;*dwf&Sd vljzLrsm; twGufom owfrSwfxm;aom apmifhqkdif;em;ae&eftcef;okd@ ajccsvkdufonfESifh vljzL ESpfa,muf.
wkdufckdufjcif;ukd cH&avonf? yxrOD;qkH; OD;acgif;wGif txkd;cH&+yD; =urf;jyifokd@vJusoGm;aomtcg tuefcH&avonf?
tjcm;aom ol. tazmf ESpfa,mufvnf; &kdufykwfv$wfcH&avonf? zDvm'Jvzf D;,m;okd@ tifwmAsL;wpfcktwGuf
vl;0pfoGm;pOf usefaomolrsm;rSm a*smf*sD,mokd@ qufvufxGufcGgoGm;=uavonf? arv (14) &ufae@wGif
t,fvmbm;rm;xJokd@ 0ifa&mufonfESifh bwfpfum;wpD;. wm,mrSmuGJoGm;avonf? rD;avmifAkH;rsm;jzifh
ypfcH&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? tjcm;aom bwfpfum;rsm;ay:&Sdc&D;onf v_yf&Sm;olrsm;rSm tefepfpwef (Anniston) bwfpf
um;*dwfwGif tjyif;txef t&kdufcH&avonf? xkd@aemuf bmrif*rf (Birmingham) wGif w}udrfxyf t&kdufcH&jyef
avonf? xkd vljzLt=urf;zuftkyfpkrsm;rSm a'oEW& &Jrsm;. cGifhðycsufjzifh vkyfrSef;odomxif&Sm;avonf?
aoG;xGufoH,kdtemw&jzpfaeaom vGwfvyfa&;c&D;onfrsm;rSm ‚if;wkd@. c&D;pOfukd av#mhcsypf&ef qkH;jzwfvkduf
avonf? w&m;&kH;. Oya'rsm;rSm taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&u G fjcif;r&Sdqkdonfukd olwkd@taejzifh oufaotxift&Sm;
awG@&+yD;jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh bmrif*rfrS e,l;atmfvif;okd@ av,Ofjzifh jyefcJh=uavonf? okd@aomf a&mhcfa[;vf
tjzpftysufonf owif;pmrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;az:jy+yD; wwkdif;jynfvkH; ysH@ESH@oGm;avonf? tefepfpwef jyifywGif
rD;avmifaeonfh bwfpfum;. "gwfykHrsm;ukd a&S@rsufESmzkH;rsm;wGif az:jyxm;avonf? wwkdif;jynfvkH;&Sd
owif;pmq&mrsm;rSm bmrif*rf okd@ qif;vm=uavonf? xkd@tjyif jynfaxmifpk A[dkw&m;a&;XmerS t&m&Sdrsm;rSmvnf;
wyfvSef@cHxm;&avawmhonf?
t,fvmbm;rm;&Sd t=urf;zufr_onf uae'Dtpkd;&tm; t=uyf&kdufoGm;apavonf? 'kwd,urBmppfaemufykdif;
tjcm;aom orwrsm;uJhokd@yif orw *|ef uae'Donfvnf jynfol jynfom;wkd@. tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd ,kH=unfoljzpf
avonf? okd@aomf ol@taejzifh uGef*&ufwGif awmifykdif;om; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh twkduftcHðy&rnfukd tvdkr&Sday?
xkdolrsm;onf aumfrwD. t"du &mxl;ae&mrsm;wGif ae&m&xm;olrsm;jzpf+yD; ol. Oya'wifoGif;r_rsm;ukd ydwfqkd@
wm;qD;Ekdif olrsm;jzpf=uonf? e,l;'D;vf (tay;t,lopf) (New Deals) ay:vpD tpuwnf;uyif 'Drkdu&ufwpf
ygwDonf zGifh[ajymp&mrvkdaom tjyeftvSefem;vnfr_&Sdxm;+yD;om;jzpfavonf? ,if;rSm awmifykdif;'Drkdu&pfwpf
rsm;onf trsKd;om;a&;ESifhqkdifaom ta&;}uD;onfh tqkH;tjzwfrsm;Y ajrmufykdif; vpfb&,frsm;tm; axmufcHr_ay;
rnf[laom em;vnfr_yifjzpfonf? okd@aomf ,if;onf vpfb&,fygwDrS awmifykdif;vlrsKd;a&; jy\emrsm;tm;
wjcm;aomenf;jzifh =unfh&_r_ay;aeor# umvywfvkH;om jzpfonf? okd@aomf ba&mif; qkH;jzwfcsuf (Brown decision)
ESifh ausmif;rsm;wGif tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_r&Sdap& [laom yËdyuQ rsm;a=umifh tqkdygem;vnfr_onf wif;rmr_
jzpfae+yD;jzpfonf? okd@aomf qENjyolrsm;tm; &uf&ufpufpufwkdufckdufr_rsm; ESifh bmrif*rf &JcsKyf ,l*sif; bl;vf uGefem
(Eugene "Bull" Connor) uJhokd@ &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfr_rsm;a=umifh EkdifiHw0Srf;&Sd rD'D,mrsm;. tm&kHpl;pkdufr_ukd &,lum
vGwfvyfa&;c&D;onfrsm;onf tdrfjzLawmftm; awmifykdif;vljzLrsm;. axmufcHr_ ESihf ykdrkdjrifhrm;aompH ESpfckwGif wpfckukd
a&G;cs,f&ef wGef;tm;ay;avonf?
tar&duef a&S@aecsKyf a&mbwf uae'DtwGufrl arv (14) &ufaemufykdif;wGif ol. t"duyef;wkdifrSm
&efolt0kdif;cHae&aom vGwfvyfa&;c&D;onfrsm;tm; ulnD&eftwGufomjzpfonf? xkdtwGuf ol ESifh w&m;&kH;rS tjcm;
aom t&m&Sdrsm;onf &kduf'grsm; vkHòcHpGmjzifh e,l;atmfveftxd pD;vm&ef av,mOfysHwpD;ukd av,mOfay:wufEkdifonf
txd arv (15) &ufae@wGif pDrH+yD;oGm;aomtcg rsm;pGm pdwfvufayghyg;oGm;=uavonf? tajctaerSm wajz;ajz;ESifh
+idrfoufoGm;[ef &Sdavonf? jywfjywfom;om;aqmif&Guf&ef zdtm;ay;r_rsm;rSmvnf; av#mhusvm[ef&Sdavonf?
okd@aomf em&Dtenf;i,ft=umwGif emh&SfAD;vf&Sd vli,ftkyfpk wpfpkrSm bmrif*rfokd@qif;oGm;+yD; rlv vGwfvyfa&;c&D;onf
rsm; tqkH;owfcJhaomae&mrS aeI qufvufvkyfaqmif&ef pDrHaeonfukd =um;&aomtcg olwkd@rSm t}uD;tus,f
tHhtm;oifhoGm;=uavonf? ‚if;wkd@tm; rnfolr# rajzmif;zsEkdif=uay?

arv (20) &ufae@wGif bmrif*rfokd@oGm;rnfh ausmif;om; (20) wkd@onf armif*kdrm&DoGm;rnfh bwfpfum;
ay:okd@ wwfvkduf=uavonf? a&mbwf uae'D. vufaxmuf *|ef qDd*efovm (John Seigenthaler) ukdyif
aus;Zl;wif&rnfjzpfonf? olonf tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmeokd@ 0ifa&mufrvkyfukdifrDwGif wefeufqD,ef; t,f'Dwmtjzpf
vkyfukdifaeoljzpfonf? ‚if;. jzefajzr_jzihf ausmif;om;rsm;onf h armif*kdrm&D®r@ e,ferdwfra&mufrDtxd jynfe,f&Jrsm;.
tapmifht=uyf&SdaecJhonf? xkd@aemuf ®r@awmf&Jrsm;rS qufvufI wm0ef,loGm;&efjzpfonf? okd@aomf
rnfonfhae&mwGifrS ‚if;wkd@ukd &SmrawG@acs? ®r@awmf&Jrsm;tpm; owif;axmuftkyfpkwpfpkESifh vljzLvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Dtkyfpkwkd@
ESifhom awG@vkduf&avonf? xkdolrsm;rSm &kduf'grsm; bwfpfum;ay:rS qif;onfESifh 0kdif;0ef;wkdufckdufavawmhonf?
vl;0pftygt0if ausmif;om; okH;a,mufrSm owif;orm;rsm;.a&S@wGifyif jyif;xefpGm t&kdufcH&avawmhonf?
qD*efovmvnf; xkdenf;vnf;aumif;yifjzpfonf? olonf tjcm;ausmif;om; ESpfOD;ukd 0ifa&mufu,fwif&ef óud;pm;pOf
wGif OD;acgif;okd@ cJykdufjzifh owdarhonftxd t&kdufcH&avonf?
a&mbwf uae'Donf ol. vufaxmuftm; a'ocH&Jrsm;. tultnDjzifh vlqkd;tkyfpkrS 0kdif;&kdufcH&onfukd
od&aomtcg onf;nnf;cHEkdifr_ ukefqkH;oGm;avonf? olonf armif*kdrm&Dokd@ &kduf'grsm; ®r@wGif &SdaepOfwGif aemufxyf
rnfonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm; rjzpfay:ap&eftwGuf txl;&Jt&m&Sdrsm;ukd apv$wv f kdufavonf? txl;&Jt&m&Sdrsm;onf
t,fvmbm;rm;wkdufckdufr_rsKd; aemufxyf rjzpfyGg;ap&eff rpfppPyD tm%mykdifrsm;ESifh tmrcHcsuf&&eftwGuf óud;yrf;
avonf? jynfe,ft&m&Sdrsm;rSvnf; ‚if;wkd@. pum;ukd apmifhxdef;=uavonf? emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm
armif*kdrm&Dokd@ av,mOfjzifh xGufoGm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;jzifh xyfrHtm;jznfhvkduf=uonf? *sufqiftxd vrf;c&D;onf
vkHòcHpGm&Sdae avonf? *sufqifwGif tzrf;cH&+yD; jynfe,fESihf a'oEW& Oya'rsm;ukd csKd;azmufonf[laom pGyfpGJcsufjzifh
axmif (60) &uf cscH&avonf?
vGwfvyfa&;c&D;onfrsm;rSm ‚if;wkd@. axmif&uftrsm;pkudk ywfcsfrif zrf; (Parchman Farm) axmifxJwGif
trsm;qkH; aecJh& avonf? ,if;axmifonf vlrnf;rsm;=um;wGif tqkd;&Gm;qkH;aom i&Jcef; tusOf;axmiftjzpf
ausmf=um;avonf? okd@aomf rD'D,morm;rsm;. owif;ay;ykd@csuftwGuf aus;Zl;wif&ygonf? olwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@
twGufESifh ta&;awmfykH twGufomru *sifrf u&kd;. tpG,faigaigrsufESmukdyg jynfolrsm;xHokd@ zGifh[ xkwfaz:
vkdufaom a=umifhjzpfonf? arv tukefykdif;wGif a&S@aecsKyfonf jynfe,faygif;pHk pD;yGg;qufoG,fa&;aumfr&Sif (Interstate
Commerce Commission) okd@ jynfe,fbwfpfum;*dwfrsm;tm;vkH;wGif vlrsKd; tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_rsm; tqkH;
owfa&; trdef@twGuf w&m;0ifav#mufv$mwifavonf? pufwifbmvwGif taumiftxnfay:vmavonf?
aemufqkH;wGif A[kdw&m;&kH;csKyfrS =um;0ifvmum (1961) ESpfukefykdif;wGif awmifykdif; tpGeftjzm;txd bwfpfum;*dwfrsm;
tm; xdef;csKyfvmEkdifcJhonf?
'kdif;ae emh&Sf/ bm;e'f vaz,'f/ *|efvl;0pf (aemufykdif;wGif tar&duef uGef*&ufwGif ta&G;cH&avonf) ESifh
‚if;wkd@. ausmif;om;rsm;onf *sdrf;pf avmfqifoif=um;ay;onfhtwkdif; vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ xkdifoydwf
wkdufyGJrsm;rS tawG@tóuHrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tar&dueforkdif;a=umif;ukd ajymif;vJEkdifcJhavonf? tom;ta&mif
vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_ukd vpfvsL&_olrsm;twGuf vlr_todkif;t0dkif;. wkdufwGef;r_jzifh qENjyjcif;omjzpfonf? qENjyyGJ OD;aqmifol
rsm;. a&S@wGif ‚if;wkd@vnf; wufa&mufonfqkdonfukd jyo&eftwGufomjzpfonf? emh&SfAD;vfwGifrl ,if;onf
ae@vnfpm aumifwmrsm;wGif t&kduftESufcH&rnf (okd@r[kwf) axmifcscH&rnf qkdonfh todjzifh xkdifjcif;jzpfonf?
aemufwESpfwGifrl t,fvmbm;rm;Y qENjyjcif;onf touftEW&m,f xdckdufEkdifonftxdjzpfonf? tdENd,wGif
t*Fvdyfwkd@tm; qef@usif &eftwGuf *END}uD;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; +yD;qkH;uwnf;u ESpfaygif; (30) twGif; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;
qENjyr_. wefbkd;onf Tr#avmuf r}uD;rm;cJhao;ay? emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;c&D;onf (z&D;'rf;
&kduf'g) rsm;onf wEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m trsKd;om;a&;jy\em jzpfvmonftxd TudpPudk t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzifh
wGef;wifcJh=uonf? xkdjy\emxJrSyif ‚if;wkd@. tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd twif; n‡pfxkwf,lcJh=uonf?
Ð Ð Ð
1960 ckESpf {+yDv (19) &ufae@/ emh&SAf D;vfwGif w&m;&kH;tajcokd@ csDwufcJh=uolrsm;wGif *pfwmwD;+yD; oDcsif;
qkdaom *kdif; u&m0if (Guy Carawan) qkdol vli,f vljzL wpfa,mufvnf; yg0ifavonf? u&m0if wefeufqD
awmifrsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm; ESifh jynfol@tcGifhta&; pnf;&kH;olrsm; twGufzGifhxm;onfh [dkufvif;'gaus;vufausmif;
(Highlander Folk School) oifwef;ae&mwGif avmfqif ESifh ol. ausmif;om;rsm;ukd t}udrfrsm;pGm
awG@zl;+yD;jzpfonf? olonf wkdif;&if;om; &kd;&m aw;oDcsif;rsm;ukd pkaqmif;olwOD;jzpfonf? xkdae@wGif [dkufvif;'gY

*|efvl;0pf ESifh bm;e'f vaz,'f wkd@ od&Sdxm;aom oDcsif;rsm;xJrS wyk'fjzpfaom “usaemfwdk@Edkif&r,f” “We Shall
Overcome”ukd oDqkd&ef a&G;cs,favonf? xkdoDcsif;onf vlrnf;bk&m;ausmif;rsm;twGif; rSwqifh jyef@EShHoGm;+yD;/ vGefcJh
aom ESpfrsm;twGif;u u,f&kdvkdif;em; awmifykdif; wGif vlrnf;qENjytrsKd;orD;rsm; qENjyaomtcg oDqkdonfh qENjy
aw;oDcsif; wyk'fjzpfoGm;avonf? vltkyfxJwGif xkdoDcsif;ukd odaomol odyfr&Sdaomfvnf; oDcsif;pmom;rsm;rSm
rSwfrd&efvG,fulojzifh c%jcif;yif tjcm;olrsm;ESifh vkdufqkdEkdifoGm;=uavonf?
“We Shall Overcome”oDcsif; onf wurBmvkH;qkdif&m qENjywkdufyGJ0if aw;oDcsif;wyk'fjzpfoGm;avonf?
,if;oDcsif;ukd t=urf;rzuf+idrf;csrf;pGm qENjy=uaom udyfawmif;/ y&yf*fESifh *smumwmòrd@rsm;wkd@wGif oDqkdcJh=uonf?
tdENd,trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;. trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;xJrS avhvmxm;onfh tmz&duef-tar&duefrsm;. vG,ful
&kd;pif;onfh pHerlemwpfckyifjzpfavonf? ‚if;wkd@onfyif vl@tcGifhta&; ESifh w&m;r#wa&;twGuf t=urf;rzufenf;ukd
tokH;ðy v_yf&Sm;=uonfh tjcm;aomjynfolrsm;twGufvnf; erlemwpfckjzpfvmavonf? okd@aomf ta0;rS
apmifh=unhfavhvmolrsm;twGufrl tar&duef jynfol@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_wkdufyGJonf aw;oDcsif;wpfyk'fxuf ykdaom
t&mukd ay;avonf? tar&duefawmifykdif;&Sd vlrsKd;}uD;0g' ESifh tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_ tqkH;owfa&; wkdufyGJonf
acwfopf rD'D,ma&S@arSmufwGif xkwfaz:jyovkdufaom yxrqkH; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_yifjzpfonf? rD'D,mrsm;.
a&S@arSmufwGif t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ukd qifE$Jjcif;onf enf;AsL[m topfrsm;ukd zefwD;ay;avonf? txl;ojzifh
wwd,tiftm;rsm;. yg0ifr_ tcGifhtvrf;ukd zefwD;ay;avonf? xkd wwd,tiftm;rsm;rSm yËdyuQwGif wkduf&kduf ryg0if
aomfvnf; wzufzufokd@ csdefcGifv#m tiftm;omoGm;atmif vkyfaqmifEkdifolrsm;jzpfonf?
(1960) tar&duef jynfol@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;rSm/ 20 &mpk. wwd,umv aESmif;ykdif; t=urf;rzuf
tHwkolrsm;ukd cGeftm;rsm;ay;cJhavonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm; oydwfarSmufr_rsm;onf orkdif;wGif
atmifjrifcJh+yD;jzpfonf qkdonfukd olwkd@ odem;vnfcJh=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf xkdenf;AsL[mrsm;onf
zdESdyfr_rsm;ukd ckcHtHwk&mwGif yifukd,fobm0tm;jzifh tm;omcsufrsm;&Sdonfukd olwkd@,kH=unfcJh=uonf? olwkd@.
atmifjrifr_rsm;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_tay: wcgrS rykdifqdkifzl;ao;onfh tusKd;oufa&mufr_topfrsm;ukd
xyfavmif;I tyfESif;ay;vkdufovkdyif jzpfonf? vlxkrD'D,mrsm;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. pGrf;yum;ukd
tar&duefawmifykdif;wGif omr[kwfyJ urBmtEHS@tjym;wGifyg txiftjrif}uD;oGm;apcJhonf?
tar&duefawmifykdif;wGifrl xkdtiftm;onf vlr_a&;vrf;a=umif;wGif;rSonf wkdif;jynf. EkdifiHa&;
vrf;a=umif;xJokd@a&muf&SdoGm;avonf? emh&SfAD;vf ESifh tjcm;aom awmifykdif; uGefjrLewDrsm;wGif xkdifoydwfrsm;onf
tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_ukd qufvufxdef;odrf;vkdpdwf rjyif;xefaom vljzLacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd tjcm;aom jyif;xefonfh
vljzLrsm; ESifh cGJjcm;vkdufavonf? tpOftvma[mif;ay:wGif rwifrus pdwfESpfcGjzpfaeaom olrsm;tm; xkdtpOftvm
a[mif;ay:wGif acgif;rmaeaomolrsm;xHrS cGJxkwfvkdufavonf? z&D;'rf;&kduf'gwkd@. tcef;u¾rSmvnf; us,fus,f
jyef@jyef@ yg0ifavonf? olwkd@onf tar&duefwkd@. ae&m,lxm;aom tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_ pHepf ESifh
jynfaxmifpktpkd;&tm; xkd tpOftvmukd qef@usif wkdufckduf&ef v_H@aqmfay;jcif;jzifh xkd ESpfck. tusKd;pD;yGg; csdefcGifv#m
nDr#aer_ukd rwnfr+idrfjzpfapavonf? jynfol@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;twGuf tv#ifjrefqkH;aom vrf;rSm
jynfaxmifpktpkd;&tm; ‚if;wkd@. awmifykdif;tpGeftzsm;rsm;&Sd wkdufyGJukd trsKd;om;a&;toGifaqmifaom vuQ%mtjzpf
yËdyuQukd rD;wif&_d@vkduf+yD; jynfaxmifpktpkd;&. 0ifa&mufajz&Sif;r_udk qGJ,lvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? rmwifvlomuif;rS -
“t&m&mwkdif;&Jh t"du aomhcsufuawmh jynfaxmifpkA[dk tpkd;&&J@ vkyfaqmifcsufyJjzpfygw,f” [k (1960) tapmykdif;
umvrsm;wGif a=unmcJhavonf?
xkd@jyif Tokd@jzpfvmEkdifatmifzefwD;onfrSmvnf; tar&duefvlaer_wGif }uD;xGm;vmaom w,fvDaA;&Sif;rsm;.
tcef;u¾yifjzpfonf? vrf;rsm;ay:wGif qlnHaomif;usef;/ &kwf&kwfoJoJjzpfr_rsm;udk w,fvDaA;&Sif; rsm;rSwqifh
wEkdifiHvkH;&Sd jynfolrsm;rSm wqifhcHpm;cGifh&cJh=uonf? ,if;onf ‚if;wkd@xHrS csufjcif; ta&;,lr_ rjyaomfvnf;yJ/ jynfol
wkd@. tusKd;pD;yGg;ukd jyefvnfykHoGif;ay;onf? 1963 aEGOD;aygufwGif vGwfvyfa&;c&D;pOf (z&D;'rf; &kd'f) ESifh bmrif*rf qENjyr_
(q,fvfrmrS armif*kdrm&Dokd@ csDwufyGJ (2) ESpf=um+yD;aemuf) rsm;onf a'oEW& tm%mykdifrsm;ESifh t=urf;rzuf
qENjyolrsm; t=um;wGif rarhEkdifaom yËdyuQ ykH&dyfukd zefwD;cJhavonf? wzufrS wzufokd@ w&m;0ifr_ESifh oem;=uifemr_
wkd@ukd tjyeftvSef v$Jajymif;=u+yD;/ trsKd;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; 0ifa&mufyg0ifavap&ef EkdifiHa&;0ef;usiftajctaeukd
ajymif;vJay;cJhonf?
jynfol@tcGifhta&;wkdufyGJaemufrS &kd;pif;aom ,kwWdaA'wpfck uyfvkdufygvmonf? t=urf;rzufydwfqkd@
wm;qD;r_. aemufuG,frS vlrnf;rsm;ukd pnf;&kH;EdkifcJh+yD; wkdif;jynftm; tajymif;tvJokd@ wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? (1963)
ckESpf/ vifuGef;cef;r avSum;ay:wGif rmwifvlomuif;. “ppf}uD;+yD;onfhaemufykdif; tar&duefwGif vlrsKd;a&; wef;wl
nDr#r_ twGuf rwfv wGif 0g&SifwefY t}uD;rm;qkH;aom t=urf;rzuf qENjyr_}uD;ukd vkyfaqmif&ef ol@wGiftdyfrufwck

&SdcJhygonf[k” ausnmcsufwGif az:jyxm;cJhonf? xkdESpfaemufykdif; orRw uae'Dvkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&+yD;aomtcg/
awmifykdif; vljzLwpfa,mufjzpfonfh vif'Gef *|efqif (Lyndon Johnson) tdrfjzLawmfokd@ ajymif;a&ï@vmcJh+yD; (1964)
jynfol@tcGifhta&; tufOya' (Civil Rights Act of 1964) ESifh 1965 rJay;ykdifcGifh tufOya' (Voting Rights Act
of 1965) wkd@ukd ESpftvkduf orkdif;rSwfwrf;twGif;okd@ a&;oGif;cJhavonf?
(1936) ckwGif tmz&duef-tar&duef acgif;aqmif a'gufwm [kd;0g'f om;&fref; (Dr. Howard Thurman)
*END}uD;ESifh awG@qkH&eftwGuf tdENd,okd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfpOf/ olESifh twlygvmonfh ZeD;onfu tdENd,. jrifhjrwfaom
okcrdef}uD;twGuf tar&durS eD*&kd;u|efrsm; oDqkdaom "rRaw;oDcsif; ESpfyk'fjzifh *k%fðycJhavonf? a'gufwmomref;u
usrf;pmtykd'fw&mausmfxJu ol@&ifukd txdqkH;t&mawG *END}uD; ol@ukdajymcJhawGukd jyefajymif;trSwf&aponf?
tar&duefvlrnf;awG[m olwkd@jynfolawG&Jhb0ukd jr‡ifhwifzkd@twGuf *END}uD;&SmazGawG@&SdcJhwJhtajzawGukd okH;&r,f? 'Dawmh
*END}uD;u “aumif;yg+yD/ 'gwu,frSefcJh&if t=urf;rzufwkdufyGJeJ@ ywfoufwJh oJvJpif owif;pum;[m eD*&kd;awGrS
wqifhom wurBmvkH;okd@ jyefESH@oGm;vdrfhr,f?”
pmrsufESm 333 TwGif +yD;.? 334 rS 419 vGwfae+yD; 420 TrSm p.
ygvufpwkdif;vlrsKd; tv$mtm;vkH;wkd@onf olwkd@. ukd,fykdif vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ajrv$may:wGif ysKd;}uJjcif;rsKd;qkdygu qENjyjcif;/

oydwfarSmufjcif;ESifh tdrfwGif;pD;yGg;a&;ukd jzpfovkdvnfywfjcif;rsm;twGuf qEN&Sd=uavonf?
okd@aomf ygvufpwkdif;vlrsKd;wkd@. vrf;rsm;ay:wGif qENjyvkdaom pdwftm;xufoefr_udk wm;jrpfydwfyif&ef
jzpfEkdifajc r&SdcsdefwGif t=urf;zufr_ ESifh t=urf;rzufr_wkd@ aygif;pyfjcif;onf ygvufpwkdif;wkd@. tiftm;ukd
av#mhwGufjcif;jzpfonf?

awmiftmz&duEkdifiH
tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_ qef husifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
qdkzD,mòrd@
(1955) ckESpf Ak'<[l;ae hreufapmapmwGif axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ykvdyfrsm;ESifhppfx&yfum;rsm; woDwwef;}uD;
zHkwaxmif;axmif;xaeaom qdkzD,mòrd@vrf;rsm;twGif;odk@0ifa&mufvm=uonf? qdkzD,mòrd@onf
*sKd[efeufpfbwfòrd@awmfESifhcGefESpfuDvdkrDwm (av;rdkifcGJcef@) tuGmta0; wGifomwnf&dSaom vlrJrsm;aexdkif&m t&yfjzpfonf?
vufeufudkifppfom;rsm;rS tdrfwum&dSvlrJrsm;tm; ‚if;wdk@ydkifqdkifonfhypPnf;udk xkyfydk;I ppfx&yfum;rsm; ay:odk@wuf&ef
atmf[pftrdef@ay;ae=uonf? xdk haemufvlrJrsm;tm; olwdk@ydkifqdkifonfhtdk;cGufyef;uefrsm;ESifhy&dabm* ta[mif;trsOf;ESifhtwl
um;ay:wifaqmifI &Spfrdkifcef@tuGma0;Y topfwnfaqmufxm;aom ruf'dk;vef; qdkonfht&yfodk@ac:aqmifoGm;=uonf?
ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; vlrJrsm;onf qdkzD,mrSwpwparmif;xkwfcH&+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@tdk;tdrfrsm; xdkt&yfrS aysmufqHk;oGm;cJh=u&onf?
qdkzD,mòrd@odk@vlrJrsm;yxrqHk;0ifa&muf tajcjcaexdkifvmcJ honfrSm &mpkESpfwckyifausmfvmcJ h+yDjzpfonf? xdktcsdefu

*sKd[efeufpfbwfòrd@vnfydkif;ESifhqdkzD,mwdk@onf awmfawmfav;tvSef;a0;ao;onf[kqdkEkdifonf? qdkzD,muJhodk@ t&yfrsKd;onf
tmz&duefvlrJrsm;/ tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;ESifhumvm [kac:wGifaomaoG;aESmaeaomvltkyfpkrsm;twGuf
tdk;tdrftwnfwusydkifqdkifEdkif&ecGifhðyxm;onf hae&mrsKd;rsm;jzpfcJh=uonf? xdkvlwef;pm;rsm;tm;vHk;onf
vljzLrsm;aexdkif&m&yfuGufrsm;odk@ vma&mufaexdkifcGifhr&dSay?
qdkzD,monfrwluGJjym;onf hvlrsKd;pHkaexdkif&mt&yfjzpfvmcJhI pma&;q&mrsm;/ *syfZf*Dwynm&Sifrsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ a&S haersm;/

w&m;a[m q&mrsm;/ vlqdk;*dk%f;rsm;/ puf&Hkvkyfom;rsm;ESifhtdrfaprsm;wdk@. csufðrwf&m t&yfozG,fvnf;jzpfcJhonf?
&mpkESpftv,favmufa&mufaomtcgY tmz&duESifhtm&Som;wdk@.,Ofaus;r_rsm; a&m¹yGef;vmcJh+yD; vlOD;a&xlxyfvmcJhonf?
&mZ0wfr_rsm;vnf;aygrsm;vmcJhonf? vltrsm;pkum; qif;&Jom;rsm; jzpf=uonf? xdkt&yfonf twdkufcHEkdifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;
tm;aumif;vmap &eftwGuf blrdeufoefvdkjzpfvmcJhonf? ANC (tmz&du trsKd;om;uGef*&uf)
uJhodk@tzGJ@pnf;}uD;rsm;ay:aygufvmcJhonfae&mrsKd;vnf;jzpfcJhonf?
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xGufcGgItjcm;ae&mrsm;Yaexdkifjcif;/ tpdk;&rSowfrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif; tp&dSonfwdk@udk vkyfaqmif=uonf?
xdk@twGuf vltrsm;tjym; axmifoGif;tusOf;cs cH=u&onf? odk@aomfxdkv_yf&Sm;r_rSm a'otenf;i,ftwGif;om tm;aumif;I
pmemolvljzLtcsKd@xHrSvnf; axmufcHr_ tenf;i,fom&&dScJhonf? 1953ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif qENjyolrsm;tjyif;txeftESdrfteif;cH&+yD;
tpdk;&rSqENjyolrsm;tm; =umyGwfjzif@&dkufouJhodk@jyif;xefonfh Oya'rsm;xkwfonfh tcgY tqdkygxdyfwdkuf&ifqkdifaom
enf;vrf;tm; quftoHk;rðyawmh&ef uGef*&ufrSqHk;jzwfvdkufonf?
xdk@aemufattJefpD (tmz&du trsKd;om; uGef*&uf) Oya'csKd;azgufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; ESpftawmf=um=um a&Smif&Sm;cJhonf?

odk@aomfvnf; ausmif;rsm;wGifoydwfarSmufjcif; pm;oHk;ukefrsm;tm;oydwfarSmufjcif;ponfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
tm;a'otvdkufðyvkyfcJhonf? qdkzD,mòrd@rSa&$@ ajymif;&jcif;ESifhtdrfiSm;c um;crsm;ray;&ef tp&dSonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvnf;
qufwdkufvkyfaqmifcJhonf? 1955ESpfqef;ydkif;umvwGif EkdifiHt0Sr;f trsKd;orD;rsm;rS qENjyjcif;/ tpnf;ta0rsm;ðyvkyfjcif;/
csDwufyGJrsm;ðyvkyfI c&D;oGm;vufrSwfpmtkyf udkifaqmif&onfhOya'tay: wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=unf? tqdkygv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk
awmiftmz&dutrsKd;orD;rsm;zuf'a&&Sif;u aemufuG,frSwqifh pDpOfaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf? vljzLtrsLd;orD;rsm;vnf;
vlrJtrsLd;orD;rsm;ESifhtwlvufwGJI tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;qufqHonfh pepfudkwdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uonf?
1959ckESpfwGif attJefpDtwGif;rS vlrsKd;rcGJjcm;a&; vljzLrsm;ESifhvnf;twlyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;vrf;pOfudk oabmrwloltzGJ@0iftcsKd

h attJefpDrScGJxGufcg PAC [kac:onfh tmz&duefwrsKd;om;vHk;qdkif&m uGef*&ufudkwnfaxmif=uonf? 1960ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif yDatpDrS
vlrJrsm;tm; c&D;oGm;vufrSwfpmtkyfrsm; ,laqmifroGm;bJ &Jpcef;rsm;qDodk@csDwufum oGm;a&muftzrf;cH=u&ef v_H@aqmfonf?
rwfv 21&ufae@wGif w&efpfA,f[kac:aom t&yf&dS &SyfAD;pufr_òrd@&Jpcef;odk@ vlrJ5000cef@csDwufoGm;=u+yD;
tzrf;cH&efapmifhqdkif;aecJh=uonf? em&Daygif;rsm;pGm apmifhqdkif;t+yD;wGif &Jrsm;rSvltkyftwGif;odk@ ypfcwfaoma=umifh
vlaygif;70eD;yg;aoqHk;cJh&onf? xdkaoqHk;r_*&ufa=umifh awmiftmz&duwEkdifiHvHk; vlxktrsm;tjym;qENjyoydwfarSmufr_rsm;
tjyif;txefjzpfyGg;cJhonf? tpdk;&zufrSvnf;&uf&ufpufpufjyefvnf ESdrfeif;cJhonf? vlrJtrsm;pkygt0if vlaygif; (10000)
ausmfzrf;qD;cHcJh&+yD; yDatpDESifh attJefpDtzGJ@rsm;tm; tpdk;&rSvkyf&Sm;r_rsm; rvkyfEkdif&efydwfyifvdkufonf?
xdk@twGuf yDatpDESifh attJefpDrStzGJ@0ifrsm; ajratmuftoGifjzif@vkyf&Sm;r_rsm;udk vkyfudkifvm=u&onf? +idrf;csrf;pGmt=urf;rzufyJ

ðyvkyfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tpdk;&rSusnfqHjzifhtajzay;jcif;tm; rnfodk@rnfyHk jyefvnfwHk@jyefoifhonfudk
vlrJacgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; t}udwfte,faqG;aEG;vm=u&onf? e,fqif rJef'Jvm;onf 1950ESpfv,frsm;rSpwifI
t=urfrzuf+idrf;csrf;pGmwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;tm; pwifoHo,&dSvmcJh+yD; vufeufudkifIwdkufyGJ0if&ef attJefpDtxJwGif
aqG;aEG;vmcJhonf? 1961ZGefvwGifðyvkyfaom attJefpDtvkyfaumfrwDaqG;aEG;yGJwGif
=urf;wrf;aombDvl;waumif.wdkufcdkufvmr_tm; vufcsnf;oufoufjzifha&Smifv$JIr&Edkif[laom
a&S;a[mif;pum;yHkwckudkudk;um;I rJef'Jvm;rSaqG;aEG;vmcJhonf? xdk@a=umifhattJefpDonf trfckefwdk 0D pDZ0D (EkdifiHawmf.vHSoGm;)
[laomemrnfjzifh vufeufudkiftzGJ@udkwnfaxmifvdkufonf? tpdk;&taqmuftOD;rsm;/ &xm;vrf;rsm;/
v#yfppf"wftm;ay;puf&Hkwdk@tm; AHk;cGJwdkufcdkufjcif;rsm;pwifðyvkyfvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;tpdk;&zufrS
xdkuJhodk@wdkufcdkufvmolrsm;tm; zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;rsm;ðyvkyfvmonf? 1964ESpftukefwGif rJef'Jvm;tygt0if attJefpDrS
acgif;aqmifawmfawmfrsm;rsm; zrf;qD;axmifcscH=u&avonf? tzrf;rcH&olrsm;vnf; EkdifiHtwGif;rSxGufajy;=u&I wdkif;wyg;wGif
ta0;a&mufrsm;tjzpfaexdkif=u&onf? 1950ckESpfrsm;twGif;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;onf
vlrJrsm;tm;vGwfajrmufa&;vrf;a=umif;ay:odk@ a&muf&dSvm&efwGef;wifray;EkdifcJhay?
tmz&duefemrsm; ('yfcsfEG,fzGm;rsm;) ESifhi&Jodk@twloGm;tHh?

ykdydk qdkifrGef rdkvDzD;onfol@rdbrsm;ESifhwrdom;pkvHk;tm; ppfom;rsm;rSx&yfum;rsm;ay:odk@twif;wGef;wifI qdkzD,mrS
qdk0Dwdkòrd@opfodk@ ajymif;a&$@cH&aom tcsdefu oHk;ESpfom;om&dSao;onf? &SyfAD;wGifvlrsm;ypfowfcH&aomumvwGif ydkydk qdkifrGef
rdkvDzD;onf toufcGefESpfESpf&dSvm+yDjzpfonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; +idrfoufovdkjzpfaeaom 1960umvrsm;wGif ydkydkfonf
tawmfav;t&G,fa&mufvmcJh+yDjzpfonf? xdkESpfrsm;twGif;ydkydkESifh rsKd;qufwlvlrJ vli,frsm;onf vlrqHpGmqufqHcH&r_rsm;udk
t}udrf}udrfóuHawG@cHpm;cJh=u&I wjznf;jznf;ESifhtem*wfv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf toifhjzpfvmcJh=uonf? ydkykd.rdbrsm;onf
pkpkaygif;uav;&Spfa,muf&dSI tm;vHk;tm;aºuG;arG;&efrwwfEkdifojzifh ykdydktm;vljzLrsm;tdrfwGif tdrfapvkyfaeaom ta':jzpfolu

apmifha&Smufxm;&onf? ydkydkonf &xm;blwm&Hkrsm;ESifhabmvHk;uGif;rsm;wGif yef;oD;a&mif;onfh tvkyfudkvkyfI wzufrSmvnf;
vljzLrsm;. *sdL[efeufpfbwfa*gufoD;uGif;wGif a*gufoD;tdwfxrf;aom tvkyfudkvnf;vkyfao;onf? toufq,fESpf=urS
ausmif;paecJh&onf? ausmif;udkoGm;onfh&ufrsm;pGmwGif ydkydkonfajcaxmufAvmESifhjzpfI t+rJwap qmavmifrGwfodyfaeonf?
n%faumif;aom uav;jzpfaomfvnf; touf24ESpfusrS txufwef;atmifjrifcJh&onf? Todk@jzpf&yfrsm;rSm
vlrJrsm;t=um;wGifrqef;aomudpPyifjzpfonf?
ydkydkaES;auG;pGmausmif;aeae&aomumvrsm;wGif ajrmufrsm;pGmaomrdcifa'orsm;rS vlrJrsm;tvkyftudkif&SmazG&ef qdk0Dwdkòrd@odk@

a&vd_if;rsm;ozG,f a&muf&dSvm=uonf? &dSxm;onfhtdrfta&twGufESifh jrLeDpyg,fvkyfief;rsm;onf
0ifa&mufvmaomvlrJrsm;twGuf rumrdatmifjzpfae&onf? 1970ESpfv,frsm;wGif omreftcef;av;cef;ygaom
tdrfwvHk;Ytenf;qHk;vl 17ESpfOD;aexdkif=uonf? tjcm;aomvlrJrsm;rSmvnf; ae&mvGwf&dSonfh ae&mrsKd;wGif
vufjzpfwJrsm;aqmufI jzpfovdkaexdkif=uonf? tdrftrsm;pkrSm aomufoHk;a&r&&dS=uay? ydkydkonfol hta':tvkyfvkyfaom
vljzLtdrfrsm;rSvlaer_tqifhwef;ESifhvlrJrsm; tqifhwef;rdk;ESifhajruJhodk@uGmjcm;onfudk wpwpowdðyrdvmcJhonf?
ol.ta':tvkyfvkyfaomtdrfudkoGm;vnfwdkif; tdrf&SifvljzLrsm;u r=unfjzLa=umif;udkvnf; oabmaygufvmcJhonf?
wae@wGufolESifhoufwl&G,fwl vljzLav;wa,mufrS ydkydktm; uyfzm (epf*g/ vlrJrsm;udkESdrfac:aompum;) [koHk;E_H;I
ydkydktm;&dkufESufavonf? ydkydkvnf;xdkvljzLav;tm; jyefvnfckcH&dkufESufonf? xdktcsdefwGifrsufESmjcif;qdkif t&yfrStouf}uD;}uD;
vljzLtrsKd;orD;xGufvm+yD; ydkykdtm;+cdrf;ajcmufajymqdkavawmhonf? ydkydkrSm a'govnf;xGuf a=umufvnf;a=umufcHpm;&onf?
bvuf*suf[k emrnfwGifaom &Jrsm;onfvlrJrsm;udkzdEdSyf&eftwGuf Oya'rsm;udkar#m@óud;ozG,fvdkovdk toHk;ðya=umif;udk

wjznf;jznf;odvmcJh&onf? }udrfzefrsm;pGm &Jrsm; qdk0Dwdkòrd@twGif;odk@ ntcsdef0ifa&mufvm+yD; wtdrfwufqif;tdyf&mrsm;xJ
txdygwufa&mufI c&D;oGm;vufrSwfpmtkyfrsm;&dSr&dSppfaq;onf? w}udrfY ydkydktdrfa&S@wGif&yfaecdkuf &Jrsm;a&mufvm+yD;
vufrSwfppfaq;&mwGif ydkydkutdrfxJrSm&dSa=umif; oGm;,lIjyrnf[kvkyfonfudk &Jrsm;utdrfxJodk@t0ifrcHbJ ydkydkudkvufxdyfcwfcg
zrf;qD;vdkufonf? òrd@tjyifawmfawmfa0;a0;a&mufrS jyefawmh[kqdkum jyefv$wfvdkufonf? xdktcsdeftcgu vlrJrsm;.b0onf
c&D;oGm;vufrSwfr&dSygu b0aoqHk;aeouJhodk@yifjzpfcJhonf?
1970 tapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif ydkydkonf Edk;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tzGJ@[kac:onfh tmz&dueftzGJ@odk@0ifa&mufcJhonf? xdktcsdefu

xif&Sm;onfhacgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfaom pwd bDudkqdkonfhacgif;aqmifonf vljzLrsm;.rw&m;aom vlrJrsm;udkcGJjcm;aom
Oya'rsm;tm; &J&J&ifh&ifh tHwkcJholjzpfonf? bDukdonf tmz&duefvlrJrsm;/ tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;ESifh umvmrsm;tm;vHk; rdrdudk,fukd
vlrJrsm;[kowfrSwfcg nDnGwfaomwyfOD;wckxlaxmif&ef t}uHðycJhonf? vlwOD;jcif;rdrd. woD;yk*~vpdwfqENay:wGif tajccHI
*EDNvkyfcJhouJhodk@vkyfaqmifjcif;onf tusK;d oufa&mufr_&dSonf[k bDudku,Hk=unfonf? vljzLrsm;xHrS tultnDudkar#mfvifhraeyJ
rdrd,Ofaus;r_wefzdk;rsm;t& rdrdwdk@bmom vGwfajrmufap&efvkyfaqmif&rnf[k Ekd;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tzGJ@rSqdkonf?
vljzLrsm;.ordkif;pmtkyfrsm;/ oif&dk;rsm;udk ausif;rsm;wGifoifjcif;/ vljzLowif;Xmersm;udk tm;udkjcif;tp&dSonfwdk@udk toHk;rðy&ef
wdkufwGef;onf?
ydkydkonftqdkygvlrJrsm;. wdkufyGJ0ifyHkpHtm; ouf0if,Hk=unfvmcJhonf? vlom;wdkif;vkyfEkdifonfhtvkyfrSefor#

tjcm;vlom;rsm;vnf;vkyfaqmifEkdifpGrf;&dSonf qdkonfhaqmifyk'fudk ukdifpGJvm=uonf? ausmif;rsm;wGifoif=um;onfh vlrJrsm;rS
vljzLrsm;tm;emcH&onfh pepfrsm;udkpwifIEdk;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tzGJ@rSqefhusifvmcJhonf?
1976arvwGif tpdk;&rSqdk0Dwdkausmif;rsm;wGif tmz&duefembmomjzifh tcsKd@bmom&yfrsm;udkoif=um;&ef

rltopfjcrSwfonfhtay:wGif qef@usifwdkufyGJ0if&ef Ekd;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tzGJ@rSpwifcJhonf? ZGefvxJwGifvlrJausmif;om;rsm;
ausmif;0wfpHkrsmudk0wfI òrd@vnfodk@pDwef;IxGufvmcJhonf? oDcsif;rsm;udkoHòydifqdkI tmz&duefemrsm; ('yfcsfEG,fzGm;rsm;)
ESifhi&Jodk@twloGm;tHh qdkonfhqdkif;yk'frsm;udkudkifaqmifvm=uonf? xdk@aemufeD;&m&Jpcef;twGif;odk@ajy;0ifoGm;=u&m
&Jrsm;rSrsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;ESifhypfcwfEdSrfeif;avonf?
ydkykd qdkifrGef rdkvDzD; "mwfyHk
ydkydk ydkvDzD;/ nD!Gwfaom 'Drdkua&pDwyfOD;. trsKd;om;twGif;a&;rª;/ qdk0DwdkqENjyyGJwckwGifawG@&pOf/ awmiftmz&du azaz:0g&D

1985

ausmif;om;rsm;zufrSvnf; ausmufwHk;rsm;cJrsm;ESifh &Jrsm;udkjyefvnfypfcwf=uonf? &Jrsm;rSjyefvnfypfcwf&m
toufwq,fhoHk;ESpfom;ausmif;om;av; wa,mufaoqHk;cJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;rSvnf; jrLeDpyg,farmfawmfum;rsm;/
ausmif;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&taqmufttHkrsm;udk rD;wif&d_@vdkuf=uonf? &Jrsm;rSvnf; ausmif;om;jrifor#tm; qufvufypfcwfcJhonf?
qdk0Dwdkòrd@xJwGif oHk;&ufqufwdkuf &Jrsm;ESifhvlrJrsm;t=um; t"du&k%f;rsm; qufjzpfaecJhonf? xdkta&;+yD;qHk;onfhtcgwGif
vlrJta,muf 60ausmfcef@aoqHk;I vlrJrsm;rSvljzLESpfa,muftm;owfjzwfcJhonf?
xdk@aemufvaygif;rsm;pGm awmiftmz&dEkdifiH. awmifzufpGef;a'orsm;&dS vlrJrsm;aexdkif&mt&yfrsm;ESifh umvmrsm;aexdkifaom

t&yfrsm;wGiftHkºuGr_rsm;qufvufjzpfygG;aecJhonf? ae&mwdkif;wGifausmif;om;rsm;rS pwifpkpnf;IvH_aqmfonf csDwuf=u+yD;&Jrsm;ESifh
xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif=uonf? vlrJawmfawmfrsm;rsm;xdk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif;wGifaoqHk;cJh=u&onf? vlrJ 1149 a,mufaoqHk;I
vljzLrsm;zufrS 5a,mufomaoqHk;onf? vrf;ay:wdkufyGJrsm;rSm a=umufcref;vdvdjzpfonf? odk@aomfvlrJrsm;wGif
ausmufwHk;ausmufcJeSifhvufjzpfvufeufrsm;rSv$JI bmrSr&dSay? xdk@twGufaoqHk;onfhvlrsm;udk
tavmif;vdkufaumuf&onfrSvGJI v_yf&Sm;r_twGufwnfaqmufonfhenf; rSm;aeonf[kaemufydkif;wGif
vlrJrsm;zufrSoHk;oyfonf? xdk@twGuf qdk0Dwdkausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;aumifpDudk zGJ@pnf;vdkufI ausmif;rwufa&;/
tvkyform;rsm;tvkyfcGifodk@ &uftenf;i,fr#roGm;a&;/ t&ufr0,fa&;/ c&pfprwfvufaqmifypPnf;rsm;r0,fa&; ponfwdk@udk
aoqHk;oGm;olrsm;twGuf a=uuGJjcif;txdrf;trSwftjzpf ðyvkyfI wdkufyGJazmfvm=uonf? odk@aomfvnf;aemufydkif;wGif
vltrsm;tjym;tzrf;cH&jcif;/ tcsKd@towfcH&jcif;/ acgif;aqmifrsm; xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smif&jcif;rsm;a=umifh
ausmif;om;tzGJ@pnf;rsm;ysufukef=uonf? 1977 pufwifbmvxJwGif pwd bDudk &Jrsm;.vufxJwGifaoqHk;oGm;jcif;onf
ausmif;om;rsm;tzdk@ t}uD;tus,fqHk;&H_;r_jzpfayonf? tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;qufqHjcif;tm; wdkufyGJ0ifonfhvd_if;vHk;}uD;wck
&yfwef@oGm;onfhumvjzpfcJhonf?
Ekd;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tzGJ@}uD;onf vlrJrsm;tESdrfcH&I odrfi,fpdwf0ifaeaom tajctaetm; ajymif;jyefvSefypfa&;onf ‚if;wdk@.

t"du=uaomvkyfief;pOfjzpfonf? xdkvkyfief;pOfonf tawmf}uD;atmifjrifvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;onf
us,fjyef@aomtoGifjzpfvm+yD; vljzLtpdk;&udkqef@usifEkdifa&;twGuf tpDtpOfrJhovdk jzpfaeao;onf? qufwkdufqdkovdk
zdESdyfcHae&aomfvnf; tcsKd@aomausmif;om;rsm;onf v_yf&Sm;r_topfrsm;az:aqmif&ef ,ciftawG@tóuHrsm;rS oifcef;pm,lI
vkyfudkvm=uonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmwGif ydkvefEkdifiHYvnf; tvkyform;ESifhtodynm&Sif twwfynm&Sifrsm;onf
vHkðcHa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifonfhwdkufyGJrsm;tpm; tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh wdkufyGJ0if&ef ðyvkyfvm=uonf?
awmiftmz&durSvlrJ wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;vnf; ykdvefuJhodk@enf;emajymif;vJI tvm;wlwdkufyGJ
o¾efaz:aqmif&efjzpfvmavawmhonf?
vlxv
k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;
tdrfiSm;c/ um;crsm;ESifh v#yfppfrDwmcrsm;
1977ZGefvxJwGif qdk0Dwdkòrd@xJrS tzGJ@pnf;aygif;pHkjzpfaom Ekd;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tzGJ@/ YWCA/YMCA ESifhvlrJrdbrsm;tpnf;t&Hk;rS

xif&Sm;aomacgif;aqmifrsm; tem*wftwGufaqG;aEG;yGJw&yfðyvkyfcJh=uonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yGJrS q,fOD;aumfrwDw&yftm;
,cifattJefpDtapmykdif;umvv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif xif&Sm;cJhaomq&m0efwOD;rSacgif;aqmifI zGJ@pnf;vdkuf=uonf?
qdk0Dwdkòrd@aevlrsm;twGuf vdktyfaomvlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDenf;us rdrdbmomtkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf
pDrHudef;t=urf;xnftm; jcrSwfEkdifcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;wdk 10OD;aumfrwDwGif yg0ifaeaom tzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; &Jrsm;rS
zrf;qD;vdkuf=uonf? ppfrSefaomvlxktajcðytzGJ@wcktjzpfay:vma&;twGuf tcsdefESpfESpf =umcJhonf? xdktzGJ@tm;
qdk0Dwdkvlxktpnf;t&Hk;[kac:wGifvdkuf=uonf? tqdkygtpnf;t&Hk;rS vlxktm;ae@pOf vlaer_b0wGif&ifqkdif&aom
udpPrsm;ESifhjy\emrsm;tm; rnfodk@rnfyaHk jz&Sif;&rnfqdkonfudk ynmay;onf? Oya'a=umif;t&ajz&Sif;&rnfhudpPrsm;/
tvkyfrqif;bJaeenf;/ tdrfvcrsm;tm;ray;bJ oydwfarSmufjcif;ESifh tdrfvcaps;wufvmjcif;udk ray;bJESpfaygufonftxd
tcsdefqGJxm;jcif; ponfhenf;rsm;udk vlxktm; oif=um;jyoay;onf?
awmiftmz&duajryHk (pmrsufESm 344 rS)
awmiftmz&du 1985/ 1986
1976ywf0ef;usifw0dkufwGif qdk0DwdkvlxktwGif;pnf;&Hk;a&;onf cyf=urf;=urf;vkyfvdkonfh tajctaersKd;jzpfaomfvnf;

aemufydkif;wGifydkrdkus,fjyef@aom pnf;urf;useaomtajctaetxda&muf&dSvmcJhonf? tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf EkdifiH&yfjcm;awmfvSefa&;

tawG@tóuHrsm;tm; avhvmIenf;vrf;rsm;udktwk,lvm=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh vD,Gef xa&mhpuD;. 1905ckESpfwGifjzpfcJhaom
&k&Sm;rSawmfvSefa&;/ tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;rSawmfvSefa&;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;ynm&Sifrsm;. vrf;!$efcsufrsm; ponfwdk@udkavhvmcJh=uonf?
txl;ojzifh *syeftzG@J tpnf;wckrS xkwaf 0aom 1974ckEpS fzv d pfydkif EdkifiHrS awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;a&;om;aom
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;onfh “pGrf;tm;twGufvlxkudkpnf;&Hkjcif;” qdkonfhpmtkyfyifjzpfonf? Ekd;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tpnf;t&Hk;rS
vGyfvyfpGmawG;ac:jcif;onf ajymif;vJa&;twGuf óudwifjyifqifjcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqaomumvY
zdvpfydkifv_yf&Sm;olrsm;.tawG;tac:rSm atmifjrifr_onf vlxktm;ulnDjcif;jzif@ om&&dSEkdif+yD; vlxktwGufvnf;
‚if;wdk@b0twGuftrSefwu,f wdk;wufr_udk& aponf[kqdkonf? qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk twlwuGjcrSwfjcif;ESifh
trSefwu,ftwltuGv_yf&Sm;jcif;wdk@onf rdrdudk,fudk,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufjcif;tm; ydkrdkaocsmaponfomru
v_yf&Sm;r_twGufenf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; wzufY&&dSapayonf?
tqdkygtawG;tac:onfvlrJv_yf&Sm;olrsm;tay: awmfawmf}uD;tusKd;oufa&mufr_&dScJhonf? 1977wGiftpdk;&rS

vlrJv_yf&Sm;olrsm;tm; tjyif;txefEdSrfeif;t+yD; vltawmfrsm;rsm;=um;wGif EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Yyg0if&ef pd;k &drv
f m=uonf?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf axmifus&efaojcmaoma=umifhjzpfonf? Oya'rsm;udkvufwvHk;jcm;wdrf;a&SmifIrvdkufemjcif;
tdk;tdrfESifhusef;rma&;udpPrsm; tjcm;jy\em t&yf&yfrsm;twGuf tm%mydkifrsm;udk t+rJawmif;qdkjcif; tp&dSonfwdk@onf
v_yf&Sm;r_udkwzufwGifydkItm;aumif;vmaponf[k vlrJpnf;&Hk;a&;orm;rsm;rS ,Hk=unfonf? 1982wGif
qdk0Dwdkvlxktpnf;t&Hk;odk@0ifa&mufcJhaom ydkydk qdkifrGef rdkvDzD;onfvnf; tqdkygvrf;pOftm; tusKd;oufxda&mufr_&dSonf[k
,Hk=unfonf? xdk@twGuf ydkydkaemifwGifa&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfwGif tqdkygvlxkae@pOfvdktyfcsuftwGuf wdkufyGJ0ifjcif;onf
wdkuf&dkufEkdifiHa&; vkyfjcif;r[kwfaomfvnf;/ ao;yifao;i,faomfjim;vnf; vlxktm;rdrdudk,fudk ,Hk=unfr_ydkrdk&&dSvmatmif
wnfaqmuf&mwGif tpGrf;xufcJhonf[k qdkxm;onf?
1970ckESpfrsm;wGif tmz&duvlrJtvkyform;rsm;onf olwdk@.udk,fydkfiftcGifha&;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;or*~rsm;

wnfaxmifEkdif&eftwGuf wdkufyGJrsm;vrf;ay:wGif qifE$JcJh=uonf? tvkyform;or*~rsm; zGJ@pnf;+yD;aomtcg
tpdk;&rS0ifa&mufpGufzufESdrfeif;onfh&efudk zdwfac:ovkdrsKd;tjzpfrS umuG,f&eftwGuf EkdifiHa&;ESifhwdkuf&dkufrywfoufapbJ
vkyfudkifcJh=uonf? tpdk;&tm;%mydkifrsm;tm; tvkyform;rsm;taeESifh or*~rsm;zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcsif;onf
vufeufudkifIwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;xuf ydkIESpfOD;ESpfzuftusKd;&dSonf[kyif axmufjyEkdifcJhonf? tvkyform;or*~rsm;onf
tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;onfhudpPrsm;udk rwdkufcdkufbJ tvkyfcGifwGiftvkyform;rsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifh pGrf;tm; ydkrdkwdk;wuf
&&dSvmatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;udk OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmifcJhonf?
wzufwGif tpdk;&.&nf&G,fcsufrSmvltrsm;udk tm&Hk;axGjym;ap&efvkyfaqmifa&;jzpfonf? tpdk;&onf

EkdifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_udkvdkjcifonfhtwGuf vlxk0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udkwdk;wufap&efaqmif&Gufaomfvnf;
wzufwGifvlxk0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ukefusp&dwftm;vlxkrS jyefvnfay;aqmif&ef ðyvkyfvmcJhonf?
xdk@a=umifhtpdk;&onf ‚if;.pDrHcef@cGJa&;bkwftzGJ@rsm;tm;zsufodrf;I òrd@e,frsm;wGufvlxkrSwdkuf&dkufa&$;aumufaom
tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDrsm;udk pDrHcef@cGJa&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; vkyfaqmifaponf? xdk@twGufwzufwGif òrd@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDrsm;onf
,ciftpdk;&bkwftzGJ@rsm;vkyfcJhonfh usL;ausmfaexdkifolrsm;udkESifxkwfjcif;/ tdrfiSm;crsm;udt
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vlxk0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;twGufwdk;jrifhvmaom p&dwfaiGa=u;rsm;udk aumufcHvm&jcifrsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf?
tpdk;&.&nf&G,fcsufonf òrd@e,frsm;&dSvlxkv_yf&Sm;a&;orm;rsm;tm; a&G;aumufcHxm;&aom tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDESifh
vlrJtjcif;jcif;=um; vSJ@wdkufay;vmonfhoabmyifjzpfonf?
x&efpA,fc&dkiftwGif;&dS tm;vHk;aomòrd@e,frsm;onf tdrfiSm;crsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rp&dwfrsm;wdk;jrifhvmjcif;wdk@ESifh

usL;ausmf&yfuGufrsm;udk zsufqD;a&$@ajymif;jcif;paom udpPrsm;a=umifh vlxktm;tqdkygudpPrsm;tay: qef@usifvmap&efvkyfay;
ouJhodk@rsKd;jzpfvmcJhonf? vlxkqENjyyGJrsm;/ oydwfarSmufjcif;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf? 'l'lZmòrd@e,fwGif
tdrfvcrsm;ESpfqwdk;aumufrnf[ka=ujimvdkuft+yD; trsLd;orD;rsm;onf trd_ufyHk;rsm;wGif trd_ufrsm;tjynfhxnfhI
òrd@tkyfcsKyfa&;&Hk;odk@csDwufoGm;um tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&mvl}uD;rsm;odap&ef qENjycJhavonf?
ta&S@zufudyfòrd@.armfawmfum;xkwfvkyf&mjzpfaom tJvpfZbufqdyfurf;òrd@wGif tpdk;&.aemufxkyfaom Oya'opfrsm;a=umifh

vlrJrsm;tzdk@ydkI tcuftcJrsm;ESifh&ifqkdifvm=u&onf? tjcm;wzufwGifvnf; vlxktkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDonf
tdrfvcrsm;ESifhvlxk0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;. p&dwfudkwdk;jr‡ifhaumufcHvm&I tpdk;&rSvnf; a0:vfrmt&yf&dS
vlrJrsm;.tdrfrsm;udkajymif;a&$@&eftrdef@xkwfvdkufonf? &nf&G,fcsufrSm a0:vfrm&dSvlrJrsm;.tdrfrsm;udk a&$@ajymif;vdkufjcif;jzifh
a0:vfrmta&S @zufjcrf;&dS vljzLrsm;twGuf &yfuGufwdk;csJ ha&;tqifajyoGm;ap&efjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh 1979 atmufwkdbmvwGif
vlrJtvkuform; 6000 ausmfpk&Hk;I tJvpfZbufqdyfurf;vlrJvlxktzGJ@tm;zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf?

tqdkygqdyfurf;vlrJrsm;tzGJ@.aqmif&Gufjcufa=umifh òrd@e,fwckjcif;pDwGif tdrfvcrsm;ESifh a&rDwm wkd;jr‡ifhjcif;udky,fzsufvdkufonf?
armif;txkwfcH&aom vlrJrsm;rdrd&yfuGuftwGif;jyef0ifvmI ae&if;tdrfrsm;wGif jyefvnf0ifa&mufaexdkifjcif;rsm;yg ðyvkyf=uonf?
vlrJrsm;.aemufxyf+cdrf;ajcmufr_wckrSm tu,fItpdk;&taejzif ha0:vfrm t&yf&dStdrfrsm;udk twif;òzdzsufygu vljzLrsm;ydkifaom
bwfpfum;rsm;ESifh pD;yGg;a&;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufrnf[k &mZoHay;vdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? a0:vfrmòrd@aumifpD OuUXtm;
tpdk;&rStvkyfrSðzwfvdkufonf? wqufwnf;rSmyif qdyfurf;vlrJrsm;or*~rS puf&Hkrsm;rsm;wGif
tvkyform;rsm;.tcGifhta&;ydkrdkwdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf ESpfv=umqENjywdkufyGJrsm;udk qifE$Jvdkuf=uonf?
vtenf;i,ftwGif;qdyfurf;or*~rS tJvpfZbufqdyfurf;&dSvlrJrsm;tm; pnf;&Hk;Itm%mydkifrsm;tm;qef@usifcJh=uonf?

odk@aomvnf; tqkdygatmifjrifr_rSm =um=umrcHvdkufay? 1980 Zefe0g&DvxJwGif acgif;aqmifrsm;tzrf;cH&+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_rSm
&yfwef@oGm;cJhonf? aemufydkif;ay:xGufvmaom acgif;aqmifydkif;rSm pm;a&;aea&;udpPrsm;xuf EkdifiHa&;ESifhqufpyfaom
wdkuf&dkufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ydkrdkapmif;ay;vmcJhonf? vl}uD;ydkif;trsm;pku pnf;&Hk;a&;rª;wa,muftm; ajymonfrSm
qdyfurf;or*~acgif;aqmifr_topfonf olwdk@tm;vGwfajrmufap&ef vkyfrnfhacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf[k 0efcHajymqdkvdkufonf?
tdEdN,ork'N&mzufjcrf;Ywnf&dSaom 'gbefqdkonfhqdyfurf;a'o w0dkufY&dSaomvlrJòrd@e,frsm;onfvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif

atmifjrifpGmaqmif&GufEkdifcJhaom a'orsm;jzpfonf? tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;aexkdif&efowfrSwfay;xm;aom {&d,mrsm;twGif;rS
trsKd;orD;rsm;onf òrd@awmfcef;rodk@ csDwufIvkyftm;crsm;wdk;jr‡ifhay;&efawmif;qdk=uonf? vmarmifhAD;vft&yf&dS
bwfpfum;ukr`%DrS um;crsm;udkwdk;I,laoma=umifh tqdkygum;vdkif;jzifhtvkyfqif;&aom tvkyform;rsm;twGuf
tcuftcJrsm;awG@&avonf? tqdkygum;cav#mhjca&;twGuf vlrJrsm;wdkufyGJ0if&m (18) v=umjrifhonf? xdk@twGuf
bwfpfum;tao;pm;rsm; tvkyform;rsm;twGufajy;qGJvmonf? tqdkygum;tao;pm;rsm; ajy;qGJ&mwGif
bwfpfum;ukr`%Drsm;rS aemufuG,frSyg0ifaeonf? ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif vlrsm;onfpnf;urf;&dS&dSESifh
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;a&;wGif yg0ifvmcJh=uonf? qufwdkufwdkufyGJ0ifvmr_rsm;a=umifh a'oqdkif&maumifpDonf raeomawmhbJ
vrf;rsm;azgufjcif;/ vrf;rD;wdkifrsm;jyefpdkufxljcif;/ a&ydkufrsm;udkjyifqifay;jcif;ESifh vlxkqdkif&mcef;rrsm;udk aqmufay;&jcif;rsm;udk
ðyvkyfvm&onf[k vdk;wyfpf &pfAm; *&yfpD yghcftpnf;t&Hk;rS 1982wGif pmwrf;wapmif xGuf&dSvmcJhonf?
tqdkygv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;.atmifjrifr_rsm;onf Ekd;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tzGJ@vufvSrf;rrDSaom t&yf&dSa=umufwwfI a&S;qefaom

ouf}uD;ydkif;vlrJrsm;tm;yg0ifvmatmifEd_;qGEkdifcJhonf? Edk;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tpnf;t&Hk;onf 1960ckESpfrsm;u
tpdk;&rSydwfyifvdkufaom attJefpDtzGJ@}uD;uJhodk@ r[kwfyJpD;ygG;a&;ESifhvlr_a&; udpPrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;I wdkufyGJ0ifaoma=umifh
tpdk;&.EdSrfeif;cH&Ekdifr_ab;rS vGwfuif;ouJhodk@jzpfaeonf? xdk@a=umifhEkd;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tpnf;t&Hk;rS
tvkyform;or*~rsm;wnfaxmifvmjcif;udk tpdk;&rSwzufwGif todtrSwfðyxm;ay;ae&onf? odk@r[kwfygu vlrJrsm;taejzifh
a*smifydwfrdovdkrsKd;jzpfvm+yD; ydkrdkppfaoG;ºuGapaom tajctaeodk@ wGef;ydk@ay;&ma&mufrnf jzpfaoma=umifhyif?
xdk@a=umifhvljzLtpdk;&onf 1970ckESpfrsm;twGif;Y Edk;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tpnf;t&Hk;a=umifh ay:aygufvmaom
vlrJtvkyform;or*~rsm;ESifh vlxkqdkif&mtzGJ@rsm;udk vdkvdkvm;vm;yif&dSc+Jh yD; tawmftwefonf;cHavh&dSonf?
1980ckESpfrsm;u awmiftmz&duEkdifiHrS òrd@e,frsm;twGif;pnf&Hk;jcif;onf 1970ckESpfrsm;u ydkvefEkdifiHYtvkyform;rsm;

vkyfaqmifcJhaom enf;emrsm;ESifhcyfqifqifwlonf[kajymEkdifayonf? vljzLtpdk;&udkwdkuf&dkufqefhusifr_rvkyfonfhtwGuf
t&dk;pGJ}uD;+yD; zdEdSyf&eft+rJtoifh&dSaeaom tpdk;&atmufrSmyif vlrJrsm;onf twdkif;twmwcktxd vGyfvyfpGm vlxktm;wpwp
pnf;&Hk;EkdifcJhonf? vlxktm;udk,fhtm;udkudk;I jy\emrsm;udk&Sif;Edkif&ef vrf;jyay;EkdifcJhonf? vlxkr_v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tjriftm;jzifh
vkyfudkifvkyf&Sm;&mY tuef@towf&dSaeonf[kxif&aomfvnf; wnfqJEkdifiHa&;csKyfudkifr_tm; pdefrac:rDSumvwGif
us,fjyef@pGmckdifrmaom tkwfjrpfudkjcay;EkdifcJhonf?
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh us,fjyef@aomEkdifiHa&;wufvSrf;r_udk oGm;&eftxdtjrifrsm;&dS&efvdktyfaeao;onf?

xdk@twGuf ydkydk rdkvDzD;uJhodk@ vlxv k _yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh Ekd;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tpnf;t&Hk;rS
EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@qufoGm;&ef wdkufwGef;r_rsm;&dScJhonf? tdrfvcrsm;aps;csKdapa&;ESifh rdv†mydkuf
a&ydkufrsm;aumif;rGefapa&;wdk@xufydkaom EkdifiHa&;udkqufIrvkyfawmh+yDavmqdkonfh ar;cGef;rsm; ay:xGufvmonf? 1976wGif
udyfawmif;òrd@rS vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmif 0dkif;z&uf &k'f utdrfvcrsm;aps;}uD;jcif;/ bwfpfum;crsm;aps;}uD;jcif;/
rDwmcrsm;wufvmjcif;wdk@udk rD;ckd;tjzpf&_jrif&rnfjzpf+yD; rdrdwdk@.t"dutvkyfonf rD;cdk;xGufvmonfhZpfjrpfae&mudk&SmI
rD;+idrf;owfjcif;onfom jzpfa=umif;wifjyaqG;aEG;vmonf? rD;qdkonfum; tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;IqufqHcH&jcif;qdkonfh
t&myifjzpfonf?

usKyfwdk@tcGifhta&;tm;vHk; usKyfwdk@vdkjcifw,f
,cktcsdefY vlxkv_yf&Sm;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vHk; &ifqkdifvm&aom pdefac:r_topfw&yfrSm vlxkaexdkipf m;aomufa&; ESifh
epfemonfhudpPrsm;twGufom vkyfae=uI xdk@xufydkaomEkdifiHa&;tajymif;vJyef;wdkiftwGuf AsL[mr&dSawmh+yDavm
[lonfhar;cGef;yifjzpfonf? xGuf&dSvmonfhtajzum; vlxkv_yf&Sm;oltcsKd@u vlrJrsm;.a'oqdkif&m
vlr_a&;awmif;qdkr_vkyfief;rsm;Y qufIvkyfudkif+yD; ('kwd,tqifhtzGJ@tpnf; [kac:onf)/ tjcm;vlxkvkyf&Sm;olrsm;u
xdk@xuftqifhydkaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk atmufajcvlxk. tiftm;udkoHk;um zGJ@pnf;+yD; vljzLrsm;.tm%mpufudk
us,fjyef@pGmwGef;vSefoGm;&efjzpfonf? xdktajccHrlatmufrS (yxrtqifh tzGJ@tpnf;) ykdIEkdifiHa&;qefaom
tzGJ@tpnf;udkzGJ@pnf;um trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;&efjzpfonf?
1982ckESpfwGif vljzLtpdk;&rS zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'tm;jyifqifr_rsm;ðyvkyfvmcJhonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfol yD 'Av#L bdkom

rSygvDrefzGJ@pnf;yHktopfwcktm;wifjyvmcJhonf? v$wfawmfoHk;&yfxm;rnfjzpf+yD; vljzLrsm;rSv$wfawmfw&yf/
umvmrsm;tm;v$wfawmfw&yfESifh tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;twGuf v$wfawmfw&yf pojzifhzGJ@pnf;rnf? vlrJrsm;twGufum;
v$wfawmftwGif; bmae&mrSr&ay? odk@aomfvnf; vlrJrsm;aexdkif&mòrd@e,frsm;twGif; ‚if;wdk@bmompDrH&ef tm%mudk
tjynfht0ay;xm;rnf? xdkvkyf&yfrSm EkdifiHwumtv,fwGif tjrifaumif;ap&efESifh jynfwGif;Yvnf; vljzLrsm;.w&m;0ifr_udk
wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf? vlrJrsm;twGufum; cgwdkif;xufydkItcGifhta&;&vmrnf rSefaomfvnf;
rdrdaexdkifvdkonfhae&mYaexdkifcGifhESifh rdrdvkyfvdkonfhtvkyfwGifvkyfudkifEdkifcGifhum; ryg&dSay? vljzLwdk@.vkyf&yfum;
vlrJtwdkufcHrsm;twGuf tvGeftEWm&m,f}uD;vSayonf? tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;ESifh umvmrsm;tm; vlrJwdk@r&aomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk
ay;vdkufjcif;onf ‚if;wdk@tjcif;jcif;=um; xdk;cGJowf&d_vdkufovdkjzpfavonf? 1905ckESpfu &k&Sm;twdkufcHrsm;tjcif;jcif;twGif;
xdk;cGJ&efxkwfjyefaom &k&Sm;Zmbk&if. oabmxm;xkwfjyefcsufESifh qifqifwlavonf?
odk@aomfvnf; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'jyifqifajymif;vJjcif;onf wzufrSmvnf;tcGifhta&;wckozG,fjzpfvmonf?

tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf twnfðya&;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;tajctwifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk cGifhðy&onfjzpf+yD;
txl;ojzifhumvmrsm;ESifh tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;twGufvnf; tqdkygtcGifha&;&&dSonfjzpfonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rSwqifh
vljzLrsm;.v$rf;rdk;r_udk ckcHacsy&eftcGifhtvrf;&vmEkdifaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
ygvDreftwGif;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk ckcHwdkufyGJ0ifoGm;rnfhta&;onf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udkvkyfudkifaeonfh tzGJ@rsm;xJwGifomru

topfay:aygufvmonfhwyfaygif;pktwGufyg ta&;}uD;aomtcsufjzpfavonf? 1983 Zefe0g&DvwGif tvef bdk;quf qdkonfh
'yfcsfðyjyifajymif;vJa&;c&pf,efbk&m;&Spfckd;ausmif;rS umvmvnf;jzpfonfh 0ef}uD;wOD;rSatmufygtwdkif; t}uHay;vmcJhonf?
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vljzLrsm; (vlrJrsm;tm;axmufcHolrsm;)/ umvmrsm;/ vlrJrsm;/ tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;/ attJefpDrS 1950 0ef;usifu
acgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;ESifh 1976ckESpftwGif;u qdk0Dwdk&dSausmif;om;rsm;udk &Jrsm;aoewfESifhypfowfcJhpOfu yg0ifcJhaomvli,frsm;
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twGif;a&;rª;wm0efudk,l&onfhtwGuf ol.vuf&dStvkyfrSxGufvdkuf&onf? olonf,cifu udk'wfukr`%DwGif
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rnfolrqdkwyfOD;wGifyg0ifcGifh&dSonf qdkaomrludkjcrSwfcJhonf? nD!GwfI}uD;rm;us,fjyef@aom

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wOD;ESifhwOD; cyfcGgcGgaejcif;onfom taumif;qHk;jzpfonf[k ajym=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; 'ufpfrGef wl;wl;qdkonfh
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wzufwvrf;rS vufawG@=u=uyl;aygif;yg0ifvm=uonf?
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pk&yfrsm;jzpfcJhonf? w&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf txl;ojzifh ema&;udpPrsm;udkaqmif&Gufay;aepOf umvrsm;Y ta&;ygaom
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yg0ifvmaomtzGJ@jzpfonf? wyfOD;.acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaom [,fvif *sKd;qufonfvnf; xif&Sm;aom
vljzLtrsKd;orD;acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@trsKd;orD;tzGJ@onf 1950ckESpfrsm;u tpdk;&rSxkwfjyefaom rw&m;onfhOya'rsm;tm;
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udpPjzpfcJhonf? vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tm; xdktcsdefu EkdifiHawmf.vSHoGm; t*Fvdyfvdktwdkaumuftm;jzifh
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csDwufrnfenf;qkdonfh t&myifjzpfavonf? xdkvli,frsm;axmifrSvGwfaomtcg jyifywGif pdwfopfvlopfjzifh
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a=ujimcJhonf? aemufwESpfwGifðyvkyfaom umvmrsm;ESifh tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;twGufusif;yaom ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJwGifvnf;
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ppfwyfoHk;umESdrfeif;&onfhtvkyfrSm aiGa=u;vnf;ukef EkdifiHwum tv,fwGifvnf; rsufESmrvSjzpf&aoma=umifhyif?
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tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;twGufvnf; EkdifiHa&;pOfrsm;zefwD;ay;cJhonf? vlrJrsm;udkvnf; òrd@e,frsm;twGif; pm;0wfaea&;udpPrsm;twGuf
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wtdrfqufqif;&SmazGr_rsm;ðyvkyfcJhonf? vlaygif;&mESifhcsDI tzrf;cHcJh&onf? Ekdif0ifbmvxJwGif tvkyform;or*~.tultnDjzifh
v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf ESpf&uf=umoydwfarSmufcJh=uI ppfom;rsm;jyef&kyfodrf;&ef/ ausmif;rsm;jyefzGifh&ef/
tdrfvcrsm;ESifh0efaqmifr_p&dwfrsm; raumufcH&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm t&mra&mufcJhaomfvnf;
tvkyform;xk.tiftm;onf EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf tajctaersm;udk ajymif;jyefvSefypfEdkifpGrf;&dSonfudk
rsuf0g;xifxifawG@&dSvmcJh=uonf?
1984 AJvfx&dkif,if*,fòrd@wGifjzpfcJhonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf awmiftmz&duwEkdifiHvHk;odk@ jyef@ESH@oGm;cJhonf? wòrd@e,f+yD;

wòrd@e,fqufwdkufjzpfyGg;vmcJh+yD; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;vnf; rxdrf;EkdifawmhI t=urf;zufr_rsm; ydkrdkjzpfygG;vmcJhonf?
t=urf;zufwdkufckdufr_rsm;/ rD;&d_@jcif;/ &Jrsm;udkowfypfjcif;ESifh tpdk;&ESifhqENjyolrsm;t=um; ESpfzuftjyeftvSef
owfjzwfr_rsm;jzpfyGm;cJh&avonf?
xdktcsdefu t=urf;rzuftEkenf;ESifhwdkufyGJ0ifa&;udk OD;aqmifOD;&GufðycJhonf tzGJ@rsm;rS vli,frsm;t=um; wOD;ESifhwOD; trmblodk

(&Jabmf)[kac:a0:=uonf? ae@w"l0wdkufyGJonf vlrJv_yf&Sm;olrsm;tm; txl;ojzifh vljzLvli,f&Jrsm;u
tqufrjywfzrf;qD;&dkufESufjcif;yifjzpfonf? xdktajctaetm; ae@pOftm;upm; vkyfaejcif;[k wifpm;cJh=uonf?
xdkodk@wGifwGif}uD;zdESdyfaeonfh =um;rSyif rw&m;onfhtrdef@rsm;udk zDqefonfh EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;vnf; qufvufjzpfay:aeonf?
1984 atmufwdkbmvwGif udyfawmif;òrd@ta&S@zufjcrf;wGif ausmif;rsm;rS oydwfarSmufjcif;rsm;pwifðyvkyfvmcJhonf?

vaygif;rsm;pGm tm%mydkifrsm;tm; cJrsm;jzifhypfcwfwdkufcdkufjcif; qENjyjcif;rsm;onf ae@w"l0udpP rsm;uJhodk@jzpfvmcJhonf?
&Jrsm;ESifhppfom;rsm; yl;aygif;Iòrd@xJwGifuif;vSnfhjcif;onf vlrJrsm;tm;ydI
k a'goudk Edk;qGay;ovdkjzpfaejyefonf?
ppfom;wa,mufu vlrJrsm;tm; armfawmfum;aemufrSD;wGif csnfxm;aom aowWmxJYxnfhI rnfodk@w&GwfwdkufqGJcJha=umif;
jyefajymjyaecJhonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; &Jrsm;ESifhyl;aygif;aeolrsm;zufrSvnf; ausmif;rsm;ESifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;
or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;.tdrfrsm;udk "mwfqDAHk;rsm;jzifh wdkufcdkufIrD;avmifapcJh=uonf?
25ESpfajrmuf&SyfAD;òrd@vlowfyJGae@jzpfaom 1985 rwfx 21&ufae@wGif vlrJrsm;onf vljzLrsm;aexdkif&m tlwefa[ht&yfESifh

ra0;vSaom vef*òrd@xJrSvrf;rsm;ay:wGif tkyfpkvdkufcsDwufvmcJh=uonf? xdktcsdefY &JocH syfumum;ESpfpD;onf
vltkyfa&S@wnfhwnfhodk@a&muf&dSvmonf? vltkyf}uD;onf t=urf;zufrnfh trmblodk tkyfpkrsm;[k &Jrsm;zufrS,lqonf? trSefrSm
vltkyf}uD;onf vGefcJhaom 25ESpfutowfcHcJh&aom vlrsm;twGuf atmufarhzG,ftcef;tem;uudk usif;yjcif;omjzpfonf?
wzufwGif Zdkqmbmompum;jzifh vltkyf}uD;oDqdkaeaom oDcsif;.t"dyg,fudk vljzL&Jrsm;rS em;rvnfay? aemufqHk; &Jrsm;rS
tjyif;txefypfcwfEdSrfeif;&m vlaygif; 20ausmfaoqkH;cJhonf? aoqHk;olrsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg; aemufausmrS typfcH&jcif;jzpfonf?
owif;Xmersm;rS owif;orm;rsm;.rsufjrifajym=um; csufrsm;t& vef*EdSrfeif;r_onf aemufqHkaumuf&dk;wr#ifuJhodk@

yifjzpfonf[kqdkcJhonf? vlrJrsm;onf vljzLrsm;twGufowif;ay;[k ,lq&aomvlrsm;. tdrfrsm;tm; 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf=uonf?
t"duypfrSwfrSm wrfqrfu bif*srif uDeDuDeD qdkonfh vlrHk;rsm;aom vlrJaumifpDvl}uD; yifjzpfonf? uDeDuDeDESifh
ol.rdom;pk0ifrsm;onf vlrJtrmblodktkyfpk0ifrsm;tm; zrf;qD;&ef&Jrsm;udk owif;ay;aeonf[k vltrsm;rS ,lqxm;onf?
uDeDuDeDtm; vltcsKd@rS"m;ESifhxdk;vdkuf+yD; ol.vnfyif;ESifhycHk;wGif um;wm,mrsm;pGyfvdkuf+yD; ol.om;ESifhwlESpfa,mufESifhtwl
rD;&d_@Iowfvdkuf=uonf? ol.tdrfudkvnf; rD;wif&d_@vdkufonf?
uDeDuDeDonf vnfyif;udkum;wm;,mpGyfI towfcH&aom om;aumifrsm;teufrS yxrOD;qHk;oljzpfonf?

xdkuJhodk@um;wm,mpGyfI rD;&d_@owfjcif;udk xdktcsdefu qGJóud;qGJay;jcif;[k ac:cJhonf? xdkuJhodk@owfjzwfjcif;rsm; 1985ckESpf
w0dkufwGif trsm;tjym;ay:aygufvmcJhonf? &maygif;rsm;pGmaom vlrJaumifpD0ifvl}uD;rsm;/ &Jrsm;ESifh &Jowif;ay;rsm;
towfcHcJh&onf? xdk@a=umifh vlrJaumifpD0ifrsm;/ vljzLtpdk;&ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&GufaeaomvlrJrsm;onf aoab;rSvGwfajrmuf&ef
oHql;óud;rsm;um&efxm;aom vHkðcHa&;jcay;xm;onfh ae&mrsm;odk@0ifa&mufcdkvH_vm=u&onf? 1985 w0dkufu
udyfawmif;ta&S@zufjcrf;tm; roGm;&wm;jrpfe,fajrtjzpfowfrSwfvdkufI &Jrsm;onfyif tkyfpkvdkuf oHcsyfumum;rsm;
rygbJoGm;cGifhr&dSaom e,fajrjzpfoGm;cJhonf?

arvxJwGif vlraJ umifp0D if 257a,mufwm0efrS Ekwfxu G v
f kdu=f uonf? xd@k twGuvf jl zLtpd;k &. òrd@e,fqkdi&f m
,EW&m;òydysufoGm;avawmhonf? ESpfukefydkif;avmufwGif 1982ckESpfuzefwD;cJhaom aumifpDpepftwGif; tvkyfvkyfaeaom
vlrJaumifpD0if 38wGif 4a,mufE_ef;om tpdk;&wm0efrsm;udk qufvufxrf;aqmifaeqJom &dSawmhonf? tpdk;&,EW&m;ESifh
&Jrsm;.vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; òydqif;oGm;ojzifh vHkðcHa&;wm0efrsm;tm;vHk;udk ppfwyfrSomwdkuf&dkufvkyfaqmifae&onf?
ppfwyftzdk@vnf; EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif ppfqifae&onfhtvm; vkyfudkifae&avonf? 1985 Zlvdkifv 21&ufae@wGif
y&Dwdk;&D;,m;wGiftajcpdkufaom vljzLtpdk;&onf t=urf;zufr_rsm;jyif;xefaom {&d,mrsm;twGuf ta&;ay:tajctaeudk
a=ujimvdkuf&onf? xdk@a=umifh tpdk;&tzGJ@. EkdifiHawmfvHkðcHa&;aumifpDonf rm&S,favmOya'rsm;qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;tm;
&JwyfzGJ@ESifhppfwyftm; tyfESif;vdkuf&onf? tpdk;&.vlrJrsm;udk toHk;jcI vlrJrsm;tay:jyefvnftkyfcsKyfjcif; enf;AsL[monf
ysufoHk;oGm;avawmhonf? xdk@twGuf vljzLtpdk;&.}uD;pdk;r_udk umuG,f&ef aemufqHk;enf;vrf;onf vlxktm;
ajymifususEdSyfuGyfvmonfh enf;vrf;omyif usef&dSawmhonf?
xdkodk@ ajymifususEdSyfuGyfvmonfh enf;vrf;udk toHk;ðy&onfhtwGuf tpdk;&tzdk@ukef=up&dwf }uD;rm;vmonf? odk@aomf wzufwGif

vlxkrSjyefvnfay;qyf&aom wefzdk;rSmvnf;jrifhrm;vmonf? Oyrm òrd@e,frsm;onf ppfyGJtwGif;rSa'orsm;uJhodk@jzpfvm+yD;
nrxGuf&trdef@rsm;/ vrf;ydwfqdk@r_rsm;/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ppfom;rsm; oHcsyfumum;rsm;jzifh wtdrf0ifwtdrfxGuf
&SmazGjcif;rsm; em&DESifhtr#jzpfay:ae&onf? vlav;pm;cH&aom vlvwfwef;pm; vlrJrsm;onfyifv#if ppfwyfrSapmfum;r_rsm;udk
tcsdefra&G;cHae&onf? xdkt=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; jzpfay:vmt+yD; &Spfvt=umwGif tenf;qHk; vlaygif; 8000 w&m;&Hk;ra&mufyJ
axmifoGif;tusOf;=ucH&onf? xdktxJwGif wyfOD;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh a'oqkdif&macgif;aqmifrsm;yg0ifavonf?
wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; wyfOD;onf qufvufIt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk quftm;ay;aernfqdkv#if

wyfOD;.w&m;0iftzGJ@tpnf;tjzpfajray:&yfwnfae&r_ qHk;&H_;oGm;EdkifonfhtajctaeESifh &ifqkdifvm&onf? wyfOD;acgif;aqmifwOD;rS
vlxktiftm;udk t=urf;zufonfhvkyf&yfrsm;wGifroHk;bJ enf;rSefvrf;rSeftoHk;ðy&ef tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk owday;vmcJhonf?
*EDNESifh 'ufpfrGefwl;wl;wdk@. t=urf;rzuftEkenf;jzifh vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufonfh enf;emrsm;udk txl;tav;ay;aqmif&Guf&ef
aqmf=ovmcJhonf? 'ufpfrGefwl;wl;ESifh tvef bdkqufwdk@onf vlxktm; vltkyftm;jzifht=urf;zufonfhenf;rS umuG,fay;&ef
yk*~dKvfa&;t& 0ifa&mufajymqdkvm=uonf? attJefpDacgif;aqmifrsm;onfyif òrd@e,frsm;wGifjzpfaeonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm;tay:
pdk;&drfvm=uonf? uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHwGif crmeDrsm;jzpfouJhodk@ tjzpfrsKd;txd a&muf&dSoGm;rnfudk rvdkvm;=uay?
odk@aomfvnf; tEkenf;jzifhwdkufyGJ0ifaomenf;rSm tm;vHk;aomtkyfpkrsm;rS vufcHaom tajctaeodk@ra&mufao;ay? 1985

ckESpfudkif&dka=ujimpmwrf;wGif (bmoma&;acgif;aqmif 150 vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom) t=urf;zufaom tpdk;&tm;
rdrdudk,fudkckcHa&;twGufqdk+yD; jyefvnft=urf;enf;jzifh wHk@jyefonfrSm rSm;a=umif;qdkxm;onf? tcsKd@aomolrsm;rSvnf;
tpdk;&udktvkyfaºuG;ðyaeolrsm;udk um;wm,mrsm;jzifhrD;&d_@owfjcif; xdkolrsm;.aetdrfrsm;udk rD;&d_@zsufqD;jcif;rsm;a=umifh
&Jrsm;ESifhppfwyfrsm; òrd@e,frsm;xJodk@rvm&JawmhonfrSm wzufwGifvnf;aumif;onfhtcsufjzpfa=umif; jyefvnfjiif;qdk=uonf?
tcsKd@aomvlxkv_yf&Sm;a&; vkyfaqmifolrsm;url t=urf;zufvkyfaqmifaoma=umifh rdrdvkyfaz:udkifzufrsm; t=um;
rSm;,Gif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk tm;ay;&ma&mufa=umif;/ wzufrSmvnf; t=urf;zufr_udkvdkvm;aomolrsm;udk
t=urf;zufaomenf;jzifhjyefvnfwHk@jyefonfrSm t&mra&mufa=umif; ponfjzifh,lq vm=uonf?
tu,fIt=urf;zufonfhvkyf&yfudkenf;emwcktaejzifh vkyfaqmifaomfjim;vnf; zdESdyfoltpdk;&.wHk@jyefcsufrSm ydkwdk;Iom

ESdyfpufvmonfudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awG@jrifae&onf? tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;onfhpepfudk wdkufzsufEkdifvdkufonfr[kwfao; ay? 1985
Zefe0g&DvwGif jynfya&muf attJefpDrS awmiftmz&duEkdifiHtm; vljzLrsm;tkyfcsKyfEdkifpGrf;r&dS&ef vkyfaqmif=uavm[k
a=ujimcsufxkwfjyefaomfvnf; wyfOD;rS ydkydk rdkvDzD; acgif;aqmifr_jzifh olwdk@.tjcm; acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_tqifhrS
pepfusaom tzGJ@tpnf;yHkpHodk@oGm;=uavm [lonfhaqmifyk'fudk xkwfjyefcJhonf?
vlxkpGrf;tm;
ta&S@udyfawmif;t&yfwGif&dSaom òrd@e,frsm;wGif,cktcg tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;yHkpHopfjzifh zGJ@pnf;vkyfudkif=u&ef pwift¹rSpfwG,f
ae+yDjzpfonf? xdktxJwGifyg0ifaom acgif;aqmiftcsLd@rSm a&mfbifu|ef;axmifrS jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvm
aomolrsm;vnf;yg0if=uI t=urf;rzuftEkenf;jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_udkazmfaqmif=u&ef jzpfavonf? 1984ckESpfonf
t=urf;rzuftEkenf;jzifhwdkufyGJ0ifonfh enf;emudkusifhoHk;aom ESpfrsm;.tp[kqdkEkdifayonf? t=urf;rzuftEkenf;jzifh
wdkufyGJ0ifonfqdkaomfvnf; tEW&m,fum;rsm;wHk;yifjzpfonf?

xdkESpfxJwGif ta&S@udyfawmif;t&yf&dS um&l;[kvlodrsm;+yD; vif*sDvDvD[k ac:onfht&yfwGif u&m'dk&mqdkonfh vlxkv_yf&Sm;a&;
tzGJ@.acgif;aqmifvnf;jzpf ausmif;tkyfvn;fjzpfonfh rufo,l; *dkeD0Dtm; tvkyfrSxkyfy,fvdkufonfudk rauseyfI
ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmuf =uonf? wywftwGif; ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh&Jrsm; xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifI jy\emrsm;jzpfyGg;cJhonf?
r=umrSDyif *dkeD0Dtygt0if tjcm;vlxkv_yf&Sm;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm; tzrf;cH&I tpnf;ta0;rsm;vkyf jcif;udkvnf; ydwfyifvdkufonf?
1984ESpfxJwGif aumifpD0ifrsm;udk wdkufcdkufjcif;ESifh u&m'dk&mtzGJ@0ifrsm;udk jyefvnfwdkufcdkufjcif;rsm; qufwdkufjzpfay:vmonf?
vif*sDvDvD teD;w0dkufwGif&dSaom tjcm;aom òrd@e,frsm;wGifvnf; tvm;wl xdyfwkduf&ifqdkifr_rsm;jzpfay:cJhonf?
atmufwdkbmvxJwGif tpdk;&rS *dkeD0Dtm;axmifrS jyefv$wfvdkufI *dkeD0Dvnf; vif*sDvDvDodk@ jyefoGm;cJhonf? *dkeD0Donf

apmapmydkif;umvrsm;uyif tpdk;&rSydwfyifxm;aom attJefpDtzGJ@wGif ta&;ygolwOD;jzpfcJhI rmpfh0g'avhvma&;tzGJ@wiG f
yg0ifcJhr_ESifh axmifav;ESpfuscJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif *dkeD0Donf vlxkv_yf&Sm;a&;acgif;aqmiftjzpf rav#mfuefaomvdifudpPrsm;/
aq;ajcmufaomufoHk;r_rsm; a&Smifusif&ef vl}uD;olrrsm;tm;av;pm;&ef paomvlr_a&;qdkif&m oGefoifr_rsm;udk
aqmif&GufvmcJhonf? xdk@twl ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;0wfpHk0wfqif&ef/ ausmif;aemufusolrsm;ESifh
pmaumif;aumif;róud;pm;onfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjypfay;jcif; wdk@udkygðyvkyfvmcJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;udk ol.jyif;jyif;xefxef
oGefoifr_twGuf &Jabmf&Jzufrsm;t=um;wGif csD;=uLcH&ouJhodk@ ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;rSvnf; av;pm;=uonf?
t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. &v'fa=umifh òydusysufpD;cJhaom vlxktwGif;,Ofaus;r_jzpfpOfudk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef
óud;yef;r_jzpfonf?
*dkeD0D. t"duóud;yef;r_rSm vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; ydkrdktouf0ifvmap&eftwGuf 'Drdkua&pDpepfqkdaom vufeufwyfqif

ay;jcif;yifjzpfonf? u&m'dk&mtzGJ@rS vlxkv_yf&Sm;a&;rª;rsm;onf vrf;wdkif;odk@0ifum vrf;tvdkuf&yfuGufrsm;xJwGif
aumfrwDrsm;zGJ@avonf? xdkaumfrwDrsm;xJrS a&G;cs,fcH&ol udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk u&m'dk&mESifhtvkyfwGJvkyf&ef pDpOfvkyfudkifonf?
tqdkygaumfrwDonf &yf&GmxJwGif tzGJ@rsm;zGJ@Iuif;vSnfhum aomufpm;rl;,pf qdk;ayaeolrsm;udk xdkodk@rðyvkyf&efwm;jrpfay;onf?
xdkuJhodk@tajccHtkwfjrpftopfjzifh zGJ@pnf;vkyfudkifvmjcif;jzifh u&m'dk&monf vlr_a&;qdkif&mtcef;tem;rsm;/ yifpifpm;rsm;twGuf
t}uHn%fay;jcif;ESifh pmrwwfolouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;tm; pmoifay;jcif; ponfwdk@udk vkyfudkifvmEkdifonf?
1985ESpfv,fwGif *dkeD0Donf um&l;a'owcGif c&D;vSnfhvnfoGm;um tqdkygvkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf aumfrwDrsm;zGJ@pnf;jcif;udk

qufwdkufvkyfvmcJhonf? ol.owif;rSmvnf; awmiftmz&duwcGif vlodrsm;vmcJhonf? ZGefv7&ufae@wGif ta&S@udyfawmif;
vHkðcHa&;&JtzGJ@rS tpdk;&&Hk;pdkuf&m y&Dwdk&D;,m;òrd@rS *dkeD0Dtm; vlxk=um;rSz,f&Sm;&eftwGuf cGifhðyjcufawmif;cHvdkufonf?
aemufoHk;ywf=umaomtcg tJvpfZbufqdyfurf;òrd@ tpnf;a0;rSjyefvmaom *dkeD0DESifh ol.&JabmfoHk;OD;. tavmif;rsm;tm;
vrf;ay:wGifawG@vdkuf=u&onf? aoewfESifhypfxm; ovdk 'g;jzifhvnf;t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm xdk;xm;+yD; tavmif;rsm;udk ckwfxpfxm;I
rD;yg&d_@xm;onfudkyg awG@&onf? csufcsif; qdkovdkyif vif*sDvDvDòrd@wGif t=urf;zufwHk@jyefr_rsm;jzpfyGg;vmawmhonf?
rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl rufo&l; *dkeD0D. pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;tm; awmiftmz&duvGwfajrmufa&; acgif;aqmifrsm; odem;vnfoGm;+yD;
ol.enf;vrf;twdkif; qufItEkenf;jzifh wdkufyGJ0if=uonfudk qufvufjrifawG@=u&onf?
tJvpfZbufqdyfurf;òrd@
trfclqDvD *sufonftJvpfZbufqdyfurf;òrd@rS uDvdkrDwm 70cef@tuGm (43rdkifcef@) wGif&dSaomv,fawmY }uD;jyif;vmcJhol
jzpfonf? ollonfvnf; tom;at&mifcGJjcm;qufqHjcif;udk wdkufyGJ0ifrnf[k qHk;jzwfcsufjzifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;a&;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif
yg0ifvmjcif;jzpfonf? vlrJrsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umifh vljzLtpdk;&rSjcrSwfxm;onfh Oya'rsm;t& *sufonf ausmif;ae&ef
rwwfEdkifcJhajc? xdk@a=umifhausmif;ae&ef òrd@odk@ajymif;a&$@vmpOfu EkdifiHa&;ESifhywfoufI wvHk;wyg'rS odcJhonfr[kwfay?
olonfv,fawmrsm;rS òrd@wGifausmif;ae&efa&mufvmol vli,frsm; rdef;uav;rsm;tm; pk&Hk;I tJvpfZbufqdyfurf;
vli,fuGef*&ufudk wnfaxmifcJhonf? ol@twGufolvnf; ynma&;wGifxGef;aygufatmif óud;pm;cJhonf?
*sufonfEdk;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tpnf;t&Hk;. vkyf&yfrsm;udkoabm=uESpfòcdufoljzpfonf? yxrydkif;wGif *sufonfvlrJrsm;.

jy\emonf vljzLrsm;omjzpfonf[kxifjrifcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; ausmif;wGifusif;yavh&dSaom aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;rSwqifh
od&dSvm&onfrSm b&mif; zpf&SmuJhodk@vljzLrsm;vnf; tom;at&mifcGJjcm;r_udkqef@usifwdkufzsufaom olrsm;&dSaeonfudk
od&dSvm&onf? ba&mif;onf csrf;omaomrdbrsm;rS aygufzGm;vmonfh vljzLa&S@aewOD;jzpfI tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_udk
qef@usifonfhwdkufyGJrsm;0if&if; axmifwoufwu|ef;usI axmifxJYyifaoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh *sufonftom;a&mifjzifh
vlrsm;.pdwfaeoabmxm;udk owfrSwfIr&[lonfh tawG;tjrifudk &&dSvmcJhonf? *sufonfobm0t&jzpfvmaom
acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfa=umif; owif;pmorm;wOD;rS a&;om;cJhbl;onf? *sufonf olwyg;ajymonfudk
pdufygvufygem;axmifavh&dSol wOD;jzpfonf? *sufonftm%mydkifrsm;tm; txl;'kuQay;ol wOD;jzpfa=umif;ESifh

ppfrSefaomvlxkv_yf&Sm;a&;acgif;aqmifjzpfa=umif;udk aemufydkif;Y axmufvSrf;a&;&JcsKyfwOD;jzpfol avm&ifhpf 'lyvJppfrS
0efcHxm;onf?
+yD;cJhonfv_yf&Sm;r_wdkif;onf tzGJ@i,frsm;rSwqifh v_H@aqmf&mrS ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonfudk *sufowdxm;rdvmcJhonf?

v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;+yD;oGm;wdkif;vnf; r,fr,f&&tzwfwifjcif; r&dSonfukdvnf; odjrifvmcJhonf? tpdk;&udkqef@usif&eftwGuf
wnf+idrfonfh zGJ@pnf;yHkvdktyfa=umif;udkvnf; awG@jrifvmcJhonf? xdk@a=umifhaemufydkif;wGif *sufESifhvkyfaz:udkifzufrsm;onf
au'grsm;udktajccHonfh zGJ@pnf;yHkudktoHk;ðyvmcJhonf? au'grsm;onf vltrsm;=um;wGif&dSaeojzif h tm%mydkifrsm;twGuf
ESdrfeif;&mYtcuftcJrsm;awG@vm&onf?
*suftm;trsm;u clpwm[kac:=uonf? clpwmtm;vltrsm; owdxm;rdvmonfhtcsdefu olonftouf 27eSpfom&dSao;onf?

tEkenf;jzifholykefxtHhqdkonfhrludk oludkifpGJxm;onf? aoewfudkifzdk@qdkwm usaemfeJ@vnf; tHr0ifygbl;qdkI
oludk,fwdkifvnf;aemufydkif;wGifjyefajymonf? tEkenf;jzifhwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;.tm;om;csufrSm v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif;
wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyf&mY a,mufusm;jzpfjcif;/ rdef;rjzpfjcif;/ touf}uD;jcif;/ i,fjcif;/ tm;aumif;armif;oefjzpfjcif;/
rpGrf;roefjzpfjcif;ponfwdk@ukd xJhwGuf&ef rvdkjcif;yifjzpfonf? tm;vHk;yg0if&eftcGifhtvrf; &dSaoma=umifhyifjzpfonf?
trmblodkwdk@. t=urf;zufwdkufyJGyHkpHrSm tm;aumif;armif;oefvli,frsm;rSvGJI tjcm;omrefjynfolrsm;twGuf
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&ifqkdifvm&onf? xdk@twGuf tpdk;&udk+cdrf;ajcmufEkdifr_ tm;enf;vmonf?
1985arvwGif oufvwfwef;trsKd;orD;rsm; yufbudktzGJ@odk@a&mufvm+yD; tvpfZbufqdyfurf;òrd@wGif vljzLrsm;.pD;yGg;a&;rsm;udk

oydwfarSmuf&eftqdkðyvmonf? clpwm *sufvnf; tqdkygoydwfaumfrwD. ajyma&;qdkcGifh &dSoljzpfvmcJhonf?
yxrawmif;qdkcsufrsm;wGif jynfoltrsm;qdkifaomae&mrsm;udk jynfolwdk@toHk;ðycGifh&dS&ef/ ppfwyfrsm; òrd@xJrSjyefvnf qkwfcGg&efESifh
tvkyfcGiftwGif;cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;rvkyf&ef ponfwdk@jzpfonf? oydwfwdkufyGJ rpwifrSD ESpf&uftvdkwGif tokbtcef;tem;wckY
*sufrdef@cGef;ajym=um;onf? (tokbtcef;tem;wGifom vlpka0;cGihfudk vljzLtpdk;&ucGifhðyxm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf?) weFvmae@rSm
usaemfwdk@aps;0,frxGuf=ubl;/ rD;jcpfwbl;awmif r0,f=ubl; ponfjzifhEdk;aqmfcJhonf? weFvmae@a&mufaomtcg
tJvpfZbufqdyfurf;òrd@. ajrmufzufyidk f;onf tcgwdkif;uJhodk@aps;0,frsm;jzifh rpnfum;awmhbJ vrf;rsm;wav#muf
usD;ESifhzkwfzkwfjzpfaeavawmhonf?
pD;yGg;a&;oydarSmufjcif;onf xda&mufaomwdkufuGufjzpfvmcJhonf? ig;&ufajrmufaomae@wGif tpdk;&rS

tJvpfZbufqdyfurf;òrd@tyg0if òrd@e,fawmfawmfrsm;wGif rm&S,favmOya'udk xkwfjyefvdkufonf? c&D;oGm;cGifhrsm;ukdvnf;
uef@owfvdkufonf? ppfom;rsm;wvrf;0ifwvrf;xGufa&mufvm+yD; vlrsm;tdrfrsm;udk&SmazGjcif; zrf;qD;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfvmonf?
*sufonfvnf; yHk;atmif;ae&awmhonf? ,cktcgoydwfaumfrwDrS awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ydkrdkwdk;jr‡ifhvkduf onf?
rm&S,favmOya'rsm;udk &kyfodrf;ay;&rnf/ rJef'Jvm;tygt0if EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udk v$wfay;&rnf?
tJvpfZbufqdyfurf;òrd@&dS vljzLrsm;ydkifqdkifaom pwdk;qdkifrsm; pD;ygG;a&;t& 30&mckdifE_ef;txd xdcdkufukef=uonf? tudsK;&v'frSm

vljzLpD;ygG;a&;avmurS tpdk;&tm;zdtm;ay;pðyvmonf? tpdk;&&Hk;rsm;odk@a=u;eef;rsm; wzGJzGJ0ifvmonf? vlrJrsm;.
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vdkufav#m&ef wdkufwGef;vmonf? vljzLygvDreftrwfwOD;rS Todk@0efcHxm;onf? wu,fxda&mufwJh
oydwfarSmufr_jzpfygw,f? vlrJrsm; wuJhcsdefudkufvkyfaqmifr_vnf;jzpfw,f? xdkuJhodk@ aps;r0,fa&; oydwfarSmufr_rsKd;tm;
tm;tifoHk;ESdyfuGyf&efvnf; rjzpfEkdifay? vlrJrsm;aps;r0,fonfhudpPtm; &mZ0wfr_[kIvnf; ajymIr&jzpfaeonf?
vlxktifESifhtm;ESifh vkyfaqmifaomvkyf&yfvnf;jzpfonf? olwdk@tm;vHk;udk zrf;csKyfIvnf;r&ay[k axmufvSrf;a&;&JcsKyf 'lyvJppfrS
0efcHajym=um;cJhavonf?
=o*kwfv 2&ufae@wGif tpdk;&rS *suftygt0if acgif;aqmiftcsKd@udk zrf;qD;&rdvdkufonf? &JawG[m usaemfwdk@udkzrf;rdvdkufvdk@

0rf;omvHk;qdk@aewmudk zHk;vdk@r&bl;jzpfae=uw,f [k tzrf;cH&aomtkyfpkwGifygaom wef*dk vmreDqdkonfhacgif;aqmifwOD;u
aemufydkif;wGifjyefvnfajymjyavonf? &Jrsm;u oydwfonfaemifoHk;ywft=umwGif +yD;awmhrnfjzpfI
acgif;aqmifrsm;axmifxJwGifom oydwfarSmuf=uawmh[k qdkcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; oydwfonf vuf&dStajctaexuf
ydkIeuf&d_if;vmaoma=umif; tpdk;&zufrSowdðyrdvmcJhonf? vljzLaps;qdkifydkif&Sifrsm;zufrSvnf; vlrJacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;
olwdk@onftpdk;&r[kwfa=umif; awmif;yefvm=uonf? *sufonfvlxktm; usaemfwdk@onfvljzLtpdk;& qdk;oGrf;ovdkrsKd;vdkufI
qdk;oGrf;&efrvdka=umif; xdk@a=umifhvljzLaps;qdkifrsm;tm; 0ifa&mufzsufqD;jcif;rvkyf=u&ef wdkufwGef;vdkufonf?
tu,fIvlrJacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; vGwfajrmuf&ef ukefonf}uD;rsm;u aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifygu oydwftm;
rwfvtxdqdkif;iHhay;xm;rnf[k oabmwlnDcsuf&&dSvmonf? c&pfprwftwGif;aps;0,fjcif;rsm;udkjyefvnfðyvkyfygu

wzufwGifvlrJrsm;tzdk@ oydwfajimif;aer_udkvnf; ajzav#mh&mvnf; a&mufonfhtjyif acwWem;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;
v_yf&Sm;r_udkaemufydkif;wGif ydkInD!GwfapEdkifonf?
rwf qGJvif;qdkonfh *suf.rdwfaqG EkdifiHa&;ody`HygarmuQwOD;rS atmufygtwdkif;ajymcJhonf? vlxktm;eJ@tJovdk

aqmif&GufvdkufwJhtwGuf awmif;qdkcsufawGudk!dSEkdif;&mrSm tusKd;tjrwf&dSvmcJhygw,f? *suf[m tzrf;cHxm;&olrsm;
òrd@xJjyefa&mufvmatmifpGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhw,f? ykdydkrdkvDzD;rSvnf; awmiftmz&d&J@pD;yGg;a&;[m EkdifiH&J@tpdwftydkif;jzpfw,fqdkwJh
oifcef;pmudk oydwfuae&&dSvmcJhw,f [kajym=um;cJhonf? tu,fIawmiftmz&du&J@ vlrsm;pkjzpfwJh vlrJrsm;udk
wef;wl&nfwlrqufqH&if olwdk@&J@vl@tcGifha&;rsm;udkrav;pm;&if 'DEkdifiH[mb,fawmhrS wnf+idrfrSmr[kwfovdk vljzLrsm;&J
hpD;yGg;a&;[mvnf; wnf+idrfrSmr[kwfbl;qdkwmudk jyovdkufwmbJ jzpfw,f[k rdkvDzD;rS qufIajymcJhonf?
1986 rwfv 11&ufae@wGif tpdk;&rS*suftygt0ifacgif;aqmifaemufwa,muftm; bmv_yf&Sm;r_rS rvkyf&efydwfyifvdkufonf?

(tus,fcsKyf=uonfh oabmrsKd;jzpfonf)? Tvkyf&yftm; rdkifaxmifESifhcsDIa0;aom tar&duefEkdifiHrS
'kwd,EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfaom csufpfwm c&Gwfum;rS vljzLtpdk;&tm;&H_ hjcvdkufonf? 11&uf=umaomtcg w&m;&Hk;csKyfrS
*sufESifhaemufacgif;aqmifwOD;tm; bmrSrvkyf&efydwfyifxm;onfh Oay'rS &kyfodrf;ay;vdkufonf? aemufudk;&uf=umaomtcg
ydkI}uD;rm;aom oydwfay:aygufvmcJhonf?
aemufxyfðyvkyfaomoydwfonf ykdIpepfusvmonf? oydwfaumfrwDonf vlrJrsm;ukefonfrsm;tm; aps;E_ef;owfrSwfxm;aom

pm&if;rsm;ay;I olwdk@.azmufonfrsm;udk a&mif;jcay;jcif;/ vljzLqdkif}uD;rsm;rS ypPnfrsm;wqifhjyef0,fI
a&mif;jcap&efvdkifpifrsm;xkwfay;jcif; ponfwdk@udk vkyfaqmifvmonf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmifaeonfh umvrsm;twGif;wGif
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tcsdefra&$;tzrf;cH&rnfh tEW&m,fvnf;&dSaeao;onf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif oydwfaumfrwDonf &yf&GmxJwGif
oef@&Sif;vkyfief;rStp pDpOfvkyfudkifvm=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tpdk;&,EW&m; òrd@xJwGifòydysufoGm;aom a=umifhjzpfonf?
vifr,m;tdrfwGif;&efjzpfonfrSpI 0dkif;0ef;ajz&Sif;ay;=uonf? xdk@a=umifh rdef;rudkvifa,mufusm;rS &dkufESufaomtr_rsm;
ododomomusqif;oGm;onf?
oydwfumv udk;ywftwGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg tpdk;&rS ta&;ay:tajcaeudkxkwfjyonfhOya'udk a=ujimjyefonf?

ta=umif;rSm 10ESpfajrmuf qdk0Dwdkt"du&k%f; usif;yrnfudk óudwifIumuG,fonfh oabmvnf;yg0ifonf? awmiftmz&du
orwrS vlrJrsm;.awmfvSefa&;qdkonfrSm t=urf;zufI tm%mudkodrf;vdkonfh obm0&dSaomvkyf&yfom jzpfa=umif;
pGyfpGJvdkufonf? odk@aomfvnf; tJvpfZbufqdyfurf;òrd@&dS v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf t=urf;rzuf tEkenf;jzifhaqmif&Gufaeaom
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;omjzpfonf? a&mfbifu|ef;tusOf;axmiftwGif;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;. t}uHn%f/ wyfOD;. pkpnf; pnf;&Hk;jcif;/
*sufuJhodk@acgif;aqmifrsm;. rem;raevkyfudkaqmif&Gufr_wdk@onf vlrJvli,frsm;udkomru ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;.
ESvHk;om;udkygqGJaqmifEkdifcJh+yD; bHk&nfrSef;csuftwGuf vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhonf? vltrsm;.vdkvdkvm;vm; wufºuGpGmyg0ifvmr_onf
&nfrSef;csuftwGuftm;tifudkjzpfapcJhonf? tpdk;&udktajymif;tvJ vkyf&efzdtm;ay;Ekdifvmaom umvwGifzdESdyfr_rsm;
&yfwef@oGm;rnfomjzpfonf?
tvufZef;'&m;
tvufZef;'&m;òrd@onf *sKd[efeufpfbwfòrd@. awmifzufwGifwnf&dSaom npfywfaya&aeonfh t&yfwckjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf;
tvufZef;'&m;onf vljzLcsrf;omaom&yfuGufrsm; ywf0dkif;xm;aom t&yfqdkvnf; rrSm;ay? tvufZef;'&m;onfvnf;
qdkzD,mòrd@uJhodk@ tzsufcH&rnfhtxJwGifyg0ifaeaomfvnf; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm qENjyvmaom&v'f a=umifh
,cktxdoufZdk;&Snfae&jcif;jzpfonf? xdk@twGuftpdk;&rS òrd@twGuf bmrSvkyfray;bJ ypfxm;jcif;cHae&aom
tajctaewGif&dSaeonf? vlaygif; 200000onf jzpfovdkaqmufxm;aomtdrf tvHk;a& 10000 Yaexdkif=uonf? a&vnf;rvm
opfyifvnf;r&dSonfhae&mvnf;jzpfonf?
1986wGif&Jrsm;rS tokbtcef;tem;wckudk wdkufcdkufcJhonf? aemifajcmuf&ufqufwdkuf òrd@xJwGif&Jrsm;ESifh qENjyolrsm;

tjyeftvSefwdkufcdkufae=uonf? vlrJ 7a,mufypfowfcH&onf? trmblodkrsm;u aumifpD0ifrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf=uonf?
xdkodk@tjyeftvSeft=urf;zufr_rsm;jzpfyGg;aeaomumvwGif touf22ESpft&G,fom&dSao;aom trfZGmeDvD rm&DuDqdk
[kac:aomvli,fwa,mufonf vlrJ&Jom;wa,muftm; trmblodkrsm;u vnfyif;um;wm,mpGyfI rD;&d_@owfcgeD;qJqJ
wGifu,fwifvdkufonf? trmblodk vli,frsm;tm;vnf; Tokd@jzpf&jcif;rSm pepfa=umifhjzpfa=umif; &Sifvif;ajymqdk+yD; pepfudk
omwdkufzsuf&ef vH_@aqmfcJhonf? xdk@aemufvlrJ&Jom;tm; toufab;rS csrf;omay;vdkuf+yD; ol.&J0wfpHkudkom
rD;&d_@zsufqD;vdkufonf? vlrJ&Jom;udkvnf; tvkyfrSxGuf&ef wdkufwGef;vdkufonf?

xdk@aemufrm&DuDqdkaexdkifaom &yfuGufonf atatpD[kac:onfh tvufZef;'g; tuf&Sif aumfrwD. XmecsKyftajcpdkuf
&mae&mjzpfvmcJhonf? atatpDonf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; t=urf;rzuftEkenf;jzifhwdkufyGJ0if&ef OD;wnfhay;cJhonf?
towfcH&olrsm;. psmyetm; atatpDrS aqmif&Guaf y;onf? vli,frsm;tm; tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_udkqef@usifa&;
wdkufyGJrsm;twGuf t=urf;rzufonfhtjcm;tpDpOfrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;ay;vmcJhonf? &yfuGufrsm; vrf;rsm;wGif aumfrwDrsm;zGJ@I
aqmif&Guf=uonf? ta&S@udyfawmif;òrd@wGif vkyfcJhonfhenf;emtm; twk,lIaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf?
atatpDrS pepfusaomzGJ@pnf;yHkrsm;jzifh &maygif;rsm;pGmaom vlrJrsm;tm; tzGJ@pnf;aygif;pHktwGuf zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?

ukefoG,fa&;toif;tyif;rStp trsKd;orD;tzGJ@xdtqHk; pepfwuszGJ@cJh=uonf? a'oqdkif&maumifpDrsm;. tkyfcsKyfr_udk pepfwus
jzwfawmufypfEkdifcJh=uonf? tdrfvcrsm;udkav#mhjcypfEkdifcJhonf? vpOf 156000&rfaiGay;ae&mrS 44000
&rfaiGtxdav#mh=uvmcJhonf? atatpDonf oydwfarSmuf&mwGif owfrSwfxm;aomypfrSwfudkoma&G;cs,fI aqmif&Gufvmonf?
Oyrm vljzLrsm;.tudsK;udkaqmif&Gufaeaom yl;aygif;aeaom vlrJrsm;.pwdk;qkdifrsm;rS aps;r0,fbJaevdkuf=uonf?
tjcm;aps;qdkifrsm;ESifhtiSm;,Ofrsm;uvnf; vljzLaemufvdkufvlrJrsm;ESifhaumifpDrsm;tm; oydwfarSmufxm;vkdufavonf?
vlrJ&Jom;tcsKd@qdkv#if olwdk@.&nf;pm;rsm;u pGe@f ypfjcif;udkcH=u&onf? òrd@awmf0efvnf;jzpf
c&pf,efbk&m;ausmif;.w&m;a[mq&mvnf;jzpfolwOD;onf vltrsm;uol@w&m;udkem&ef jiif;qdkjcif;udk cH&onf?
taxGaxGaomoydwfzdtm;rsm; a=umifh tm;vHk;aomaumifpDrsm; tvkyfrSEkwfxGuf=uavonf?
atatpDonf,cktcg xdyfwef;tm%m&dStzGJ@tpnf;uJhodk@ aqmif&Gufvmonf? aumfrwDrsm;tm; òrd@e,fwGif;

tvkyftr_aqmifrsm;a&G;aumuf&ef cGifhðyvdkufonf? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh aumfrwDrSvnf; udk,fydkifw&m;&Hk;ESifh
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,cktcgolwdk@òrd@vlxktm;jzifh olwdk@pwifpDrHvkyfudkifae=u+yDjzpfonf? v,form;rsm;uvnf; *l&D;,m;t&yfwiG f
olwdk@tm;udk,fpm;ðyaom aumfrwDrsm;zGJ@vdkuf=uonf?
qdk0Dwdk
1986ZGefvxJwGif EkdrmArf'g roD&meDonf olr.tdrfjyLwif;aygufrS tjyifzufvSrf;=unfhvdkuf&m vlrJvli,fwcsKd@olr.tdrf
zufodk@OD;wnfvmaeonfudk awG@vdkuf&I wHkv_yfoGm;onf? olronf owif;orm;wOD;jzpf+yD; qdk0DwdkwGifaexdkifvmonf rSm
&SpfESpf&dS+yDjzpfonf? olrt+rJowdxm;rdonfrSm vli,fv_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf (trmblodkrsm;) vltrsm;tm; pdk;&drfxdwfvef@atmif
vkyfavh&dSa=umif;odxm;Ijzpfonf? olrtaejzifh tqdkygvli,frsm; vkyfavhvkyfx&dSaom Adkvfusonfhvkyf[efonf
vlrJvGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf acwfrpm;awmha=umif; olroabmaygufaerdonf? ausmufcJrsm; "mwfqDykvif;AHk;rsm;
udkifaqmifavh&dSaom xdkvli,frsm;onf b,fvdkrS tpdk;&.ppfwyfudk r,SOfEkdifay? olwdk@ tm;ppfwyfrS ypfcwfIaoqHk;&aomtcg
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tm%mpufroufa&mufonfh olwdk@.ywf0ef;usifudk apmifha&SmufcJh=uonf?
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pm;oHk;ukefESifhtdrfvcrsm;oydwfarSmufjcif;wdk@ðyvkyfvmEkdif+yD; omrefjynfolrsm;tm; ppfom;rsm;&Jom;rsm;ESifh xdyfwdkufr &ifqdkif&bJ
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%mzDqefa&;ESifhremcHa&; vkyf[efrsm;ESifhqifwlavonf? vltenf;pkwdkufyGJqifaejcif;rS vltrsm;pk}uD;yg0ifvmatmif
vkyfEkdifpGrf;&dScJh+yD; t=urf;rzuftEkenf;jzifhwdkufyGJ0ifonfhvrf;udk ydkrdkcsJ hxGifEkdifcJhavonf?
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TaumfrwDpepfonf wzufwGifvnf; tpdk;&.wdkuf&dkuftkyfcsKyfjcif;udk &dkufcsKd;z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufonfh oabmyifjzpfa=umif;
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uGufvyfudkjznfhqnf;ay;ovdkrsKd;vnf;jzpfapcJhonf? pDql;vl;taejzifh tm%mqdkonfrSm vljzLrsm;tay:atmifEkdifjcif;udkqdkvdkonf
r[kwfa=umif; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJtwGif; vlxk.pGrf;tm;udk zefwD;jcif;onfom t"dujzpfa=umif; odjrifcJhonf?
tom;a&mifcGJjcm;ItkyfcsKyfonfhpepfatmufwGif vlrsm;rdrdudk,fudkxdef;odr;f jcif;ESifh rdrdudk,fudktkyfcsKyfvmonfh pepfrsKd;udk
arG;jrLvmEkdifjcif;onf tvGefta&;}uD;onf? òrd@e,faumifpDrsm;udkðzwfcsEkdifjcif; &Jrsm;udk rdrdwdk@e,fxJrSxGufoGm;apEkdifjcif;onf
EkdifiHa&;tm%mtm; vlxktzGJ@pnf;rsm; vufodk@ ay;tyfonfhoabmjzpfa=umif; vef*òrd@e,faumfrwD acgif;aqmifrS
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t=urf;rzuftEkenf;jzifhwdkufyGJ0ifjcif; rdrdbmomtkyfcsKyfjcif;ponfwdk@onf tpdk;&tm;wzufwGif pdefac:vmjcif;jzpf
onf[kqdkv#ifvnf;rSm;ay? ppfat;wdkufyGJ.tudsK;qufjzpfaom tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;ItkyfcsKyfvmonfh tm%m&Siftpdk;&tay:
w&m;r#wa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifjcif;vnf;jzpfayonf? tpdk;&zufrS xdkv_yf&Sm;rsm;aemufuG,fwGif abmf&DSApfrsm; (uGefjrLepfrsm;) u
óud;udkifaeonf[kjrifvmonf? tpdk;&t&m&dSwOD;rS ajymjycJhonfrSm xdktcsdefuvlrsm;onf &mZ0wfr_cif;rsm;rjzpfyGm;atmif
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ajymif;ypfcJh=uonf? rdrdudk,fudktkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf zGJ@pnf;vkyu
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xdktajctaersm;tay: tpdk;&.wHk@jyefr_um; ydkI&ufpufzdESdyfvmjcif;yifjzpfonf? 1986ZGefvwGif orwbdkomrS 'kwd,tjrifhqHk;

EkdifiHawmfta&;ay:tajctae Oya'udkxkwfjyefvdkufonf? vlaygif; 25000 ausmftm;w&m;&Hk;wGif &Hk;wifppfaq;jcif;rðybJ
zrf;qD;axmifcsvdkufonf? owif;pmrsm;tm; EkdifiHtwGif;rwnfr+idrfjzpfr_rsm;tm; raz:jy&[lI ydwfyifvdkufonf?
,cifuw&m;0if az:jycJhbl;onfh qENjyoydwfarSmufjcif;owif;rsm;tm; jyefvnfIyHkrESdyf&[lIvnf; trdef@xkwf jyefcJhonf?
xdk@tjyif tEkenf;jzifhoydwfarSmufjcif;rsm;/ tvkyfcGifrSa0;a0;aejcif;/ pm;aomufukefrsm;udk oydwf arSmufjcif;/
ausmifrsm;wGifoydwfarSmufjcif;rsm; rðyvkyf&[lI wm;jrpfydwfyifvdkufonf? txufygoydwfrsm; qENjyjcif;rsm; tm;vHk;onf
tjypfay;ta&;,lI&onfh vkyf&yfrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfvdkufonf? 1988ckESpfwGif wyfOD;tygt0if tm;vHk;aoma'oqdkif&m
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; rnfonfhv_yf&Sm;rSrvkyf&[lI wm;jrpfvdkufonf?
tpdk;&rSppfwyfrsm; &JwyfzGJ@rsm;udk tvHk;t&if;jzifh òrd@rsm;twGif;ae&m0if,lap+yD; aumifpD0ifa[mif;rsm;jyefvnfI a&muf&dSvmum

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tpdk;&zufrSvkyfudkifvmonf? ppfwyfESifh&Jrsm;rS ausmaxmufaemufcHay;xm;onfh vltpkrsm;onf wyfOD;&Hk; pdkuf&m[k,lqaom
ae&mrsm;udk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf=uonf? xdk@tjyifvlrJtzGJ@rsm;twGif; wzGJ@ESifhwzGJ@txiftjrifrSm;ap&ef pmapmif
pm&Gufpmwrf;twkrsm;udk &dkufESdyfIjzef@a0aponf? xdkvkyfief;rsm;udk vlrJtcsKd@tm; aiGa=u;axmufyHhay;+yD; vkyfaponf?

xdk@a=umifh wjznf;jznf;ESifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;a&;tzGJ@rsm; csdeJhtm;enf;oGm;cJh&onf? 1985 ta&;ay:Oya'atmufwGif
emrnf}uD;acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym; xdrf;odrf;cHvdkuf&onf? tJvpfZbufqdyfurf;òrd@wGif tusOf;axmiftopfrsm; aqmuf vkyfI
tpkvdkuftðyHvdkufzrf;qD;avawmhonf? t&yfwkid f;vrf;wdkif;wGif zGJ@pnf;cJhaomaumfrwDrsm;vnf; tm;enf;oGm;cJh =u&onf?
pm;aomufukefrsm;udk oydwfarSmufjcif;onfvnf; t&dSefysufoGm;cJh&onf? tpdk;&onf ta&S@udyfawmif;wcGif vHk;&dS
vlxkpGrf;tm;tajccHonfhenf;emtm; tjrpfjzwf&efpwifóud;yef;avawmhonf?
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tpdk;&tzdk@}uDrm;aom tcuftcJrsm;óuHawG@vm&onf? zrf;qD;r_rsm;wpwprsm;jym;vmonfh tajctaewGif qdk0Dwdkòrd@ aumifpD.
tr_rJhtrSwfrJhvkyf&yfa=umifh vltrsm;onftdrfvcray;a&;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifvm=uonf? tdrfvcray;olrsm;tm;
aumifpDrSa&rD;rsm;udk jzwfawmufvkdufonf? xdk@a=umifhwyfOD;rStvkyform;rsm;onfvnf; aumifpDrsm;udk
jyefvnfvufwHk@jyefvm=uonf? TtajctaewGif &Jom;ESifhppfom;rsm;onf tdrfvcray;olrsm;tm; tdrfrsm;rS
t"<rESifxkwfavawmhonf? 1990ckESpfwGif wdkif;jynftwGif; t"duEkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;
(ref'Jvm;ESifhvljzLtpdk;&aqG;aEG;r_rsm;) jzpfay:vmawmhrSomv#if qdk0DwdkYtdrfvcray;a&; oydwfudkvSefcJhayonf?
tpdk;&.&efoludk tjywfacsr_ef;rnfqdkaomrlonf vufeufudkifolykefrsm;udkESdrfeif;&mwGifoHk;onfhAsL[mjzpfonf?

vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk axmifoGif;tusOf;jcxm;jcif;onf xdkolwdk@.vkyfudkifEkdifr_udk av#mhjcoGm;ap&efjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf;
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a&rD;tp&dSonfwdk@jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmcJhonf/? tvufZef;'&m;wGif tdrftopfrsm;/ wdkufcef;rsm;/ ausmif;rsm;
aqmufvmonfudkawG@ &onf? vrf;rsm;udkvnf;tenf;i,fðyjyifvmonf? xdkodk@vkyfjcif;rSm ,cifaumifpDpepf
jyefvnfw&m;0ifvmap&eftwGuf vkyfjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@twlacgif;aqmifrsm;tzrf;cHae&pOftwGif;
vlxkudkwzufwGifjyefvnfpnf;&Hk;vdkonfhoabma=umifhvnf;jzpfayonf?
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reufvif;v#if vlrsm;tm;tvkyfqif;&efay;xGuf&onf? naewdkifvmv#if tcsKd@olrsm;rSm apmapmjyef0ifvm aomfvnf;
tcsKd@olrsm;rSmawmfawmfav;aemufusrS jyefvmonfhtwGuf vlrsm;tm;vufeufudkifrsm;jzifh0ef;&Hxm;onfrSm
tvkyfrjzpfawmhay? vlrsm;onftom;ta&mifcGJjcm;onfhpepfudkomqef@usifonfjzpfI aemufydkif;Ytpdk;&tzdk@ vlrsm;tm;
xyfIa&&SnfzdESdyf&efrSm t"d<yg,fr&dSawmhay?
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tom;a&mifcGJjcm;onfhpepfudk tðywfrwdkufcJhEkdifaomfvnf; tpdk;&tzdk@EkdifiHa&;t&vrf;a=umif;ajymif;&awmhrnf
tajcodk@qkdufvmcJhayonf? vlrJrsm;.awmfvSew f dkufyGJ0ifa&;A[dkcsufronf 1986ckESpfwiG f tvkyform;xkqDodk@a&mufvm cJhonf?
txl;ojzifh udkqmwl; COSATU [kac:onfhtvkyform;or*~rS OD;aqmifr_udkay;vmcJhonf? udkqmwl;onf 1985wGifzGJ@cJhonfh
tzGJ@jzpfonf? 1970ckESpfrsm;qDuppfaoG;ºuGaomacgif;aqmifrsm; zGJ@pnf;vmcJhaom tz&du or*~rsm; onf
aemufydkif;wGifatmufajcvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;jzifh aygif;pyfvmcJhonf? 1980ckESpfrsm;u or*~rsm;onf
oydwfarSmufjcif; qENjyjcif;rsm;udk acgif;aqmifrsm;u òrd@e,frsm;xJwGifðyvkyfcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; òrd@e,frsm;ppfwyfESifh
&Jrsm;0dkif;&HcHvm&aomtcgESifh twdkuftcHrsm;òzdcGJcHvm&aomtajctaewGif v_yf&Sm;r_onf puf&Hkrsm;ESifh or*~rsm;qDodk@
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tpdk;&onftm;vHk;aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ròzdcGif;EdkifcJhay? odk@aomfvnf;vufeufudkifckcHr_rsm;udkawmh twdkif;twmwcktxd

EdSrfeif;EkdifcJhonf? attJefpDonf ESpfwdkif;vdkvdk aysmufusm;pepfjzifh vufeufudkifckcHa&;udk ðyvkyfcJhonf? 1989ckESpfwGif
wdkufcdkufr_aygif; 281}udrfjzpfyGg;cJhonf? +yD;cJhonfh 10ESpfausmfutajctaeESifhEkdif;pmv#ifta&twGufydkrdkrsm;jym;vmonfudk
awG@&onf? odk@aomfvnf; vlrJrsm;.vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;onf tpdk;&ppfwyftm;òydysufoGm;atmif rpGrf;aqmifEkdifcJh ay?
tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;qufqHonfhpepfudk ckcH=um;uefay;&onfhtwGuf tpdk;&onfvnf; aiGa=u;t&tajrmuftrsm; ukef=ucJh

&onf? EkdifiHwumrSydwfqdk@onf'%fudkvnf;cH&onf? vufeufra&mif;jca&;ESifh ukvor*~rSOD;aqmifonfh
tm;upm;ESifh,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mydwfqdkr_rsm;onfvnf; ta&;ygcJhonf? t"duydwfqdk@r_rSm EkdifiHwumpD;yGg;a&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS
awmiftmz&dutpdk;&udk 0dkif;0ef;qef@usifjcif;onfydkI tusKd;oufa&mufr_&dSvmonf? 1980ESpfrsm; tcsdefu tar&d uefESifh+Adwdo#
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yaysmufoGm;apEkdifvdrfhrnf[kvnf; ,lqcJhonf?
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&Jrsm;ppfom; rsm;.zdEdSyfr_udkae@pOf owif;rsm;wGifawG@jrifvm&onf? xdkuJhodk@owif;rsm;. jy,k*fa=umifh twdkufcHrsm;taejzifh
EkdifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;tm; pD;yGg;a&;t&ydwfqdk@yg&ef arwWm&yfcHvmEkdifcJhonf? bkef;awmf}uD; 'ufpfrGef wl;wl;rSvnf;
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uGsefKyfwdk@udkoifwdk@u,fwifEkdifrnfjzpfonf [ka=umjimcJhonf?
0g&SifwefwGif vlxkajcðytzGJ@pnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tEkynmonfrsm; awmiftmz&duoH&Hk;a&S@wGif qENjy=uojzifh tzrf;cH

=u&onf? wuUodkvfrsm;xJYðyvkyfonfh qENjyyGJrsm;onfvnf; awmiftmz&dwGifðyvkyfaeonfh pD;yGg;a&;rsm;xJrS EkwfxGuf&ef
pD;yGg;a&;avmutm;vnf; azsmif;jzvmEkdifonf? òrd@rsm;eSifh jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;onfvnf; olwdk@.yifpif&HyHkaiGrsm;rS wqifh
ðyvkyfaeaom awmiftmz&dtwGif;&dSpDyGg;a&;rsm;&yffqdkif;&ef oabmwlvm=uonf? 1985ckESpftwGif;u awmiftmz&duonf
'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u olxdk@.r[mrdwf jzpfcJhonfudkrar@oifha=umif; ajymcJhonfh tar&dueforw a&mfe,fa&*ifonfyifv#if
awmiftmz&dtm; twdkif;twmwcktxd pD;yGg;a&;ydwfqdk@&ef qHk;jzwfcJh&onf? aemufESpfwGif tar&duefuGef*&ufrS
awmiftmz&duEkdifiHY tar&duefpD;yGg;a&;ukrR%Drsm; &if;ESD;jr‡KwfESHr_topfrðyvkyf&ef/ aiGa=u;ajc;iSm;jcif;rðy&ef/
tcsKd@ukefypPnf;rsm;tm;awmiftmz&durS r0,f&ef/ awmiftmz&dutm; vufeufa&mif;jcjcif;udk azmufzsufonfhEkdifiHrsm;odk@
ppfa&;tulnDrsm;ay;onftm; jzwfawmuf&eftp&dSojzifh qHk;jzwfcJhonf? xdkESpftwGif;rSmyif Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;or*~rS tvm;wl
pD;yGg;a&;ydwfqdk@I awmiftmz&dutpdk;&tm; ta&;,l &efqHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? rsm;pGmaom tar&duefpD;yGg;a&;tzGJ@pnfrsm;
awmiftmz&durS xGufcGgvm=uonf? b%frsm;rSvnf; awmiftmz&drS aiGacs;vdkol aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;tm;
aiGa=u;acs;iSm;&efjiif;qdkcJhonf?
EkdifiHwumrS tvHk;t&if;jzifh pD;yGg;a&;ydwfqdk@ta&;,ljcif;onf vljzLtpdk;&ESifh‚if;.pD;yGg;a&tm; t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufavonf?

1980ckESpfrsm;tukefwGif awmiftmz&dEkdifiHonf pD;yGg;a&;wdk;wufr_aES;auG;aeonfudkawG@vm&onf/
aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ydkrsm;vmonf? xdk@a=umifh tpdk;&onfEkdifiHawmfudkqufIxdef;a=umif;&efrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f&dSonfhtjyif
tpdk;&tay:rSmtaumif;jrifr_enf;yg;vmonf? pD;yGg;a&;ydwfqdk@r_onf TtcsufudkydkI euf&id_ f;atmifvkyfEkdifcJhonf?
xdkuJhodk@rGef;=uyfaeonfhtcsdefwGif =oZm}uD;rm;aom vljzLtodkif;t0dkif;rS tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;onfhrla=umifh zdEdSyfr_rsm;jzpf

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a&mifcGJjcm;onfhpepftm; taES;ESifhtjref&yfqdkif;ypf&rnf[k qdkvm=uonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif a&mfbifu|ef;axmifxJrS
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ta0;a&mufacgif;aqmifrsm;zufrSvnf; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ESifh vlxkqENjyjcif;wdk@jzifh tpdk;&tm;
t+yD;owfacsr_ef;&efqdkonfrSm rjzpfEkdif/ jzpfEkdifyguvnf; wEkdifiHvHk;zGwfzGwfa=urS&rnfqdkv#ifvnf;
wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;omepfemrnfqdkonfudk oabmaygufem;vnfvm=uonf? ESpfzufpvHk;rS t=urf;zufIwdkufcdkuf jcif; onf
pOf;pm;zdk@yifrvdka=umif;odjrifvm=uI EkdifiHa&;enf;jzifhtajz&Sm&efpOf;pm;vm=uonf?
1985tapmydkif;wGif ESpfzufpwifIpum;ajymqdkr_rsm;&dSvmonf? vljzLpufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm; ZrfbD,mEkdifiHodk@oGm;a&muf+yD;

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owif;orm;rsm;ESifhtjcm;olrsm;onf attJefpDESifh tpnf;ta0;rsm;ðyvkyfvm=uonf? tpdk;&onfvnf; a&mbifu|ef;wGif
tusOf;usaeqJ e,fqif rJef'Jvm;ESifh v#dK@0SufIpum;ajymvmonf? rJef'Jvm;onf ckdifrmaompdwf"mwf &dSoljzpfovdk
oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olvnf;jzpfonf? ol.t,ltqonf vlrJtrsm;pkEkdifiHwGifa&&SnfY 'Drdkua&pDenf;t&qdkygu
vljzLrsm;tkyfcsKyf&efrjzpfEkdifay? vljzLrsm;EkdifiHa&; tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif usqHk;oGm;jcif;onf vlrJrsm;.
v$rf;rdk;r_}uD;rm;vmonf[kajymr&Ekdifay? vljzLrsm;onfvnf; 'Drdkua&pD&dSaom awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif vHkðcHpGmaexdkifEkdif r_&dS&rnf
tp&dSaomawG;ac:r_rsdK; rJef'Jvm;Y&dSonf? xdktjcufrsm;ay:rSaeI vljzLacgif;aqmifrsm;zufrSvnf; vlrdsK;a&;cGJjcm;r_pdwfr&dSaom
vlrJacgif;aqmifrsm;&dSaeonfudk odvm&onf? ESpfzufpvHk;wGif&dSaeonfh vdkufav#mr_enf;yg; aom
acgif;rmaomtajcaersm;a=umifh EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;onf awmfawmfESifhr+yD;jywfEdkifcJhay?
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t=urf;rzufaomenf;rsm;jzifh z,f&Sm;ypfEkdifcJhonf? armfpudkwGif rDac; a*:bmacsm@onf qdkAD,uf. taxmuftyHhrsm;jzifh
ouffqdk;&Snfaeaom tpdk;&rsm;udk EkdifiHa&;tygt0iftaxmuftyHhrsm;&yfqdkif;ypfvkdufonf? uGefjrLepfcsdef;ajcmufr_[k qdkonfh
ppffat;wdkufyGJ}uD;vnf;+yD;qHk;oGm;cJhonf? awmiftmz&dutpdk;&onfvnf; armfpudk&dSuGefjrLepfwdk@ taxmuftyhHjzifhwufvmrnfh
attJefpDudk umuG,fae&onf[k qufIrajymEkdifawmh+yD?

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tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;onfhpepfudkqufvufudkifpGJaeor# tpdk;&tzdk@vnf; wdk;wuf&eftvm;tvmr&dS[kjrifoljzpfonf? xdk@ twl
tu,fItcsdefqJGvGef;yguvnf; aqG;aEG;Itqifajyrnfh attJefpDrS rJef'Jvm;tygt0if acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef
tcGifhta&;vufvGwfoGm;rnfudkvnf; pdk;&drfae&onf? vli,facgif;aqmifykdif;onf xdkacgif;aqmifrsm;avmuf
oabmxm;rajymhaysmif;[k 'DuvyfzufrSjrifonf? 1989tukefavmufwGif tpdk;&onf twdkufcHrsm;. t=urf;rzuf
tEkenf;jzifhoydwfrsm; qENjyyGJ rsm;udk tiftm;oHk;ESdrfeif;jcif;rvkyfawmhay? atmufwdkbmvxJwGif a0gvfwm qDpl;vl;tyg t0if
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attJefpDESifh wyfOD;tygt0if t"duusaom twdkufcHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk ydwfyifxm;jcif;rS jyefvnfvkyfudkif &efcGifhðyvdkufonf?
EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm;jyefvnfv$wfay;+yD; ta0;a&mufrsm;udkvnf; wdkif;jynfwGif;odk@ jyefvm&ef cGifhðyvdkufonf?
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0efcHcJhonf? axmifxJwGif 27ESpf=umtusOf;=uaecJh+yD; azz0g&Dv 11&ufae@wGif rJef'Jvm;axmifrS vGwfajrmufonf?
rsm;r=umrSDtpdk;&onf Oya'pmtkyfxJwGifusef&dSaeao;aom tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;onfh t"duusaomOya'rsm;tm;

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1991ESpfukefwGif awmiftmz&dutem*wftwGuf w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;&ef pwifcJh=uonf? 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJtm; 1994
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a&;qGJ&efvnf; qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? txufygtcsuftvufrsm; rjynf@pHkrSDawmiftmz&dutm; =um;jzwftpdk;&jzifh
tkyfcsKyf&efqHk;jzwfonf? vlrJrsm;twGuf cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;cJhaoma'orsm;udk tjcm;a'orsm;ESifhtwlyl;aygif;vdkufonf?
vlyk*~dKvfwOD;jcif; pD.tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; tmrcHonf? wdkif&if;om;vlenf;pkEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; A[kdtpdk;&zGJ@pnf;yHkwGif
ae&may;onf? vlenf;pkvljzLrsm;onfvnf; vlrsm;pkESifhtwl tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif ae&mrsm;ay;xm;avonf?
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xdkjzpf&yfrsm;rSm 'Ddrdkua&pDodk@oGm;aepOf=um;umvY ae&mr&vdkufaomolrsm;.vkyf&yfrsm;a=umifhjzpfonf?
vufsmpGef;a&mufvljzLtcsKd@onf AHk;axmifcsif; twdkufcHacgif;aqmifrsm;udk vkyf}uHjcif;rsm; qufvkyfaecJhonf?
vlrJrsm;zufwGifvnf; tifumom vGwfajrmufa&;ygwD.t}uD;tuJjzpfol rif*dkql;ol; bloDavZDOD;aqmifaom vlrsm;onf
uGmZl;vl;e,fajrtm; aygif;pnf;xm;aom awmiftmz&dtwGif;yg0if&ef jiif;qefcJh=uonf? xdk@twGuf attJefpD opPmcHrsm;jzifh
emw,fESifh 0pf0g;wm;qif;e,fajrrsm;wGif wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfcJh&onf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlrsm;aoqHk;cJh &onf?
t=urf;zufr_onf 'Drdkua&pDudk wdkufcdkufr_rsm;rjzpfyGm;yJESifh ray;qdkonfhoabmrsKd;oufa&mufouJhodk@ jzpfcJhonf?
odk@aomfvnf;rJef'Jvm;ESifh 'Duvyfonfxdkjy\emrsm;a=umifh olwdk@qufvkyf&rnfhudpPrsm;udk =uef@=umrcHay? 1994 {+yDv 26rS 29

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ZeD;/ cifyGef;onfrsm;/ rdwfaqG&if;csm tcsKd@wdk@ESifh jynhfESufae+yD;/ reDvm av,mOfuGif;. tjyifzufwGifrl
zdvpfydkifvlrsKd;ESpfaomif;ausmfcef@ apmifhqdkif;aecJhonf? befeDEdk (eDEdk)udk onfaqmifvm onfh *sufav,mOf ajrjyif
odk@qif;ouf+yD;/ ajy;vrf;wavsmuf ajz;ajz;csif; armif;ESif;vmpOfwGif vufeuftjynfhwyfqifxm;aom ppfom;ESifh
tpdk;&&JwyfzGJ@0ifaygif; wpfaxmifhESpf&meD;yg;onf c&D;onf qif;onfhvrf;wavsmuf avqdyfwGif ajccsif;vdrfaecJh onf?
xdkae@onf oHk;ESpf=um tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGifaexdkifcJh+yD;aemuf/ zdvpfydkiftm%m&Sif tpdk;&udk twdkuf tcHðycJhonfh
twdkuftcH acgif;aqmifwOD; EdkifiHjcm;jynfajy;b0rSaeI wdkif;jynfodk@ jyefawmfjyefvmrnfh (1983) =o*kwfv. we*FaEGae@
eHeufcif;wckjzpfonf?
wddkifay-reDvm wem&D=umc&D;pOfjzpfaom ol@ c&D;pOf. aemufqHk; av,mOfbD;rºuGcif/ rufqmcsL;quf jynfe,fwGif&dSaom

ol.ZeD;onf udk&mZefxHodk@ zkef;qufcJhonf? olrcifyGef;udk &efolawmfjzpfaom zdvpfydkif wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf
AdkvfrSL;csKyfazbD,ef Am&l; tuDGElu (Fabian Veru Aquinu) ol. jynfawmfjyefc&D;udk [ef@wm;EdkifouJhodk@ ol@tm;
xdkif0rfodk@ av,mOfESifhjyefydk@&efudpPudkvnf; óud;pm;Edkifa=umif;udk vnf; udk&DtuGDEdk =um;cJh+yD;jzpfonf? orwzm'Deef rm;udk@pf
(Ferdinand Marcos) . ppftpdk;&wGif tuGDEdkudk rESpfvdkjzpfae&onfh ta=umif;&dSonf? zdvpfydkif
qD;edwftrwfwa,muftjzpf (1973) ckESpf rm;udk@pf rm&S,favm Oya'rxkwfjyefciftxd twdkuftcHudk awmufav#muf
OD;aqmifcJhonfh acgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfcJhonf? tar&duef EdkifiHodk@ aq;ukor_cH,l&efroGm;a&mufcifumv wav#mufvHk;wGif/
axmifckESpfESpfuscJhao;onf? xdkumvrsm; twGif; nDr#r_/ w&m;r#wr_udpPrsm;udk rm;udk@pfu yg;pyfuomajymI
av;av;eufeufvkyfaqmifay;jcif;r&dScJh? xdkodk@ zdvpfydkifvlrsKd;wdk@ ar#mfvifhawmif;waecJhaom nDr#r_ESifh w&m;r#wr_rsm;
rjynfh0onfh tajctaeudk ouf&Sdxif&Sm; jyoaeonfh jy,k*fwck tjzpf tuGDEdku &yfwnfjyvmcJhonf?
reDvmodk@ av,mOfrqif;oufcif tcsdefydkif;wGif/ tuGDEdku av,mOfay:&dS a&tdrfwGif;odk@oGm;I ol. qmzm&DyHkpH*smuifESifh

&SyftusDFtjzLatmufwGif usnfumtusDFudk aocsm0wfqifcJhao;onf? ol. touf tEW&m,ftwGuf vltrsm;u
ol@tm;wav#mufvHk; owday;cJh=uonf? ol@c&D;rxGufcGmcif E_wfqufyGJygwDY olajymcJhonfhpum;t& ol@taejzifh
ol&Jaumif;bGJ@udkyif vdkvdkcsifcsif vufcHaernfh yHkayguaf ecJhonf? “*E<D&J@pum;t&qdk&if - tjypfuif;rJholwOD;.
pGef@v$wftepfemcHvdkpdwf[m =urf;ñuwfwJh tm%m&SiftwGuf pGrf;tm;txufjrufqHk; wHk@jyefcsufwckjzpfw,f/” [k
oluajymcJhao;onf? avmhpftdef*s,fvdpw f Gif acwWem;aepOf trfabZ'g[dkw,f (Ambassador Hotel) odk@
0ifa&mufvnfywfI ol@rdwfaqG vkyfaz:udkifzufwOD;tm; ol@tae jzifh a&mbwfuae'D [dkw,frD;zdkacsmiftwGif;
vkyf}uHcH&ovdkrsKd; ypfowfcH&Edkifa=umif; ajymcJhao;onf?
*sufav,mOf}uD; avqdyf*dwfY&yfem;vdkufaomtcg/ avqdyfvHkðcHa&;Aefum;rsm;xJrS ppfom;rsm;xGufay: vm+yD; av,mOfudk

0dkif;xm;vdkuf=uonf? &dkifz,faoewfrsm;udk tqifoifhjyifxm;vdkufonf? &JwyfzGJ@0ifoHk;OD; av,mOf ay:odk@wufI/
tuGDEdkxHodk@oGm;um ol@udk wHcg;0txd jcH&Hac:aqmifvmcJh=uonf? av,mOfESifhwGJqufxm;aom xGufaygufvrf;ay:odk@
olwdk@tm;vHk;wufcJh+yD;aemuf &Jom;wOD;u &kyfjrifoH=um; uifr&morm;wOD;ESifh owif;axmufrsm;udk
[ef@wm;onfhtaejzifh wHcg;ydwfcJhonf? tuGDEdkudk ab;qGJwHcg; wckrSwqifh uaomuarsm jzwfoGif;vdkuf+yD;/
avqdyfajy;vrf;qDodk@OD;wnfaom avScg;twdkif; qif;vmcJh onf? puUef@ydkif;twGif;rSmyif aoewf ypfoHwcsuf
=um;vdkuf&onf/ xdk@aemuf twGJvdkufypfcwfoHawG qufwdkufqdkovdk xGufay:vmcJhonf? tjcm;c&D; onfrsm;
a&mufvmaomtcsdefwGif eDEdk tuGDEdkrSm t*Faw vloGm;vrf;ay:wGif '%f&mtjyif;txefjzifh rsufESmtyfI vJusae+yD;/

vufeufrsm;onfvnf; jyef@usJ aecJhonf? teD;em;wGif usnfqefpumaygufaeaom aemufxyfcE<mudk,fwck
vJavsmif;ae+yD;/ xdkolrSm vkyf}uHr_wGif wm0ef&dSol[kpGwfpGJcH&aom a&mfe,f'dk *Jvfref;[k aemufydkif;wGif az:xkwfEdkifcJhonf?
xdkvkyf}uHr_owif;onf urBmtESH@odk@ avvd_if;rSwqifhjyef@ESH@oGm;aomfvnf; zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif;wGif rnfonfhowif;r#

azmfjyr_r&dScJhay? rm;udk@pfxdef;csKyfxm;aom owif;pm/ a&'D,dk/ &kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;wGif Tta=umif;ESifh ygwfoufI wpGef;wpr#
razmfjycJhyg? a'ocH &dkrefuufovpfa&'D,dk toHv$ifhXmewck jzpfaom a&'D,dk Am&Dwufpf (trSefw&m;a&'D,dk) wckom
tuGDEdkif towfcH&r_owif;udk 0rf;enf; a=uuGJpGmjzifh owif;ydk@cJhonf? xdkowif;udk avvd_if;ay:wGif xyfcgwvJ
v$ifhay;cJhjcif;a=umifh vlxk 0rf;enf;r_a=uuGJr_ESifhtwl &kwfcsnf;qENNjyyGJrsm; woDwwef;}uD; jzpfay:vmapcJhonf?
0rf;enf;ylaqG;ol vla&pD;a=umif;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@ tdrfcef;rsm;rSonf reDvmòrd@awmf/ uGDZHk&dS tuGDEdkaexdkif&mtdrfqDodk@
*g&0ðy&ef ESpf&uf=um pDwef;Ia&mufvmcJh=uonf? atmf&dk&mtuGDEdku olom;. cE<mudk,fudk
psmyeESifhyufoufaomudpPrsm;twGuf tjyifydkif;tjyiftqifrsm; ay;rqifapyJ/ aoG;pGef;aomt0wftpm;
rsm;ESifhomxm;&dS&ef trdef@ay;xm;+yD; jzpfonf?
tuGDEdk. rdcif}uD; wreuf t&k%frwufciftcsdef tdyf,mrS Edk;vmaomtcg {nfhcef;twGif;&dS tacgif; ab;em;wGif

a,mufsm;awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ajz;ajz;csif; vSrf;vmaeonfudk awG@cJh&onf? “rif;wdk@apmvS csnfvm;vdk@/ usru
olwdk@xHoGm;+yD; ar;vdkufwJhtcgrSm jyefajymwmu olwdk@[m wuUpDarmif;orm;awG jzpfa=umif;/ tvkyfudk
ajcmufem&Dta&mufoGm;&rSm jzpfwJhtwGuf/ 'Dtcsdefwckwnf;omv#if olwdk@twGuf pDwef;+yD;t&dktaoay; Edkifa=umif;
ajymjycJh=uygw,f?” “aemufydkif; jcif;awmif; t}uD;}uD;awG &GufvmwJh trsKd;orD;}uD;wpk a&mufvm=uw,f/ olwkd@awGu
vrf;ab; ig;aps;onfawG/ ae@vnfydkif;=uawmh usr ZdkbJvfrdom;pkawG (csrf;om ºuG,f0aomrdom;pkrsm;)ESifh
ruwDpDyGm;a&;orm;awGudk awG@cJh&w,f? vlcsrf;omaum/ vlqif;&Jyg eDEdkudk vm=unfh=uw,f?” wdkif;rf;pf vrf;r}uD;ay:wGif
0rf;enf;yufvufjzifh apmihfqdkif;aeaom vlwef;}uD;awG@cJhonfh trsKd;om;v$wfawmftrwfwOD;u Todk@rSwfcsufcscJhonf?
“tm;vHk;udk tarSmifcs/ a&'D,dkxJrSmvnf; bmr#a&a&&m&m az:jywmrsdKvnf;r&dScJhbl;/ EdkifiHwum owif;XmeawGu bmjzpfcJh
w,fqdkwmudk twdtus az:jy vdkufwJhtcgrSom usaemftzdk@uawmh bma=umifh reDvmòrd@awmfrSm vlawGvrf;tjynfh
a&mufvm&apwJhtcsufudk odcJh&w,f? olwdk@wawG owif; tarSmifcsxm;cJhw,f? 'ga=umifh bmjzpfw,fqdkwmudkodzkd@ olwdk@
udk,fwdkifvm=unfh=uwm jzpfw,f? olwdk@ wu,fhudk emusnf;r_/ rcHr&yf jzpf&r_tjyif a'gotrsufacsmif;acsmif;
xGufaecJh=uw,f? ” oluajymonf?
*dk%f;csKyfbkef;awmf}uD; *srifpif;u tuGDEdkonf 'Drdkua&pDta&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif usqHk;oGm;jcif;jzpfa=umif;/ pefwdk'dkrif*dk

bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif; xHk;xrf;pOfvmt& ðyvkyfaom tokbtcrf;tem;wGif tuGDEdkudk csD;usL; axmyemðycJh=uonf?
qkawmif;yGJt+yD;wGif acgif;tkyfaom oefvsif;ydwf udkifqdkifxm;olrsm;u tavmif;pifudk x&yfum;.0rf;jym;ay:odk@
wifvdkuf=uonf/ xdk@aemuf reDvmwGif tus,fqHk;ESifh t&SnfqHk; vrf;r}uD;jzpfaom tufyDzefeD,dk 'D avmhpf qefwdk@pf
(twdkaumuf tuf'fpmvrf;r}uD;[kac:onf?) Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) vrf;r}uD;ay:wGif
apmifhqdkif;ae=uaom vlaxmif;aygif;rsm;pGmudk jzwfI o,faqmifvm cJh=uonf? vltkyf}uD;onf ESpfoef;r#txd
rsm;jym;cJhonf? atmufarhzG,fyef;jcH&dS ajrjr‡KyfESHoò*d[f&mae&modk@ o,faqmifvmaom &Spfrdkifcef@c&D; wGif
tavmif;o,faqmifvmonfudk wcsufr#=unfh&&eftwGuf vlxkrsm;u em&Drsm;pGm apmifhqdkif;aecJh=uonf?
acgif;pD;pmwef;rsm; vrf;rrsm;wGif csdwfqGJxm;cJh=uonf? “EdkifiHa&;zdESdyfr_ESifh ppfwyft=urf;zuf0g''%f cHpm;&ol
tm;vHk;twGuf w&m;Oya't& az:xkwfay;a&;” “EdkifiHa&;zdESdyfr_udk wdkufxkwf=u” ponfh pmwef;rsm; csw d q f JG
xm;cJh=uonf?
t}uD;rm;qHk;aom qENjyyGJrsm;teufrS wckonf reDvmurf;ajctxufydkif;wGif&dSaom yef;jcHwckwGif pkpnf;ðyvkyfcJh=uonf?

xdkyef;jcHonf zdvpfydkifEdkifiHtm; pydefxHrS vGwfvyfa&; t&,lay;cJhonfh q,fh&Spf&mpk &Sd awmfvSefa&;orm;[dkaq; &DaZmf
(Jose Rizal) udk*k%fðyxm;aom txdrf;trSwf &kyfxkxm;&mae&myif jzpfonf? “olwdk@u usKyfudkaoewfeJ@ypfowf&if tJ'g
olwdk@u usKyfudk ol&Jaumif;jzpfatmif vkyfay;vdkufwmyJ” [k eDEdk tuGDEdk wcgu ajymcJhbl;onf? “tu,fIom pydefawGu
&DaZmfudk jyefrac:yJ ypfrowfcJhbl; qdk&if &DaZmf bmjzpfoGm;EdkifvJ/” “olvJusKyfvdk EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSm b0jr‡KyfoGm;rJh

aemufxyfjynfajy;wa,muf jzpfoGm;rSmaygh” olu wcsdefu ajymcJhzl;onf? ,ck reDvmom;rsm; rdk;a&xJwGif
axmifaygif;&mESifhcsDI &DaZmf &kyfxkESifh eDEdktuGDEdk. tavmif;pifa&S@wGif &yfae=uonf? vufoD;rsm;udk wif;wif;qkyf/ vufrESifh
vuf!dk;udk t*FvdyftuQ&m t,fvf (L) ykHpHðyI &yfaecJh=uonf? xdk t,fvfonf tuGDEdk. EdkifiHa&;ygwD Laban
(wdkufyGJ0if=u[k t"dy`g,f&onf) udk oauFwðyjcif; jzpfonf? tcsKd@aom ylaqG;olrsm;u olwdk@. rdcifbmompum;jzpfaom
wm*gavmh*f (Tagalog) bmompum;jzifh “eDEdk/ hindi ka nag-iisa (eDEdk/ cifAsm;wa,mufwnf; r[kwfbl;) [lI
atmf[pfcJh=uonf?
xdkv_yf&Sm;r_udk EdkifiHwGif;&Sd owif;&kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;wGif razmfjycJhay? a&'D,dk Am&Dwufpf. owif;xkwfjyefr_udk

vnf;uef@owfcJhonf? owif;pmrsm;uvnf; tokbydk@aqmifaepOftwGif; jyif;jyif;xefxef'%f&m&cJhaom vdkufyg
ydk@aqmifolwOD;. yHkudkazmfjy,HkrSvGJI bmqdkbmr#rajymyJ a&iHkE_wfydwfaecJhonf? bmqdkbmr# rygcJhay?
zm&dk;bk&if/ &Sm;bk&if/ tifydkif,mjynfh&Sif/ rif;{u&mZfESifh zufqpfacgif;aqmif
zdvpfydkifrsm; yxrOD;qHk;t}udrfrJay;jcif;onf &k&Srsm; (1905) pdef@yDwmpbwf&dS aqmif;&moDeef;awmfqDodk@ csDwuf+yD;

ESpfESpft=umESifh r[wWr*END awmiftmzd&duY tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;udk pwifpnf;&Hk;onfh tcsdefESifh vnf; wxyfwnf;r# jzpfcJhonf?
(1898) ckESpfwGif pydefESifh jzpfyGg;aomppfyGJt+yD; pydefxHrS zdvpfydkifudkodrf;,lcJhonfh tar&dueftpdk;&. taxmuftyHhjzifh
usif;ycJhjcif;jzpfonf? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh tcGifhtm%mudk zdvpfydkifvlrsKd;rsm; twGuf cGifðycJhaomfvnf;/ tjynhft0
'Drdkua&pDawmh r[kwfcJhay? vlOD;a&. tpdwftydkif;tcsKd@r#om rJay;EdkifcGifh&dScJh=uonf? yxrqHk; a&G;aumufyGJ tEdkif&
orwonf (1935) ckESpfwGif zdvpfydkif "eo[m,EdkifiHtqifh a&muf&dSonfhtcsdeftxd trSefpifppftm%m[lI
vuf0,fr&dScJhay? tjynfht0vGwfvyfa&;ESifh rJay;ydkifcGifh tvsiftjrefwdk;jr‡ifh&&Sdjcif;onf (1947) ckESpf
'kwd,urBmppft+yD;umvwGifrSom jzpfay:vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
aemufxyfESpf ESpf=umaomtcg v$wfawmftrwfwOD;.om;jzpfol vli,fwpfOD; jzpfaom zg'Deefrm;udk@pfonf

EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;xJ pwifyg0ifvmcJhonf? toufoHk;q,fomom&dSao;aomfvnf; ol.owif; ausmf=um;aecJh+yD;
jzpfonf? ol@taz. EdkifiHa&;òydifbuf wOD;udk owfr_jzifh tzrf;cH&+yD;rS uGif;vHk;u|wf jyefvGwfvmcJhaomolwOD; jzpfonf?
(1950) ESpfrsm;wGif olonf &kwfcsnf;qdkovdk trsKd;om;a&; acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf ay:xGufvmcJhonf? Todk@jzpf&jcif;rSm
ckcHa&;ppftwGif; acgif;aqmif wpfa,muf tjzpfyg0ifcJhaom ol.ol&Jaumif;qefqefyHkjyifrsm;a=umifh wpdwfwydkif;ygovdk/
zdvpfydkifEdkifiHa&;. =ueftif vuQ%mjzpfaom r[mrdwfzGJ@jcif;ESifh vltkyfpkarG;r_udpPrsm;wGif wzufurf;wufu|rf;aom
ol.tpGrf; a=umifhvnf; wpdwfwydkif;ygwfoufaeonf?
EdkifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wOD;tjzpf olemrnfausmf=um;vmcJhonf? rm;udk@pfonf (1965) ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJ wGif

orwtjzpf a&G;aumufcHcJh&onf? olu zdvpfydkifvlr_b0wGif t&dk;pGJaecJhaom jcpm;r_udk wdkufzsuf&efESifh wdkif;jynf.
ºuG,f0r_"ersm;rnDr#jzpfaer_udk avsmhcs&eftwGuf/ ajr,mðyjyifa&; vkyfaqmif&ef ponfhjzifh uwdu0wfrsm; ay;cJhonf?
odk@aomfvnf; ol.vkyfEdkifpGrf;rsm;ESifh wdkif;jynft&if;tjrpfrsm;rsm;udk vrf;rsm;aqmufjcif;/ wHwm;rsm;aqmufjcif;/
oabFmqdyfcHrsm; aqmufjcif;wGifom yHkatmtoHk;ðyaecJh+yD;/ xdkvkyfief; rsm;a=umifh b¾ma&;wGif
vdkaiGt}uD;tus,fjyvmcJhonf? (1969) ckESpfwGif w}udrf olorwtjzpf aemufxyf jyefvnfa&G;aumufcH&jyefonf?
zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif olonf yxrOD;qHk;aom jyefta&G;cH&onfh orwwOD;jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf
xdkodk@jyefvnfa&G;aumufcH&jcif;onf jynfolb¾maiG tajrmuftrsm;udk oHk;I rJ0,fcJhaoma=umihf jzpfonf?
a&G;aumufyGJESifhqufEG,faom owfjzwfr_E_ef;onfvnf; tqrwef xdk;wufaecJhonf? “1949 ckESpfpI
usif;ycJhaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rnfonfha&G;aumufyGJur#/ aemufqHk;,cka&G;aumufyGJxufydkI t=urf;zufr_/
tvdrftnmESifhyufoufI tjiif;yGg;&r_/ qlavmif atmf[pfr_rsm;aom a&G;aumufyGJrr&SdcJhay?” [k zdvpfydkif
vGwfvyfaomowif;pmrsm;rS rm;udk@pf a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;wGif azmfjycJhonf?

a&G;aumufyGJtwGif; ravsmfuefðyr_rsm;ESifh tar&duef-AD,uferfppftay: rm;udk@pf. axmufcHr_rsm;a=umifh
a'goxGufae=uaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf reDvmòrd@ay:wGif t}uD;tus,fqENjycJh=u+yD;/ wcgw&H t=urf;zufrsm;
txdjzpfyGg;cJhonf? wcsed fwnf;wGif ukef;wGif;ydkif;rsm;twGif;vnf; uGefjrLepfolykefxr_ rsm; ydkrdkqlylvmcJh+yD;/
wdkif;jynfr+idrfoufr_udk jr‡ifhwifay;ovdk jzpfcJhonf? orwonf tv,ftvwf oabmxm;aysmhajymif;ol òydifzufrsm;.
jyif;xefaom a0zefr_rsm;wGifvnf; t"duypfrSwfwckjzpfcJhonf? rm;udk@pfonf olwdk@. a0zefcsufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&rnfhtpm;/
xkdoltm;vHk;udk E_wfydwf&ef v_yf&Sm;cJhonf? urBmawmifbuftjcrf;wGif&dSaom pydefudkvdkeDa[mif;EdkifiHwckjzpfaom csDvDwGif
'Drdkua&pDt& a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufxm;aomtpdk;&wckudk atmf*pfx&dk yDEdka&S;rS ðzwfrcscif wESpfyifrvdkawmhonfh tcsdef
(1972) ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif rm;udk@pfu rm&S,favmOya'udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? xdkOya'jzifh rm;udk@pfonf orwtm;
oufwrf;ESpfckom tkyfcsKyfcGifðyaom wdkif;jynf. tajccHOya'udk zsufodrf;cJhonf? 'korw ae&mtm; zsufodrf;vdkufonf?
owif;pmwdkufrsm;udk ydwfyifcJhonf? yk*~vdu a&'D,dkESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;&Hk tawmfrsm;rsm;udk odrf;,lcJhonf? vlxkpk&Hk;cGifhrsm;udk
jiif;y,fcJhonf? &Hk;xkwfrdef@rsm;udk &yfqdkif;cJhonf? EdkifiHa&;òydifzufrsm;udk olykefxEdkifonf[laom pGwfpGJcsufrsm;jzifh
tuGufqifum pwifzrf;qD;cJhonf? tajccHOya't& a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcHxm;&aom orwwOD;onf/ ol@udk,fol
tm%m&Siftjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJapcJhonf?
'Drdkua&pDta&; ckcHumuG,fol a&G;aumufcHEdkifiHa&;orm; tenf;pkonf rm;udk@pfu v$wfawmfESpf&yfudk ol.

vl@abmifopfwnfaqmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ (New Society Movement) odk@r[kwf (KBL) rS vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm; aom
&kyfao;trsKd;om;v$wfawmf wckwnf;jzifh tpm;xkd;vdkufjcif;udk bmr#rajymomyJ vufydkuf =unfhaecJh=u& onf?
tar&duefpmoifausmif;rsm;wGif toHk;ðyaom jyXgef;pmtkyfrsm;uJhodk@ zdvpfydkif pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDudk
q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm avhvmoif,lcJhaomolrsm;twGuf xdkajymif;vJr_rsm;onf ESpfvdka=ueyfzG,f&m awmhr[kwfcJhay?
rm;ukd@pftm%mwnfaqmufaeonfh yHkpHuvnf; vltrsm; udk ydkIra=ureyfjzpfapcJhonf?
orwrm;udk@pfu ol.ZeD; tvSbk&ifra[mif; orwuawmf tDr,fvf'g (Imelda) udk (1975) ckESpfwGif

reDvmòrd@awmf0efcef@tyfI aemufydkif;wGif uufbdeuf0ef}uD;tjzpfyg cef@tyfcJhonf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk
olwudk,fwnf;twGuf pkyHk,laejcif;onf/ tEWdr&nfrSef;csuw f cktwGuf taumiftxnfazmfvkyfaeonfhyHk aygufaecJhonf?
xdk&nfrSef;csufrSm [Gef (Juan) ESifh tDApfwm yD&Gef (Evita Peron) wdk@ wcgrS pdwful; r,OfcJhzl; aom
urBmhtm%m&SifpHkwGJtjzpf udk,fhudkudk,f t=unfòidcH&ap&ef zefwD;ouJhodk@ jzpfaecJhonf? rwefr&m rSef;q onfvnf;
jzpfaumif;jzpfrnf?
orwonf zdvpfydkifEdkifiH. t"dupDyGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm;vHk;udk csKyfudkifr_ avsmhcsay;&efudpPrsm;udkvnf; tjyif;txef

jiif;qefcJhonf/ olwdk@vifr,m;. yk*~dKvfa&;csrf;omºuG,f0r_onf ig;bDvD,Htxd wdk;wufvm cJhonf? tDr,fvf'gonf
orweef;awmfxJwGif rav;yHkpH tm'rfESifh {0 uJhodk@ yHkaz:xm;aom ‚if;wdk@. ZeD;armifESHpHkwGJ yHkwl yef;csDum;csyf}uD;udk
csdwfqGJjyoxm;cJhonf? xdk@tjyif rdk[mruftvD/ *sdK;z&DZm. csefyD,Hvufa0S@AdkvfvkyGJESifh urBmhtvSr,fa&G;yGJrsm;
zdvpfydkifwGifðyvkyf&ef óudwifpm&if;oGif;xm;jcif; uJhodk@aom vkyfief;rsm;wGif tcsdefðzef;ae cJhonf? rm;udk@pfonfvnf;
a*gufuGif;ESifh ta0;ajy; wHwm;vrf;r }uD;rsm;tm; tay:rSqD;jrif&aom ol. {&mr }uD;rm;aom OD;acgif;yHk}uD;udk
wnfaqmufcJh+yD;/ xdka*gufuGif;ESifh ta0;ajy;wHwm;vrf;r}uD;tm; ESpfckpvHk;tm; ol. trnfay;apcJhonf? rdrdudk,frdrd
xifay:atmif vkyfaqmifjcif;onf orwvkyfaqmif&aom vkyfief;wckuJho@dk jzpfvmcJhonf?
rm&S,favm Oya'xkwfjyefaom tcsdefwGif tuGDEdkonf zdvpfydkifqD;edwfwGif &J&Jwif;wif; xkwfaz:a0zef ajymqdk&Jaom

vpfb&,fygwDacgif;aqmif wpfa,muftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaecsdefjzpfonf? vlxkpka0;yGJ wckwGif AHk;aygufuGJr_jzpfI
vlckESpfOD;aoqHk;r_wGif tuGDEdktm; ouFmruif;r_jzifh zrf;qD;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif ol.arG;pm;orD;. aphpyfa=umif;vrf;ygwDwGif
ol&dSaecJhonfESifh ygwfoufI rsufjrifoufaorsm; txif t&Sm;&dScJhonf? odk@aomf ol@udk vlowfr_jzifhpGwfpGJI
axmifcsxm;cJh+yD;/ w&m;cHk&Hk;rwifyJ vaygif;rsm;pGm wdkufydwfxm;cJhonf? zdk@wf bGefeDazhpf (Fort Boniface)
tusOf;axmifrSpma&;om;cJh&mwGif tuGDEdku ppftpdk;&onf ordkif;urSwfwrf;wifxm;&rnfh aemufa=umif;jyefqGJqHk;/
ttdka[mif;qHk; vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wckudk jyefvnftoufoGif;ae+yD;/ xdkvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk waoG;woHtrdef@bk&if/

oufOD;qHydkifbk&if/ rif;{u&pf/ bk&if/ zufqpfacgif;aqmif/ emZDacgif;aqmif/ OuUX odk@r[kwf orw [kac:aomolu vl@b0.
ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;tm;vHk;udk wcsufv$wftrdef@jzifh tkyfpdk;aeonf[k a&;om;cJhonf?
rm;udk@pftay: vlxkqef@usifr_rsm; qufvufjzpfay:aecJhonf? odk@aomf owif;acgif;}uD;ydkif;rsm;wGif ppftpdk;&udk

t=urf;zufqef@usifae=uol &efolrsm;.ta=umif;uom v$rf;rdk;aecJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; *syefudk wdkufcdkufcJhaom
v,form; ykefuefr_udk OD;aqmifcJh+yD;/ ppfyGJvGefumvrsm;wGif zdvpfydkifajr&Sifrsm;udk awmfvSefaomwdkufyGJwGif OD;aqmifcJh aom
uGefjrLepfrsm;onf (1960) ESpfrsm;wGif tpdk;&udk qefusifwdkufcdkufaom ‚if;wdk@. aysmuf=um;xdk;ppf rsm;udk jyefvnfI
toufoGif;cJhonf? ‚if;wdk@. jynfol@wyfrawmfopf New People's Army (NPA) onf rm&S,favm ppftkyfcsKyfa&;
xkwfjyef+yD;onfhaemuf tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmcJh+yD;/ wdkif;jynf. tpGef;tzsm; jynfe,frsm;. oHk;yHkwyHkcef@udk
xdef;csKyfxm;EdkifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif ppftpdk;&onf rGwfqvifcGJxGufa&;orm;rsm;. wdkif;jynfawmifydkif; a'orsm;wGif
vufeufudkifpdefac:r_udkvnf; &ifqdkifaecJh&onf? tm&yf a&eHxkwfvkyfaom wdkif;jynfrsm;. zdtm;rsm;a=umifh
a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh oabmwlnDcsuf&,lI yÉdyuQrsm;udk tqHk;owf&ef awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? odk@aomf
rnfonfhtcgr# ol.uwdudk taumiftxnf raz:ay;cJhovdk olykefxr_udkvnf; tqHk;rowfEdkifcJhay? uGefjrLepfESifh
rGwfqvifrsm;. pdefac:tHwkr_rsm;onf ppfat;wap>ajcmufcHae&aom tar&duef&dS rl0g'a&;qGJolrsm;twGuf jcdrf;ajcmufr_
rsm;ozG,f jzpfaecJh+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDudk vnfvdrfcsdK;aeaom rm;udk@pf.enf;vrf;rsm; aemufodk@vdkuf&ef ydkrdk vG,fulapcJhonf?
xdk@tjyif taemufydkif; vlZkefa'o&dS pl;bpf y,fv,fatmfwGif tajcpdkufaom tar&duef a&wyfpcef;}uD;ESifh
reDvm.jrmufbufjcrf; um;jzifharmif;ygu wem&Dcef@t=umc&D;&Sd uvyf (uf) uGif;jyif Clark Field wGiftajcpdkufaom
avwyf AHk;}uJpcef;}uD;onfvnf; ypdzdwfa'owGif; tar&dueftm%mpuf0ef;. t"dutcsuftcsmusaom ae&mrsm;tjzpf
wnf&SdaecJhonf? xdkodk@ aom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;a=umihf 0g&Sifwefonf zdvdydkifEidk fiHtwGif; wnfjidrfr_ &dSaeapvdkonf?
(1970) ESpfrsm;wGif uGefjrLepfwdk@. +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk ZmcsJ@I rm;udk@pfonf orw&pfcsyfepfqifxHrS ppftkyfcsKyfa&;
rm&S,favmudk axmufcHr_ESifhtwl/ av;ESpfpm ppfa&;tultnDrsm; qxufwdk; &&dScJhonf?
tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;onfvnf; rm;udk@pfudk rdwaf qGwOD;tjzpf jrifcJh=uonf? zdvpfydkifonf tar&duefEdkifiH.

&if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_ tawmfrsm;rsm;udk qGJaqmifEdkifcJh+yD;/ tar&duef ukefonf}uD;rsm;toif; uvnf; EdkifiHjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
ajrae&mydkifqdkifcGifhudk tEW&m,fjzpfapEdkifonfh EdkifiHawmfw&m;&Hk;csKyf. qHk;jzwfcsufudk rm;udk@pfu
zsufodrf;ay;vdkufonfhtwGuf rm;udk@pfudk csD;usL;axmyemðycJh=uonf? zdvpfydkif EdkifiHonf tcsuftjcmusonf?
awmifw&kwfyifv,fudk cGxdkifxm;+yD;/ xdkyifv,fudkjzwfI tif'dkeD;&Sm;rS *syefodk@a&eHwif oabFmrsm;tygt0if/
tjcm;a&eHxkwfvkyfaom EdkifiHrsm;yg xdkyifv,fvrf;udkjzwfI toHk;ðyae=u&onf? xdk@a=umifh xdkae&m. r[mAsL[m
tcsuftjcmusr_onf vGefpGmrSyif wefzdk;&dScJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiGonfvnf; qxufwefydk; ydkrdkwdk;yGm;aecJhonf?
EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HyHkaiGtzGJ@ (tdkiftrftufzf) ESifh urBmhb%ftjyif tar&duefb%frsm;rS
yrm%tajrmuftjrm;xyfjznfhvdkufygu (1972) ckESpf rm&S,af vm xkwfjyefcsdef taºuG; a':vm 2²7 bDvD,HrSonf 1977
ckESpfwGif a':vm 10² 7 bDvD,H txdwdk;wufvm cJhonf?
xkdtcsdefwGif axmifwGif;&dSzdvpfydkiftwdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;udk wjznf;jznf; OyuQmðycHcJh&onf? (1977) ckESpf wGif

EdkifiHwumvGwf+idrf;csrf;oma&;tzGJ@}uD;rS xkwfjyefaom tpD&ifcHpmt& 1972 ckESpf pufwifbmvrS 1977 azaz:0g&DvtwGif;
EdkifiHa&;ESifhqufEG,fzrf;qD;r_ ajcmufaomif;cef@ðyvkyfcJha=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? rouFmolrsm; udk zrf;qD;I
&dkufESufppfaq;jcif;onf yHkrSefjzpfpOfwck jzpfcJhonf? *sifrDumwm tdrfjzLawmfodk@ a&mufvmaom tcgwGif rm;udk@pfonf
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;oHk;axmifudk [efjyv$wfay;cJhonf? odk@aomf txif&Sm;qHk; tusOf;om; jzpfaom eDEdktuGDEdkuawmh
oHwdkifrsm;aemufwGif qufvuf &dSaecJhao;onf?
vlxktmcHzDqefr_udk jzpfvmapaom tiftm;wck
(1978) ckESpfwGif rm;udk@pfonf [efaqmif'Drdkua&pDt"Gef@&Snfap&ef a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;ycJhonf? befe*fEdk tuGDEdk

(Benigno Aquino) onf ‚if;.tusOf;axmifxJrSaeI vbefygwD (Laban Party) udk wnfaxmifcJh+yD;/

trsdKK;om;v$wfawmfodk@ vludk,fwdkifudk,fusrvmEkdifI vlrht J aejzifh a&G;aumufyGJodk@ 0ifcJh onf? a&G;aumufyGJonf KBL
ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkom Edkifacs&dS&ef twdtusvkyfxm;rSef; odaomfjim;vnf; vbefygwDonf
a&G;aumufyGJtóudae@rsm;wGif a&G;aumufyGJudk qef@usif&ef aqmf=opmrsm;udk jzef@a0cJhonf? owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdefrsm;wGif
Manilienos rsm;rS [Gef;rsm;wD;jcif;/ tdk;rsm;wD;jcif;/ atmf[pfjcif;/ ntcsdefwGif r+idrfoufr_rsm; zefwD;jcif;
pojzifðyvkyfcJh=uonf? xdkt&mrsm;onf aemufig;ESpft=um yDEdka&S; tpdk;&udkqef@usifaom csDvDom;rsm;. yxrOD;qHk;
EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m qENjyyGJrsm;wGif ðyvkyf=urnfh t&mrsm; jzpfonf? odk@aomf a&G;aumufyGJ &vm'ft& rm;udk@pfonf
rJay;vkyfief;pOf wckvHk;udk aumif;aumif; xdef;csKyf oGm;Edkifonfudk jyooGm;onf? c&dkif (30) teuf (7) ckwGif KBL onf
100 &mE_ef;jynhf tEdkif&cJhonf? tv,fydkif; 0dqm,mc&dkifwckwnf;omv#if twdkuftcHrsm; trsm;pk tEdkif&&dSa=umif;
rSwfwrf;wifEdkifcJh onf? vbefygwD. tiftm;taumif;qHk;a'ojzpfaom reDvmòrd@awmfwGif twdkuftcHygwDonf rJpkpkaygif;
(31) &mckdifE_ef;om&I KBL onf 69 &mcdkifE_ef; &&dScJhonf?
uGefjrLepfr[kwfonfh twdkuftcHrsm;onf pdwf"gwfus+yD;/ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifa&; vrf;a=umif;ay:odk@ ajymif;vJ cJh=uonf?

jynfya&muf twdkuftcHrsm;. tultnDjzifh pD;yGm;a&;orm; t,fvf'l&m'dk tdka&;*g Eduardo Olaguer onf
vlxkw&m;r#wa&;pDrHudef; (Project Public Justice) zJG@pnf;cJhonf? xdktzGJ@onf vlxktm%m zDqefr_udk
ydkrdktiftm;aumif;vmap&ef ðyvkyfay;aom tiftm;pkwckjzpfcJhonf? xdktiftm;pkonf tm%m&Siftm;
rwnfjidrfvmatmifvkyfa&;/ vlxkudk vGwfajrmufr_qDokd@ aemufqHk;wGef;tm; wcktjzpfpkpnf;a&; ponfwdk@udk
vkyfaqmif&efjzpf+yD;/ t=urf;rzufa&; r[mAsL[mudk vufcHonfhyHkrsKd; usifhoHk;cJhonf? odk@aomf (1978) ckESpf toHrsm;jzifh
taESmuft,Sufðyonfh enf;emudk oabmuscJhaoma=umifh tdka&*g. tkyfpkonf tdk;awG/ ',f/ Aef;awGacgufaom olrsm;udk
pepfwusompnf;&Hk;Edkifygu awmfvSefykefuef&eftxd qGJaqmifEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfcJh =uonf? xdktkyfpkonf
rD;&d_@onfhvkyfief;udk pdwftm;xufoefcJh+yD;/ tpdk;& taqmuftOD;wckudk rD;&d_@jcif;/ [kdw,f rsm;udk rD;&d_@jcif;ESifh
reDvmyifv,fatmfrS umpDEdkoabFmwpif;tm; rD;&d_@jcif;rsm;ðyvkyfcJhonf? tpdk;&onf umpDEdkrsm; tm;vHk;udk xdef;csKyfxm;+yD;/
rm;udk@pfonf xdkumpDEdkrsm;udk vmbfay;vmbf,lESifh tcGifhta&;tm%mtwGuf aiG0if vrf;aumif;aom
t&if;tjrpfwcktjzpf toHk;cs cJhonf? odk@aomf rD;&d_@r_owif;onf rm;udk@pf xdef;csKyfaom owif;rD'D,mwGif yg0ifEdkifcJhjcif;
r&dSaoma=umifh vlxktm%mzDqefr_udk ydkrdktiftm;aumif;vmap&ef ðyvkyfay;aom tiftm;pkrS tzGJ@0ifrsm; tzrf;cHcJh& onf?
7-ESpf tusOf;uscH&+yD;aemuf eDEdktuGDEdkudk vlowfr_jzifh tjypf&dSonf[k rm;udk@pfcef@tyfaom w&m;cHk&Hk;rS ao'%f

csrSwfcJhonf? odk@aomf tuGDEdkonf (1980) ckESpfwGif ESvHk;tajctaeraumif;a=umif; ppfaq; awG@&dS&aoma=umihf
tar&duef EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmerS =um;0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf? rm;udk@pfonf ao'%ftm; acwWqdkif;iHhcJh+yD;/ wuUqufjynfe,f
[lpwifòrd@wGif cGJpdwfukor_cH&ef,ltwGuf ol@tm; wdkif;jynfrS xGufcGmcGifhay;cJhonf? tuGDEdk usef;rma&;
jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmaomtcg tuGDEdkESifhol. rdom;pkonf tar&duefEdkifiHwGif qufvufaexdkifcJh+yD;/ [m;AwfwuUodkvfESifh
rufqmcsL;qufjynfe,f pufr_wuUodkvf wGif ynmoif=um;Edkif&ef ynmoifqkcsD;jr‡ifhjcif; cHcJh&onf?
tuGDEdkonf jynfyrSaeI t=urf;zufaom {+yD 6 vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ (A6LM) wGif qufEG,f ygwfoufcJh+yD;/

toHrsm;jzifh taESmuft,SufðycJhaom xdkae@udk reDvmtajcðy tkyfpkwckrS t&if;ðy rSnfhac: cJhjcif;jzpfonf?
“taqmuftOD;awGudk azgufcGJypfr,fh òrd@jyaysmuf=um;ppfqifa&; t}uD;}uD;qifEGJzdk@eJ@ jcpm;wJh orw&J@ aqGrsKd;/ o*F[awGeJ@
0ef}uD;tzGJ@0ifawGudk vkyf}uHzdk@ tpDtrHawGudk usaemfhudk ajymjycJh =uygw,f?”[k olu e,l;a,muf/ tm&Svl@tzGJ@tpnf;
(Asia Society) rSm ajym=um;aom rdef@cGef;wckwGif zGifh[azmfxkwfcJhonf? tuGDEdk. rdef@cGef; t+yD; oHk;ywftwGif;wGif/
ysufqD;r_tenf;i,fESifh vlESpfOD;'%f&m&&dScJh aom azgufuGJr_udk;ckjzifh reDvmudk wdkufcdkufcH cJh&onf?
(A6LM) wGif qufvufvkyfaqmifp&mrsm; &dSaecJhao;onf? vtenf;i,ft=um atmufwdkbmvwGif xdktzGJ@rS reDvm&dS

tar&duefEdkifiHrS c&D;oGm;udk,fpm;vS,fvkyfief;rsm; (American Society of Travel Agents) . reDvmwGif usif;yrnfh
tpnf;ta0; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk owday;+cdrf;ajcmufpmrsm; ay;ydk@cJh+yD;/ xdkpmrsm;wGif “zdvpfydkifwdk@. awmfvSefa&;p+yD”
jzpfa=umif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; tjyeftvSefypfcwfr_wGif xdcdkufEdkifa=umif; owd ay;cJhonf? rm;udk@pfrS vHkðcH a&;tpDtrHrsm;
xyfrHwdk;jr‡ifhrnfhta=umif; uwdu0wfðy+yD;/ xdktkyfpkonf òrd@awmf. tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGif rlvtpDtpOftwdkif; awG@qHk&ef

pDpOfcJhonf? orwudk,fwdkif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk óudqdkI vHkðcHr_&dSa=umif;/ jyocJhonf? odk@aomf EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;
vkyfief;0ef}uD;XmetwGif;odk@ olvsdKtjzpfóudv$wfxm;aom A6LM tzGJ@0ifwOD;u AHk;wvHk;axmifxm;EdkifcJhonf? xdkAHk;onf
rm;udk@pfrdef@cGef;ajym+yD; ig;rD;epft=umwGif aygufuGJ cJhonf? rm;udk@pfudk,fwdkfif '%f&mr&cJhaomfvnf; udk,fpm;vS,f 11-OD;/
zdvpfydkiftqdkawmfwpfOD;ESifh tjcm;ajcmufOD; '%f&m&cJhonf?
rm;udk@pfrS ol.ZeD;onfudk =um;cHtjzpfoHk;I tuGDEdkESifh pum;ajym&ef vrf;zGifhay;EdkifcJhaomfvnf;/ TAHk;uGJr_a=umifh

vlxkawmfvSefa&;wckjzpf&eftxd rEd_;qGEdkifcJhay? (1980) ckESpfaESmif;ydkif; e,l;a,mufòrd@wGif tDr,fvf'g rm;udk@pfESifh
av;em&D=um aqG;aEG;yGJt+yD;/ tuGDEdku rm&S,favmppfOya' &kyfodrf;ay;a&;ESifh oef@&Sif;aom a&G;aumufyGJrsm; ðyvkyfay;&ef
awmif;qdkcJhonf? (1981) ck ZEM0g&DvwGif rm;udk@pfu rm&S,favmOya'udk &kyfodrf;cJh+yD;/ orwa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf
pwiftcsdefowfrSwfaomtcgwGif xdkawmif;qdkr_rsm;udk vufcHoa,mif&dScJhonf? odk@aomf vufawG@wGifrl rqdkpavmufom
jzpfcJhonf? rm&S,favmOya'. tqHk;owfr_onf tpdk;&udk w&m;0iftpdk;&wcktjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf?
orw.tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%m rxdcdkuf rysufr,Gif;bJ qufvuf&dSaecJhonf? orwavmif;twGuf touf owfrSwfr_udk
toufig;q,f&dS&rnf[k owfrSwfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh toufav;q,fh&SpfESpfom &dSao;aom tuGDEdkudk wm;jrpfjcif;om
jzpfcJhonf? (1981) ckESpf ZGefv a&G;aumufyGJudk oydwfarSmuf&ef twdkuftcH!Gef@aygif;wckrS qHk;jzwfcsufcscJh+yD;/ rm;udk@pfu
rJta&twGuf (80) &mcdkifE_ef;&&rnf[k tcdkiftrm ajymqdkI a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf taotcsm pDrHcJhonf?
tuGDEdkonf rm;udk@pfqef@usifa&; rdef@cGef;rsm; qufvufajymaeqdkcJhonf? odk@aomf &pfcswf twefbdk&dk (Richard

Attenborough) &dkuful;aom *END&kyf&Sifum;udk=unfh+yD;aomtcg ol. r[mAsL[mudk jyefvnfpOf;pm;p&mjzpfvm onf? (ol
axmifusaepOftwGif; *END. pmayrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;+yD;om;vnf; jzpfonf?) zdvpfydkifodk@ tjyef abmhpwGefodk@ rxGufcGmcif olu
owif;axmufrsm;udk ajym=um;&mY “t=urf;rzufaomenf;rSwqifh usKyfwdk@. tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfr_rsm;
jyefvnfaqmifusOf;Edkif&ef wdkufyGJ0ifae=uaom acgif;aqmif}uD;i,frsm;ESifh vufwGJ&ef jyefvmjcif;jzpfonf” [k
ajym=um;cJhonf? tuGDEdku tu,fI 'Drdkua&pD jyefvnfxGef;um;vmygu rm;udk@pfESifhyif jyefvnf&if=um;aph&ef
tmoDo&dSa=umif;udk xkwfaz:jyocJhonf? wcsdefu o[m, pdwf"mwfwl tudkwa,muftjzpf orw.
taumif;zufjcrf;qDodk@ toem;cHcJh+yD;/ “vGwfvyfI oef@&Sif;aom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;”udk =uyfrwf&efwGuf =um;jzwf
tpdk;&wckzGJ@pnf;ay;&ef wifjycJhonf? odk@aomf olu rm;udk@pf t&ifqif;ay;&rnf[k tjyif;txefawmif;qdkcJhonf?
rdwfaqGtrsm;pkurl tuGDEdkudk tar&duefEdkifiHrSmom qufvufae&ef owday;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; *sLtef

yGef@pf tef&DvD (Juan Ponce Enrile) u vkyf}uHr_wckk jzpfEdkifa=umif; owday;cJhaom tcg tuDGEdkonf ol. tjyefc&D;udk
&ufowWywfESpfywfom aemufqkwfcJhonf? (1983) ckESpf aEG&moDwGif vltrsm;u tuGDEdkudkf ol. wdkif;jynfrS jynfolrsm;
'kuQa&mufaeaom tcsdefwGif tar&duefwGif oufawmifh oufom aexdkifaeonf[k pGwfpGJ+yD;/ ol@udk
tom;uifpwdufpm;aeaom uGefref'dk (a steak commando) [k ac:cJh=ua=umif; trwfa[mif; z&efppfpudk &dk'&D*dk
(Francisco Rodrigo) u jyefajymif;ajymjycJhonf? “'Drdkua&pD zufawmfom; twdkuftcHawGu
tm;enf;aeovdkjzpfaeawmh usaemfwdk@ 'Dta&;twGuf ol@udk tvdk&dScJhw,f? jynfolrsm; acsmifxdk;cHxm;&jcif;a=umifh ydkrdkI
t=urf;zuf vdkpdwf jyif;jyvmae=uw,f” [k &dk'&D*dk u ajymjycJhonf? “rm;udk@pfu usKyfwdk@udk t=urf;zuform;awG
jzpfapcsifw,f 'grSom olu tar&duefudk ajymEdkifrSmaygh? cifAsm;wdk@ usKyfudk r=udKufbl;vm;´ 'gqdk&if cifAsm;wdk@rSm
bmtm;xm;p&m &dSovJ´ uGefjrLepfawGvm;? usKyfu t,kwfwrm rdp>mjzpfOD;awmh? usKyfu cifAsm;wdk@zufu&yfay;r,fh
t,kwfwrmaumif? uGefjrLepfuvnf; 'DvdkyHkpHkrsKd;yJ jzpfcsif wmyJ? uGefjrLepfawGu jynfolawG rm;udk@pftay:rSm
a'goxGufaewmudk odw,f? olwdk@utJefyDat (jynfol@ wyfrawmfopf) u omv#if rm;udk@pfudk ðzwfcsEdkifovdk yHkpHrsKd;
tajctaeudk zefwD;csifcJh=uw,f? usaemfwdk@udk olwdk@ujzpfEdkifacs&dSwJh t&HoabmrsKd;udkyJ ay;zdk@óud;pm;cJhw,f? eDEDkjyefvmrS
jzpfawmhr,fvdk@ usaemfcHpm;cJh&w,f?” olu ajymonf?

a&mifpHkpuULyef;rsm;/ òrd@awmfESifh w&m;&Hk;
bef*dktuGDEdkudk avqdyfwGif vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_onf vlxkudka'goykef xapcJhonf/ twdkuftcHudk tiftm;

aumif;apcJhonfESifhtwl/ rm;udk@pf. 0g&SifwefESifhqufqaH &;vnf; rwnfr+idrfjzpfcJh&onf? psmye tcrf;tem;onf
tm%m&Sifudk qef@usifaom vlxk tm%mzDqefr_tm; t&Snfwnfwef@aprnfh ueOD; tpydkif;udk jzpfapcJh+yD;/
reDvmòrd@awmfwGif ra&wGufEdkifavmufatmif qENjhyyGJrsm;jzpfay:cJhonf? (1983) ckESpf aqmif;OD;ydkif;ESifh aqmif;&moD
umvrsm;wGif &ufowWywf wywf+yD;wywf zdvpfydkif. acwfrDpD;yGm;a&; tcsuftcsmae&m/ rugwD. tv,f A[dkcsuf
t,mvm vrf;rwav#muf&dS rdk;xd&Hk;cef; taqmuftOD; rsm;. jywif;aygufrsm;rS t0ga&mifyef;puULrsm; jzef@usJcJh=uonf?
(t0ga&mifudk tuGDEdkjzpf&yf. udk,fpm;ðy oauFwta&miftjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf?)
pD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0dkif;rsm;uvnf; rjidrfoufr_udk pwif odvmcJh+yD;aemuf csrf;omaom zdvpfydkifEdkifiHom;rsm; cef@rSef;acs

a':vm oef; (50) cef@ b%f}uD;rsm;rS xkwf,lcJh=u+yD;/ xdkaiGrsm;udk tar&duefESifh qGpfZmvef/ a[mifaumif&dS b%frsm;wGif
ajymif;I tyfESHcJh=uonf? wzufwGif EkdifiHawmf b¾maiG ,dkxGufr_onf zdvpfydkifaiG yDqdktm;wefbdk;avsmhusap&ef
zdtm;ay;cJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiG taºuG;ydk&wufvmcJhonf? (1983) atmufwdkbm vwGif taºuG;ajcmufbDvD,H
txdwdk;wufcJhonf? (1980) ckESpfwGif rm;udk@pf. tpdk;&udk pGef@cGmoGm;aom rm;udk@pf. owif;jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;u
pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJawG a&mifpHkyef;awG }uJcs oma=umifh EdkifiHawmf b¾maiG,dkxGufr_jzpf&+yD;/ tdkiftrftufzf / urBmhb%fESifh
EdkifiHwGif; +rD&Sifb%frsm;udk a=umufvef@apcJhonf[k tpdk;&u tjypfwifcJhonf[k ajymjycJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;onf atmufqHk;xd
xdk;us+yD; &yfwef@oGm;cJhonf?
ueOD;umvrsm;wGif wOD;csif;tusdK;pD;yGm;udkom=unfhcJh=uaom pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;yifv#if tuGDEdk aoqHk; &jcif;tay:

jrefqefI zufrvdkufaom pHkprf;ppfaq;r_wckðyvkyfay;&ef/ orwa&G;aumufcH&jcif; tay: &Sif;&Sif;vif;ajz&Sif;ay;&ef/
oef@&Sif;ajzmifhrwfaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ðyvkyfay;&ef/ a&G;aumufyGJ aumifr&Sif tm; jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;ay&efESifh
owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk vGwfvyfcGifhay;&ef ponfjzifh awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? rm;udk@pfonf 'korw&Hk;cef;udk jyefvnfzGifhay;cJhjcif;/
orwESifh 'k-orw udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. toufudk toufavsmhcsay;jcif;/ ig;q,frS av;q,fodk@ avsmhcsay;jcif;/
tpdk;& xdef;csKyfaom a&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sifudk tzGJ@0iftopfrsm; cef@tyfay;jcif; (COMELEC) ESihf
vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJjzpfay:a&;twGuf EdkifiHom;rsm;. trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ (National Movement of Citizens
for a Free Election (NAMFREL) tm; todtrSwfðyay;jcif; ponfwdk@jzifh tðyoabm wkef@jyefcJhonf?
vkyf}uHr_t+yD; qENjyyGJtrsm;pkudk v$wfawmftrwfa[mif; [dkaq; 'dkif,kwfEdk (Jose Diokno) rS OD;pD;OD;aqmif ðycJh onf?
[dkaq;onf (1972) ckESpfwGif eDEdktuGDEdkESifh twltzrf;cH&+yD;/ ol. axmif'%fESpfESpfoufwrf; trsm;pkudk wdkufydwfcef;wGif
aeI jzwfoef;cJh&ol jzpfonf? [dkaq;onf tuGDEdktwGuf w&m;r#wa&;/ tm;vHk;twGuf w&m; r#wa&;[laom tzGJ@opf
(JAJA) udkzGJ@pnf;cJhonf/ vkyf}uHcH&ol trwfrif;. nDawmf ol &kyf&Sifrif;om;t*gyDwdk (bwfZf) tuGDEdk (Agapito (Butz)
Aquino) udk pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;cJh+yD;/ csrf;om ºuG,f0aom pD;yGm;a&;orm;wOD; xHrS aiGa&;a=u;a&;t&ulnD&efvnf;
pnf;&Hk;cJhonf?
vlxkpnfwef;vSnfhvnfyGJtrsm;pkonf +idrf;csrf;pGm jyoaom vSnfhvnfyGJrsm;om jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf rm&S,favm

ppfOya'xkwfjyefaom (11) ESpfajrmuf ESpfywfvnfae@/ (1983) ckESpf pufwifbmv (21) &ufae@ qENjyyGJwGif t"du&k%f;rsm;
jzpfay:cJh&onf? udk&mZef tuGDEdk. rmvmumeef; eef;awmfteD; w0dkufwGif vlxkcsDwufyGJudk qifEGJcJhonf? (xdkae&mu
pdkufcif;rsm;ozG,f twef;vdkufjzpfaeaom taqmuftOD;rsm;wnf&dS&m uGif;jyifudk tkwfeH&Hjzifhum&Hxm;+yD;/ reDvmwGif
&mpkESpfrsm;pGmcsDI tpdk;&&Hk;pdkufcJh&m ae&mjzpfonf?) vlaygif; (15000) cef@&dS vltkyf}uD;onf vltkyfuGJxGufoGm;+yD;/ yqpfjrpf
(Pasig River) ay:&dS ref'D&dkvmwHwm;qDodk@ csDwufoGm;cJh =uonf? vufeuftjynfhwyfqifxm;aom r&def;wyfom;rsm;/
t"du&k%f;ESdrfeif;a&;&Jrsm;/ rD;owfwyfzGJ@0ifjzifh um&Hxm;aom tckdiftrm wHwdkif;}uD;udk &ifqdkif&efom&dSawmhonf?
&kwfw&uf tpdk;wyfzGJ@rsm;t=um; aygufuGJr_ wckjzpfyGm;um/ rD;owfwyfzGJ@0ifESpfOD; aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? r&def;wyfom;rsm;u

qENjyolrsm;zufudk csdef&G,fI jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf ypfcwfcJhonf? t"du&k%f;t+yD; &v'fuawmh q,fhwpfa,mufaoqHk;+yD;/
vlaygif;&mESihfcsD '%f&m&onf? &dkufESufr_ rsm;ESifh vk,ufr_rsm; òrd@awmfreDvm wckvHk;wGif jzpfay:cJhonf?
vtwef=umaomtcg twdkuftcHrsm;u pnf;urf;ao0yfaom/ t=urf;rzufaomenf;udk v_yf&Sm;r_ tawmfrsm; rsm;wGif

atmifjrifpGmjzifh pDrHEdkifcJhonf? (1984) ckESpf *sLvdkifvwGif bwfZftuGDEdkESifh 0g&ifh vpfb&,fygwD acgif;aqmifwdk@ESpfOD;onf
qENjyolaygif;ESpfaomif;udk pk&Hk;cJh+yD;/ ref'D&dkvmwHwm;. wpf0ufudk odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf? ESpfvcef@ausmfaomtcg
“EkdifiHawmf0rf;enf;zG,fae@”wGif ,cktcg 0g,móud;rsm;jzifh wHwdkif;cwf um&Hxm;aom wHwm;qDodk@ vlaxmifESifhcsDI
csDwufoGm;cJhonf? qENjyol (3000) ausmfcef@ onf wnvHk;rtdyfyJ za,mif;wdkif rD;xGef;nd‡I qkawmif;yGJðyvkyfcJhonf?
aemufwae@reuf qENjyolwdk@rS z,f&Sm;ay;&efjiif;qefaomtcg &Jrsm;u rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;/ rD;owfydkufrsm;jzifhoHk;I vlpkcGJ
òzdcGif;cJh=uonf?
qENjyr_'Da&vd_if;udk wm;qD&ef óud;pm;onfhtaejzifh rm;udk@pfonf tuGDEdkvkyf}uHr_udk w&m;0ifpHkprf; ppfaq;r_ ðy&ef t+idrf;pm;

EdkifiHawmfw&m;&Hk;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;wOD;jzpfol udk&mZef *sLvD,mEdk tuf*ftmbmESifh tjyma&mifzJjym; EdkifiHom;tzGJ@rS
aumifpD0ifwOD;udk trnfpm&if;wifoGif;cJhonf? xkdpHkprf;ppffaq;r_onf wESpfr# =umcJh+yD;/ pHkprf;ppfaq;olrsm;u tuGDEdkonf
avScg;rStqif; aemufausmrS typfcHcJh&a=umif;ESifh xkdvkyf}uHolrSm a&mfe,f'dk *,fvfref; r[kwfa=umif; oabmwlcJhonf?
trSefpifppf a&mfe,f'dk*,fvfref; onf ppfwyfrS zGJ@pnf;xm;aom t=urf;zufuGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;wyfzGJ@0if wpfa,mufom
jzpfonf? pHkprf; ppfaq;olrsm;u ajymonfrSm *,fvfref;udkowfcJhjcif;onf zHk;uG,fr_. tpdwftydkif; wckomjzpfonf[k
qdkonf?
(1984) aESmif;ydkif;wGif tuf*gbmu rm;udk@pfudk ajymcJhonfrSm xkdvkyf}uHr_onf avqdyfvHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@ wyfr_;csKyf a[mif;ESifh

ol.vlajcmufa,mufrS zefwnf;cJhonf[k qdkcJhonf? odk@aomf aemufwae@wGif wifjyaom tjcm; bkwftzGJ@0ifrsm;.
trsm;pk tpD&ifcHpmwGifrl wyfrawmfOD;pDcsKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyf bm&f tygt0if AdkvfcsKyftrsm;pk/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;rsm;/ Adkvf}uD;rsm;ESihf
xdkxuftqifhedrfhaom t&m&dSrsm;onf tuGDEdkowfr_wGif ylaygif;yg0ifcJh=u+yD;/ ypfcwfr_jzpf+yD;aemufydkif;ESifh
rypfcifumvESpfckpvHk;wGif [efaqmif zHk;uG,fr_rsm;udk zefwD;cJh=ujcif;jzpfonf[k azmfjycJhonf? bm&fudk (0g&Sifwef.
zdtm;a=umifhESifh uGefjrLepfolykefxr_tay: ESdyfuGyfr_wGif wdk;wufr_r&dScJhonfhtay: a=ueyfr_r&dSjcif;wdk@a=umifh) ppfwyf
umuG,fa&; OD;pDcsKyftjzpfrS tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJh+yD; jzpfonf? ,ck rm;udk@pfonf bm&fudk tjcm;aomppfwyft&m&dS
ESpfq,fhav; a,muf/ t&yfom;wpfa,mufESihftwl cHk&Hk;wifcJh&+yDjzpfonf?
tuGDEdkudkowfcJhaom vlowform;rsm;udk w&m;a&S@arSmufodk@ aqmifusOf;&ef tm;xkwfr_tjyif/ twdkuftcH wdk@onf

tpdk;&udk csdeJ@ap&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifaom tcGifhta&;wckjzpfaom (1984) ckESpf trsKd;om;v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJudkvnf;
tm&Hkxm;cJh=uonf? EdkifiHa&;orm; (150) OD;/ pD;yGm;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ bk&m;&dScdk; ausmif; wm0efcHrsm;/ uGefjrLepfrsm;
yg0ifaom uGef*&Dqef rrmr,ef zDvpfyDEdk (The Kongresong Mamamayang Pilipino) (zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm; uGef*&uf)
[kac:aom tzGJ@onf trsm;vufcHEdkifaom bHkr[mAsL[mwck ay:aygufap&eftwGuf nDvmcHwck ac:,lusif;ycJhonf?
‚if;wdk@. xufjrufaom tzGJ@ tpnf;qdkif&mxdef;ausmif;r_ u|r;f usifjcif;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,ftajrmuftrsm;yg0ifr_udk toHk;ðyI
uGefjrLepftJefyDat (jynfol@wyfrawmfopf) onf ppftpdk;&u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk; rv$wfay;ygu/
EdkifiHawmfv$wfawmftm; tm%m tjynfht0ray;ygu/ vGww f yfI/ yGifhvif;aom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tmrrcHygu/
rw&m;zrf;qD;EdkifcGifhESifh axmif umv&Snfcsxm;Edkif&ef cGifðyxm;aom óudwifumuG,fwm;qD;a&;tufOya' (Preventive
Detention Act) udk rzsufodrf;ay;ygu twdkuftcHygwDrsm;u a&G;aumufyGJudk oydwfarSmuf&ef[laom
awmif;qdkqHk;jzwfcsuf vdkif;udk nDvmcHwGif trsm;pkvufcHvmap&ef zdtm;ay;aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf?
rnfolwOD;wa,mufr# rm;udk@pfu TuJhodk@ uef@owfcsufrsm;;udk vdkufavsmrnf[k rar#mfvifhcJh=uay? xdka&G;aumufyGJonf

ppftpdk;&udk ycHk;csif;òydifwdkufEdkifrnfh tcGifhta&;w&yfjzpfaoma=umifh/ rnfolwOD; wa,muf ur# tqHk;&H_; rcHvdk=uay?
rm;udk@pfu ol. yHkrSefvkyf&dk;vkyfenf;twdkif; +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ rJ0,fjcif;/ rJvdrfjcif;rsm; vkyfrnfqdkonfudkvnf; ta=umif;jycsuf
cdkifckdifvHkvHkjzifh ar#mfvifhxm;+yD;jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ tjyifwGif xGufoifh-rxGufoifhESifhygwfoufIvnf;

rjiif;Edkifp&m ta=umif;jycsufrsm;uvnf; cdkifcdkifvHkvHk &dSaejyef onf? oydwfarSmufjcif;onf rm;udk@pf ydktqifajyoGm;atmif
vkyfaqmifay;&m usvdrfhrnf? Todk@vkyfaqmifjcif; onf ol@tm; ajAmifusus rJrsm;rsm;pm;pm; rvdrf&yJ a&G;aumufyGJwGif
tjywftowf tEdkifap&ef cGifhðyvdkufovdk jzpfaevdrfhrnf? tu,fI rm;ukd@pf. òydifzufrsm;u pepfwus
xdk;ESufEdkifrnfqdkv#if/ tenf;qHk; tm%m&Sif. o&kyfrSefudk zGifhcsjyoEddkifrnfjzpf+yD;/ ol. w&m;0ifr_udk ydkI
csdeJ@apvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? tEdWr &nfrSef;csufuawmh rm;ukd@pfudk ðzwfcsypfEdkifvdrfhrnfh r[mAsL[mw&yfyif jzpfonf?
oabmxm;aysmhajymif;aom ygwDtawmfrsm;rsm;jzifhzGJ@pnf;xm;aom !Gef@aygif;tzGJwckjzpfonhf nD!Gwf aom

'Drdkua&pDta&;aqmif&Gufr_tzGJ@ (United Democratic Action Organization – UNID ) . acgif;aqmif qmvfA,f'dk
avmf&,fvf (Salvador Laurel) onf ‚if;wdk@taejzifh a&G;aumufyGJudk oydwf rarSmufa=umif; xkwfjyefa=ujimcJhonf?
udk&DtuGDEdk ESifholr.tudkygwD yD'DyD-vmbef!$ef@aygif; PDP-LABAN uvnf;oydwf rarSmuf&ef oabmwlcJhonf?
xdk@a=umifh TwdkufyJGonf ylaygif;rdoGm;cJhonf? ta&;tygqHk; wdkufyGJ0ifolonf NAMFREL yifjzpfaumif;jzpfcJhvdrfhrnf?
rm;udk@pf. tay:,H=unfhaumif;&efom jyifqifcJhaom vkyfief;pOfrsm;onf twdkuftcHrsm;twGuf ol.tkyfcsKyfr_udk
pdefac:Ekdifrnfh tcGifhaumif;rsm;&ap&ef wGef;tm;ay;ovdk jzpfvmcJhonf?
NAMFREL onf (1951) ckESpfwGif rlvtpuwnf;u pDtdkifatu a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&mvkyfief;pOfrsm; oef@oef@

&Sif;&Sif;&dSap&ef óud;yrf;r_taejzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aom tzGJ@wckjzpfcJhonf? (1983) ckESpfwGif pDyGm;a&;orm;rsm;/ bmom
a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ tdrfaxmif&Sifrrsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;yg0ifaom tkyfpkwpkonf *sHKpuf&Hkydkif&Sif omoemydkif q&mawmf}uD;
pif;u OD;aqmifI xdktzGJ@udk jyefvnfjyifqifcJhonf? orwonf ol. oabmqENNjzifh tm%mrS rqif;ay;[k olwdk@u
oabmaygufcJhonf? oltm%m&dSaeor# umvywfvHk; uGefjrLepfjynfol@wyfrawmfopf (tJefyDat) uvnf;
aemufvdkufrsm;udk qufvufpnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;aeEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpf+yD;/ t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&; onf ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJudk
=um;jzwfckwfI yGJ0ifvkoGm;aumif; oGm;Edkifonf[k ‚if;wdk@rS pdk;&drfruif;jzpfcJh=uonf? a&G;aumufyGJtwGif; pkpnf;r_tcsdK@udk
jyefvnftoufoGif;jcif;omv#if vufeufudkifykefuefr_. tpm;xkd;p&m enf;emwckjzpfEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? ,ckqdkv#if
rm;udk@pfu ‚if;wdk@udk xdkuJhodk@aom zGifhay;r_rsKd; twdtusay;vmcJh+yD jzpfonf?
NAMFREL wGif apwemh0efxrf; ESpfodef;&dSI trsm;pkonf c&pf,mefr,foDv&Sifrsm;jzpfonf? (aemufydkif;wGif NAMFREL

f nf rJay;jcif;udk apmifh=unfh =uyfrwf&efyif jzpfcJhonf? NAMFREL ESifh
r&drf;rsm;[lI eHrnfajymif;cJhonf?) olwdk@. tvkyo
COMELEC wdk@onf rJxnfh&m uef@owfae&mrS yHkpHwl wmvDpm&if; pm&Gufrsm; vufcH&&dSaomfvnf;/ rJa&wGufjcif;udk
‚if;wdk@udk,fydkif[ef aumuf,lpkaqmif;onf? uGefjrLepfygwD/ JAJA ESifh ygwD wck. tzGJ@cGJvufwHwckrS a&G;aumufyGJudk
oydwfarSmufcJhaomfvnf;/ rJay;ol (90) &mcdkifE_ef; xGufay:vmcJhonf? xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rsm;jym;pGm rJay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?
tqHk;owfwGif KBL onf òydifyGJwGif (70) &mcdkifE_ef;ru rJ&I atmifyGJcHcJhonf? odk@aomf NAMFREL wm0ef,laom
bDudkvfc&dkifwGif rm;udk@pfòydifbufrsm;u (65) &mcdkifE_ef;ru rJ&cJhonf? awmifydkif; w*avmh*fa'owGif (60) &mcdkifE_ef;
&cJhonf? NAMFREL r&dSaomc&dkifrsm;ESifh ‚if;.=oZm r&dSaom c&dkifrsm;wGif KBL onf a&G;aumufyGJtm;vHk;wGif
tjywftowftEdkif&cJhonf? twdkuftcHrsm;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom oifcef;pmwckyifjzpfonf? odk@aomf (1984)
a&G;aumufyGJwGifrl wu,fhatmifjrifr_ tom;wif usefcJhonf? xdkt&mrSm a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrDSwGif KBL onf
v$wfawmfwGif xdkifcH 90 &mcdkifE_ef;xdef;csKyfxm;&mrS a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;wGif (70) &mcdkifE_ef;cef@xd usqif;cJhonf?
*sKH;atmfhzf tmh (uf) (Joan of Arc)
(1987) 'DZifbmvwGif aemufw}udrf orwa&G;aumufyGJ usif;yvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? odk@aomf tar&duefwdk@.

axmufcHr_usqif;vmonfudk &dyfrdaeaom rm;udk@pfu 1985 Edk0ifbmvwGif tar&duef&dS a';Apf b&ifuav. tywfpOf
jynfol@ta&; &kyfjrifoH=um;tpDtpOfwGif a&G;aumufyGJwckusif;y&ef tpDtpOfrsm;&dSaeonf[k vltrsm;u
ar#mfvifhrxm;aomtcsdefwGif a=ujimcJhonf? rm;udk@pfu a&G;aumufyGJudk oltvG,fwulEdkifrnf[k ,Hk=unfcJhovdkESifh
ol@tay: t,Hkt=unfuif;rJhaeaom tar&duefrsm;ukd ol. vSnfhpm;rr_yg &dk;pif;aom 'Drdkua&pD usifhpOfrsm;udk
oufaojyEdkif&eftwGuf aemufoHk;vcef@=umaomtcgwGif a&G;aumufyGJ&ufudk owfrSwfcJhonf? twdkuftcHrsm;onf

tkyfpkrsm;uGJv#uf&dS+yD; udk,fpm;vS,fwa,mufxufydkI ay:aygufvmEdkif+yD;/ ol@tm;qef@usifae aom rJrsm;vnf;
jyef@usJoGm;Edkifonf[k rm;udk@pfu wGufxm;cJhonf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl xdka=ujimcsufonf twdkuftcHrsm;. pdwf"gwfudk
t&dSefjr‡ifhwifEdkifcJhonf? udk&mZeftuGDEdku tu,fI axmufcHoabmxm;ay;ol vufrSwfoef;ESifhcsDI pkaqmif;Edkifygu
olrtaejzifh nD!GwfaomwyfOD;.a&S@wGif OD;aqmifI0ifa&muf ta&G;cHrnf[k oabmwlcJhonf? twdkuftcHrsm;udk
pkpnf;Edkifjcif;onf wu,fwrf;wGif &mZ0ifwif&rnfh Zmwfvrf;wckjzpfcJhonf?
UNIDO rS qmvfaA'dk avmf&,fu ig;vcef@óudapmI 0ifa&mufta&G;cH,SOfòydifrnf[k óudwifajymqdkcJh+yD; jzpfonf?

udk,fpm;vS,f twdtusowfrSwf&ef aemufqHk;&uf eD;uyfvmaom 'DZifbm (11) &ufae@wGif omoemydkif q&mawmf}uD;
pif; (Cardinal Sin) u =um;0ifaphpyfay;EdkifcJhonf? “usKyftxifawmh cifAsm;'Da&G;aumufyGJudk Edkifvdrfhr,f”[k udk&D
tuGDEdkifudk oluajymcJhonf? “yxrtcsuftaeuawmh cifAsm;u trsKd;orD;wa,mufjzpf w,f? tJ'Dawmh rm;udk@pf
&H_;oGm;&if t&SufuGJrSmyJ? 'gayr,fh bk&m;ocifu 'DvdkyJpDrHawmfrlcJhwmyJ? tiftm;}uD;oludk tEdkif,lzdk@twGuf rif;[m*sKHatmh
(zf) tmh (uf) Joan of Arc jzpfw,f?”[k qdkcJhonf? aemufwae@wGif pif;onf avmf&,fxHodk@ csnf;uyfonf?
“ajym&r,fqdk&ifawmh cifAsm;u w,f+yD;awmh qGJaqmifEdkifp&m r&dSbl;” [k pif;u avmf&,fudk wJhwdk;ajymonf? “udk&Du
cifAsm;xuf ydk+yD; qGJaqmifr_&dSw,f? cifAsm; 0ifòydifr,fqdk&ifawmh cifAsm;&H_; rSmyJ? yxrOD;qHk; cifAsm;wdk@vkyf&rSmu cifAsm;wdk@
nD!Gwf&r,f?” qmvfab'dk avmf&,fonf aemufqHk;em&Dydkif; twGif;rSmyif oabmwlcJhonf? udk&mZef tuGDEdk ESifh
qmvfaA'dk avmf&,fwdk@ESpfOD;onf a&G;aumufyGJ,SOfòydif rnfhudk,fpm;vS,frsm;pm&if;wGif orwESifh 'korwtjzpf
0ifa&mufta&G;cHrnf[k wifoGif;cJh+yD;/ olr. vrf;ray:rS axmufcHaeaom aemufvdkufvltkyf}uD;ESifh ol.
tpOftqufEdkifiHa&;pnf;&Hk;a&;rSL;rsm;ESifh ygwDta&;v_yf&Sm;aqmif &Gufolrsm; ylaygif;EdkifcJh=uonf?
rJqG,fv_H@aqmfyGJwGif udk&Du olr.=oZmwduUrESifhjynfhpHkjcif;/ &dk;om;jcif;udk xif[yfaeaom/ &Sufwufaom/ bmoma&;udk

av;av;eufeuf,Hk=unfaom rkqdk;rwOD;. yHk&dyfudk az:jycJhonf? odk@aomf udk&mZef tuGDEdkonf EdkifiH
a&;t&tawG@tóuHr&dSaom tdrfaxmif&SifrwOD;toGif ay:aeaomfvnf; omreftrsKd;orD;wOD;awmh r[kwfcJhay? EdkifiH.
csrf;omaom ajr,m&Sifrdom;pkwpkrS arG;zGm;cJhaom olronf reDvmESifh tar&duef uufuvpfausmif;wdk@ wGif
ynmoif=um;wwfajrmufcJhonf? tuGDEdkudk olrvufxyfcJhjcif;onf zdvpfydkif. =oZmt&dSqHk;rdom;pk ESpfck t=um;
qufqHa&;udk ydkrdkcdkifrmapcJh+yD;/ eDEdk.EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; ta=umihft=ur&dS aqmif&GufapEdkifcJhonf? (1973) ckESpfwiG f
oltzrf;cH&+yD;aemuf udk&Donf olr. ajr,ma&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;ESifh b¾ma&;tifyg,m. b¾mpdk;tjzpf
wm0ef,lvkyfudkifcJhonf? olr. rJqG,fyGJrsm;wGif usqif;aeaom pD;yGma&;tajctaeESifh v,f,m O,mOfqdkif&m
jyefvnfðyjyifa&;ponfh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;udka&Smifv$J+yD;/ olrtaejzifh rvmumeef; eef;awmf (orweef;awmf) udk
jynfolawGtwGuf rnfr#zGifhay;csifonf/ eDEdktuGDEdk. ESp&f Snaf xmifcsc&H r_rsm;ESihf ol@ukd &uf&uf
pufpufvkyf}uHowfjzwfr_rsm;udk jynfolrsm;udk today;csifonfponfh yk*~dKvfa&;qdkif&m udpP&yfrsm;udkom ajym=um;
pnf;&Hk;cJhonf? y&dwfowf}uD;onf olr.pum;vHk;rsm;wGif pD;0ifarsmoGm;cJh+yD;/ trsm;pku idkaºuG;cJh=uonf? r=umcif rSmyif
olrudk zdvpfydkif. tausm=f um;qHk; &kyf&Sifo&kyfaqmifjzpfonfh Edk&matmfem (Nora Aunor) ESifhwifpm;I “zdvpfydkifEdkifiHa&;.
Edk&matmfem” [k wifpm;ac:a0:cJh=uonf?
,if;tcdkuftwef@rSmyif ckESpfv=um tjiif;yGm;zG,f w&m;cGif.t+yD;aemuf eDEdk tuGDEdkudk owfcJhol AdkvfcsKyf}uD; bm&f

tygt0if w&m;cHESpfq,fhig;a,mufpvHk; (1985) ckESpf 'DZifbm (2) &ufae@wGif tr_rS uGif;vHk;u|wfv$wfay;cJhonf?
a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&ef ESpfvcef@tvdkwGif Todk@ jzpfcJhjcif; jzpfonf? rm;udk@pfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD; bm&ftm; csufcsif; qdkovdk
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf jyefvnfcef@tyfcJhonf? vltrsm;u ra=ureyfjzpfum csufcsif;qdkovdkyif reDvm .
vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif qENjyr_rsm; ay:xGufvmcJhonf? TtcsdefwGif taxGaxGvlxktHkºuGr_}uD;yg ay:aygufapcJhonf? trsm;pkrSm
e,fc&dkifrsm;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf? ppftpdk;&tay: vlxk.a'gorsm;onf ESpfqwdk;jrifhvmcJh+yD;/ twdkuftcH zufodk@
t&dSefydkrdkwufapcJhonf?
tuGDEdk-avmf&,f rJqG,fv_H@aqmfyGJudk tawG@tóuH/ obm&ifh=uufaom v$wfawmftrwfa[mif;wOD;u OD;aqmifcJh onf?

bwfZftuGDEdkESifh eDEdk. rdwfaqGa[mif; twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh axmufcHolrsm;yg0ifaom ol. tm;ref tjynfhESifh

v_H@aqmfa&;aumifpDonf a&G;aumufyGJ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;twGuf tiftm;}uD;rm;I pdwf"gwfxufoefzG,f aumif;aom
vlxkcsDwufyGJ}uD;wckudk usif;yEdkifcJhonf? udk&Donf vkyfief;&Sif}uD;wOD;vSL'gef;aom yk*~vduydkif av,mOfwpif;jzifh
u|ef;pkrsm;odk@0JysHI xdkvlxkcsDwufyGJodk@ wufa&mufEdkifcJhonf? (1986) ckESpf rJqG,fyGJ tv,fydkif; cef@wGif
attufzfyDowif;Xmeu c&dkif (24) ckESifh òrd@awmfcsDwufyGJwGif vlxky&dwfowf oHk;odef;ig;aomif;ig;axmif cef@ wufcJhonf[k
cef@rSef;azmfjycJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifcif av;&uftvdk reDvm&dS vleD;wm yef;jcH (Luneta Park) vlxkcsDwufyGJwGif
twdkuftcHrsm;. rJqG,fv_H@aqmfyGJonf txGÉftxdyftajctaeodk@a&muf&dScJhonf? oef;csD aom a,mufusFm;/ rdef;r/
cav;i,frsm;pka0;+yD;/ udk&D. ajymif;vJa&;tay: awmif;qdkcsufudk aumif;csD;=obm ay;cJh =uonf?
qef@usifzufwGifrl rm;udk@pf. rJqG,fyGJonf tdk;eif;cGufeif;ESifh tpnf;ajyaecJhonf? ueOD;wGif rm;udk@pfu 0g&Sifwef&dS ol.

r[mrdwfrsm; ar#mfvifhcsufESifhqef@usifI touft&G,f}uD;I yHkrvmawmhaomEdkifiHa&;orm;wOD;udk ol. 'k-
orwavmif;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhonf? rJqG,fyGJc&D;pOfwGifwavsmufvHk;wGif xdkolu arm[dkuf/ EGrf;e,faeyHk&cJhonf? c&dkif (8)
ck&dS jynfol &Spfaomif;&Spfaxmifudkom pum;ajymEdkifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifcif &ufowWywf tvdkwGif/
jynfwGif;owif;Xmersm;tay: csrSwfxm;aom uef@owfcsufrsm;udk vdkufem&efrvdkaom EdkifiHjcm; owif;rD'D,mrsm;u
orwESifhyufoufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk xkwfaz:a0zefajymqdkcJh=uonf? xdkta=umif; t&mrsm;udk zdvpfyDEdk
owif;pmESpfapmifu xyfqifhaz:jycJhonf? jynfya&mufpD;yGm;a&;orm;wOD;u a0gvfpx&d *sme,fowif;pmwGif
ajymcJhonfudk udk;um;I ajymqdkcJh&mwGif oltygt0iftjcm;olrsm;onf rm;udk@pf. a':vm oef;&maxmifcsDaom
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf a&S@wef;rS OD;pD;aqmif&GufcJh&onf [kaz:xkwfcJh=uonf? e,l;a,mhcf wdkif;rfowif;pm}uD;rS
vlZkefwGif *syefudkqef@usifwdkufcdkufcJhaom &J&Jawmufaysmuf=um; wyfudk olu OD;aqmifcJhonf[laom rm;udk@pf.
ajymqdkcsufudk tar&duefwyfrawmfrS “tajctjrpfr&dS/ &,fp&mysufvHk;wck” [k wHqdyfuyfvkdufa=umif;
a&;om;az:jycJhonf? xyfrHI 0g&Sifwefydk@pf owif;pmuvnf; rm;udk@pfonf *syefESifhyif ylaygif;cJhonf[k a&;om;
az:xkwfcJhonf?
‚if;ppfyGJwGif;rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;ESifhyufoufaom pGwq
f GJcsufrsm;onf rm;udk@pf.tm%m qufudkifxm;r_tay:
xdcdkufr_jzpfcJhovdk/ ol. a&G;aumufyGJtwGif; tvdrftnmvkyfrnfhudpPrsm;tay:wGifyg xdcdkufepfemapcJhonf?
a&G;aumufyGJ
zdvpfydkifordkif;. tajymif;tvJudkjzpfapcJhaom orwa&G;aumufyGJwGif/ rJay;&efrSwfyHkwifxm;aom zdvpfydkifjynfol (26)

oef; rJay;cJh=uonf? (1986) azaz:0g&Dv (7) &uf/ aom=umae@wGif rJ&Hk (85938) ckqDodk@ csDwufrJay;cJh=u onf?
rJ&Hkrsm;rzGifhcifuyifv#if ppftpdk;&onf rJay;onfhvkyfief;pOf jcdrf;ajcmuf aecJh+yD;jzpfonf? twdkuftcH acgif;aqmifwOD;u
vmvwf (uf) (Larlac) u rJqG,fyGJwckwGif “tnpfywfqHk;/ rJt0,fqHk;a&G;aumufyGJygyJ? æ æ tm%m&ygwD&J@
vl&rf;um;rsm;u rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk jcdrf;ajcmufaew,f? tJ'D vl&rf;um;awGu udk&DaxmufcHolrsm;ukd
rif;wdk@b,frSmaew,fqdkwm igwdk@odw,f/ rif;wdk@&J@cav;awG b,fausmif; rSm wufaew,fqdkwm odw,f/ b,ftcsdef
tdrfuaeoGm;w,fqdkwmvnf;odw,f pojzifh +cdrf;ajcmuf ae=uw,f” [k ajymqdkcJhonf? EdkifiHta&;twGuf
toufpGef@vdkpdwf&dSaom vlwa,mufonf ol. om;orD;rsm;. toufudkpGef@&efudkawmh tqifhoifhjzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf
r[kwfay?
rJpay;onfESifh wòydifeuf rJpnf;urf;azmufzsufr_rsm; ay:aygufcJhonf? rJqEN&Sifq,fOD;wGif wOD;u olwdk@.trnfudk

rJay;ydkifcGifhpm&if;rS y,fzsufcHxm;&a=umif;ESifh tjcm;oleHrnfrsm;udk xl;qef;pGm xnfhoGif;xm;a=umif; wdkifwef;cJh=u onf?
tdrfaxmifi,fwpkwGif vlta,mufESpf&m &dSaeonfudk owif;axmufwOD;u awG@&dScJhonf? reDvmòrd@awmf&dS NAMFREL
OuUXu xdke,fajrtwGif; rJqEN&Sif q,fhig;&mcdkifE_ef;cef@onf rJay;cGifhrS&kyfodrf;cHcJh&onf[k azmfjycJh onf? NAMFREL
apwemh0efxrf;jzpfol bef*srif &DZmudk rJ&HkoHk;&HkwGif rJrsm;ppfaq;&ef rlvwef;ausmif; wausmif;odk@ wm0efay;cJhonf?
rJ&Hkrsm;ydwf vdkufaomtcg tuGDEdkonf xdkae&moHk;ckpvHk;wGif OD;aqmifaecJhonf? watmifhr#=umaomtcg

“aoewfypfoHawG usaemf=um;vdkuf&w,f? 'geJ@ usaemfae&m,lvdkufw,f? vlawGvnf; a=umufvef@w=um;eJ@
[dk[kd'D'Dajy;v$m;ae=uw,f? vufeufudkifvlwa,mufu NAMFREL 0efxrf;wOD;udk aoewfeJ@ axmufxm;+yD;/ tm;vHk;udk
tjyifxGufoGm;zkd@ atmfajymaew,f/ tJ'g+yD;awmh vufypfAHk;udkifxm;wJh rsufESmzHk;pGyfxm;wJhvlwa,muf 0ifvmw,f?
usaemfvnf; tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; xGufajy;vmcJhw,f?” olu a&G;aumufyGJtwGif; ol@tawG@tóuHudk jyefajymjycJhonf?
rJ&nfwGufr_ESifhygwfoufIvnf;/ tpdk;&.*k%foduQmusqif;cJh&onf? a&G;aumufyGJ+yD; ESpf&uft=umwGifydkI odom

xif&Sm;vmcJh&onf? COMELEC rS wOD;onf rJpm&if;ay:wGif&dSaom eHygwrf sm;ESifh uGefjyLwmy&ifwmrS xGufvm aom
eHygwfrsm; vGJrSm;aeonfudk awG@&dSoGm;aomtcg COMELEC rSynm&Sif oHk;q,fhwOD; E_wfxGufoGm;cJhonf?
xkdynm&Sifrsm;udk bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif;wckqD vHkðcHaomae&modk@ twdkuftcHrsm;u ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf? rdrdwdk@onf
bufrvdkuf =um;aersm;jzpf+yD;/ “rdrdwdk@ wckckrSm;ae+yDqdkonfudk odvdkuf&aomtcsdefrSm E_wfxGuf&ef qHk;jzwfcJhjcif; jzpfonf[k
t"duazmfjyI a=ujimcsufwapmifxkwfjyefcJhonf?
tar&duefEdkifiH/ txufv$wfawmfEdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;aumfrwD. OuUXjzpfaom tar&dueftxufv$wfawmftrwf &pfcswf

vl*g OD;aqmifaom tar&duefudk,fpm;vS,fwzGJ@onf a&G;aumufyGJavhvmolrsm;tjzpf a&muf&dSvmaom tcg/
TazmfjyaomrJ&Hkrsm;rSm vHk;0trSm;t,Gif;r&dS/ rwdk@rxd&ao;aom rJ&Hkrsm;jzifh vSnfhpm;vdkufcJhonf? vl*g
ouFmruif;jzpfcJhonf? 0g&Sifwefodk@jyefa&muf+yD; orwa&*iftm; rm;udk@pfonf pm&if;rsm;udk r&dk;rom;vdrfae onf[k
ajymjycJhonf? aemufxyf avhvmolwOD;jzpfol v$wfawmftrwf *|efu,f&Du rJ&nfwGuf&mwGif aES;auG; +yD;/
vHk;0ysufjym;ae+yD[k ajymqdkcJhonf? okd@aomf a&*ifu owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwckwGif “ESpfzufpvHk;wGif t=urf;zuf r_rsm;ESifh
vdrfvnfr_rsm;” &dScJh+yD;/ vl*gESifh ol. tzGJ@onf “a,bk,sqefaom rSm;,Gif;csufrsm;xufydk+yD;/ cdkifrmaom
oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm; rawG@&SdcJh&a=umif;” ajymqdkcJhonf? tuGDEdku rm;udk@pftm; a&G;aumufyGJatmifEdkifol tjzpf
axmufcHjcif;udk qef@usifI tar&dueforwtm; owday;ajym=um;cJhonf? “zdvpfydkifjynfolvlxk.
vGwfajrmufa&;udkvdrfnmI rpPwmrm;udk@pfESifh ylaygif;&ef a&G;cs,fcJhol 'Drdkua&pD rdwfaqGwOD;. pdwfoabmxm;udk usr
pOf;pm;&ygvdrfhr,f” [k tar&dueftpdk;&udk a0zefajymqdkcJhonf?
aemufxyftckd;cHcJh&aom a&G;aumufyGJ. tEW&m,fudk wHk@jyefaomtm;jzifh uufovpfbk&m;&dScdk;ausmif;u =um;0if cJhonf?

pD;bl;e,f. &Dum'dk um'De,f bD',fvf (Ricardo Cardinal Vidal) u zdvpfydkif uufovpf bkef;awmf}uD;rsm; nDvmcHudk
ac:,lkusif;ycJh+yD;/ bkef;awmf}uD;wOD;csif;pDudk ‚if;wdk@. a&G;aumufyGJ tawG@tóuHrsm;ESifh w&m;a[mq&mrsm;/
omrefbmom0ifrsm;xHrS&&dSaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk ajymqdkaqG;aEG;apcJhonf? “xdktpD&ifcH pmrsm;onf a,bk,svm;&mudk
az:jycJhonf”[k bD',fvfuajymcJhonf? “usaemfwdk@ tvdrftnmawGudk yHkpHwl awG@cJh&w,f?” bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;u
rdk;óud;oGm;uJhodk@pl;&S xufjrufaom a=ujimcsufw&yfudk xkwfjyefcJhonf? “u|Ekyfwdk@. ta=utvnfpOf;pm;oHk;oyfcsuft&
rJ&Hkrsm;wGif ‚if;wdk@. pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;onf vHk;0 tvdrftnmrsm; &dScJhonf? jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ aESmuf,Sufjcif;/ t=urf;zufjcif;ESifh
vlowfr_rsm;onf rJ&Hkrsm;wGif vlrsm;rJray;&Jap&ef t"du ajcmufvSef@aomtcsufrsm; jzpfcJhonf? jynfolvlxk.
tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk aESmifh,Suf[ef@wm;&ef tjcm; aompnf;urf;csdK;azmufr_rsm;onf Oya't&csdK;azgufaejcif;udk
!Gefjyaejcif;yifjzpfonf?” [k xdka=ujimcsufwGif azmfjycJhonf?
bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;onf zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;udk t=urf;rzufaomenf;udkoHk;I uef@uGufqENjy&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf?

“Tt&monf touf&Sifaeaomraumif;qdk;0g;waumif. ckcHr_udk +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh awmfvSefjcif;[k qdkvdk
onf?”,cktcsdefonf trSm;udk jyif&eftcsdefusa&muf+yDjzpfonf? raumif;r_udk pepfwusjyifqifcJh=uonf? xdk@ a=umifh
rdrdwdk@u jyefvnfIjyifqif=u&rnf? a&G;aumufyGJonf vlxktay:wGif tjynfht0rlwnfI jynfol vlxk
udk,fwdkifbmvkyfcsifonf? tqifoifhjzpfonf[laom tajctaeay:wGif rlwnfayonf? odk@aomf u|Ekyfwdk@ r&ru
awmif;qdk&rnfjzpfonf? u|Efkyfwdk@.aqmif&Gufr_rsm;onf bk&m;ocifusrf;pmrsm;ESifh tvdktwdkif;jzpf&rnf? xdkt&m onf
+idrf;csrf;aomenf;/ t=urf;rzufaomenf;yifjzpfonf?” bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;u t=urf;zufr_udk qef@usifI
ajymqdkae=uaomfvnf;/ c&dkiftkyfcsKyfa&;r_;a[mif;vnf;jzpf/ tuGDEdkudk jrwfjrwfEdk;Edk; axmufcHcJhol tDADvDtkd *sAD,m; udk
&uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfr_a=umifh wkdif;jynfonf wzefv_yfcgoGm;cJh&jyefonf? tDADvt D kdudk rm;udk@pf. ppf AdkvfcsKyfrsm;u

iSm;&rf;cJhaom rsufESmzHk;pGyfaoewform; (6) a,mufu ypfowfcJhonf? ol.aoqHk;r_a=umifh a&G;aumufyGJESifhyufoufI
aoqHk;r_onf pkpkaygif; (264) a,muftxd jzpfcJh&onf?
a&G;aumufyGJ&v'ftay:wGif taxGaxGra=ueyfr_rsm; &dSaecJhaomfvnf;/ jynfol@v$wfawmfu ‚if;.vkyfief;

tpDtpOfrsm;twdkif; qufvufvkyfudkifcJh+yD;/ w&m;0ifrJa&wGufr_t& rm;udk@pf.rJpkpkaygif; q,foef; &Spfodef; ckESpfaxmif
wpf&mudk;q,hfckESpfrJESifh tuGDEdku rJpkpkaygif; udk;oef;ESpfodef;udk;aomif; ESpfaxmifh ckESp&f m ajcmufq,fhwpfrJjzpfa=umif;
twnfðya=ujim+yD; tqHk;owfcJhonf? Ta=ujimcsuf+yD;aemufwiG f vlenf;pk udk,fpm; ðyv$wfawmfOuUXrS OD;aqmifI
twdkuftcH tzGJ@0ifrsm;u noef;acgif,HwGif v$wfawmfudk ausmcdkif;cJh=uonf? “v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;cef;rtwGif;rS
trwftrsm;pkonf orwrm;udk@pf orwjzpfa=umif; todtrSwfðy&ef wpGwfxdk;wifay;aeonfrSm
xifomjrif&Sm;ayonf”[k v$wfawmfOuUXu a=ujimcJhonf? v$wfawmftm; ausmcdkif; +yD; rdepfydkif;twGif;rSmyif KBL
opPmcHrsm;u aemufxyfajcmufESpfumvwm tkyfcsKyf&eftwGuf rm;udk@pfudk orw tjzpf jynfolvlxku
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvdkufa=umif; twnfðya=ujimcJhonf?
NAMFREL uvnf; udk&mZeftuGDEdkESifh q,fvfaA'dk avmf&,f twGuf rJ&v'fudk reDvmwdkif;owif;pmwGif

a=ujimcsufwapmifjzifh wefjyefxkwfjyefcJhonf? NAMFREL . tqdkt& rJ&Hkta&twGuf ckESpfq,f &mcdkifE_ef;
tay:wGiftajccHI tuGDEdku rJta&twGuf ckESpfoef;&Spfodef; oHk;aomif;ig;axmif ckESpfq,f&&dSI/ rm;udk@pfu
ckESpfoef;ig;aomif; oHk;axmif ajcmufq,fh&Spf rJ&&dScJhonf? NAMFREL .0efxrf;rsm; pnf;&Hk;a&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;
rvkyfaqmifEdkifjcif; odk@r[kwf ‚if;wdk@. vkyfief;rsm;udk usef (30) &mckdifE_ef;wGif rvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef [ef@wm;r_ rsm;&dScJhonf[k
azmfjyxm;onf? ,ckpm&if;Z,m;onf rSefuefaom rJa&wGufr_udk ydkrdkr#wpGm udk,fpm;ðyonf[k NAMFREL u
,Hk=unfonf[kvnf; azmfjyum/ xkwfjyef a=ujimcJhonf?
vl*gudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@. EdkifiHa&;t}uHay;wuUodkvfygarmuQ t,fvef 0def;pwif; (Allen Weinstein) . ajymqdk

csufa=umifh rJvdrfr_pGwfpGJr_rsm;onf 0g&SifwefwGifydkrkdI tm;aumif;oGm;cJhonf? ol.udk,fydkifpHkprf; awG@&dScsufrsm;t&
zdvpfydkiftpdk;&onf vdrfvnfjcif;ESif tjcm;aomcsdK;azmufr_rsm;udkvnf; usL;vGefcJhonf[k twnfðy ajym=um;cJh onf?
NAMFREL .OuUX [dkaq; uGefqyfpD,Gef (Jose Concepcion) u 0def;pwif;udk wcgr#avmuf owd0d&d,
Tr#avmufr}uD;rm;cJhaom zdvpfydkifjynfolvlxk}uD;onf/ usaemfwdk@ ordkif;wGif rGefjrwfoefpifaom rJay;r_udk
cGeftm;pdkufxkwfcJhygv#uf/ vdrfvnfaejcif;udk rsufjrifudk,fawG@ awG@cJ=uonf [k ajymqdkcJhonf?
ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJqDodk@
rm;udk@pf. yrmrcef@orwtjzpf a=ujimcsufxGuf+yD;aemuf tuGDEdk - avmf&,fwdk@udk axmufcHol wpfoef;cGJcef@onf

vlxkpk&Hk;atmifyGJtwGuf reDvm&dS vleDwmyef;jcHwGifpk&Hk;cJh=uonf? “usruawmh bDvl;}uD; a*gvDwudk wdkufzdk@ jyifqifxm;wJh
vli,fav;a';ApfvdkyJ cHpm;rdw,f”[k olru vlxk}uD;udk ajymjycJhonf? “tu,fvdk@rsm; a*gvDwu
t&H_;ay;zdk@jiif;qefcJh&ifawmh usrwawGwqifhwdk; t&dSefjr‡ifh&vdrfhr,f? usr t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&;wckudk awmif;qdk
aewmr[kwfygbl;/ usrwdk@twGuf 'Dvdkvkyf&r,fh tcsdefvnf; r[kwfao;bl;/ usrtjrJwrf; ajymcJhovdkyJ 'Dtcsdef [m
w&m;r#wr_twGuf ESvHk;&nfeJ@wdkuf&r,fhtcsdefyJ? 'gubmudkqdkvdkovJqdkawmh +idrf;csrf;aomenf;eJ@ raumif; qdk;0g;}uD;&J@
cHkcHaer_udk wHk@jyefaejcif;yJ jzpfygw,f?”[k vlxkudk wdkufwGef;cJhonf?
tuGDEdku wkdufyGJt&dSeft[kefjr‡ifhwifaom enf;vrf;wcktjzpf b%frsm;/ owif;pmrsm;/ tazsmf,mrumrsm;ESifh &kyf&Sif&Hkrsm;udk

EkdifiHt0Srf;oydwfarSmuf&ef enf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fcJhonf? olru rm;udk@pfESifhqufEG,f yufoufaom b%f}uD;rsm;rS
tyfESHxm;aom ‚if;wdk@. aiGrsm;udk xkwf,l=u&ef aqmf=ocJhonf? EdkifiHt0Srf; ausmif;rsm;tm;vHk; ydwf&efudkvnf;
awmif;qdkcJhonf? rm;udk@pfxdef;csKyfaom owif; rD'D,mtm;vHk;udk oydwfarSmuf&efudkvnf; awmif;qdkcJhonf?
vlóudufrsm;aom qrfrD*,fvfbD,mESifh udkumudkvm xkwfukefrsm;udk acsmifxkd;xm;&ef/ rm;udk@pf udkaxmufcHaom

o&kyfaqmifrsm;yg0ifaom &kyf&Sif&Hkrsm;udk r=unfh=u&efudkvnf;awmif;qdkcJhonf? olru v#yfppfESifh w,fvDzkef;ukrR%Drsm;rS
jzwfawmufrnf[k r+cdrf;ajcmufonfxd aiGay;aqmif&efbDvfrsm;udk ray;aqmif&efudkvnf; awmif;qdkcJhonf?
Tawmif;qdkr_udk vdkufemtaumiftxnfaz:aomtm;jzifh aiGtyfESHol trsm;pkonf rm;udk@pfESifhqufEG,faom b%frsm;wGif
tyfESHxm;aom aiGrsm;udk xkwf,lcJh=uonf? oydwfp+yD; &ufowWywf r=umciftwGif; qrfjrL*,fbDbD,mta&mif;tm; (30)
&mcdkifE_ef;txd xdk;usoGm;cJh+yD;/ reDvmpawmhtdyfpfcsdef; aps;uGufwGif qrfjrL*,f. &S,f,maps;E_ef;onf (18)
&mcdkifE_ef;xufydkI xdk;usoGm;cJhonf?
tar&duef.oabmxm;aumif;vmap&ef/ t"du rsufESmcsdKaoG;onfhtaejzihf rm;udk@pfonf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; bm&fudk

&mxl;rSðzwfypfcJh+yD;/ tar&duef 0ufpfydGKifh ppfwuUodkvfqif;/ u|rf;usifppfom;wa,muftjzpf awmufavsmuf &yfwnfcJhaom
'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; zD',f&m;rkdpfudk tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhonf? yifpif,l&ef toufxufausmfvGef aeaom ppft&m&dSrsm;udk
temay;rnf[k orwuajymcJhaomfvnf;/ aemufwae@wGifyif xdktxJrS t&m&dS wpfa,mufudk &mxl;wdk;ay;cJhjyefonf?
TuJhodk@aomaom ajymif;vJr_rsm;onf udk&mZeftuGDEdktm; wdkif;jynf. aumifpDtopfwGif0ifa&muftr_xrf;apvdkaom
“rm;udk@pftopf” jzpfygonfqdkaomt&mudk yHkaz:ay;aeaom yGJwyGJomjzpfcJhonf? rm;udk@pf.vufaxmufwOD;u
rm;udk@pfonf ðyjyifajymifvJa&;pdwf0ifvm+yD[kyif cef@rSef;cJhao; onf?
odk@aomf xkdodk@ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf odyf+yD;enf;aeovdk/ aemufvnf; aemufusoGm;cJh+yD jzpfonf?

,ckqdkv#if t&mtm;vHk;onf rmvmumeef&dSvlwa,mufudk qef@usif&eftwGuf/ ae&mtESH@tjym;odk@yGifh
xGufoGm;cJh+yDjzpfonf? orw.tusdK;ðyaumifpD0if ckESpfOD;E_wfxGufcJhonf? tuGDEdk - avmf&,fu atmifyGJcHvlxkudk pk&Hk;yGJ+yD;/
weFvmae@wGif rJqG,fyGJtwGif; tpdk;&rSxkwfE_wfoHk;pGJI rJ0,fxm;aom bDvD,HcsDaom yDqdkrsm;udk jyefvnf &,l&ef
óud;yrf;r_taejzifh/ b%ftwdk;E_ef; (19) rS (30) &mcdkifE_ef;txdwdk;jr‡ifhay;a=umif; a=ujimcJhonf? zdypfydkif
ukefonf}uD;rsm;toif;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;. OuUXa[mif;jzpfolu zdvpfydkifjynfol trsm;pku “rm;udk@pfrS jynfolrS
tyfESif;aom vkyfydkifcGifhtcGifhtm%m&dSw,fqdkwmeJ@ ygwfouf+yD; oHo,&dS aeonf” [k aumufcsufcs azmfjycJh onf?
twdkuftcHrsm;u ‚if;wdk@. rm;udk@pfðzwfcsa&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;tay: r,Hk=unf&Jaeao;aomfvnf; txl;ojzifh 0g&Sifwefu

ol@tay: qufvufonf;cH aeEdkifao;oIumvywfvHk; udk&mZeftuGDEdku umv&Snf ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJudk
ydkrdktif;tm;jznfh&ef qEN&dSaecJhonf? odk@aomf zdvpfydkiforw. awmufavsmufopPmcHr_ tay:wGif
ESpfaxmif;tm;&r_&dSaecJhaom orw a&mfe,fvf a&*ifu rm;udk@pfudk pGef@ypf&ef vufwGef@aecJhonf? a&*ifu
zD'ge,frm;udk@pftay: qufvufawmifhcHxm;or#/ tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh oydwfarSmufaejcif; xufydkrdkxda&muf
tm;aumifaom t&mwckvdktyfaumif; vdktyfaecJhonf? xdkt&mjzpfvmcJhaomtcg/ ta&;ygxda&mufaom axmufcHr_onf
rar#mfvifhaom axmifhwae&mrS ay:xGufvmcJhonf? xdkae&monfrSm tm%m&Sif. vuf&Hk;ppftaqmufttHkrS
cJGxGufvmaom tpdwftydkif;wckyif jzpfcJhonf?
rm&S,favmppfOya'xkwfjyef+yD;onfhaemufwGif rm;udk@pfu ppfwyftpOftvmxuf ol@tm;yk*~dKvfa&;t& opPmcHol

rsm;udkom ppfwyfxdyfydkif;AsL&dkua&pDae&mrsm;wGif &m;xlwdk;jr‡ifhay;awmhonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;bm&fuvnf; ol. om;rsm;ESifh
touft&G,f}uD;&ifhae+yD;jzpfaom ol. &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGo*F[rsm;udkom t"duusaom ppfwyfae&mrsm;wGif
cef@tyfxm;cJhonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJvdkpdwf&dSaom t&m&dSrsm;u ppfwyftwGif;rvHkavmufaom axmufyHhr_rsm;ESifh
aysmuf=um;wyfrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&ef t&nftaoG;rrDSaom ppfoifwef;rsm;ESifh ygwfoufI b0if rusr_rsm;udk
ajymqdkvm=uonf? xdkudpPrsm;a=umifh ppfwyftwGif; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udk pwifapcJhonf? tuGDEdkvkyf}uHcH&aom
(1983) ckESpf tcsdefwGif/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; [dk&efaygifhpftef&DvD (Juan Ponce Enrile) ESifh eD;pyf+yD; a'goxGufaeaom
t&m&diS ,frsm;u RAM (zdvpfydkifppfwyfðyjyifajymif;vJa&;v_yf&Sm;r_) [k vlodrsm;aom v#Kd@0SuftwdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_wckudk
ppfwyftwGif; pwifpnf;&Hk;vmcJh=uonf?
[m;AwfOya'ausmif;qif;jzpfol/ tkef;pdkufysdK;olrsm;b%ftoif; OuUXvnf;jzpfol tef&DvDonf rm;udk@pf. EdkifiHa&;

ppfol}uD;tjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtr_xrf;cJh+yD;/ ol.rm;udk@pftay:opPm&dSr_udk jyoaomtm;jzifh KBL twGufrJrsm;pGm

pkaqmif;ay;cJholvnf;jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf rm&S,favmppfOya' xkwfjyef+yD;aemuf rm;udk@pfonf ol.umuG,fa&; 0ef}uD;udk
ab;csdwfxm;+yD;/ bm&fxHwGifom tm%mtm;vHk;udk yHktyfxm;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh tef&DvDonf ol@udk opPmcHaom
wyfzGJ@rsm;udk pkaqmif;+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;a=u;pm;ppfom;rsm;udk toHk;ðyI olwdk@udk avhusifhay;cJhonf? (1984) ckESpfwGif olonf
ppfwyfudkyifausmfvGefI r[mrdwfrsm;udk pwif wnfaqmufxm;EdkifcJh+yD jzpfonf?
(1985) ckESpf tapmydkif;wGif RAM tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf/ 'DZifbmaemufydkif;wGif ppfwyftm%modrf;r_ pwif&ef tpD

tpOfqGJcJh=uonf? Edk0ifbmv orwa&G;aumufyGJusif;yrnfhta=umif; a=ujimcsufa=umifh RAM . tpDtpOf rsm;udk
zsufodrf;cJh&+yD;/ olwdk@u a&G;aumufyGJonf orwudk &mxlrS ðzwfcsEdkifrnf[k xifxm;cJh=uonf? RAM tzGJ@0ifrsm;u
olwdk@. aemufvdkuf&Jabmfrsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJwGif =um;ae&ef ajymcJhonf? odk@aomf RAM tzGJ@0if rsm;u
zdvpfydkifppfwuUodkvfrS Adkvfavmif; (747) OD;udk qGJaqmifEdkifcJh+yD;/ wOD;pDtm; c&dkift&m&dSrsm;xHodk@ ajzmifhrwf I
w&m;r#waoma&G;aumufyGJwck jzpfvmap&eftwGuf awmif;qdkxm;aom pmq,fapmifqD ay;ydk@ckdif;cJhonf?
a&G;aumufyGJae@usa&mufvmaomtcgwGif rJ&Hktrsm;tjym;wGif rJyHk;tjrwfxkwfr_rsm; r&dSap&ef yg0ifulnDay;cJh=u onf?
tuGDEdk - avmf&,f atmifyGJcHvlxkcsDwufyGJ+yD;aemufwae@wGif tef&DvDu ol.Oya'qdkif&mvkyfaz:udkifzufjzpfol &DeD;

au&DwefEdk (Rene Cayetano) udk olESifh tjcm;aom RAM tzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; vkyf}uHowf&ef ypfrSwfxm;cHae& a=umif;ESifh
rm;udk@pfESifh bm&fwdk@u twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif trsm;pkudk zrf;qD;&ef jyifqifaea=umif;udkvnf; v#Kd@0SufpGm ajymjycJhonf?
olE_wfxGufrnf[kvnf; tef&DvDu ajymjycJhonf? “usKyfol@twGuftvkyfvkyfay;cJhwm ESpfaygif; (20) &dScJh+yD;? 'Dtcsdef[m
usKyfwdkif;jynfudk tvkyftaºuG;ðy&r,fh tcsdefa&muf+yD?”[k ol.oabmxm;udk azmfjycJhonf? aemufwae@ aom=umae@wGif
tef&DvDu ol@tm;zrf;qD;awmhrnf[k au&DwefEdk udk ajymjycJhonf? ol. pdk;&drfa=umufr_onf tajctjrpfr&dS r[kwf?
ta=umif;rSm rm;udk@pfESifh bm&fwdk@onf e,fc&dkifrsm;rS opPmcHwyf rsm;udk ac:,lI rvmumeefwGif
tiftm;jznfhwif;xm;cJhonf? RAM tzGJ@0ift&m&dSav;OD; tzrf;cH&+yD;/ xdkt&m&dS rsm;udk tm%modrf;a&; tpDtrHudk
zGifhxkwf&ef twif;t=uyf zdtm;ay;cJhonf?
azaz:0g&Dv (22) &uf/ paeae@wGif RAM tzGJ@0ifESpfOD;onf/ tef&DvD.tdrfodk@oGm;I ol@udktcsdefra&G; zrf;Edkif a=umif;
owday;cJhonf? wyftiftm;udk jzef@xkwfrvm;/ ol. tiftm;udk pkpnf;rvm;ESifhygwfoufI tajctwifjiif;ckef=u+yD;aemuf
tefeDvDu ol.wyfzGJ@tiftm;av;&mudk reDvmòrd@awmf&dS umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme XmecsKyf&Sd/ atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef; (Camp
Aguinaldo) wGif nDvmcHusif;y&ef trdef@ay;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf tefeDvDu AdkvfcsKyf}uD; &m;rdk@pfxHodk@ qufoG,fcJhonf?
&m;rdk@pfuvnf; ulnDrnf[k csufcsif;oabmwlcJh+yD;/ atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;rS tuf'fqmvrf;r=uD;udk wnfhwnfhjzwfvmI&aom
EdkifiHawmf&JwyfzGJ@XmecsKyf u&drf;pcef; (Camp Crame) wGif ol. wyf&if;ESpf&if;jzifh wyfpGJay;xm;rnf[k ajymqkdcJhonf?
naecif;Y pcef;rsm;wGif olykefppfom;rsm;/ EdkifiHawmf&JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;tygt0if a'owGif;ESifh EdkifiHwumowif;pm orm;rsm;ESifh

jynfhv#HaecJhonf? Adkvfr_;}uD; wm*dk *wfawmh (Tirgo Gadot) onf zrf;qD;&rnfhpm&if;wGif tef&DvD .trnfyg&dSonfudk
=um;od&aomtcg olonf ol.&Jabmfrsm;udk bwfpfum;wpD;ay:wifI vufeufrsm;udk avxJwGif a0S@,rf;I
atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;qDodk@ OD;aqmifcsDwuf yl;aygif;cJhonf? “rm;udk@pfwGif vlxkrStyfESif;aom tcGifhtm%m&dSygonf[lI
qufvufI [efraqmifEdkifawmhyg” [koluajymcJhonf? “usaemfvHk;0 r,Hk=unfawmh wJh tkyfcsKyfa&;wcktpm;
usaemf,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf wdkufyGJ0if&ygvdrfh,f”[k ajymcJhonf?
tef&DvDESifh &m;rkdpfwdk@ESpfOD;u atmf*GDe,f'dk. tpnf;ta0;crf;rxJwGif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwckusif;ycJhonf? ,ck tcsed frSpI

olwkd@taejzifh orwtm; umuG,fa&;OD;pDcsKyftaejzifh qufvuftodtrSwfrðyEdkifawmha=umif; tef&DvDua=ujimcJhonf?
“vuf&dStpdk;&wGif jynfolrStyfESif;aom tcGifhtm%mr&dS[k usaemfwkd@,Hk=unfygonf? usaemfwdk@&J@*k%foduQm/ todw&m;udk
usaemfwdk@&SmawG@cJhyg+yD? usaemftaeESifh tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk udk,fpm; rðyaom tpdk;&wckatmufwGif tr_rxrf;Edkifawmh[k
cHpm;rdcJhygonf?”[k owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif ajymqdkcJh=uonf? tef&DvDu “0ef}uD;tzGJ@twGif;rS *k%foduQm&dSaom
tzGJ@0ifrsm;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&twGif;rS *k%foduQm &dSaom0efxrf;rsm;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ *k%foduQm&dSaom
zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ *k%foduQm&dS aom ppfom;rsm;ESifh t&m&dSrsm;xHrS axmufcHr_rsm;udk

awmif;qdkcJhonf? &mrdk@pfuvnf; wkdif;jynfESifhjynfolvlxk tm; umuG,folrsm;tjzpf emvnf;vufcHI wyfrawmfwGif
tr_xrf;rdrdwdk@b0udk jr‡KyfESHxm;aom tjcm;aom wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh ol.tkyfcsKyfr_ atmufwGif&dSaom wyfzGJ@rsm;udk olESifh
tef&DvDxHodk@vma&mufylaygif;&ef !Gef=um;cJh onf? “usaemfwdk@ udk&mZeftuGDEdkudk axmufcH&ef
pdwfydkif;jzwfxm;cJhygw,f?”[k &m;rdk@pfu xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhonf? “olromv#if zdvpfydkif. wu,fh orwtppfjzpfw,fvdk@
usaemf ESvHk;om;xJu eufeuf&_dif;&d_if; xifjrifyg w,f?” [k &m;rdk@pfu xkwfazmfa=ujimcJhonf?
tef&DvDESifh &m;rkdpfodxm;cJhonfhtwdkif; Tajymqdkaecsufrsm;onf rm;udk@pftay: pum;ppfxdk;aejcif;omjzpfonf?

rm;udk@pf.opPmcHwyfrsm;rS wdkufcdkufcJhv#if olwdk@taejzifh a&S@wef;rSckcHEdkifpGrf;r&dSonfudk oabmaygufonf? odk@aomf
tjcm;yHkpHwckjzifh tiftm;pkrsm;&&dSEdkifonf[k cHpm;rdonf? tef&DvDESifh&m;rkdpfwdk@u omoem*dk%f;csKyf}uD; pif; xHodk@ wOD;csif;pD
zkef;quf+yD;/ tultnDawmif;cHcJhonf? “aumif;+yD; zD',f/ c%apmifh” [k pif;u jyefajymcJhonf? “ig;rdepf twGif;rSm
rif;wdk@&J@ae&mrSm vlxkawGeJ@ jynf@aeap&r,f?”[k tajzay;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf a&'D,Akd m&Dwmhprf S &mrdpk Ef Sihf tef&v D uD kd
&nf!Gef;+yD; *dk%f;csKyf}uD;u “pcef;xJrSm&dSaewJh usaemfwdk@. rdwfaqGaumif;ESpfOD;udk ulnD=u &ef usKyfwdk@jynfolawGudk
aqmf=ovdkufygw,f? atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;udkoGm;+yD; cifAsm;wkd@&J@ pnf;vHk;jcif;tiftm;awGudk tckvdk ta&;}uD;wJhtcsdefrSm
jyvdkufprf;yg? usaetaeESifh aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfr_awG a&Smif&Sm;Edkifygapvdk@ qENðyvkdufyg w,f?” ponfjzifh a&'D,dkrdef@cGef;rS
aqmf=oa=ujimcJhonf?
bwfZf tuGDEdkonf olykefppfom;rsm;ESiyfh laygif;aom yxrOD;qHk; t&yfom;acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfcJhonf? pcef;odk@

a&mufonfESifhyif usnfumtusDF0wfqifxm;+yD;/ ododomomac|;jyefaeaom pdwfzdpD;aeaom tef&DvDESihfawG@qHkcJh onf?
“usaemfwdk@,ck atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;rSm a&muf&dSaeyg+yD/” [k bwfZfu a&'D,dkrSaeI a=ujimcJhonf? “usaemftckyJ 0ef}uD;
tef&DvDESifh pum;ajym+yD;yg+yD? olESifhol&JabmfawG[m rnfonfhwdkufcdkufr_rqdk &ifqdkifzdk@ vufcsif;,Sufxm;=uygw,f?
aoG;xGufoH,dkr_udk wm;qD;[ef@xm;zdk@ usaemfwdk@'Dae&muaeóud;pm;=u&ygr,f? usaemhtaeESifh
oufqdkifolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;udk awmif;qdkcsifygw,f/ usaemfhudk udkifabtdkrS&dSwJh tDqDwef (ukefwdkufwck) rSm vmawG@=uyg?
vma&mufyl;aygif;=uyg? ” noef;acgif,HtcsdefwGif bwfZfonf axmifESifhcsDaom vlxk}uD;udkOD;aqmifI
atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;qDodk@ csDwufcJhonf?
tylydkif;&moDOwkjzpfaom reDvmòrd@awmfonf nbufwGif rD;xdefxdefvif;aecJhonf? tuf'fpmESifh tjcm;aom

t"duvrf;r}uD;rsm;wGif yHkrSeftm;jzifh reufESpfem&Dxd vlydwf=uyfaewwfonf? xkd@a=umifh ppfwyfykefuefaom
owif;pum;ESifh *dk%f;csKyf}uD;.awmif;qdkr_onf vrf;rrsm;ESifh tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;qDodk@ awmrD;yrm jyef@ESH@oGm;cJhonf?
tvHrsm;udkudkifaqmif/ a0S@,rf;Ia&mufvmaom tjzLa&mifusrf;pmoifom; 0wfpHk0wfqifxm;aom vltkyf wtkyf onf
yxrOD;qHk;a&mufvmaom tkyfpkjzpfonf? olwdk@u u&drf;pcef;udk vlom;cHwyfozG,f ywfvnf0dkif;&Hxm; vdkufonf?
tjcm;tkyfpkonf vleDwmyef;jcHwGif pk&Hk;cJh=uonf?
reDvmvufaxmufòrd@awmf0ef [mrDEdk tufpfwdk*g (Hermino Astorga) onf a&'D,dkAm&DwmhpfrS vleDwmyef;jcH&Sd vlrsm;udk

pcef;rsm;qDodk@ um;jzifhydk@aqmifulnDay;&ef arwWm&yfcHoHudk =um;cJh&onf? olZeD;bufvSnfhI “oGm;pdk@” [k ajymcJhonf?
olwdk@ESpfOD; vleDwmodk@a&mufaomtcg “{&mrvltkyf}uD;udk=unfhI t}uD;tus,ftHhtm;oifhoGm; cJhonf?” tufpfwdk*gu
oltdrfodk@ aemufxyfarmfawmfum;rsm; xyfydk@ay;&ef zkef;ac:aeaomtcsdefwGif ‚if;wdk@. um;rsm;udk toHk;ðy&ef
urf;vSrf;ae=uaom um;orm;rsm;u olxHodk@csnf;uyfvmcJhonf? olwdk@.aemufwGif x&yf um;}uD;rsm;ESifh
ypPnf;o,fum;wef;}uD;udkawG@cJh&+yD;/ um;rsm;tm;vHk;wGif atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;odk@oGm;rnfh vlrsm;ESifh jynfhv#HaecJhonf?
tufpfwdk*gu wuUpDum;oHk;pD;udk awG@aomtcg “usaemf um;orm;awGudk usefolawGudk wifoGm;ay;zdk@eJ@
ydkufqHudkusaemfay;ygr,fvdk@ ajymcJhw,f? usaemfu olwdk@udk b,favmuf usvJvdk@vJar;a&m/ olwdk@tajzu usaemhudk
tHhtm;oifhapcJhygw,f? wjym;rSay;p&mrvdkygbl; vdk@olwdk@uajymw,f/ usKyfwdk@um;ay:udk tjynfhwufvdkuf/ +yD;&iftm;vHk;udk
tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD;qDudk tvum;wifoGm;ay;r,fvdk@ ajymygw,f? ”

wdkufcdkufjcif;cH&rnfudk óudwifar#mfvifhxm;aom tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD;ay:&dS t&yfom;jynfolrsm;u t"dae&mrsm;wGif
twm;tqD;rsm; ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? wae&mwGif vlrygaom bwfpfum;ajcmufpD;udk b,fnmum;oGm;Edkifaom vrf;
rsm;ay:wGif pkyHkxm;vdkufonf? vli,frsm;u bwfpfum;rsm;ay:odk@ wG,fwuf+yD;/ tvHrsm;udk a0S@,rf;I vltrsm;
xyfa&mufvmcsdefwGif “udk&D/ udk&D” [katmf[pfcJh=uonf? tjcm;óudydk@ z,f&Dum;rsm;u aumfzD/ pm;p&mrsm;udk wifI
atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;&dS olykefppfom;rsm;xHodk@ ydk@aqmifay;cJh=uonf? wnvHk;olykefppfom;rsm;udk apmifh=uyfay;cJh aom
omrefzdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;t=um;wGif wif;=uyfr_ESifhtwl aysmf&$ifr_wck udef;atmif;aecJh=uonf?
olr.cifyGef;u tdrfrSae&ef awmif;yefxm;aomfvnf;/ tdrfaxmif&Sifr x&Dpm yg'dkonf tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD;odk@

xGufvmcJhonf? “tck usr&J@toufawG/ cE<mudk,fawGudk *&krxm;yJ pGef@v$wfxm;cJhjcif;[m cav;awGtwGufyJ
jzpfcJhygw,f? 'grSom olwkd@av;awG ydkrdkaumif;rGefwJh tem*gwfwckudk ar#mfvifhEdkifrSmyg? pdwfnpfp&mvrf;awGay:rSm
wjcm;olawGu usrtwGufEdkifoavmufwdkufyGJ0ifaecsdefrSm/ usruoufawmifhoufomeJ@ usrtdrfxJrSm raeEdkifygbl;?
rsuf&nf,dkAHk;'%fudkoufomapzdk@ oHyk&m&nfeJ@ rsufESmokwfy0gawGudk,l&if; usrreuftm&HkOD;rSm wudk,fwnf;xGufcJhygw,f?
tdrfxJrSae vrf;rqDodk@ æ æ vGwfvyfa&;rSonf vGwfvyfjcif;qDokd@” æ æ [k olru aemufydkif;wGif ajymjycJhonf?
oDcsif;qdkaeaom/ uckefaeaom/ [Gef;wD;aeaomvltkyf}uD;udk ig;aomif;cef@&dSonf[k aemufydkif; owif;pm

wapmif.owif;ay;ydk@csufwGif cef@rSef;az:jycJhonf? “&,fp&m}uD;As”/ “usaemfwdku jynfolvlxkudk tum tuG,fay;&rJh
umuG,fa&;Xme/ 'gayr,fh tJ'Djynfolvlxk ppfwyfudk/ usKyfwdk@udk jyef+yD; tumtuG,fay;aew,f” [k tef&DvDu
ajymcJhonf?
“wpfOD;wpfa,mufxHurS a=umufpdwf t&dyfta,mifawmif rawGcJh&bl;”
ykefuefolppfom;rsm;ESifh rm;udk@pftpdk;&wdk@ paeae@nwpfnvHk;ESifh we*FaEGae@wae@vHk; w,fvDaA;&Sif;ESifh a&'D,dkrS wqifh

+cdrf;ajcmufr_/ &mZoHay;r_rsm; tjyeftvSefajymqdkaecJh=uonf? tef&DvDESifh &m;rdk@pfwdk@ESpfOD;u tuGDEdkonf
a&G;aumufyGJatmifEdkifoljzpfI rm;udk@pfudk xGufoGm;&ef }udrfcgxyfwvJvJ awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? &kyfjrifoH=um; rSxkwfv$ifhaom
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwckwGif rm;udk@pfu olykefxaeaomppfom;rsm;udk “'DrdkufrJr_awGudk tqHk;owf +yD;/ vufeufcsvdkufyg” [k
trdef@ay;cJhonf? opPmcHppfOD;csKyf. t&m&dSwpfodkufu olykefrsm;udk vufeuf}uD;rdk; &GmEdkifacs&dSa=umif;olu
t&dyft¹rGufajym=um;cJh+yD;/ tm%modrf;r_twGuf oHo,&dSaom t&m&dSrsm;. trnfudk vnf; xkwfaz:jycJhonf?
tef&DvDuolvkyfaqmif&rnfhtydkif;taejzifh ol.wyfrsm;udk pkpnf;+yD; tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD; udkjzwfI u&drf;pcef;pDodk@
OD;aqmifoGm;cJhonf?
we*FaEGae@ ae@vnftapmydkif;wGif/ vufeuftjynfhwyfqifxm;aom tpdk;&opPmcHr&drf;wyf&if;ESpf&if;onf pcef; rsm;qDodk@

OD;wnfcsDwufvmcJhonf? a&S@rScsDwufvmaomppfom;tcsdK@onf r,foDv&Sifrsm;tygt0if t&yfom; jynfolrsm;u
ayG@zufjcif;/ tpm;taomufrsm;ESifh pD;u&ufrsm;a0iSjcif;jzifh a&S@rSydwfI óudqdk=ujcif;a=umifh csDwuf vmaom
ppfom;rsm;vrf;w0ufwGifyif &yfwef@oGm;cJhonf? jynfolrsm;u ppfom;rsm;. &dkifz,fwGif zJóud;0grsm; csnfaESmifay;cJh=u+yD;/
tcsdK@jynfolrsm;u 'l;axmuf+yD; qkawmif;cJh=uonf? {&mrvltkyf}uD;onf tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD; vloGm;vrf;ay:rS
vl&GifawmfwpfOD;. azsmfajzr_udk em;axmifaepOfwGif wpHkwOD;u pcef;rsm;qDodk@ wifhum;rsm; OD;wnfoGm;ae=ua=umif;
a=ujimcJhonf? “wifhum;awGqDudkoGm;+yD;/ olwdk@udk &yfwef@oGm;atmifvkyfzdk@ vltyk ft}uD; }uD;vdktyfw,f” [kvltkyf}uD;udk
ajymvdkufonf? c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;wpfyg;u olwifhum;rsm;ta&S@ umuG,f wm;qD;a&;vdkif;qDodk@ ola&mufoGm;onfhtcgwGif/
tuf'fpmvrf;r}uD;ay:wGif cyfedrfhedrfhoJtdwfwHwdkif;wck pDwef; xm;cJhonfudk olawG@cJh&onf[k aemufydkif;wGif ajymjycJhonf?
xdkoHwHwdkif;ay:wGif&yfaeaomolrsm;rSm “q,fausmf oufuav;rsm;/ toufESpfq,fpGef;p vli,fav;rsm;/ oHwHwdkif;a&S@wGif
olwdk@. b0wckvHk;udk jzef@usufpDwef;+yD; ydwfqdk@xm;cJh=uonf/ vufxJrSmcav;i,fwpfa,mufudkqGJ 0rf;AdkufxJrSm
cav;wpfa,mufudkaqmifxm;aom udk,f0efaqmifxm;aom rdcifi,fwpfOD;/ vrf;pav#mufwwfp cav;i,frsm;ESifhtwl
q,fESpft&G,f cav;i,frsm;/ q,fausmfoufav;rsm; æ æ æ æ usaemf toufckESpfq,fausmft&G,f

q&m0efwpfOD;udkvnf; awGcJh&w,f? b,folrS xGufoGm;wmvnf; rawG@cJh&bl;/ b,folrSvnf; a=umufw,fqdkwJh
t&dyfta,mifawmifrjycJhbl;?” rsujf rifoufaowOD;u jyefajymjyonf?
tdrfaxmifonfESifh rdcifwpfOD;jzpfol vlvl uufpfwef'g onf olr.orD; vD&mESifhtwl Tae&mwGif &dSaecJhonf?

“usrwdk@tm;vHk;udk vufarmif;awG csdwfxm;zdk@ ajymcJhw,f?” [k olru jyeffajymif;ajymjycJhonf? “ usrab;em;u
vlawG&J@rsufESmudk vkduf=unfhrdcJhw,f/ txl;ojzifh usr&J@nmvufu usrvufarmif;udk wif;wif;qkwfxm;wJhvl&J@ rsufESmudk
aoaocsmcsm =unfhcJhrdw,f?” “usr&J@ t&rf;pdk;&drfcJhwmu bmvJqdkawmh usr'DvleJ@ twlwlao&awmh r,f? 'gayr,fh
usrol@&J@eHrnfudk rodao;bl;? usrol@&J@eHrnfudk ar;=unfhcsifcJhw,f? 'gayr,fh usrudk olu urf;
urf;wufwJhrdef;rwpfa,mufvdk@vnf; txifrcHapcsifcJhbl;? 'ga=umifh usrol@eHrnfudk usr rar;cJhbl;? wpdrf;jyifjyif taeeJ@yJ
usrwdk@ awG@vmawmhr,fh aojcif;w&m;udk twlwl&ifqdkifcJh=uw,f?” rdcifwOD;u jyefajymjyonf?
Zmwf!Gef;a&;q&m tref'dk vyfulpwmu jrifonfrSm tpdk;&r&drf;wyfom;rsm;onf cufxefrmausm+yD;/ aorSmrr_ onfh

yHkrsKd;aygufaecJhonf? xkdwyfudk t&yfcyfykyk/ tenfi,fwkwfcdkifaom AdkvfrSL;csKyf tm&fwDrD,dk wuf'D,mu OD;aqmifcJh+yD;
ol@vlrsm;vdkyif olvJ yHkcyf=urf;=urf;yifjzpfonf? wuf'Dwmu jynfolrsm;udk &Jabmfrsm;
o,faqmifvmonfhoHcsyfumvlwif,mOfrsm; (APCs) rsm;udk zdk@'f tuf*De,f'dk. taemufbufodk@ jzwfoGm;cGifh
awmif;cJhonf? “usKyfrSm usKyfudkay;xm;wJhtrdef@awG&dSygw,f?” [k wuf'D,mu rdkufu&dkzkef;rSwqifh atmfIajymcJh onf?
xdk@aemuf bwfZf tuGDEdk vltkyfxJrSay:xGufvm+yD;/ oHcsyfumum;ay:odk@ckefwufoGm;+yD;/ rdkufuvdkzkef;udkvk/ jynfolrsm;udk
awmifhcHxm;zdk@ESifh “'g[mjynfoltm%m[m bmvJqdkwmjywmyJ” [k atmfajymcJhonf? ppfom;rsm; u tuGDEdkudk
oHcsyfumum;ay:uqGJcs+yD;/ um;pufudkEd_;csdefwGif/ rD;cdk;rJ wdrfvdyfwckudk azgufcGJovdk xGufay:vm cJhonf?
vyfulpwmuol@&J@vufudk ajr‡muf+yD; “qufvkyfvkduf/ usKyfwdk@udk oufvdkuf” [k atmfajymcJhonf? vltkyf}uD;u
ppfom;rsm;udk atmf[pfavSmifajymif/ uifr&mrsm;uvnf; ae&mtESH@ wzswfzswf &dkufaecJhonf? xdk@aemuf oHcsyfumum;u
a&S@odk@ qufIcsDwufcJhonf? tHwkoH/ wkefv_yfoHrsm;ESifh qkawmif;oHrsm; ydkrdkus,favmif vmcJhonf? oHcsyfumum;rsm;u
w,drf;w,dkifjzifh qufvufcsDwuf vmcJhjyefonf/ xdk@aemuf tif*sifpufoH &yfoGm;cJhonf? w'*Fc%jidrfoufoGm;+yD;aemuf
vltyk f}uD;onf atmf[pfcsD;rGrf;oH/ vufckyf=obmoHrsm; xGufay: vmcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wuf'D,mu vltkyf=uD;udk
pdkuf=unfh+yD;/ acgif;&rf;+yD; vSnhfxGufoGm;cJhonf?
odk@aomf jcdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;u tqHk;rowfao;ay? &efvdkaomr&drf;wyfom;wpfOD;onf oHcsyfumum;ay:wGif rwfwyf&yfI

oHcsyfumum;armif;oludk a&S@qufwuf&eftcsufjyvdkufonf? oHcsyfumum;onf odrfhueJ 0wfðy qkawmif;aeaom
r,foDv&Sifrsm; twef;qDodk@ OD;wnfarmif;oGm;cJhonf? “usaemfwdk@ wu,fwrf;'Dtwdkif;yJ ra&G@vsm;yJaer,fqdkwmudk
olwdk@oabmraygufcifrSm b,fESpfa,mufavmuf t}udwfcH&r,fqdkwm usaemf pOf;pm; aerdcJhw,f?” vyfulpwmu
ol@udk,fol jyefpOf;pm;+yD;ajymjycJhonf? wvrf;ausmfu vrf;av;cGqDodk@ qkwfcGmoGm; aom usaemfwdk@ab;u vltkyf}uD;onf
“udk&D - udk&D” a'gow}uD;jzifhatmf[pfcJh=uonf? xdkeHrnfESifh vbef (L) oauFwonfom xdk&efvdkaomvlrsm;ESifh
xdkoHcsyfumum;rsm;udk &yfwef@atmifvkyfEdkifonfhtvm; atmf[pfcJh=u onf? “usaemfyxrOD;qHk; emusifpGmatmf[pfoHudk
em;axmifzdk@ tqifoifhjzpfaepOfrSmyJ/ tHrcrf;zG,f&m wckjzpfcJh w,f? APC um;awG &yfvdkufw,f/ tif*sifpufawGud
owfvdkufw,f? csD;rGrf;atmf[pfoHawG/ vufckyfoHawG/ =um; &w,f? usaemfwdk@ wcgxyfEdkifvdkufjyef+yD? ppfom;awG
usaemfwdk@udk a'gow}uD;ESifh pdkuf=unfhae=uw,f? ” wzef xyf+yD; axmifESifhcsDaomvlxk}uD;u udk&D&J@ trnfudk
atmf[pfoDaºuG;cJh=ujyefonf?
xdktjzpftysuftm;vHk;udkxkwfv$ifhay;aeaom a&'D,Akd m&Dwmhpo

f nf olyek frsm;. qufoG,fa&; A[dkXmecsKyfwck ozG,f
jzpfaecJhonf? we*FaEGae@reufapmapmydkif;wGif vl&rf;um;rsm;u Am&Dwmhpfa&'D,dk. pufypPnf;rsm;udk
0ifa&mufzsufqD;cJh=uonf? odk@aomfreufoHk;em&DwGif a&'D,dkbef'D'dk (Radio Bandido) [k trnfay;xm;aom
v#Kd@0SuftoHv$ifhXmerS t"duowif;a=ujimol *|efudwfav (June Keithley) . toHonf avvdi_ ;f wGif jyefvnf
xGufay:vmcJhonf? wcgu a&'D,dkAm&DwmhpfrS AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wuf'D,mxHodk@ yk*~dKvfa&;toem;cHudk v$ifhxkwfcJhonf?

“tufwufrD,dk rif;&J@ OD;av; z'uf'f pum;ajymaeygw,f? rif;&J@a':a': zvdkif;&ifhpf&,f/ ig&,feJ@ rif;&J@
0rf;uGJnDtpfudkawGtm;vHk; u&drf;pcef;xJrSm &dSae=uw,f? uJ æ æ cav;/ rif; OD;ajymwmudk em;axmifyg”
Am&Dwmhpfa&'D,dk. y&dowfwOD;jzpfol AdkvfrSL;}uD; tefwdkeD,dk pdkwDvdku reDvm.awmifbufplpl;usaom uufAD;w (Cavite)

c&dkif&dS &[wf,mOfwkdufckdufa&;tkyfpkudk tkyfcsKyfcJhonf? wevFmae@reufapmapmwGif udwfavu “tjzpftysuf tm;vHk;udk
tao;pdwfajymjycJhw,f” [k pdkwDvdkuajymjycJhonf? “usaemf t&rf;0rf;enf;cJhygw,f?” ay;tyfaomtrdef@udk
emcHaomtm;jzifh/ pdkwDvdku ol. wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udk tqifhoifhjyifckdif;/ vufeufESifh usnftydk rsm;xyfjznfh+yD; olykefawGudk
wdkufckduf&efjyifqifxm;cJhonf? odk@aomf trdef@ay;xm;aom zdk@wfbdkeDzufpD,dkodk@ ysHoef;rnfhtpm;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;ESifh
ol.av,mOfrSL; q,fhajcmufa,mufwdk@onf olwdk@. wyfzGJ@&[wf,mOfrsm;udk u&drf;pcef;qDodk@ OD;wnfysHoef;cJh=uonf?
“usaemfwdk@ u&drf;pcef;udk wpfywfywfysHoef;cJhygw,f? 'kwd, tywfrSm awmh usaemh&J@ av,mOfrSL;u
av,mOfbD;awGudkatmufodk@cs/ jznf;jznf;csif;qif;+yD;/ ajray:odk@qif;oufcJhygw,f” [k olujyefajymif; ajymjycJhygonf?
tHk;tHk;u|wfu|wftoHrsm; yGifhxGufvmcJhonf? “&[wf,mOf'vufawGu vnfaewkef;yJ/ 'gayr,fh jynfolawGudk
usaemfwdk@qDudk tHkeJ@usif;eJ@ajy;0ifvmcJh=uygw,f? vlawGu atmf[pf/ cHkaygufeJ@ 0dkif;zuf=uygw,f? owif;axmufawGu
usaemfhxHudk pum;ajymcGufawG xdk;ay;=uygw,f? usaemfajymcJh csifwmuawmh usaemfwdk@&J@ todw&m;aemufudk
usaemfwdk@vdkufcJh=uwmyg? usaemfwdk@b0rSm 'DvdkrsKd; wcgr#rvkyfcJhbl;ygbl;/ 'Dw}udrfawmh usaemfhwdkif;jynftwGuf usaemf
qHk;jzwfcsufwck cscJhwmyg?”
pDwDvdk.zufajymif;r_onf olykefppfom;rsm; pcef;rsm;udk umuG,f&efvdktyfaeaom ypftm;E_ef;udk ydkrkdaxmufyHhay; cJhonf?

&[wf,mOfrsm;onf wevFae@wae@vHk; tvkyf&_yfv#uf&dSaecJhonf? rvmumeef eef;awmfajrjyifqDodk@
owday;ypfcwfr_rsm;ðyvkyfjcif;/ ADvmrdkavwyfpcef;&dS orw&[wf,mOf oHk;pD;udk zsufqD;cJhjcif;/ &kyfjrifoH=um;trSwf (4) udk
odrf;ydkufxm;aom olykefwyfrsm;twGuf ava=umif;tumtuG,fay;jcif; ponfwdk@jzifh tvkyfrsm;aecJh =uonf?
rm;udk@pfeef;awmfrS toHv$ifhcsufrsm;udk jzwfawmuf+yD; &kyfjrifoH=um;trSwf (9) udk aemufolykefwyfzGJ@ wcku
odrf;ydkufxm;cJhonf? opPmcH &def;*sm;paumufwyfzGJ@rsm; toHv$ifh&HktaemufzufrS csOf;uyfvmaomtcg ‚if;wdk@tm;
tjzLa&mif 0wfpHk&Snf0wfqifxm;aom c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;wyg;u 0wfðyolEdkifiHom;wpktm;OD;aqmifI xdkwyfzGJ@udk
wm;qD;cJh=uonf? xdktkyfpkxJrS ausmif;q&mwpfOD;u wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udkvufqGJE_wfquf+yD;/ tjcm;olrsm; u wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udk
'dk;ewfpfrkef@rsm;/ vdarRmf&nfrsm;ESifh [rf;bm*grkef@rsm; a0iSay;cJh=uonf?
azaz:0g&Dv (24) &ufae@/ wevFmae@aevnfcif;wGif udk&mZef tuGDEdk onf pDbl; (Cebu) rS reDvmodk@ jyefa&muf vmcJh+yD;/
olr. vHkðcHa&;t&m&dSrsm;.t}uHðycsufudk y,fcsI tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD;odk@ oGm;a&mufvnfywf&ef qHk;jzwfcJh onf? “'DrSm -
'gusrvkyfaewJhtvkyfu 'DtvkyfyJ” [k olrujyefajymcJhonf? “tu,fI &Sifwdk@u usrudk tJ'Dae&mudk vdkufrydk@bl;qdk&if/
usrbmom usroGm;&vdrfhr,f?” olrawmif;qdkcJhaom wu,fhtppftrSef ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJudk Tae&mwGif olrawG@cJ&onf?
“tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD;ay:u vltkyf}uD;u usrudk tHhtm;oifh apcJhygw,f” [k olruaemufydkif;wGifajymjycJhonf? “'gu
r[mrdwfvdkrsKd; 'grSr[kwf EdkifiHa&;tpnf;ta0;yHkpHrsKd;eJ@ vHk;0uGJjym;ygw,f? 'gu wu,fhaoa&;&Sifa&;yGJwckyg? ”
udk&mZeftuGDEdku jyefajymjycJhonf?
ol oabmaygufoGm;cJh+yD?
a&*iftpdk;&onf xdktjzpftysufrsm;udk r,Hkr&Jjzifhapmifh=unfhaecJhonf? zdvpf[mApfqdkol oHwrefwpfOD;udk rm;udk@pf

tpdk;&.tajctaeESifhyufoufI oHk;oyfEdkif&ef tcsuftvufpkaqmif;a&;tzGJ@ tjzpfapv$wfcJhonf? oljyefvm aomtcg
tm%m&Siftpdk;& ðywfuscgeD;ae+yD;[k oabmaygufem;vnfcJhonf? odk@aomf olu EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; a*smh&Sfv#KZf (George
Shultz) ESifhumuG,fa&;0ef}uD; uufpfyg 0dkif;bm*g (Caspar Weinberger) udk tu,fIrsm; tar&dueftpdk;&u
rm;udk@pfudkqufvuftm;ay;aeygu ol@taejzifh qufvufawmifhcHEdkifonf[k ajymjycJhonf? rm;udk@pftaejzifh
acsmifxJydwfrdatmif wGef;ydk@cH&ygu olykefppfom;rsm;tay:wkdufcdkuf&ef ppfa=ujimEdkifa=umif;/ Todk@vkyfygu

aoG;xGufoH,dkr_jzpfvmvdrfhrnf/ }uD;aomyÉdyuQwcktjzpfokd@ &kwfcsnf;ajymif;vJoGm;um/ olykefrsm; uvnf;
t=urf;zufwdkufyGJqDodk@ OD;wnfoGm;rnfudk 0g&Sifwefu pdk;&drfcJhonf?
rm;udk@pftay:rnfodk@aomyHkpHrsKd;jzifh ulnD&rnfqdkonfhtcsufrSm orwa&*if. qHk;jzwfcsuftay: rlwnfaeonf?

orwa&*if.qHk;jzwfcsufonf vGefpGmta&;}uD;vSonf? orwESifhorwuawmf eefpDonf a&*ifu,fvDzdk;eD;,m; jynfe,f
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;jzpfpOf/ zdvpfydkifodk@ vma&mufvnfywfpOfuwnf;u rm;udk@pf.ZeD;armifESHESifh awG@qHk&if;ESD; cJh=uonf?
&uf&ufa&ma&mjzifh aysmfawmfqufcJh+yD;/ rm;udk@pf. jyif;xefaom uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; pdwf"gwftay:wGifvnf; a&*ifu
oabmuscJhonf? a&*ifonf oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGwpfa,mufjzpfvmcJh+yD;/ ol@pum; udkvnf; rm;udk@pf em;axmifEdkifonf?
we*FaEGae@ orwESifhpnf;a0;aom ta&;}uD;tdrfjzLawmftpnf;ta0;wGif OD;pD;csKyf a':e,fa&*ifu opPm&dSaom

r[mrdwfzufwGif &yfI tuGDEdkorwjzpfjcif;onf uGefjrLepfwHcg;udk qGJzGifhovdkjzpfvdrfhrnf[k umuG,f jiif;y,fcJhonf?
[m;Apfu y,fcscJhonf? “rm;udk@pf&J@acwfuukefoGm;yg+yD” [k oluajymcJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef=uD; v#KZfuydkIjywfom;cJhonf?
“b,folurS rm;udk@pftm%mqufxdrf;xm;Edkifw,fvdk@ r,Hk=unfawmhbl;? ol+yD; oGm;+yD;?” [kajymcJhonf? tdrfjzLawmfu
rm;udk@pfudk aoG;xGufoH,dkr_udk a&Smif&Sm;&efESifh odk@r[kwfygu tultnD tm;vHk;csufcsif;&yfwef@rnf[laom
owday;a=ujimcsufwpfapmifxkwfjyefcJhonf? v#K@d 0SufpGmjzifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; Xmeonf zdvpfydkifEdkifiH&dS
tar&duefoHtrwfrSwqifh eef;awmfESifhpum;ajym&efurf;vSrf;cJo h nf? rm;udk@pftm; “tcsdefjynfhoGm;+yD;”jzpfa=umif;ESifh
zdvpfydkifrS vHkðcHpGmxGufcGmEdkif&efvnf; tmrcHa=umif; ponfjzifh t=uHay;cJhonf? eefpD a&*ifuvnf; tDr,fvf'grm;udk@pfudk
olrESifholrcifyGef;udk tar&duefrS óudqdkyga=umif; tmrcHay;cJhonf?
odk@aomf acgif;rmvSaom tm%m&Sifu xdkwifjycsufrsm;udkvHk;0vufrcH/ y,fcs+yD; &kyfjrifoH=um;a&S@odk@xGuf+yD; ol

xGufrajy;ao;a=umif;ESifh tpdk;&udk qufvufxdef;csKyfxm;aea=umif;udk ajymqdkcJhonf? “aemufqHk;xGufouftxd
usKyfwdkufyGJ0ifoGm;r,f” [k rm;udk@pfutmrcHcJhonf? olpum;ajymaepOf twGif;rSmyif &kyfjrifoH=um;vdkif;trSwf (9) u
jywfawmufoGm;cJhonf? xdk@aemufrm;udk@pfu tef&DvDudk zkef;ac:I udk&mZeftuGDEdkrygaom nGef@aygif;tpkd;&zGJ@&ef
urf;vSrf;cJhonf? tef&DvDu xkdurf;vSrf;r_udk y,fcscJhonf?
azaz:0g&Dv (24) &ufae@/ wevFmae@wGif orwa&*ifonf rm;udk@pfudk &mxl;rSqif;ay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;aom vlod&Sif=um;

a=ujimcsufwapmifxkwfjyefcJhonf? “t=urf;zufenf;jzifh vuf&dSppftpdk;&. toufquf&Sifoef&ef
óud;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;onf tcsnf;ESD;yifjzpfvdrfhrnf?” odk@aomf xdkae@oef;acgif,HrwdkifrDwGif/ rm;udk@pfu ol@taejzifh
tar&dueftpkd;&. axmufcHr_ trSefwu,f qHk;&H_;jcif;&dS-r&dS twnfðy&ef a&*if.,Hk=unftm;xm;ol
txufv$wfawmftrwf ay:vf vaqmhwfudk zkef;ac:ar;jref;cJhao;onf? “cifAsm;taeeJ@ wjznf;jznf;eJ@ avsmhcszdk@ vdkw,fvdk@
usaemfxifw,f” [k vaqmhwfu rm;ukd@pfudk ajymcJhonf? “tcsdefusvm+yDvdk@ usKyfxifw,f?”
xdkae@ wevFmae@wGifyif - vdktyfv#ifvrf;rrsm;ay:wGif udk,fxdvufa&muf ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_vkyf&ef toifhjzpf ae+yD;/

atmifyGJtwGuf ,Hk=unfr_tjynfh&dSaeom twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;onf zdvpfyDEdkuvyfwGif awG@qHkI
rm;udk@pforwjzpfa=umif;a=ujimaom trsKd;om;v$wfawmf. twnfðycsufudk zsufodrf;a=umif; qHk;jzwfcsufwck udk
twnfðyxkwfjyefcJhonf? “vlxkqHk;jzwfcsuf” [kac:aom pmwrf;wapmifwGif udk&mZeftuGDEdkESifh q,fvfAm'dk
avmf&,fwdk@ESpfOD;udk a&G;aumufyGJatmifEdkifolrsm;tjzpf w&m;0iftwnfðycJhonf? xdkpmwrf;udk trsKd;om;
v$wfawmftwdkuftcHtzGJ@0if&SpfOD;ESifh AdkfvfcsKyf}uD;&mrdk@pf tygt0if EdkifiHom; (150) rS vufrSwfa&;xdkxm;cJhonf?
azaz:0g&Dv (25) &ufae@/ t*Fgae@wGif vkyf}uHcH&olcifyGef;onf. rdcifjzpfol atmf&dk&m tuGDEdkudkifxm;aom usr;f pm

pmtkyfay:wGif vufwpfzufwifI udk&mZeftuGDEdkonf orwtjzpf usrf;opPmusdefqdkcJhonf? tef&DvDudk umuG,f
a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf‚if;/ &mrkd@pfudk wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pDcsKyftjzpf‚if; wifajr‡mufcJhonf? wpfem&Dcef@=umaomtcg
axmifaomif;csD tvHa0S@,rf;aeaom axmufcHolrsm;a&S@arSmufwGif rvmumeef; eef;awmfwGif rlvu owfrSwf xm;aom
tcsdeftwdkif; rm;udkfpfonfvnf; orwtjzpf usrf;opPmusdefqdkyGJðyvkyfcJhonf? ol@tm;axmufcHolrsm;u rm&S,favm

qufvufvdktyfaeonfhyHkpHjzifh “rm&S,favm - rm&S,favm” [k atmf[pfoDqdkcJh=uonf? tpdk;&u xdef;csKyfaom
&kyfjrifoH=um;rS xkdtcrf;tem;udkv$ifhxkwfcJhaomfvnf; rm;udk@pfusrf;opPmusdefqdkaecsdefwGif vdkif;rsm;
jzwfawmufcHvdkuf&onf? ol@tm%m. aemufqHk;rD;awmufjzpfaom &kyfjrifoH=um;toHv$ifhcsufwckyif +idrf;owfcH
vdkuf&awmhonf?
rm;udk@pf.ed*Hk;onf jrefjrefqefqefyifa&mufvmcJhonf? udk&mZeftuGDEdku rm;udk@pf.zdvpfydkifwGif qufvufaexdkif cGifhðya&;ESifh

ajrmufydkif;vlZkefwGif cdkvH_cGifhay;&ef arwWm&yfcHcsufudk vufrcHyJ/ y,fcscJhonf? xdknaecif;wGif tm%mrJh orwESifhol.ZeD;/
rdom;pkESifh teD;uyf0efxrf;rsm;udk tar&duef&[wf,mOfrsm;u uvwfzD;'favwyfpcef;odk@ ac:aqmifoGm;cJh=uonf?
ae@wae@eHeufapmapmwGif tar&duefo,f,lydk@aqmifa&;av,mOfjzifh rm;udk@pfwdk@udk [m0dkiftDwGif jynfajy;tjzpfcdkv_H&ef
ac:aqmifoGm;cJhawmhonf?
aESmif&SpfESpf=umaomtcg tar&dueforw tjzpfwufvmol bDvf uvifwefudk orw}uD; zD',f&mrdk@pfu rvmumeef;

eef;awmfodk@ zdwfac:cJhonf? orwuvifwefu “zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;onf urBmh'Drdkua&pD xGef;um;r_ v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk
OD;aqmifcJholrsm;jzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm/ &mrdk@pfESifhtjcm;olrsm;onf orwtuGDEdk. jynfoltm%m
v_yf&Sm;r_ESifhvdkufygaqmif&GufcJh+yD;/ vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf rdrdtoufudkyrmrxm; &J0ifhajymifajrmufpGm pGefvGwfcJh =uonf”
[k olu rSwfcsufcscJhonf? xdktjzpftysuf+yD;/ aemufESpfESpf=umaomtcg zdvpfydkifjynfol wpfaomif; cef@onf
reDvmòrd@vnfodk@ csDwufvmcJh=u+yD;/ ‘tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD;olykefxr_’ESpfywfvnf txdrf;trSwfyGJtwGuf eDEdktuGDEdk.
&kyfwka&S@wGif vma&mufpk&Hk;cJh=uonf? oHk;&uft=umwGif vlusJyg;vSaom reDvm.ab;azgifh Bayfont uGif;jyifwGif
a&S;&dk;pGJt,ltqa[mif;&Sdol rm;udk@pfudkopPmcHol (400) cef@a&S@wGif/ tDvfr,f'g rm;udk@pfu rdef@cGef;ac|cJhonf? olru
qGZfZmvefb%frsm;wGif vuf&dSxdef;odrf;xm;aeao;aom a':vm (475) oef;udk jyef&&eftwGuf bk&m;ocifu/
qGZfZmvefb%fydkif&Sifrsm;udk nm%ftvif;jyyg&ef awmif;qdkaecJhonf?
vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ0ifae@&ufrsm;udk vltrsm;u tjrJowd& wrf;wv#uf &dSaeqJyifjzpfonf? tm%m&Sifrsm;.

cdk;&mygypPnf;udkawmh owdr&=uawmhay? (1986) ckESpf azaz:0g&Dvv (18) &ufae@wGif zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;onf oHk;ESpf=um
tusifhysuftkyfpdk;olqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. txGÉftxdwfodk@a&muf&dScJhonf? tm%m&Sif. t&if;tjrpf rsm;udk
odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhjcif;/ aoewfwcsufr#razmuf&yJ ol. opPmcHwyfrsm;udk &ifqdkifEdkifjcif; ponfwdk@ðyEdkifcJhonf? Tt&mawGudk
wefjyef&ifqdkif&ef olwdk@o,faqmifvmonfht&mrSm jynfot l m%m[kac:qdkaom tiftm;rS xGufay:vmaom owdWESifh
omrefjynfolwdk@. pdwf"mwfjyif;jyr_ &dk;&dk;av;omjzpfonf?
ESpfq,f&mpktwGif; tm%m&Siftpkd;&rsm;udkðzwfcscJhaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_trsm;wGif tm%mudk,SOfòydif&ef tcGifh tvrf;rsm;

&dScJhonf? odk@aomf tm;vHk;uawmh xdktcGifhtvrf;udk t&r,lEdkifcJh=uay? zdvpfydkifwGif (18) ESpf=um tm%mvuf0,f&dScJhaom
zg'Deefrm;udk@pfonf (1983) ckESpfwGif olESifh olvufatmufi,fom;rsm; yl;aygif;=uH pnfum/ ‚if;wdk@. EdkifiHa&;òydifzufudk
owfjzwfokwfoif&ef aqmif&GufcJhjcif;onf ‚if;wdk@vkyfEdkifonfh taetxm; xuf ydkrdkausmfIvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
tvm;tvm&dSaom tEW&m,fudk &Sif;xkwf&rnfhtpm; ‚if;wdk@onf wdkif;jynf a':oudk qGJudkifv_yfonfh
tmZmenfudkowfcJhonf? tuGDEdkudk owfcJhjcif;onf uufovpfbk&m;ausmif; todkif;t0dkif;/
reDvmpD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0kdif;ESifh vpfb&,ft,l&Sdolrsm;/ oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olrsm;ESifh vuf0JEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk
a'gotjrufacsmif;acsmif; xGufapcJhonf? xdktrSm;a=umifhyif/ udk,fhajcaxmufay:&yf wnfEdkif&ef
tcsdefawmfawmf=um=um&,l&rnfh twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_udk nD!Gwfa&;tm;jznfh avmif;ovdkvnf; jzpfcJhonf?
pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;ESifh 0g&Sifwef&Sdtar&dueftpdk;&wdk@rS w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk

pdwf!Gwfvmaom rm;udk@pfonf aemufydkif;wGif ppftpdk;&. rJvdrfEdkifr_tay: ycHk;csif;,SOfvmrnfh rJ&Hk=uyfrwfa&; tzGJ@udk
cGifðycJhjcif;jzifh twdkuftcHudk vdkonfxufydk+yD; ay;cJhjyefonf? EdkifiHa&;ppfrsufESmjyifwGif vkyf}uHcH&ol acgif;aqmif. ZeD;/
twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif. pum;vHk;rsm;/ udk,fydkifvuQ%m owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pD tqHk;owfpD&ifr_ESifh

'Drdkua&pDpepfjyefvnftoufoGif;jcif;t=um;/ jynfoludk &uf&ufpufpufESdyfpufr_ESifh jynfol wdk@.atmifyGJqdkonhft=um;
a&G;cs,fr_wckvkyf&ef vrf;zGifhay;ovdk jzpfcJh&onf? ppftpkd;&. enf;AsL[mrsm;onf aemufqHk; tcsnf;ESD;jzpfcJh&awmhonf?
tar&duef EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ydkvefaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ay:xGuf+yD;aemufydkif;wGif rm;udk@pf

qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf &mpkESpf. wwd,ta&;ygqHk; ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJwckjzpfcJhonf? zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;. ra=ueyfr_rsm;udk
urBmht0Srf;&dS em;qif/ =unfh&_oljynfolrsm;xHodk@ EdkifiHwmrD'D,mu tjynfht0zGifhcsay;cJhonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ,m&lZJvfpuD;
odk@r[kwf/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; yDEDka&S;wdk@ESifhrwlyJ rm;udk@pfonf ol.jynfolrsm;udk ºuGm;vHk; xkuf&eftwGuf &kyfjrifoH=um;udk
ESpf&Snf=umpGmtoHk;ðycJhonf? wdkufyGJ txGÉftxdwfaoma&mufaomtcg ol. EdkifiHa&;yHk&dyfudk
jyefIxdef;csKyfEdkifpGrf;uif;rJhoGm;onfhumvwGif/ ol.vkyfydkifcGifhtm%monfvnf; tvdktavsmuf ed*Hk;csKyfcJh&awmhonf?
rm;udk@pfqef@usifaomolrsm;udk vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mv$Jtyf&ef tzGJ@tpnf;ESpfckonfvnf; tqifoifh&dSaecJhonf?

vlq,fa,mufteuf &Spfa,mufonf uufovpfbmom0ifjzpfaeaom wdkif;jynfwckwGif bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif; rsm;onf
vlxk.ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf ajymifaxmufcHcJh=u+yD;/ jynfolrsm;udk vrf;ray:xGufI wdkufyGJ0if =u&efudkvnf;
wdkufwGef; wGef;tm;ay;cJh=uonf? ppfom;rsm;u tm%m&Sifudk pGef@ypf+yD; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh vufwGJcJhjcif;/
wdkufcdkufa&;wyfrsm;. tcsdefrD zufajymif;cJhjcif;ESifh tm%m&Sif. umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;udk,fwdkif rm;udk@pf .
t=urf;zufenf;emtoHk;ðyjcif;rS cGJxGufjcif;rsm;onfvnf; &mpkESpfwck. pdwfv_yf&Sm;p&mtaumifqHk; om"u rsm;jzpfcJhonf?
r=umcifrSmyif ol. 0g&Sifwef&dSrdwfaqGrsm;uvnf; rm;udk@pfudk pGef@cGmoGm;cJh=uonf? ‚if;wdk@taejzifh jynfolrsm;u
tm%mrSpGef@cGm&ef awmif;qdk}uHK0g;aeoHrsm;udk rnfodk@r# vspfvsLðyrxm;EdkifcJhay?
(1986) ckESpf reDvm. tjzpfftysufrsm;onf vGefcJhaom (42) ESpfrwdkifcif qef q,faA'dk (San Salvador) .
tjzpftysufrsm;ESihf rwluGJvGJvSonf? (1944) wGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rmwifepfZfudkqef@usif+yD;/ taxGaxGoydwfrSwqifh
jynfolrsm;udkyg xdef;csKyfEdkifcJhaom ausmif;om;rsm;/ q&m0efrsm;ESifh ukefonfrsm;u ppfwyfESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rmwifepfZf.
0ef}uD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;taejzifh wdkif;jynfudk wnfjidrfaqmif qufvufrtkyfcsKyfEdkifawmh a=umif; oufaojycJhonf?
rm;udk@pfudkqef@usif+yD;/ tvdrftnm a&G;aumuf vufrcHjiif;qefcJhaom tdrfaxmif&Sifr rsm;/ bkef;}uD;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/
pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onf ppfwyfESifh ol.EdkifiHjcm;axmufcHolrsm;udk ol@wGif tajctaeudk vHk;0xdef;csKyfEdkifpGrf; r&dSawmha=umif;
tvm;wljyoEdkifcJh=uonf? ppfwyftm;}uD;yifjzpfap/ cspm;aom EdkifiHa&;orm;/ odk@r[kwf rnfonfhyHkpHjzifh
tkyfpdk;olyifjzpfvifhupm; jynfol.qENoabmxm;ESifh zdEydS fEkdirf p_ rG ;f tm; r&dSawmhygu olwdk@.ae&mudk
qufvufrxdrf;EdkifawmhyJ pGef@v$wf=u&awmhrnfyifjzpfonf?
zdvpfydkif.&v'fonf t,fvfqmaA'dkEdkifiHrS tjzpftysufESifh wenf;tm;jzifh ydkIqifwlcJhonf? aemufqHk;tcsdefxd wdkifatmif

zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;rS apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf rnfodk@aom vlxak wmfvSefr_ESifhr# rm;udk@pfudk ðzwfcsI
r&Edkif[k xifrSwfcJhonf? t=urf;rzufaomESvHk;&nfckcHwdkuyf GJwGif tm%m&Sifrsm;.txl; rvSefomaomtm;enf;csufudk
ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJ.enf;emESifh eufeJr_udkem;rvnfaomolrsm;tzdk@ jrifEdkif&ef cufcJvS onf? tu,fI
Ttiftm;w&yfpkpnf;ay:xGufvmrdonfESifh wòydifeuf/ ðzwfcsI r&Edkif[k rSwfxifxm;cJhaom tm%m&Sifrsm;udk
tvG,fwul tpm;xdk;EdkifcJh=uonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif tjcm;rSm;,Gif;aom ,lqcsufw&yfrSm tm%m&Sifrsm;u
t&rf;csdeJ@aeaoma=umifhom/ aemufqHk; ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJESifh ðzwfcsEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k xif=u onf?
ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJ.pGrf;yum;onf jiif;y,faeaomtiftm;tm%m. pGrf;tm;r# jyif;xefcsifrS jyif;xefayvdrfh rnf? odk@aomf
zm'Deefrm;udk@pfudk ordkif;.xGufaygufwHcg;qDodk@ ydk@aqmifay;&eftxdawmh vHkavmufcJhonf?
(1905) ckESpf &S&Sm;rsm; aqmif;&moDeef;awmfodk@ csDwufjcif;rSonf/ *END. (1931) yifv,fqDodk@ csDwufyGJtxd/

0gaqmatmifajrwGif ydkvefom;rsm;aejcif;txd/ (1986) reDvmrS jynfol@tm%mtxd wlnDaomenf;AsL[mqdkif&m
tpOftquf wnf&dSaecJhonf? zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_xJrS tusdK;tjrwfaumif;rsm; xkwfE_wf
,lEdkifaomfvnf;/ &k&S/ tdEdN,/ ydkvefESifh tjcm;aom ESvHk;&nf wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;wGif xdktcGihfta&;r&&dScJhay?
zdvpfydkifom;wdk@wGif tkwfjrpfcs tajcwnf&ef 'Drdkua&pD twdwfordkif;&dScJhzl;onf? tm%m&Sif odk@r[kwf EdkifiHjcm;

tkyfcsKyfoludk awmfvSefaecsdefwGif &mpkESpftapmydkif; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;awmif;qdkaeaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_onf
t"duwGef;tm;wckjzpfcJhonf? &mpkESpfukefcgeD;yg;cef@wGif vlaygif;oef;ESifhcsDI vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ a&mufvmatmif
qGJaqmifEdkifjcif;onf raumif;qdk;0g;wpfa,mufudk tqHk;pD&ifjcif;xuf ydkI}uD;us,fcJhonf? xdkt&monf 'Drdkua&pDukd
umuG,fjcif;/ t&,ljcif;yifjzpfonf? zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;xHwGif vlxktajcðyvltzGJ@tpnf;wck &dS+yD; jzpfonf? xdkt&mudk
olwdk@&dk;&dk;av;yif toHk;ðycJh=uonf? rnfonfht&murSefonf/ rnfonfhudka&G;cs,f=u&rnfudk olwdk@odae+yD;jzpfcJhonf?
xdkt&mudkvnf; olwkd@tvG,fwul toHk;cscJh=uavonf?

tcef; (11)
tifwDzm'g - trdajrtwGufwdkufyGJ
armif;xkwfjcif;
rdk;wzGJzGJESifh tqufrjywf&GmoGef;aeaom (1987) ckESpf 'DZifbmv. weufcif;jzpfonf? bmZpf (Bir Zeit) wuU odkvf.
yk&0k%ftwGif;Y jrLwa0a0ESifh at;pufaom&moDOwkatmufwGif [eef tm&l&D (Hanan Aruri) ESifh tjcm;aom
ygvufpwdkif;ausmif;om;rsm; pk&Hk;cJh=uonf? tpPa&;odrf;ydkufe,fajr taemufzufurf; (West Bank) .
teD;tem;ywf0ef;usifaus;&Gmrsm;rSvlrsm;vnf; vma&muf yl;aygif;rdaomtcgwGif 'gZif*%ef;onf &m*%ef; qDodk@
r=umrDa&muf&dSoGm;+yD;/ &m*%ef;onf axmif*%ef;qDdodk@a&muf&dScJhonf? ae@vnfydkif;wGif qENjyolrsm;onf
ausmif;y&0k%ftwGif; jynfhv#HoGm;+yD;/ uyfv#uf bmZpfaus;&Gm. vrf;rsm;xHodk@yif a&muf&dSoGm;cJhonf? ruf'Dwm
a&;eD;,ef;urf;&dk;wef;wGifwnf&dSaom todrf;ydkufcHe,fajri,fwckjzpfaom *gZmurf;ajr‡mifrS jyef@vGifhvmaom
owif;wckonf xdkqENjyyGJudk tvsiftjref jzpfay:apcJhonf? xdkowif;rSm ppfwyfppfaq;a&;*dwfwckwGif
tpPa&;x&yfum;armif;olwOD;u ygvpfpfwdkif;Aefum;tkyfpkxJodk@ 0ifwdkufrdaoma=umifh ygvufpwdkif;av;OD; aoqHk;cJhonf
[laomowif;jzpfonf? Ttjzpftysufonf omrefrawmfwq jzpfjcif;r[kwfyJ r=umao;rDu ygvufpwdkif;wOD;u
tpPa&;wpfOD;udk owfcJhjcif;tay: vufpm;acswHk@jyefjcif; jzpfonf[laom aumv[mvonf jyef@ESH@oGm;cJhonf?
,ckuJhodk@ r_ef&Da00g;aeaomae@wae@wGif trsm;pkonf toufoHk;q,f t&G,fatmuf vli,frsm;jzpf+yD;/ taemuf

zufurf;udk tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0ef,lxm;aom tpPa&;umuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@ (IDF) rsm;qENjyyGJudk vma&mufròzdcGJyJaejcif; onf
tm&l&DtwGuf xl;qef;cJhonf? tpPa&;ppfom;rsm;onf bmZpf odk@r[kwf tm&l&Daexdkifaom &mrvm (Ramallah) ESifh
b,faomtcgr# a0;a0;vHvHwGif r&dSaecJhay? ygvufpwdkif; vlrsKd;rsm; aexdkifaom tpPa&; todrf; ydkufcHe,fajrwGif
t&yfom; tkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;t& xdkuJhodk@vlpk&Hk;jcif;onf w&m;Oya'udk qef@usif csKd;azmufjcif;jzpfonf?
pdwfwxifhxifhjzifh pdkpdkpGwfpGwfxJwGif apmifhqkdif;aeaom tm&l&DESifholr.oli,fcsif; wokdufonf xdyfwdkufawG@r_wckckawmh
jzpfvmawmhrnf[k pdk;&drfaecJh=uonf?
ppfom;rsm; vrf;rrsm;/ vrf;óudvrf;=um;rsm;twGif;rSwqifh &GmwGif;qDodk@ ydkufpdyfwdkuf 0ifa&mufonfhtcgwGif nae ig;em&D/

ajcmufem&Dcef@&dS+yD;/ arSmif&dyfyif roef;ao;ay? tpdrf;a&mif uGefref'dk0wfpHkrsm;ESifh trJa&mif oJuEWm& ppfzdeyfrsm;
0wfqifxm;+yD; *gvDvDatmfwdkrwfwpf &dkifz,frsm;udk cyfºuGm;ºuGGm; udkifaqmifxm;aom ppfom;rsm; onf
a&mfbmusnfqHjzifh vltkyfcGJ&ef pwifóud;pm;cJhonf? (a&mfbmusnfqHqdkonfrSm aoap&efr&nf&G,fyJ '%f&m &ap&efom
&nf&G,ftoHk;ðyaom a&mfbmjzifhtkyfxm;aom oxWKusnfqHudk qdkvdkonf/ odk@aomf teD;uyfypfygu aoapEdkifonf?)
xdkt&ifu TuJhodk@qENjyyGJrsm;jzpfvmv#if v#yfwjywf tiftm;tvHk;t&if;jzifhoHk;I acsr_ef; òzdcGif;cJhonf? todrf;ydkufcH
tESpfESpfq,ftwGif; ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf rnfhonfhtcgr# aemufrqkwfcJh=uay?
qENjyorm;rsm; upOhfuvsm; xGufajy;csdefwGif ppfom;rsm;u òrd@.xGufaygufrsm; tm;vHk;udk ydwfvdkufonf? ygvuf

pwdkif;om; 'gZifESifhcsDI 0dkif;zrf;cHcJh&onf? odk@aomf trsm;pku olwdk@a&muf&m ae&mwGifyif/ ay&yfI aemufrqkwfyJ
ausmufcJrsm;jzifh jyefypf=uonf? wdkufcwfr_rsm;onf nq,fhwpfem&Dtxd jzpfyGm;cJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif qENjy
orm;rsm;onf tdrftjyefvrf;&Sm&ef awmifukef;rsm;qDodk@ xGufajy;cJh=uonf? tm&l&Donf tzrf;vnf;rcH&/ '%f&mvnf;
r&cJhay? odk@aomf xdkae@onf olr. rSwfnm%fwGifawmh tjrJwap pGJjrJxifrSwfxifaeapcJhawmhonf? Ttjzpftysufonf
r=umrDtcsdefumvwGif tifwDzm'gudk jzpfay:apaom ta=umif;&if;rsm;xJrS wckjzpfcJhonf? tifwDzm'gonf
tm&yfpum;jzpf+yD;/ “armif;xkwfjcif;” [k t"dy`g,foufa&mufonf? xdkqENjyyGJonf todrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;twGif;
t}uD;rm;qHk;aom vlxktHkºuGr_wck jzpfcJhonf?
bmZpf. ta&S@awmifbuf av;q,hf&SpfuDvdkrDwm (rdkifoHk;q,fcef@) tuGm ydkrdkEGrf;yg;+yD;/ zGH@òzd;r_edrfhusrGJawaeaom

*gZmurf;ajr‡mifa'otwGif;&dS ygvufpwdkif;rsm;onf ppfwyfppfaq;a&;*dwfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom 0rf;enf;zG,f tjzpf

tysuftay: wkef@jyefr_rsm; ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;ESifh aus;&Gmrsm;wGif t"du&k%f;rsm;jzpfyGm;cJh+yD;/ r=umrD
tcsdefwGif taemufzufurf;a'oqDodk@ ul;qufoGm;cJhonf? txifu&acgif;aqmif wOD;wa,muf. OD;pD; OD;aqmifr_
ryg&dScJhyJ/ ygvufpwdkif; q,fausmfouf&G,frsm;/ cav;i,fomom aumifav;/ aumifrav;rsm;onf vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif IDF
ppfom;rsm;udk &ifqdkifqifEGJcJh=uonf? tcsd@cav;i,frsm;onf rnfhonfhtwGufa=umifh TuJhokd@ qENjyaeonfudk
em;rvnf=uay? a'gojzifh ausmufcJudkyif ta0;odk@ rypfEdkifonftxd i,f&G,fvGef;vS onf? odk@aomf olwdk@ausmufcJwvHk;
ypfvdkufjcif;onf ygvufpwdkif;wdk@ tpPa&;odrf;ydkufxm;jcif;tay: umv&Snf=umpGm pdwfysufaejcif;udk wcsufoufom&m
&apcJhonf?
vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif q,fausmfouf ygvufpwdkif;cav;rsm;ESifh urBmhacwftrDSqHk; ppfwyfrsm;xJrS ppfwyfwckESifh

wdkufcdkufae=uyHkrsm;udk urBmht0Srf;&dS &kyfjrifoH=um;owif;avmuwGif raz:jyyJ raeEdkifatmif jzpfcJh&onf? xkdodk@
jzpfysufaer_udk “odk;ausmif;om;. ppfyGJ (Shepherd's war)”[k ac:qdkcJh=uonf? xdkppfyGJwGif acwfrDSppfwyfwcku
ausmuffcJrsm;/ wm,mrsm;ESifh rcsdrcHomatmif ajymaom pum;vHk;rsm;udk ukdifpGJ&ifqdkifaeaom t&yfom; jynfolrsm;udk
&ifqdkifEdSrfeif;ae=uyHkrsm;udk urBmwv$m;u jrif=uonf? EkdifiHjcm;owif;orm;rsm; a*s&kpvifESifh w,fvftApfodk@
pkðyHa&muf&dSvmcJh=uonf? tifwDzm'gay:aygufvm+yD; oHk;vtwGif;wGif tar&duefnydkif; &kyfjrif oH=um;owif;tpDtpOfwGif
a&mfe,fa&*ifESifh a*:bmacsmhyfwdk@. xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;yGJtygt0if tjcm;aom owif;rsm;xufydkI ygvufpwdkif;owif;udk
tcsdefay;v$ifhxkwfay;cJh=uonf?
owif;tpD&ifcHcsuf trsm;pkwGif tHkºuGr_}uD;rS ay:ay:ufvmonfh t=urf;zufr_ tao;pddwfjrifuGif;udk apmif;ay;

az:jy=uonf? tcsdef,ljyifqifazmfjyjcif;r&SdaomtcsufrSm/ usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufjcif;cHcJh&aom/ *k%foduQmrJhaom tjzpfudk
cHpm;cJhonfh axmifaomif;csDonfh ygvufpwdkif;om;jynfolwdk@ Ttajctaea&mufonftxd/ rnfodk@
rnfyHktjrifajymif;vJvm=uonf/ Ttajctaeodk@ rnfodk@jzpfay:vmonfqdkaom tcsufjzpfonf? a'goykefxae aom
tajctae. aemufuG,fwGif ppfom;rsm;udk ausmufcJrsm;jzpfhypfayguf+yD;/ ppfom;rsm;u rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm; jyefvnfypfcwfjcif;
tpOftvmonf t=urf;zufjcif;r&dSyJ usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufjcif;udk qef@usifcJhonfh ygvufpwdkif; om;rsm;. yHkrSefv_yf&Sm;r_ wck
jzpfcJhovdk/ tpPa&;wdk@tay: ygvufpwdkif;todkif;0ef;. rDScdkr_enf;oxufenf;ap&ef twGufvnf; óud;yrf;cJh=uonf?
tifwDzm'gonf ygvufpwdkif; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; v_yf&Sm;r_. t"du tcsuftjcm us&mae&mwckjzpfcJhonf? &Hzef&Hcgqdkovdk
t=urf;zufr_jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_udk yHkaz:vdk=uaomolrsm;uvnf; t=urf;zufr_udk toHk;ðycJh=uonf?
[meeftm&l&D. rdk;a&xJrS ae@wae@onf udk,fxludk,fx tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifjcif;/ vlxktmcHyGJrsm; enf;wl

ppfaoG;ºuGtwdkuftcHrsm;. wkdufyGJwyGJ pwifjzpfay:vmcJhaom ae@wae@jzpfcJhonf? odrf;ydkufr_tm; w&m;r0if[k
cH,lxm;aom ygvufpwdkif;jynfolrsm;onf tpPa&;wdk@ESifhylaygif;aqmif&Guf&eftwGufyif jiif;qefcJhonf? oefpGrf; aom
vli,frsm;u wm,mrsm;udk rD;&d_@jcif;/ vrf;rsm;ydwfqdk@jcif;ESifh vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif rjidrfoufr_rsm; ðyvkyfaepOf wGif tjcm;aom
ygvufpwdkif;jynfolrsm;u ‚if;wdk@. vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf ‚if;wdk@.ae@pOfb0vkyfief; rsm;xJrS
vrf;a=umif;opfrsm;udk &SmazGtoHk;ðycJh=uonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh twdwfuwnf&SdaecJhaom a&S@rwdk;om/
aemufrqkwfomtajctaeudk azmufxGuf=uonf? AdkvfaejrJ usm;aejrJtajctaeudk v_yfcgypfonf? odrf;ykdufol
tiftm;a&umwm}uD;udk azgufcGJypfI ‚if;wdk@udk,fydkif OD;pD;OD;aqmifr_rSwqifh v_yf&Sm;r_ jrpfopfwpif; pD;qif;vm apcJhonf?
igwdk@ajr/ rdcifajr (2) ck
r[wWr*ENDonf awmiftmz&duwGif a&S@aewOD;tjzpf pwifysKd;axmifaecsdefwGif/ ygvufpwdkif;onf tm&yf rGwfpvif

vlrsKd;ig;odef;/ c&pf,mefOD;a&tenf;i,fESifh a*s&kpvifòrd@wGif;ESifhòrd@teD;w0dkufwGif trsm;pkaexdkifaom *sL;vlrsK;d
ig;aomif;cef@. ZmwdajrjzpfcJhonf? atmfwdkref plvwefrsm;. tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif/ Ta'oonf pdkufysd;a&;udk
t"duxm;vkyf=uaom e,fajrwckjzpfcJh+yD;/ taemufurBmESifhvnf; tquftqHr&dScJhay? bkef;awmf}uD; a*smf*sD *wfyGef
(Father Georgii Gapon) u aqmif;&moDeef;awmfodk@ rcsDwufcif &SpfESpftvdkwGif/ qGpfZmvefEkdifiH abq,fvfòrd@wGif
yxrqHk;t=udrf ZD,GefepfuGef*&ufusif;ycJh=uonf? Ttpnf;ta0;rS urBmht0Srf; jyef@usJaeaom *sL;rsm;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;I
ygvufpwdkif;e,fajronf wae@wGif *sL;rsm;. EdkifiHawmfjzpfvm&rnf[k a=ujimcJhonf? urBmtESH@jyef@usJa&muf&Sdaeaom
*sL;vlrsKd;rsm;udk jyefvnfpk&Hk;I/ axmifpkESpfESifhcsDI zdESdyfr_cHcJh=u&aom *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf aemufqHk;cdkvH_&medAŠmefudk
ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqcJh=uonf?
Oa&mywdkuf&dS *sL;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ZD,Gefta&;awmfyHktwGuf/ tESpfESpfq,ftwGif; b¾maiGrsm; &SmazGcJh=u onf?

ygvufpwdkif;e,fajrodk@ *sL;vlrsKd;rsm; wpdrfhpdrfh wdk;yGm;0ifa&mufvmcJh=uonf? qufwdkufqdkovdkyif *sL;EdkifiH awmf
tEWdr&nfrSef;csufudk &dyfpm;rdaom/ a'ocHygvufpwdkif;tm&yfrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJi,frsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf? yxr urBmppfu
atmfwdkreftifyg,m}uD;udk acsr_ef;cJhcsdefwGif jAdwdefwdk@u (1917) ckESpfwGif ygvpfpwkdif;e,fajrudk odrf;,l cJh+yD;aemuf
b,fvfzma=ujimpmwrf; (Belfour Decleration) udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? xdka=ujimpmwrf;onf ygvuf pwdkif;wGif
*sL;wdk@tajccsaexdkifjcif;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðycJh+yD;/ *sL;EdkifiHawmfwckwnfaqmufjcif;ESifh qdkifaom
tEWdr&nfrSef;csufudkvnf; axmufcHcJhonf? okd@aomf wzufwGifvnf; jAdwdefwdk@onf atmfwdkrefwdk@udk acsr_ef; cJh&mwGif
ulnDcJhonfh ruUme,fpm; &S&pfzf[lqefudk aus;Zl;wHk@jyefonfh taejzifh ygvufpwdkif;e,fajrwGif tm&yfEdkifiH wEdkifiH
wnfaxmifay;rnf[k uwdu0wf ay;xm;cJhjyefonf?
ESpfaygif;oHk;q,ftwGif;wGif *sL;vlrsKd;rsm; 0ifa&muf tajccsr_onf qufvuf jzpfaecJhonf? (1930) ckESpf ta'ghzf

[pfwvm. tm%mpuf0ef; Oa&mytv,fydkif;wGif us,fjyef@vmonfESifhtwl *sL;tajccsr_onfvnf; tquf
rjywfjzpfaecJhonf? (1937) ckESpfwGif *sL;vlrsKd;av;odef;txd&dSvmcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. vlOD;a& ta& twGufonf
xdk;usoGm;cJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; [dkvdkaumhpf tpktðyHvdkufvlowfyGJjzpfyGg;+yD;onfhaemufydkif; wGif/
*sL;EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf urBmhaxmufcHr_udk ydkrdktiftm;aumif;apcJh+yD;/ (1947) ckESpfwGif jAdwdefu
ygvufpwdkif;odrf;ydkufr_udk tqHk;owfcJhonf? zGJ@pnf;+yD;ump ukvor*~u ygvufpwdkif;rsm;twGufESifh *sL;rsm;twGuf
ESpfjynfaxmifcGJa&;tpDtrHudk wifjycJhonf? *sL;acgif;aqmifrsm;u vufcHcJhaomfvnf; ygvufpwdkif; wdk@u jiif;y,fcJhonf?
arv (14) &ufae@wGif tpPa&;wdk@utpPa&;EdkifiHawmftjzpf a=ujimvkdufjcif;jzifh/ (1948) ckESpfwGif a'otwGif;&dS

*sL;vlrsKd;wdk@. wkdif;jynfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief; txGÉftxdyfodk@ a&mufcJh+yD;/ tdrf;eD;csif; tm&yfwdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh vnf;
&kwfcsnf;qdkovdk ppfrufjzpfyGg;cJh&onf? xdktm&yfEdkifiHrsm;u ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. awmif;qdkcsufudk wpk wa0;wnf;
axmufcHaom wdkif;jynfrsm;jzpfonf? tpPa&;wdk@onf urBmhukvor*~ tpDtpOfrS cGifhðyEdkifonf xuf yifausmfvGefI
e,fajrtajrmuftrsm;udk odrf;ydkuf&&dSatmifyGJcHcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif; wpfodef;ESpfaomif;cef@ tpPa&; e,fajrtwGif;
qufvuf&dSaecJh+yD;/ usefygvufpwdkif;vlrsKd;rsm;onf 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;ESifh tD*spf/ qD&D;,m;/ vufbEGefESifh
wnfaxmifumpEkdifiHopf a*smf'efEdkifiH&dS aus;&Gmrsm;odk@ pGef@cGmxGufajy;cJh=u&onf? tpPa&;wdk@onf &efvdkaom
tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;. tv,fwGif a&mufaeonfudk odjrifcJh+yD;/ ‚if;.e,ferdwftwGif;wGif vlenf;pk
ygvpfpwkdif;tkyf}uD;udkvnf; vufcHxm;cJh&onf?
xdkrSpI aemufxyfq,fpkESpf ESpfcktwGif;wGif/ tpPa&;wdk@onf udpPtm;vHk;udk vHkðcHa&;todjzifhom jyifqifaqmif&Guf

cJh=uonf? (1967) ckESpfwGif tdrfeD;csif;tm&yfEdkifiHrsm;onf ppfyGJwcktwGuf v#Kd@0Sufjyifqifr_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? tpPa&;wdk@u
ava=umif;xdk;ppfwckjzihfh vufOD;r_t&,lI tm&yfEdkifiHrsm;udk EdSyfuGyfEdkifcJhonf? xdkatmifyGJwGif ygvufpwdkif;vlrsKd;
axmif;aomif;ESifhtwl qD&D;,m;rS *dkvefukef;jrifha'orsm;/ a*smf'efrS taemufzufurf;a'oESifh tD*spfrS
*gZmurf;ajr‡mifa'oudkyg odrf;qnf;&cJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;tcsKd@ tdrfeD;em;csif; wdkif;jynfrsm;odk@ xGufajy; wdrfa&SmifaepOfwGif
trsm;pkonf todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrrsm;[k ,cktcsdefxd ac:qdkaeaom a'orsm;wGif qufvufae xdkifcJh+yD;/ xdkae&mrsm;onf
‚if;wdk@. e,fajrrsm;[k tcdkiftrm ,Hk=unfcJh=uonf? ,cktcsdefwGif ygvufpwdkif;wdk@. udk,fydkifwdkif;jynf
wnfaqmufa&;qDokd@oGm;&m vrf;ray:wGif tpPa&;wdk@u ydwfqdk@xm;onf[k jrifcJh=uonf? xdkydwfqdk@r_ t[ef@twm;onf
wckwnf;jzpfaomfvnf;/ waumifwnf; 'gayr,fh jcaoFhqdkoavmuf }uD;rm;aom tiftm;/ ydwfqdk@r_}uD; jzpfaecJhonf?

pdwf"gwfus&jcif;/ qHk;&H_;&jcif;rsm;rS ygvufpwdkif;trsKd;om;a&; pdwf"gwfrsm; xGufay:vmcJhonf? (1967) ckESpfwGif
tm&yfwdkif;jynfrsm;u ygvufpwdkif;ta&;udk csKyfudkifEdkif&ef ESifhjr‡ifhwifa&;ESpfckpvHk;twGuf ygvufpwdkif; vGwf ajrmufa&;tzGJ@
(PLO) udk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? yDt,fvftdkonf todrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;wGif =oZmv$rf;rdk;EdkifcJhonf? (1969) ckESpfwGif
yDt,fvftdkonf acgif;aqmifyHk raygufaom qHyifjzLjzL/ vlaumif;ao;ao; &mqm tm&mzwfudk acgif;aqmiftjzpf
&&dScJhonf? tm&mzwfonf ueOD;wGif aysmuf=um;tzGJ@wzGJ@jzpfaom t,fvf zmwmh (Al-Fatah) .
acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhonf? tm&mzwf. OD;aqmifr_atmufwGif yDt,fvftdkonf ta0;a&muf ygvpfpwkdif;
tpdk;&wcktaejzifh &yfwnfcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;ta&;axmufcHol ausmif;q&mrsm;/ orm;awmfrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom
olESpfaomif;oHk;axmif. aiGa=u;axmufyHhr_rsm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH+yD; &HyHkaiG&SmcJhovdk/ vlxk
axmufcHr_jzifhvnf; tm%mudkqufxdrf;xm;cJhonf? yDt,fvftdkESifh xdqufvkyfudkifaeaom tkyfrsm;rsm;. tpPa&;
ypfrSwfrsm;udk wdkufckdufaom ppfqifa&;yHkpHwdkufcdkufr_rsm;ðyvkyfcJh+yD;/ t=urf;zuf wdkufckdufr_rsm;udkvnf; wkd;jr‡ifhcJh ovdk/
cGifhvnf; cGifhðycJhonf? jynfywGif tjrJwap&dSae+yD;/ rD'D,mwGif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odyfr&dScJhaomfvnf;/ tm&mzwfonf
urBm@rsufESmpmwGif ygvufpwdkif;ta&;udk yg0ifvmap&ef wpdkufrwfrwf aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf?
wu,fh &SufzG,fta&;edrfh&r_
(1967) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. b0onf *sL;EdkifiHawmfESifh ydkrdkI acgif;ESifhyef;vdk cGJr&jzpfcJhonf? (1980)

ESpfrsm;wGif yDt,fvftdku tpPa&;wdk@. jzpfwnfr_ESifhyufoufI vufrcH jiif;y,faomfvnf;/ ygvufpwdkif; om;tcsKd@onf
tpPa&;wdk@xHrS ouf}uD;yifpifudkyif vufcHaecJh=uonf? taemufzufurf;ESifh *gZmurf;ajr‡mif&dS ygvufpwdkif;om;
wodef;ig;aomif;cef@onf tm&k%frwufcif tdrfrSxGufcGmI ae@w"l0qdkovdk tpPa&;òrd@rsm;ESifh teD;w0dkufe,fajrrsm;udk
ydkif;jcm;xm;aom “tpdrf;a&mifrsOf; - Green Line” udk jzwfausmfum tvkyf&SmaecJh=u &onf? [D;b&l;bmompum;ESifh
tm&yfpum;ESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk ajymwufaom ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf olwdk@. toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_udk xdkae&mrSmyif
vkyfudkif=u+yD;/ *sL;EdkifiHawmfudkyif tcGeftaumufqufocJh=uonf? xdk@aemuf xdktpdrf;a&mifrsOf;udk jyefjzwf+yD;
t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&; atmufwGif&dSaom olwdk@. ae&modk@jyefvm aexdkif=uonf? (IDF) wyfzGJ@0if/ waxmifhESpf&mcef@onf
ae@w"l0 xdke,fajrrsm;. jidrf0yfydjym;a&;udk aqmif&Gufae =uonf? tpdrf;a&mifrsOf;wav#muf ppfaq;a&;*dwrf sm;
xlxyfpGmcsxm;+yD;/ xdk*dwfrsm;wGif ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. rSwfyHkwifuyfjym;rsm; udk ppfaq;=uonf?
tpPa&;vlOD;a&onf topfxyfrHa&mufvmaom tajccsolrsm;ESifh ydkrdkIrsm;jym;vmcJhonf? *sL;wdk@u ‚if;wdk. bdk;bGm;ydkifajr/

tarGqufcH ydkifcGifh&dSaomajrtjzpf oabmayguf em;vnfxm;aom todrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;onf xyfrHa&mufvmaom
*sL;rsm;twGuf tajccsp&m e,fajrwck jzpfvmcJhonf? ydkifqdkifr_OpPmESifh taemufzufurf;&dS ajratmufa&onfvnf;
*sL;tajccsolwdk@twGuf oifhawmfcJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;t&qdkv#ifvnf; xdke,fajrrsm;udk xdrf;csKyf&eftwGuf
ta&;ay:wyfzGJ@tenf;i,fr#yif vdktyf+yD;/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_uae tzdk;te*ƒxdkufwefaom tusKd; tjrwfudkvnf;
jyefvnf&&dScJhonf? wcsdefwnf;Yyif xdktusdK;tjrwf yHkrSefjzpfaeap&efvnf; ygvufpwdkif; tvkyform;ESifh vlxkoabmwlr_udk
xdrf;xm;&efvnf; vdktyfcJhonf? odk@aomf tifwDzm'gonf xdkpDrHudef;wGif taESmifht,SufjzpfapcJhonf?
taemufzufurf;ESifh *gZmwGif&dSaom ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf 'kuQonfpcef;ESifh aus;&Gm&maygif;rsm;pGmwGif aexdkif

cJh=uonf? xkd@twl *gZmòrd@ESifh embvkpf (Nablus) paom òrd@}uD;rsm;wGifvnf; aexdkifcJh=uonf? aemufxyf tkyfpkwck
(okd@r[kwf) rGwfpvifrsm;onf a*s&kpvifòrd@ ta&S@buf &yfuyG frsm;wGif aexdkifcJh=uonf? rcif;xm;aom vrf;rsm;ESifh
pdkufysKd;EdkifpGrf;ajrenf;ygr_a=umifh axmifESifhcsDaom b0rsm;udk cufcJ=urf;wrf;apcJhonf? tvkyfvufrJh E_ef;jrifhwufcJhonf?
txl;ojzifh ynmwufygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;t=um;wGif jzpfonf? ygvufpwdkif; bGJ@&ynmwuf &SpfOD;wGif
wOD;omolwdk@aexdkif&m todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrwGif tvkyftudkif&&SdcJhonf? *gZm&dSb0rsm;onf txl;yifyef; qif;&JvSonf?
wpfpwk&ef;uDvdkrDwmwGif vlOD;a& waxmifhckESpf&moHk;q,fae=u&+yD;/ urBmay:wGif vlOD;a& txlxyfqHk;ae&mwckwGif
yg0ifcJhonf? tifwDzm'grS pwifazgufcGJcJhaom tcgwGif *gZmrSonf taemufzufurf; txd jyef@ESH@aygufuGJoGm;cJhonfrSm
wdkufqdkifr_wckawmh r[kwfcJhyg?

ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@ ajymif;vJIr&Edkifudef;qdkufaeaom tajctaeatmufwGif pdwfydkif;qdkif&mysufpD;r_onf &kyfydkif;
qdkif&mcufcJr_udk tm;oGef;avmif;ovdk jzpfcJhonf? reufcif;wdkif;wGif tpPa&;e,fajrwGif tvkyfoGm;a&muf vkyfudkif =uaom
ygvufpwdkif;axmif;aomif;teuf &m*%ef;tenf;i,fom a*s&kpvifòrd@a[mif;wGif tm&k%frwufcif wef;pDcGifh&onf?
owif;axmufwOD;u xkdae&mudk “tom;aps;” [k trnfay;cJhonf? tvkyform;vdkaom
tpPa&;vkyfief;&Sifuefx&dkufwmrsm;u vlwef;wav#muf um;jzifharmif;v#uf vlwef;}uD;udk tkwfpDtvkyf/ ajrwl; tvkyf/
odk@r[kwf EdkifvGefuwW&mcif;jcif;tvkyf ponfhtvkyfwdk@udk ajymjyoGm;+yD; vkyfcrsm;udk em&Dydkif;jzifh ay;acs onf?
pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk oabmwlygu ygvufpwdkif; tvkyform;rsm;udk xdkae&mrS ac:aqmifoGm;Edkifonf? r=umr=umqdkovdk
*sL;rsm;aexdkif&m ae&mokd@ ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf? “usKyfwdk@u *sL;awGwdkif;jynfwnfzdk@ twGuf ulnDay;aew,fvdk@
cifAsm;rxifbl;vm;´” [k ygvufpwdkif; tvkyform;wOD;u owif;axmufwOD;udk ajymcJh onf? “'gwu,fhudk
t&SufuGJwmyJAs/ b,fzufurS udk,hfudk oabmrusbl;/ udk,fhvlxkudk udk,fjyefqef@usif+yD; vkyfaew,fqdkwmvJ odwmyJ/
'gayrJh xrif;pm;zdk@ vdkw,fAs?”[k tjcm;wOD;uqdkonf?
wu,fwrf;wGifrl ygvufpwkdif;om;trsm;pkonf usL;ausmf odrf;ydkufr_twGuf tpkd;&pdkufxkwfaiGudk ulnDay;ovdk

a&mufaecJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;cHpm;cGifhr&ddSjcif;ESifh Oya'a=umif;t& wqifhEdSrfhqufqHcH ae&jcif;rsm;tay: ygvuf
pwdkif;om;wdk@ pdwfxdcdkufcJh&onf? a,bk,stm;jzifh ygvufpwdkif;wdk@onf tvkyftwlwl vkyf&aomfvnf; tpPa&;wdk@xuf
vkyftm;cenf;&+yD;/ tcGeftaumufydkay;aqmif&jyefonf? ygvufpwdkif;wkd@ txl;wvnf a'go xGuf&onfh udpPrSm
‚if;wdk@e,fajrtwGif;odk@ ,laqmifvmaom ypPnf;ypP,rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_tm;vHk;udk wefzdk; tay: aumufcHonfhtaumuf
(15) &mckdifE_ef;tay:wGif jzpfchJonf? ukefypPnf;0,f,lr_ aps;E_ef;}uD;&ifhaomfvnf; vGwfvyfpGmjzifh azmufum;Edkifonf?
rnfonfhtwm;tqD;r# r&dScJhay? Oyrm *gZmajrmufydkif;tpGef tdZfppfaq;a&;*dwfonf ygvpfpwkdif;om;rsm; vlwef;&SnfwGif
apmifhqdkif;aepOf aepOf'kuQay;&m ae&mjzpfcJhonf? um;rsm;udk&SmazGjcif;/ rSwfyHkwifu'frsm;udk vHkðcHa&;
tapmifhrsm;uodrf;,ljcifwdk@udk tjrJwap ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? “usKyfwdk@udk wd&p>mefawGvdkyJ qufqH=uw,f” qdkonfrSm
vltrsm;ajymqdkaom pum;wckjzpfcJhonf?
usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcH&jcif;onf trsm;jynfolESifhvlxkb0udkvnf; uef@owfcsKyfcs,fcJhonf? ae@pOf a=umifESifhºuGuf vkdufwef;-

ajy;wef;pum;yGJudk trJa&mif/ tpdrf;a&mif/ teDa&mifrsm;ESifh cs,fr_ef;xm;aom ygvufpwdkif;tvHudk pGJudkifxm;aom
ygvufpwdkif;vli,frsm;u qifEGJcJh=uonf? EdkifiHa&;ygaomyHk/ pmrsm;udkeH&Hrsm;wGif aq;jzef;a&;qGJ cJh=uonf?
tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfrsm;u tvHrsm;udk qGJqkwfjcif;/ vlrsm;udk eH&Hrsm;tm; aq;jyefokwf&ef twif;t=uyf ckdif;apjcif;rsm;
jyefvkyfonf? tzrf;cH&ol rnfoludkrqdk w&m;&Hk;wifjcif;r&dSyJ ajcmufvtxd xdrf;odrf;xm;Edkifonf?
todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrrsm;wGif (1907) ckESpf onf[d*f The Hague ESifh (1944) ckESpf av;}udrfajrmuf *seDAm oabmwlpmcsKyfyg
EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyf&rnfjzpf+yD;/ xkdOya'rsm;t& odrf;ydkufcHe,fajr&Sd jynfolvlxkrsm;. ypPnf;OpPmrsm;tm;
ajymif;a&G@ jcif;ESifh zsufqD;jcif;rsm;udkvnf; wm;jrpfxm;onf? odk@aomf tpPa&;wdk@onf xdkuef@owfcsufrsm;tay: tjrJwap
vkdufemcJhjcif; r&dScJhay?
(1977) ckESpf rwdkifrD ygvufpwdkif; trsm;pkESifh tpPa&;avbmygwD0ifrsm;onf odrf;ydkufr_onf acwWc%r#om jzpfonf[k

ar#mfvifhxm;cJhonf? odk@aomf rDemcsrf bD*if (Manachem Begin). vDuGwfygwD (Likud Party) ond tpPa&;ygvDref
(Knesset) wGif tm%m&vmaom xkdESpfwGif tpPa&;tpkd;&u odrf;ydkufr_onf xm0& wnfjrJEdkifonf[k tcsufay;cJhonf?
tpPa&;vlrsKd;tm;vHk; xdkt&mESifhyufoufI oabmruscJhay? jidrf;csrf;a&; vdkvm;aomtkyfpkrsm;u
tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@.a'otwGif; usifhoHk;aeaom ppfqifa&;enf;AsL[mrsm;udk pwif qENjycJh=uonf? odk@aomf
tpPa&;EdkifiHa&;wGif t=uyftwnf;rsm;&dScJhonf? &pfZwf &mbifESifh &SDrGefyJ&ufpf ponfh avbmygwD acgif;aqmifrsm;u
e,fajrtydkif;tjcm;ESifhyufoufI aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;r_ ðyvkyfcsifaomfvnf; &pfZwf &SmrD;,m;ESifh at&D,,f&Sm&Gef tygt0if
vDuGyfygwD acgif;aqmifrsm;u vufrcHcJhay? (1984) ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif ESpfzufpvHk;rS vlxkaxmufcHr_ jywfjywfom;om;
r&cJhay? xdk@a=umifh ygwDESpfckpvHk; !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&zGJ@&ef tajc taeodk@ qdkufa&mufcJh&onf? jidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf

e,fajrtay;t,l vkyf&efudpPudk OD;wnfoGm;aumif; oGm;Edkifonfh aqG;aEG;yGJwifjycsufrsm;udk toef@towfr&dS
a&G@qdkif;vdkufcJhonf?
(1980) ESpfrsm; tapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. ra=ueyfcsufrsm;rSonf tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@ wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udk

ausmufcJrsm;ESifhypfcwfjcif;ESifh wcgw&H "gwfqDAHk;rsm;ESifhaygufjcif; tqifhxd jyef@ESH@aygufuGJcJhonf? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; &S&Geu
f
qlyl/ rjidrfowfaom &yfuGyfrsm;udk nrxGuftrdef@rsm;xkwfjcif;/ tdrfrsm;zsufqD;jcif;/ opfyifrsm;tjrpfrSqGJE_wfypfjcif; pojzifh
t=urf;zufESdrfeif; tjypfay;cJhonf? (1985) ckESpfwiG f umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; topfjzpfvmol &pfZwf &mbifu
jyif;jyif;xefxefudkifwG,faom “oHvufoD;rl0g'” Iron Fist” udkcsrSwfcJhonf? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk usifhoHk;I
vrf;rsm;udkydwfqdk@jcif;/ &SmazGr_rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;/ zrf;qD;ta&;,ljcif;/ ae&yf&if;jyefydk@aqmif jcif;ESifh rdom;pk
jyefvnfaygif;pnf;jcif;udk jiif;qefjcif; ponfwdk@udk vkycf Gifhay;xm;cJhonf? txl;ojzifh taemufzuf urf;a'orsm;wGif
tpPa&;wdk@. tajccs0ifa&mufr_onf tvsiftjref wdk;vmcJhonf? (1980) ESpfrsm; tv,fydkif; wGif
xdktajccs0ifa&mufjcif;onf a'o.xuf0ufeD;ygodk@ jzpfcJh+yD;/ ckd;a=umifcdk;0Suf usL;ausmfjcif;/ ajrcdk;jcif;wck tjzpf
ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@u a'goxGufcJh=uonf?
xdktcdkufwGif bD&GwfwGif&dSaom yDt,fvftdkXmecsKyfu ol@. ppfa&;pGrf;tm; jyocJhonf? (1982) ckESpfwGif tpPa&; wdk@u
vufbEGefudk usL;ausmfcJhonf? tm&yftpGef;a&muf tkyfpkrsm;jzpfaom [ufZfbdkvmESifh tpPvrf*sD[wf ponfh tzGJ@rsm;
xdef;csKyfxm;aom òrd@rsm;udkvnf; odrf;ydkufcJhonf? yDt,fvftdkonfvnf; ‚if;wdk@ESifhtwl xGufajy; cJh+yD; wdkufyGJESifh uDvdkrDwm
av;axmif (rdkifESpfaxmifhig;&m) cef@a0;uGmaom wl;epfòrd@wGif aemufqHk;XmecsKyfudk ajymif;a&$@tajccscJh&onf? &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;[k
qdk&rnf? xdkr#a0;uGmaomae&mrS ygvufpwdkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tpPa&;wdk@odrf;ydkufjcif;udk qef@usifaomv_yf&Sm;r_yHkpH
topfwck twGuf taxmuftul ðyEdkifcJh=uonf?
tcsKd@ygvpfpwkdif;om;rsm;u tpPa&;wdk@taejzifh ygvufpwdkif;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udk vufcHtodtrSwf ðyvmap&ef

ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_xuf/ vlxkt&yfom;v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk ydkI pdwful;,OfcJh=uonf? (1968) ckESpfwGif t,fzmwmh tzGJ@
ESifhqufEG,fr_&dS+yD;/ axmifxJwGif [Db&l;bmompum;udk avhvmoif=um;cJhaom zDq,f [lpdefeD ( Feisal Husse) onf
ta&S@tv,fydkif;wGif jidrf;csrfa&;wnfaqmuf&ef wckwnf;aom enf;vrf;rSm t=urf;rzufaom enf;vrf;
omv#ifjzpfa=umif; tcdkiftrmajymqdkI tpPa&;bmomjzifh oifcef;pmrsm; pwifydk@cscJhonf? q,fhoHk;ESpf=umaom tcg
a'otwGif; ol@.pnf;&Hk;a&;vkyfief;onf oHr%drl0g' xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifa&;aumfrwD wckjzpfajrmufapa&; twGuf
OD;wnfoGm;apcJhonf? xdkaumfrwDwGif ygvufpwdkif;ta&;udk pmemaxmufcHaom tpPa&;rsm;yg yg0ifcJh=u +yD;/
tusOf;uscHygvpfpwkdif;om;rsm;twGuf ulnD pnf;&Hk;ay;jcif;rsm; aqmif&Guf=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiH&dS KOR onf tvm;wl
tzGJ@rsKd;jzpf+yD; ydkvefppftpdk;&atmufwGif tusOf;usaeaom odk@r[kwf rw&m; w&m;pGJqdkcHae&aom tvkyform;rsm;.
rdom;pkrsm;udk ulnDay;cJhonf?
(1983) ckESpfwGif ygvpfpwkdif;-tar&duefom; wOD;jzpfol toHk;cspdwfynm&Sif rlbm&uf tuf0uf (Mubarak Awad) onf
t=urf;rzuf0g' avhvma&; ygvpfpwkdif;tzGJ@ (Palestinian Center for the Study of Nonviolence) udk xlaxmifcJh+yD;/
e,fajr odrf;ydkufxm;r_tay: t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh qef@usifvdkol rnfodkrqdkudk taemufzufurf;tESH@ ol. pulwmi,fudk
pD;I vkdufvH a[majymcJhonf? tuf0ufonf tdENd,. taemuf ajrmufzsm;a'o&dS rlpvifyxefwOD;jzpfaom t'lvf
*ufzm cef (Abdul Ghaffar Khan) . b0 ta=umif;udk avhvmxm;cJhbl;onf? t'lvf *ufzm cefonf *END.
vlxktmcHa&;enf;emrsm;udk taotcsmavhvm toHk;csum jAdwdeftpdk;&udk awmfvSefcJhonf? olonf
t=urf;rzufa&;oDtdk&DESifhoufqdkifaom t"du vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk tm&yf bmomodk@ jyefqdkcJholvnf; jzpfonf? tm;vHk;udk
udk,fpm;ðyyHkpHrsKd;ESifh wdkufcdkufcJh=uaom ppfyGJrsm; tm;vHk;ESifh t=urf;zuf0g' rif;rlcsdef ESpfrsm; twGif;wGif ygvufpwdkif;wdk@onf
ta&;edrfholrsm;om awmufavsmufjzpfcJh=u onf[k oloHk;oyfrdcJhonf? t=urf;zufjcif;onf usqHk;r_udkom
jzpfay:apEdkifonf?

odk@aomf t=urf;zuf0g'tpm; tjcm;tpm;xdk;r_ tqifoifh r&dScJhay? “ usKyfwdk@ ygvpfpwkdif;om;awG tck todrf;
ydkufcHb0atmufrSm aeae=u&w,f/ 'gbma=umihfqdkawmh usKyfwdk@ udk,fYu usKyfwdk@u todrf;ydkufcHb0udk a&G;cs,f cJhvdk@yJvdk@
usKyfjyif;jyif;xefxef cHpm;rdw,f?” “ tu,fI usKyfwdk@&J@ a&G;cs,fr_u todrf;ydkufcHatmufrSm raebl; qdk&if/ usKyfwdk@ ckcH
wGef;vSef&r,f/” [k tm0wfu jiif;csufxkwfcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; ckcHwGef;vSefr_qdkonfrmS &kyfydkif;qdkif&m wckwnf;ESifhrqdkifyJ
tenf;qHk; yxrOD;qHk;tcsuftaejzihf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh oufqdkifonf? wOD;csif; pD. qHk;jzwfcsufwckjcif;qDvnf;
vdktyfonf? “tu,fI cifAsm;wdk@ wu,fwrf; vGwfajrmufvdk=uw,fqdk&if cifAsm;wkd&J@ vGwfajrmufa&;[m
cifAsm;wdk@twGif;rSmyJ &dSw,fqdkwmudk usaemfwdk@ óud;pm;+yD; ajymjycJhw,f ”[k olu jyefajymif; ajymjycJhonf? “tu,fI
cifAsm;wdk@ vGwfajrmufvdkwJh pdwfudk a&G;cs,fw,fqdk&if/ t&m tm;vHk;[m tvG,fuav; jzpfvmrSmyg? ”
todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrwGif tajctaersm;onf ydkrdkI cufcJ&_yfaxG;vmcJhonf? (1987) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif tm;òydifr_ rsm; ydkrdk

tm;aumif;vmcJhonf? tajctaersm;u ygvufpwdkif; om;wdk@udk aygufuGJr_wckqDodk@ ydkrdkeD;pyfatmif wGef;ydk@aecJhonf?
oHk;&uf=um tm&yfxdyfoD; tpnf;ta0;wGif a*smf'efbk&if[lpdefu avqdyfwGif &mqmtm&mzwf tm; óudqdkE_wfquf&ef
jiif;y,fjcif;jzifh ol@tm;ypfy,fcJh+yD;/ ygvufpwdkif;ta&;udpPudk tpnf;ta0; aqG;aEG;rnfh ta=umif;t&mxJrS vHk;0
z,fxkwfcJhonf? xdkvwGifyif usif;yaom a&*if-*dkbmacsmhAf xdyfoD; tpnf;ta0; aqG;aEG;onfh ta=umif;t&mwGifvnf;
ygvufpwdkif;ta&; ryg0ifcJhay? aemufqHk;wGif tpPa&; tdk;tdrf0ef}uD; at&D&,f &S&Gef;u a*s&kpvifòrd@&dS rGwfpvif&yfuGyfxJwGif
tywfref@wck iSm;aecJhonf? xdktjcif;t&monf ordkif;a=umif;t& a*s&kpvifòrd@ rGwfpviftydkif;wGif *sL;vlrsKd;rsm; tajccs
aexdkifr_onf ydkrdkIwdk;yGm; vmawmhrnfudk ay:ay:xifxifjyqdkcsufwcktjzpf rSwf,lEdkifayonf? Todk@jzifh ygvufpwdkif;twdk@
onf;cHEdkifr_ tqHk;pGefa&mufcJh& onf?
bDvl;}uD;rsm;ESifh 'g0dwf
ESpfaygif;ESpfq,f=umaomtcg *gZmurf;ajr‡mifESifh taemufzufurf;a'o&dS ygvufpwdkif; vl@taqmufttHkonf

1² 7 oef;eD;ygtxd wdk;yGm;vmcJh+yD;/ ta&S@a*s&kpvifwGif vlOD;a& wodef;oHk;aomif;ajcmufaxmifxd &dScJhonf? ukefonf/
ynmwufponfh vlvwfwef;pm; vGefpGmenf;ygaomfvnd;/ trsm;pkonf tvkyform; vlwef;pm;jzpfI
i,f&G,folrsm;jzpfcJhonf? (1988) ckESpfwGif *gZmvlOD;a&. (59) &mckdifE_ef;onf toufq,fhudk;ESpfatmufjzpf+yD;/ (77)
&mckdifE_ef;onf ESpfq,fhudk;ESpfatmuf jzpfcJhonf? TrsKd;qufvli,f trsm;pkonf tpPa&;odrf;ydkufr_ wck wnf;udkomod+yD;/
tpPa&;rsm;udkvnf; t&Sifocifrsm;tjzpf jrif=uonf? &mqmtm&mzwfu ygvufpwdkif; trsKd;orD;rsm;. 0rf;=umwdkufwGif
“vlom;AHk;rsm;” &dSae+yD; r=umcif‚if;wdk@ajray:&dS tpPa&;wdk@udk 'kuQay;vdrfhrnf[k avvHk;xGm;cJhonf? odk@aomf
wpHkw&maomtajctae onf aygufuGJvkeD;yg; &dSaecJhonf? xdkt&monf cGeftm;rJh aeaom pdwfr&Snfawmhonfh
vltkyf}uD;yifjzpfonf?
tu,fIrsm; ppfwyfppfaq;a&;*dwfwGif um;wkdufr_jzpfjzpf/ rjzpfjzpf xdktcsdefonf tHkºuGr_wckay:aygufap&ef tcsdef

umvwck jzpfaecJh+yD; jzpfonf/ &ifhrSnfhae+yD[k vlawmfawmf rsm;rsm;u cHpm;cJh=uonf? xdktjzpftysufonf *gZm
ajrmufzufydkif;&dS 'kuQonfpcef;wckjzpfaom *sbm,m teD;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf? owif;axmufwOD;u xdkae&mudk
“a=umufp&maumif;avmufatmif qif;&JrGJawaom/ vlOD;a&tqrwef xlxyfaomESifh pkwfjywfowfaeaom ae&m” tjzpf
yHkaz:jycJhonf? “towfcH&aom olrsm;twGuf psmyetcrf;tem; usif;yaomtcgwGif vltrsm;. pdwfcHpm;csufrsm;onf
rGef;=uyf jyif;xefaecJhonf? vltkyf}uD;u jyefoGm;pOfwav#muf/ ausmufwHk;rsm;jzifh ppfpcef; udk ypfaygufoGm;cJhonf?
tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@ xkwfjyefxm;aom trdef@tm%mrsm;udk qufvuf rxdrf;Edkifawmhay? t"du&k%f;wck jzpfyGm;cJh+yD;/
nq,fhwem&Dtxd jzpfcJhonf? aemufwae@ tm&k%fwuf csdefwGif aemufw}udrf t"du&k%f; jyefpcJhonf?
tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@ *spfum;rsm; armif;0ifoGm;=u+yD;/ r=umcifrSmyif "gwfqDAHk;rsm;/ ausmufcJrsm;. vufpmrdoGm;cJhonf?
rjidrfoufr_ owif;onf a'orsm;twGif;a&muf&dSoGm;cJh+yD;/ bmZpftygt0if ae&mwdkif;wGif qENjyr_rsm;ay:aygufcJhonf? ”
ygvpfpwkdif;ta&;udk a'otwGif; v_yf&Sm;r_wckjzihf jr‡ifhwif&ef rnfokd@aomtcgr# ar#mfvifhcsufr&dScJhonf yDt,fvftdktwGuf

&ifoyf&_arm jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifonf? yÉdyuQudk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; onfom vHk;0O\kH jzpfa=umif;
r[mAsL[m csrSwfxm;aom yDt,fvftdk. rl0g'onf *gZmESifhtaemufzufurf; wGif odyftvkyf rjzpfcJhay?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdka'orsm;wGif txl;avhusifh/ vufeufwyfqif ay;xm;aom tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;onf
rnfodk@aom t=urf;zufykefuefr_udkrqdk ESdyfuGyfypfvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif vlvwfydkif;t&G,f EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/
bmoma&;tpGef;a&mufrsm;ESifh tawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;jzifh t"du pkpnf; xm;aom/ yDt,fvftdk. acgif;aqmifydkif;onf
vrf;rrsm; ay:wGif pkpkpnf;pnf;jzifh az:aqmifaom v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh yufoufI rqdkoavmufom odcJh=uonf? ESpfaygif;
tawmf=um vlxktay: yÉdyuQESifhyufoufI 0g'jzef@cJhaom tawG;tac:rsm;/ &kyfyHkrsm;onf
twif;t=uyf0ifa&mufpD;eif;r_rsm;/ AHk;rsm;ESifh aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfr_rsm;om jzpfcJh onf?
xdka=umifh t=urf;zufr_ wpGef;wprSrygaom tifwDzm'g. ay:ay:xifxif wdkufcdkufr_onf tHhtm;oifhp&m jzpfcJhonf?

wu,fwrf;wGifrl t"du&k%f;wGif yg0ifaom vli,frsm;. bDvl;o&JpD;uJhodk@aom a'goxGufr_onf tHkºuGr_. yxrqHk;
oauFwjzpfcJh+yD;/ tpGef;a&muf t=urf;zufr_onf xifay:vdkaom olrsm;udk tjrJvdkarG;zGm; ay;cJhonf? tuf0yf.
t=urf;rzuf avhvma&;tzGJ@ESifh tpPa&;jidrf;csrf;a&; uJhokd@aom tzGJ@tcsKd@u rif;rJhqef/ pnf;urf;ysufr_. tEW&m,frsm;udk
axmufjy&efóud;yrf;cJhonf? odk@aomf vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif tpDtpOfr&dS &kwfcsnf; xygvmaom olrsm;twGuf oabmrusp&m
jzpfrSef;ukdvnf; olwdk@od+yD; jzpfcJhonf? tHkºuGr_. tapmydkif; &ufrsm; onf =uHKovdk &yfwnfcJh+yD;/ r[mAsL[mrJh tajcrus
acgif;aqmifwpk. avsmh&J&J OD;aqmifr_atmufwGif &dScJhonf?
odk@aomf ordkif;udkod+yD;/ udk,fwdkifrsufjrif&dScJhaom vlrsm; twGufrl t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_onf xda&mufcJhonf qdkaom

Oyrm/ twdwferdwfrsm;&dScJhonf? (1936) ckESpfwGif ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf jAdwdtpdk;&udk taxGaxG oydwfarSmuf
qef@usifcJhonf? xdktaxGaxGoydwfonf ckESpfv=umjrifhcJh+yD;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ vrfyef;qufoG,fa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;wdk@udk
uoduatmuf jzpfapcJhonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;wGif tpPa&;tpdk;&. wuUodkvfjyXgef;csurf sm;ESifh ygarmuQrsm;tm;
t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfr_ atmufwGifxm;rnfh óud;yrf;csufudk wm;qD;&ef ausmif;om;rsm; twlwuG vma&muf yl;aygif;cJh=uonf?
xdk@tjyif (1967) ckESpfuwnf;rSpI ygvufpwdkif;wdk@t=um;wGif plrwf (Sumud) odk@r[kwf razmufrjyefwnf=unfr_opPm
[laom pdwfoabmxm;wck ay:xGef;vmcJhonf? xdkt&monf rnfodk@ aom zdtm;wck atmufwGifjzpfayap/ v_yf&Sm;r_wck.
r&dSrjzpfvdktyfaom pnf;urf;&dSr_rsKd;jzpfonf? t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ wckwGif tpdk;&ESifh rylaygif;raqmif&Gufr_udk
r,drf;r,dkifqufvufxdef;odrf;xm;&ef vdktyfaoma=umifh Tvkyfief;twGufvnf; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGm&dScJhonf?
ygvufpwdkif; tawG;tac:ynm&Sif p&D EkpDbwf (Sari Nusseibeh) u tpPa&; usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufjcif;. &nfrSef;csufudk
tiftm;oHk;jcif;jzifh ig;&mcdkifE_ef; atmifjrifr_ &&dScJhonf/ usefudk;q,fhig;&mcdkifE_ef;onf ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf ppftpdk;&.
trdef@tm%mrsm;udk vdkufem aejcif;rS &&dScJhonf [k olu cef@rSef;wGufjycJhonf?
TtHkºuGr_onf plrwfESifh ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. odrf;ydkufolwdk@xH emcHatmufusKd@aer_oabmxm; ESpfckpvHk;udkyg

&dkufcsKfd;zsufqD;cJhonf? zGifhyGJaersm;wGif tm&yfpum;vHk; tifwDzm'gudk (ykefukefr_[kt"dy`g,f&aom tm&yfpum;vHk; aomf&m
(Thawra) tpm;) &nf&G,fcsuf&dS&dSjzifh a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfcJhonf? ‚if;onf vlrsm;. ysif;&dr_/ wHk%Sdbma0&Sdr_ udkEd_;qG&ef [laom
teufjzpfonf? ueOD;ydkif;wGif w}udrfxufruaomm aygufuGJr_&dSvdrfrnf[lonfrSm xif&Sm;cJh onf? odk@aomf tu,fI
odrf;ydkufr_udk qef@usifaomv_yf&Sm;r_wck a&&Snf&yfwnfrnf[laom &nf&G,fcsuf&dSygu tprStm;vHk; ydwfyifrnfjcif;onf
qifjcifrJh&ma&mufvdrfhrnf? rlbm&uf tuf0wf. t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ wdkufyGJac:oHonf ueOD;ydkif;wGif
tarSmifxJrSmom =um;cJh&aomfvnf;/ ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf t=urf;rzufjcif; . tusdK;aus;Zl;udk
pwifodvmaoma=umifh pdwf0ifpm;em;axmifol ydkrdkI qGJaqmifEdkifcJhonf?
yxrausmufcJwvHk; paygufonfESifhwòydifeuf vltrsm;twnfrðy&ao;aom v_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m tajccHpnf;rsOf;pnf;

urf;rsm;udk pwifjzef@a0vmonfudk awG@cJh=u&cJhonf? qENjyolrsm;u tpPa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;ypfaom rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;udk
olwdk@xHokd@ jyefypfaygufcJhaomfvnf; ydkufrsm;/ ykvif;rsm;tygt0if/ "gwfqDAHk;ypfaygufjcif;ESifh cJESifhypfaygufjcif; ponfwdk@onf
tpPa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;tay: t=urf;zufonf[k em;vnfoabmayguf aoma=umifhwm;jrpfoifhonf[k ,lq=uonf?
tarsmftjrif&dSaom tifwDzm'g.acgif;aqmifrsm;u xdkuef@owfcsufrsm; csrSwfjcif; tay:wGif cdkifvHk
aomta=umif;jycsufrsm;&dScJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ygvufpwdkif;om;tcsKd@wGif aoewfrsm;ESifh aoapEdkif avmufaom

vufeufrsm;ydkifqdkifaeao;aoma=umifhjzpf+yD;/ vufeufudkif v_yf&Sm;r_wckonf vlxkyg0ifr_udk avsmh usapEdkif+yD;/ vufeufrsm;
toHk;ðyjcif;onf tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@tm; oHcsyfum um;rsm;ESifh vufeuf}uD;rsm; toHk;ðyESdrfeif;Edkifap&ef
ta=umif;jycsufay;ovdkvnf; jzpfEdkifaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_onf tpPa&;wdk@.
t=urf;zuf &uf&ufpufpuf wHk@jyefcsufudk rD;armif;xdk;jyjcif;jzifh urBmhtjrifyHkpHudkvnf; tpPa&;udk qef@usifatmif
ajymif;aumif;ajymif;Edkifvdrfhrnf? ygvufpwdkif;wdk@. vlzvHav; 'g0dwfu *sL;wdk@. bDvl;}uD;a*gvdw bDvl;=uD;udk
wefjyefwdkufcdkufovdk/ tjzpfodk@ urBmujrifvm=urnf jzpfonf?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif trsm;pkonf t=urf;zufjcif;udk pGef@ypf&ef qENr&dScJh=uay? ygvufpwdkif;ta&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf

t=urf;zufjcif;enf;emudk ESpfaygif;av;q,f=um toHk;ðycJh+yD; jzpfonf? olwdk@wawGomv#if zdESdyfr_udk wGef;vSef wdkufcdkuf&ef
t=urf;zufenf;rSvGJI tjcm;r&dStjzpf jrifaecJh=ujcif; r[kwfay? zGH@òzd;qJ wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif udkvdkeDacwf vGef
umvwav#mufvHk;Y vGwfajrmufa&;orm;wdk@. xl;jcm;aomoGifjyifwckrSm wdkufyGJ0if0wfpHkv$rf;ðcHxm;jcif;yif jzpfcJhonf?
ygvufpwdkif;trsm;pku t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;onf taemufqef;vGef;onf[k xifrSwf=uonf? (tcsKd@u tuf0yfudk
r,Hk=unf=uay? tb,fa=umihfqdkaomf olonf tar&duefc&D;oGm;vwfrSwf udkifaqmifxm;aom c&pf,mefbmom0ifwOD;
jzpfaeaoma=umifhyif jzpfonf?) t=urf;zufenf;udk toHk;rðyjcif;onf vufeufudkif wyfwckudk vufeufcsvdkufovdk
jzpfaeonf[k trsm;pktwGuf rSwfxifaecJhonf? todrf;ydkufcHe,fajr tjyif zufwGif&dSaom ppfvdkvm;aom
ygvufpwdkif;rsm;pk. tawG;tac:onfvnf; ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;udk ydkrdkwGef;tm; ay;cJhonf? “olwdk@u tifwDzm'gudk
ppfyHkaygufvmatmifvkyfzdk@ óud;pm;cJhw,f” [k tapmydkif;umvwGif vlxktHkºuG r_. acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfcJhaom awqD,m;
tm,dk&D uajymcJhonf?
olykefxI ajcmufvr#=umaomtcgwGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;qdkif&m oDtdk&Dynm&SifESifh vufawG@toHk;csol *sif;&Syf (Gene

Sharp) u ygvufpwdkif;wdk@onf &dkufESufjcif;yHkpHrsm;/ aoewfESifhypfcwfjcif;/ owfjzwfjcif;/ tdrfrsm;udk azgufcGJzsufqD;jcif;/
opfyifrsm;udk tjrpfrSE_wfypfjcif;/ rl&if;ae&yfodk@jyefvnfydk@aqmifjcif;/ ESpf&Snf axmif'%frsm; csrSwfjcif;ESifh w&m;&Hk;rwifyJ
csKyfaESmifjcif;ponfh tpPa&;wdk@. &ufpufaom ESdyfpufr_rsm;udk pnf;urf;ao0yfaom t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh &ifqdkifEdkiftwGuf
taumifqHk;jyifqifxm;r_r&dScJh[k aumufcsufcscJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; tuef@towf t=urf;zufr_yifv#if
wefjyeftusdK;owfa&mufr_rsm; &dSEdkifonf[k oluqdkonf? t=urf;zufjcif; a=umifh usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufjcif;ESifhyufouf+yD;
oabmxm;trsKd;rsKd;uGJaer_udk aysmufoGm;apvdrfhrnfjzpf+yD;/ tar&duefwdk@. tpPa&;tay: &_wfcsaer_rsm;vnf;
jyefvnf&yfwef@oGm;atmif [ef@wm;ovdkvnf; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k qdkonf?
'DZifbm (9) &ufae@aemufydkif; t"du&k%f;rsm;p+yD; aemufykdif;wGif rnfolwOD; wa,mufr# bmqufjzpfvdrfh rnfudk

taotcsm rodawmhay? yDt,fvftdkESifh tpPa&;wdk@ESpfOD;pvHk;onf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_. t&dSeft[kefESifh tiftm;
aumif;r_tay:wGif rSifoufcJh&+yD;/ rnfodk@wkef@jyef&eftwGuf enf;emrJhcJh&onf? tm;vHk;twGuf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
jzpfcJhaomt&mwckrSm olwdk@tm;vHk; odxm;cJhaom usK;ausmfodrf;ydkufjcif;onf tqHk;owfoGm;jcif;yif jzpfcJhonf? c%wðzwf
a'goxGuf&Hkr#jzifh tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufxm;r_rSm csufcsif; &yfwef@oGm;rSm r[kwfcJhay? “'gu
awmfvSefa&;wck r[kwfbl;/ vlr_b0topfwckudk oGm;aewmjzpfw,f” [k ygvufpwdkif; pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfol wOD;jzpfol ZD&yf
tbl-aZ&yfu rSwfcsufcscJhonf?
vufurf;pmapmifrsm;ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm;
tpydkif; ausmif;om;qENjyyGJrsm;aemufydkif;wGif [eeftm&l&Donf tHkºuGr_xJwGif ydkrdkI xJxJ0if0ifyg0ifvmcJhonf?

xdk@a=umifholronf vufurf;pmapmifa&;a0iSa&;vkyfief;wGif olr.oabmqENjzihf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf? xdk vkyfief;onf
taemufzufurf;twGif; qufpyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf t"du vkyfief;wckjzpfvmcJhonf? olr. rdom;pkudk
a'goxGufaeaom tm&l&Donf reufapmapm oHk;em&DwGif tdrfrS wdwfwqdwfcdk;xGufI óudwifowfrSwf xm;aom
qHkcsufae&mokd@oGm;a&muf+yD;/ =um;cHrSwqifh a&mufvmaom !Gef=um;csufrsm;udk ydk@aqmifay;onfh vlpdrf;xHrS
vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk vufcH,lcJhonf? tm&l&D.vkyfief;onf vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk tcsdefusonf

txdxdef;odrf;xm;ay;&+yD;/ olr. tdrfeD;em;jcif;rsm;xHokd@ wdwfwqdwf jzef@a0&jcif;jzpfonf? olr.tzrf;cHrnfudk
a=umuf&GH@r_udk vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifaxmufcHae&jcif;[laom*k%f,laer_a=umifh ty&du jzpfapcJhonf?
ESpfopful;rwdkifrD &ufowWywf wywftvdkwGif “ygvufpwdkif;wyfzGJ@rsm;” [k vwfrSwfxdk;xm;aom yxrOD;qHk;

vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk todrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;wGif wdwfwqdwf pwifjzef@a0cJhonf? &uftenf;i,f=um Zefe0g&Dv (10)
&ufae@wGif vufurf;pmapmif. xdyfydkif;wGif eHygwEf Spf [kwyfxm;aom aemufxyf vufurf; pmapmifwapmif
a&mufvmcJh+yD; xkdpmwGif todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrrsm;twGif; vlxktHkºuGr_ t&dSeft[kefjr‡ifhwifa&; twGuf
trsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tm%mydkiftzGJ@ (United National Command for the Escalation of the Uprising in the
Occupied Territories ) [k vufrSwf xdk;xm;cJhonf? tifwDzm'gonf vlxkrsufESmpmwGif trnfwck&&dScJhonf?
Zefe0g&Dv (18) &ufae@wGif UNC (United National Command) ESifh yDt,fvftdk vufrSwfxdk;xm;aom
vufurf;pmapmif aygif;rsm;pGm vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ a&mufvmcJhonf? xdkvufurf;pmapmifwGif ygvufpwdkif; vlxkESifh
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk tpPa&;. “,EW,m;bD;&[wf” rsm;udk &yfwef@ypf&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? tpydkif;wGif
yDt,fvftdkonf t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif wpHkw&myg0ifjcif;udk uJh&J@&H_@cscJhbl;onf? yDt,fvftdkonf
ygvufpwdkif;jynfolrsm;. w&m;0if todtrSwfðyr_wck&&dS&ef ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm óud;yrf;cJhonf? yDt,fvftdktaejzifh
xdktHkºuGr_udk pD;yGm;a&;&nf&G,fcsufoufoufjzifh qENjyyGJwcktaejzifhom yHkraz:vdkay? odk@aomf vlxkaxmufcHr_ onf
t&dSefaumif;aumif;jzifh a&S@qufoGm;aepOfwGif yDt,fvftdkonf Tvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_&xm;ay:wufpD;rnfavm odk@r[kwf
woD;wjcm;wnf;quf&yfaernfavm wckckudk a&G;cs,f&awmhrnf jzpfonf? &ufowWywf tenf;i,f twGif;yifv#if
vli,fqENjyyGJrsm;ESifh pnf;&Hk;r_rsm;onf yDt,fvftdk ESpfaygif;oHk;q,ftwGif; ygvufpwdkif;ta&; twGuf atmifjrifr_rsm;xuf/
ydkrdkI atmifjrifcJhonf[k tpPa&; owif;axmuf wOD;u aumufcsufcscJhonf?
vufurf;pmapmifrsm;wGif yDt,fvftdk. trnfyg&dSaomfvnf;/ tifwDzm'g v_yf&Sm;r_. aemufuG,f t"du

tiftm;pkóud;udkifaeolrsm;onf yDt,fvftdkr[kwfay? UNC wGif toufoHk;q,fatmuft&G,f ygvufpwdkif;
vli,ftrsm;pkjzifh jznfhqD;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? xdkvli,frsm;.tjrifrSm EdkifiHtwGif;tajctaersm; wjznf;jznf;jzifh
ydkrdkqdk;0g;vmcsdefwGif/ touft&G,f}uD;&ifhol ygvufpwdkif; “*k%foa&&dS vl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;onf” olwdk@&&Sdxm;
aomtajctaeudk wif;wdrfa=ueyfae=uonf[k xif=uonf? UNC tzGJ@0if udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&onf vdkonf xufyif
ydkaecJhonf? a'otwGif;wGif EdkifiHa&;t& Edk;=um;r_&dSaom txufwef;ausmif;om;ESifh aumvdyf ausmif;om;t&G,f
tenf;qHk;wodef;ESifh tpPa&;wdk@u vHkðcHa&;tr_rsm;jzifh axmifuscJhaom tusOf;om;a[mif; oHk;aomif;ausmfwdk@vnf;
&Sdae=uonf? UNC tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf tzrf;cHr_udk a&Smif&Sm;&eftwGuf ‚if;wdk@.tzGJ@0if rsm;. taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
v#Kd@0SufpGm odrf;qD;cJh=uonf/? odk@aomfvnf; acgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSm vlrod olrod ygvufpwdkif;om;vlopftkyfpkrsm;xJr‡
xGufay:vmaom acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh tu,fI ‚if;wdk@tzrf;cH& ygu jyefvnfI tpm;xdk;Edkif&efyif jzpfonf?
tifwDzm'gwGif eHrnf}uD;xGef;aygufxGufvmaom acgif;aqmif[lI r&SdcJhay?
UNC onf bHktawG;tac:w&yfwcktwGuf udk,fpm;rðycJhay? UNC onf EdkifiHa&;ESifh bmoma&;tzGJ@pHkESifh

qufEG,fygufoufaom vli,frsm;yg0ifonfh !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@wckjzpfcJhonf? xdkEdkifiHa&;ESifh bmoma&; tzGJ@aygif;pHk onf
t,fvf zwfwm (al-Fatah)/ rmufpf0g'D 'Drdku&ufwpfwyfaygif;pk (Marxist Democratic Front)/ vlxkwyfaygif;pk
(Popular Front)ESifh uGefjrLepfygwDwdk@tygt0if yDt,fvftdk. xD;&dyfatmufwGif&dSaom tzGJ@rsm; jzpf=uonf?
bmoma&;tkyfpkESpfckjzpfaom tiftm;ydkrdkaumif;aom [m;rwfpf (Hamas) tzGJ@}uD;. tpdwftydkif; wckjzpfaom rGwfpvif
nDtpfudkawmfrsm;tzGJ@ (Muslim Brothers) ESifh tpPvrf*sD[wf (Islamic Jihad) tzGJ@ wdk@vnf; yg0ifcJhonf?
([m;rwfpftzGJ@u olwdk@.udk,fydkif vufurf;pmapmifrsm;yif jzef@a0cJhonf/ odk@aomf yifr awmif;qdkr_. bmoma&;t&
uif;uif;vGwfvGwfjzpf&rnf[laomt&mESifh qef@usifI bmoma&;ppfyGJwckqifE$Ja&; twGufawmif;qdkcJhonf?)
UNC vufurf;pmapmif. bmompum;onf vuf0Jqefaomfvnf;/ ‚if;wdk@tawG;tac:. tESpfom&onf

trsKd;om;a&;o¾mef tjynfht0yg&dScJhonf? ESpfq,f&mpktwGif; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ trsm;pkuJhodk@yif tifwDzm'gwGif vnf;

‚if;.tonf;ESvHk;wGif ukd,fydkifjyXgef;cGifhudk azmfjyxm;cJhonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taqmufttHkwGif rnfodk@ aom
tpGef;a&mufajymif;vJr_rsKd;udkrS vufrcHcJh/ rawmif;qdkcJhay? wdkufyGJumvwckvHk;udk tpGef;a&mufEdkifiHa&; v$rf;rdk;r_jzifh
razmfjycJhyJ/ rd&dk;zvm ygvufpwdkif;aexdkifr_b0rsm; jyefvnfxGef;um;a&;udpPrsm;jzifh jyefvnf az:xkwf cJhjcif;jzpfonf?
tvHa0S@,rf;jcif;rSonf ygvufpwdkif;&kyf&Sif&Hk/ uAsmESifh t0wftpm;rsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_trSwfwHqdyf ponfwdk@wGif
jyefvnfopfqef;vmaom pdwf0ifpm;r_topfonf wdkufyGJ0iftiftm;wckjzpf+yD; txl;ojzihf vli,fxk=um;wGif
pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,f jzpfcJhonf?
acgif;aqmifr_tydkif;onf “a&&Snfc&D;twGuf r[mAsL[m usus pOf;pm;&efvdktyfjcif;ESifh tifwDzm'gtm; t&Snfojzifh

wnfwef@ap&efrnfodk@ xdrf;odrf;&rnf/ jzpfEdkifzG,f&dSaom atmifyGJudk usdef;aojzpfajrmuf&ef rnfodk@ vkyfaqmif&rnfudk ”
tm&HkpdkufcJh=uonf[k awqm tm&l&Dk&D uajymcJhonf? tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif ‚if;wdk@onff tpPa&;wdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk
rnfodk@uJhokd@ wefjyefrnf ponfh ckcHr_. enf;emrsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJhonf? “ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. ae@pOfb0udk jzpfEdkifor#
tjzpfEdkifqHk; vufawG@usus zef;wD;ay;a&;/ todrf;ydkufcH e,fajr wckvHk;tESH@oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;ponfh
vlxktHkºuGr_v_yf&Sm;r_wGif/ vltrsm;yg0if aqmif&GufEkdifa&;/ vGwfajrmufa&; twGuf urBmhowif; uGef,ufwGif
rdrdwdk@ta&;tm; today;wifjyjcif;jzifh rdrdwdk@wdkufyGJESifh urBmhowif; avmut=um; aumif;rGefaomqufqHa&;wck
rnfodk@qufvufxdef;odrf;&rnf ponfh ta&;udpPrsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJh =uonf?
wpwpjzifh vufurf;pmapmifrsm;onf t&yfom; jynfolrsm;twGuf vrf;!Gefpmtkyf ozG,fjzpfvmcJhonf?

xdkvrf;!Gefpmtkyfrsm;onf q,f&ufwywfqdkovdk xGufay:vmwuf+yD;/ tpPa&;axmufvSrf;a&;at*sifpD (&Sif;bwf -Shin
Bet) u taumif;qHk;tm;xkwfr_rsm;ESifh pmvkyfxkwfvkyfjcif;ESifh jzef@jzL;jcif;udk zsufqD;&ef óud;yrf;cJh=u aomfvnf;
xdkvkyfief;onf oHk;ESpfcef@txd qufvuf&yfwnfEdkifcJhonf? EdkifiHa&;vufurf;pmapmifrsm; yHkESdyf xkwfa0jcif;onf
todrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;wGif w&m;r0ifjzpfaoma=umifh tzrf;tqD;rcH&yJ vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif vufurf;pmapmifrsm;
a&mufvmEdkifap&eftwGuf óud;yrf;=u&onf? *sL;&yfuGufteD;&Sd ta&S@a*s&kpvif&dS yHkESdyfpuf }uD;wckudk UNC
acgif;aqmifrsm;u toHk;ðycJhonf? wcgw&H pmapmifoHk;aomif;rSav;aomiftxd&dS+yD; xdkae&mrS vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk
um;jzifho,f,lvm+yD;/ [meef tm&k&DuJhokd@ apwemh0efxrf;rsm;qDodk@ vufv$Jay;cJh=u onf?
wcgw&HwGif vufurf;pmapmifrsm;onf UNC tzGJ@0ifrsm;t=um; oabmxm;uGJvGJr_/ ESifh r&Sif;rvif; jzpfr_rsm;udk

xif[yfjycJhonf? !Gef=um;csufwpHkjzifh xGufay:vmaom vufurf;pmapmif xGufay:vm+yD;/ aemufwae@wGif
tjcm;oabmxm;wckjzifh azmfjyaomvufurf;pmapmiftopfwckay:xGufvmwwfonf? odk@aomf ‚if;wdk@a&S@ aemuf
rnDr_rsm;&dScJhaomfvnf; awqm t&dk&Dupum;t&qdkv#if xdkt&mrsm;udk a&;om; xkwfa0aomolrsm;onf
ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@tay:wGif r,HkEdkifavmufatmif =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ &dScJh=uonf? olu uk&d rfusr;f udu k m;csurf sm;.
xda&mufr_ESifh E_dif;,SOfjycJhonf? &Sif;vif;yGifhvif;pGmESifh v_H@aqmfxm;aom pum;rsm;. tiftm;onf ta&S@
tv,fydkif;ujynfolrsm;. “pdwfydkif;qdkif&mwnfaqmufr_” wGif yHkpHwrsKd;ESifh pGJjrJovdkrsKd; jzpfcJhonf[k ajymjycJhonf?
Todk@xda&mufr_udk=unfhjcif;jzifh vufurf;pmapmifrsm;onf ESpfq,f&mpktwGif; tar#mftjrift&dSqHk; vlxk ynmay;qdkif&m

tm;xkwfr_wck jzpfcJhonfrSm odomonf? yxr q,fhckESpf}udrfajrmufwGif tvHrsm; v$ifhxljcif;/ bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif;
acgif;avmif;rsm;xdk;jcif;/ o&kyfjypsmyecsjcif;/ pnf;wef;vSnfhvnfjcif;/ wef;pDcsDwufjcif;ESifh oydwfarSmufjcif;rsm; ðyvkyf&ef
awmif;qdkpmrsm; yg0ifcJhonf? “tjzLa&mifawmfvSefa&;” twGuf vufurf; pmapmifrsm;u v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf enf;vrf;aygif;
ESpfq,fhckESpfckudk xnfhoGif;t}uHðyxm;cJhonf? ‚if;wdk@txJrS ESpfq,fhajcmufenf;onf t=urf;rzufenf; jzpfonf?
jidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@wzGJ@. ta=umif;t&mydkif;qdkif&m tajcðy ppfwrf;wckt& (a*s&kpvifydk@pfowif;pmwGif
tifwDzm'gESifhygufoufI az:jyaom owif;aqmif;yg; xuf0ufcef@ onf t=urf;zufr_rsm;jzpfaomfvnf;)
vufurf;pmapmif. (5) &mcdkifE_ef;rS (10) &mcdkifE_ef;wGif t=urf;zufr_ESifh qdkifaom !Gef=um;csufrsm;yg&dSa=umif; awG@&dScJhonf?
odk@aomf vufurf;pmapmif tcsKd@wGif “tuef@towf t=urf;zufr_” udk awmif;qddkxm;cJhonf? “a=umuf&GH@ap&ef/

pdwftaESmifht,Sufjzpfap&efESihf udk,fcEWmwGif '%f&mt}uD; tus,fr&apyJ tenf;i,fom xdcdkuf'%f&m& apEdkif onfh

&nf&G,fcsufjzifh toHk;ðyaomt&mrsm;” [k t"dy`g,f owfrSwf xm;aom tuef@towf t=urf;zufr_ onfyifv#if
,cifESpfrsm;xuf E_dif;,SOfygu *sL;vlOD;a&avsmeh nf;I aoapaomfvnf;/ xdkt&monfyifv#if wefjyef
tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; jzpfapEdkifonf [k +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@. 'g&dkufwmwOD;jzpfaom tud'D aumhzfref; (Edy Kaufman) u
aumufcsufcscJhonf? tpPa&;ppfom; trsm;pku ausmufcJr‡m;/ "gwfqDAHk;rsm;udk t=urf;zufonf[k xifjrifcJhonf?
q,fo,fausmf cav;i,frsm;u ausmufwHk;ESifhypf+yD;onfESifh xGufajy;=uonf/ twdtus tm;jzifhqdkaomf xda&mufaom
ckcHr_wcktwGuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt& wckvdktyfaeonf[k rlbm&uf t0'f aumufcsufcscJhonf? oluyifqufI
“cav;awGudk xGufrajy;zdk@/ tpPa&;awGudk ra=umufzdk@ twif;wGef;ae&w,f” [k ajymjycJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;
“tuef@towf” t=urf;zufr_onf vlxktm; òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ylaygif; aqmif&Gufr_rðya&;qdkif&m wu,fhvkyfief;trSefrsm;
vkyfaqmifjcif;rStjyif/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfr_yHkpH ay:aygufa&;twGuf ygvufpwdkif;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;wnfaqmufjcif;
vkyfief;pOfrSvnf; vrf;a=umif;vGJapcJhonf?
Zefe0g&Dvtv,fydkif;wGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m pepfwus jyifqifxm;aom vkyfief;tpDtrHw&yfudk t,fvf-zmh*sf

(al-Fajr) [kac:aom a*s&kpvifowif;pm. t,f'DwmESifh vltrsm; av;pm;aom ygvufpwdkif; ynmwwfwOD;jzpfolu
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJESpfckwGif wifjycJhonf? rlumbuf t0'f xkqpfxm;aom xdkvkyfief;pOf wGif vkyfief;qdkif&m
tqifhav;qifh&dScJhonf? tpPa&;xkwf pD;u&ufrsm;udk raomufqHk;jcif;rS pwif+yD;/ ESpfywft=um wGif tpPa&;xkwf tazsmf&nf
0,f,laomufoHk;jcif;udk &yfwef@rnfjzpfonf? xdk@aemuf ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;onf tpPa&;tm%mydkifrsm;xH
tcGeftaumufay;jcif;udk &yfqdkif;xm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ aemufqHk;tqifhtaejzifh ygvufpwdkif; tvkyform;rsm; tpPa&;e,fajrwGif
tvkyfvkyfjcif;udk &yfwef@vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdktpDtrH. &nf&G,fcsufwGif EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; v$wfay;a&;/ tpPa&;wdk@.
a&wl;az:xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh 0ifa&muftajccsr_ tqHk;owfa&; tjyif tpPa&;txdrf;csKyfcH e,fajrrsm;&dS oHvufoD;ay:vpDudk
tqHk;owfa&;wdk@ yg0ifcJhonf?
xdktqifhtm;vHk;wGif ckcHawmfvSefa&;pdwf"gwfrsm;tm; jr‡ifhwifay;&efESifh tpPa&;wdk@. yHkrSefpDyGm;a&; vkyfief;udk

tvkyfrjzpfatmif aESmifh,Suf&efjzpfonf? “t"dutcsufu yg0gyJ” [k t0'fu &Sif;jycJhonf? “t"duuawmh usKyfwdk@u
tpPa&;awG&J@ trdef@tm%mudk pdefac:aewmyJ/ +yD;awmh pwdk;qdkifawG b,fawmhzGifhr,f/ b,ftcsdef ydwfr,fqdkwm
usKyfwdk@ajymr,f?” “ygvufpwdkif;om;tcsKd@u tpPa&; owfrSwfxm;aom pHawmfcsdefESifh ajymif;+yD; owfrSwf&ef óud;pmcJhonf/
ppfom;rsm;u tu,fI ‚if;wdk@ owfrSwfxm;aom pHawmfcsdefESifhrwlyJ ajymif;vJ xm;onf[k odcJhygu xdkem&Drsm;udk
zsufqD;cJh=uw,f? 'gayr,fh 'gu vlxktHkºuGr_&J@ t"dutESpfom&yJ” [k t0'fu jyefajymif;ajymjycJhonf?
tifwzD m'gtm; tjcm;t=urf;rzuf v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;ESihf Edi_ ;f ,SOf=unfhygu/ pifeD&dk,mjrifonfrSm tdENd,wGif *ENDv_yf&Sm; r_.
atmifjrifr_rsKd;ESifh tar&duefwGif vlrJrsm;. EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_. atmifjrifuJhokd@ atmifjrif Edkifvdrfhrnf[k
ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? “tar&duefawmifydkif; vlrJrsm;uJodk@yif ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@ udk,fydkife,fajrwGif
'kwd,wef;pm;vlrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcHae&+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;ESifhyufouffI vHk;0 tjiif;y,fcHae&onf[k
tcdkiftrmqdkcJhonf?” tar&duef&Sd EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifaqmif &Gufolrsm;udk ykvdyfrsm;u
&uf&ufpufpuf EdSyfuGyfr_ tHhtm;oifhp&m &kyfyHkrsm;udk awG@&dS+yD;aemuf rw&m;aom pepf tay: qef@usifr_udk/
vlxkrSpmemaxmufcHcJhonfudk pifeD&dk,mESifht0'fwdk@ESpfOD;pvHk;u odcJh+yD;/ tpPa&;jynfolrsm;ESifh urBmhtjrifwGif
tvm;wljzpf&yfrsKd; jzpfvmEdkifonf[kvnf; olwdk@ESpfOD;pvHk;u ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf?
Zefe0g&Dv tukefwGif UNC acgif;aqmifrsm;u tifwDzm'g twGuf vkyfief;rsm; qufpyf aqmif&Gufa&; twGuf
awG@qHkcJh=uonf? t0'fu pifeD&dk,mtpDtrHESifh ol@.pOf;pm;csufrsm;udk &Sif;jy&ef oGm;a&mufcJhonf? olu
ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm; olwdk@. oufaocHu'fjym;rsm;udk xkwfrjyjcif;/ &Jrsm;. qifhac:pmrsm;udk jiif;y,fjcif;/
tusOf;csKyftaejzifh tpPa&;ESifhylaygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;udk ypfy,fjcif;/ taemufzufurf;ESifh*gZm&dS tpPa&; xdrf;csKyfa&;
taqmuftODrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif; ponfwdk@udk wGufcsuf jycJhonf? &ufowWywf ajcmufywf=umaom tcg q,f}udrfajrmuf
vufurf;pmapmifrS t&yfom; tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif cef@tyfxm;aom ygvufpwdkif;vlrsKd; &J0efxrf;rsm;udk tvkyfrSxGuf&ef
awmif;qdkcJhonf? vpmwdk;ay;rnf[k urf;vSrf;cJhaomfvnf;/ tpkvdkuf tðyHvdkuf tvkyfrS xGufcJhonf? tdEdN,vlrsKd;rsm;

t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHtay: ðyvkyfcJhovdkESifh/ Oa&myppfyGJumv twGif; ckcHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhovdk aemufqHk;wGif
ygvufpwdkif;rsm;onfvnf;/ tvm;wl vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf?
aumfrDwDrsm;ESifh EGm;rsm;
(1988) ckESpf yxrajcmufvwav#mufvHk;wGif vufurf; pmapmifrsm;u/ olwdk@. tpGrf;tptm;vHk;udk tHkºuGr_}uD; twGuf

pkdufxkwfcJh=uaom axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk vrf;a=umif;xdef; a=umif; ay;cJhonf?
pifeD&dk,m tpDtrH pwifxkwfjyefump tcsdefOD;ydkif;wGif tjynhfht0pdwf0ifpm;[ef r&dScJhaomf vnf;/ xkwfvkyfqJ
vufurf;pmapmifrsm;wGif yg&dSaeaom !Gef=um;csurf sm;onf ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm; vdktyfaom ppfrSefonfh
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf udk,fydkif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; wnfaxmifjcif;/ vGwfvyfpGm pDrHaqmif&Guf wwfaom tavhtusifhrsm;
ay:xGufaeonfh wòydifeufwnf;rSmyif todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrtwGif; rjidrfoufr_rsm; zefwD;a&;[laom rlumbwf t0'f.
rl&if; oabmw&m;rsm;tay:wGif rsm;pGm udk;um;azmfjycJh=uonf?
t0'fu usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufxm;aomwyfrsm;udk csdeJ@vmapa&; ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm; toHk;ðyEdkifonfh t=urf;rzuf

onfhenf;vrf; (120) udk ðypkay;cJhonf? xdkpm&if;wGif tpPa&;rsm; ae@w"l0 usifhoHk;aeaom xdef;csKyfr_rsm; tm;enf;
vmapa&;/ pepfwusjzpfapEdkifonfh vlxktm%mzDqefa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh rylaygif;aqmif&Gufa&;udpPrsm; yg0ifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif
xdkt&mrsm;onfvnf; ygvufpwdkif;vlxkrsm; vkyfaqmifEdkifonfh vkyfief;rsm;vnf; jzpfcJhonf? tifwDzm'g onf vli,frsm;.
qENjyr_udk “cav;rsm;. wdkufyGJ” wcktjzpf pqifcJhonf? odk@aomf vlwdkif; xdkckcHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ wGif yg0ifcJh=uonf?
xdkpDrHudef;. yifrausmaxmuf aemufcHonf “vlxka&;&m aumfrwDrsm;” uGef,ufyifjzpfcJh onf? xdktkyfpkrsm;onf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; vdktyfcsufrsm;udkawG@&dSygu xdkvdktyfcsufrsm; +yD;jynfhpH&k ef aqmif&Guf ay;cJhonf? aus;&Gmwdkif;/
'kuQonfpcef;rsm;tm;vHk;wGif tajcðywnfaxmifcJh+yD; ‚if;wdk@onf tpm;taomufESifh vufiif;vdktyfaom
vlr_a&;0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm; axmufyHhulnDay;&eftwGuf vGwfvyfpGm vkyfaqifcJhonf? okd@aomf olwdk@tm;vHk;onf
odrf;ydkufolrsm;xHwGif rDScdkr_tm;tqHk;owfa&;[laom tjcif;t&may:wGif tm;vHk; nD!GwfcJh=uonf?
odrf;ydkufr_pwifonfhtcsdefrSpI vlxka&;&m aumfrwDrsm;onf tenf;ESifhtrsm; toif;tyif;yHkpHjzifh wnf&dScJh +yD;jzpfonf?

òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&;rS csrSwfxm;aom &_yfaxG;vSaom taumufcGefay;jcif;/ vkyfief;vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; csay;jcif;ESifh
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;onf pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;wck pwifvkyfaqmif&ef odk@r[kwf/ ajr,mpdkufysKd; xGef,uf&ef ponfh
omrefvkyfief;udpPrsm;udkyif 'kuQtwd a&mufapcJhonf? vlxka&;&m aumfrwDrsm;onf xdkjy\emrsm;udk
ulnDajz&Sif;ay;&efay:aygufcJhovdk/ vlrGJrsm;ESifh vlorl eD;ae&mrsm;wGif tajccsaeaom ygvuf pwdkif;om;rsm;ta&;
ulnDay;&eftwGufyg ay:aygufcJhjcif; jzpfonf? trsdKorD;vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;or*~uJhodk@aom (1988) ckESpftwGif;
wnf&dSaeaom aumfrwDtm;vHk;udk wyfvSef@xm;cJh+yD;/ tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u aus;&Gmrsm; twGif; tpm;taomufESifh
tjcm;0efaqmifrsm;udk 0ifa&mufjcif;udk wm;jrpfuef@owfaom tcgwGif xdkt=uyftwnf;udk ausmfv$m;&ef tjcm;aom
aumfrwDtopfrsm;vnf; zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?
UNC onf arvwGif aumfrwDvkyfief;rsm;tjzpf ueOD;wGif owfrSwfxm;cJhaom vkyfief;rsm;yg0ifonfh

“vlxktm%mzDqefa&;qdkif&m xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuf” wckudk xkwfjyefcJhonf? xkdvkyfief;rsm;wGif 0efaqmifr_rsm; (Oyrm -
usefrma&;/ tpm;taomufESifh ynma&;)/ wdkuf&dkuf v_yf&Sm;r_ (Oyrm - vrfrsm;ydwfqdk@jcif;ESifh csDwufqEN jyyGJrsm; ðyvkyfjcif;)
ESifh axmufyHhr_rsm; yg0fcJhonf? q,fhudk;}udrfajrmuf vufurf;pmapmifonf EdkifiHom; tm;vHk; tm; òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&;tm;/
vlxka&;&maumfrwDrsm;jzifh vlxktpdk;&w&yfjzifh tpm;xkd;&ef jzpfrjzpf pOf;pm;&ef !Gef=um;cJhaom ZGefvwGif aumfrwDrsm;.
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufatmifjrifr_twdkif;twmonf txGÉftxdyfodk@ a&mufcJhonf?
ygvpfpwkdif;aq;0g;tultnDay;a&;aumfrwDrsm;or*~ (Union of Palestinian Medical Relief Committees) onf

tatmifjrifqHk;aom aumfrwDrsm;teuf wckjzpfcJhonf? (1979) ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJh+yD;/ ygvufpwdkif; orm;awmfrsm/
olemðyrsm;/ aq;0g;aA'ynm&Sifrsm;/ "gwfcGJcef;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm; yg0ifaom or*~onf

ygvufpwdkif;jynfolrsm;/ aps;E_ef;t&if;twdkif; vma&muf ukor_cH,lEdkifaom rd&dk;zvm aq;ay;cef; tajrmuftrsm;udk
wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? xdkaq;cef;rsm;udk a&G@ajymif;aq;cef;rsm;[k vlodrsm;cJhonf? usef;rma&;ynm&Sif
ig;OD;rSq,fOD;txdygaom tkyfpkrsm;onf 'kuQonf pcef;rsm;ESifh aus;vufae&mrsm;txdoGm;I ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;twGuf
usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_ vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifay;cJh=u+yD;/ (1987) ckESpfwGif &maygif; rsm;pGmaom a&G@ajymif;aq;cef;rsm;
ay:xGuf vmcJhonf?
aq;0g;tultnDay;a&;aumfrwDrsm;. vkdtyfcsufrsm;onf (1988) ckESpfwGif ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmcJhonf? tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;

wyfzGJ@rsm;onfvnf; t"du&k%f;rsm;ESdrfeif;a&;udpPrsm;ESifh tom;usvmcJhonf? odrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;wGifwyfrsm;
ckESpfqwdk;I csxm;cJhonf? tpPa&;umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; &mbifu/ tifwDzm'gudk acsrGypfjcifaomfvnf;/ qENjyolrsm; udk
ypfrdef@ay;&ef qENr&dSao;ay? ypfcwfr_enf;+yD; wyfrsm;rsm;ydkcsI xdef;csKyfaomrludk a&G;cs,fcJhonf? rSwfwrf;
wifydkifcGifhr&dSaomtjzpftysufwckwGif/ &mbifu ol.ppfom;rsm;udk qENjyolrsm;. pdwftm;xufoefr_udk
aysmhajymif;oGm;ap&ef “olwkd@. t&dk;rsm;udk csKd;ypf&rnf” [k t=uHðycJhonfudk owif;axmufrsm;u "gwfyHk&dkuful;
xm;EdkifcJhonf? xdkaumufcsufcsr_udk t&if;twdkif; qGJ,lcJhaoma=umifh tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@0if ppfom;trsm;pkonf
‚if;wdk@tay:ay;tyfaom wm0efrsm;ESifhygwfoufI pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfcJh&onf? vlaygif;&mESifhcsD+yD; xdckduf'%f&m&
xm;aomolrsm;ond ygvpfpwkdif;aq;cef;rsm;/ aq;&Hkrsm;ESifh yk*~vdutdrfrsm;odk@ a&muf&dSvmcJhonf?
aq;0g;tultnDay;a&; aumfrwDrsm;onf r=umcif tawmtwGif;rSmyif yÉdyuQ}uD;xGm;vmonfESifhtr# vHk;0

tvkyf&_yfoGm;cJhonf? trsm;pk'%f&m&olrsm;udk rukoEdkifyJ xm;cJh&onf? taotaysmufjzpfr_rsm;tjyif atyD owif;Xme.
owif;ydk@csufwckt& tifwDzm'g. yxrESpfwGifcef@rSef;ajct& ygvufpwdkif;ESpfaomif;cef@ xdcdkuf '%f&m&cJ@+yD;/ oHk;vwGif
'%f&m&olOD;a&.ig;yHkwyHkonf trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;cav;i,frsm;jzpfa=umif; az:jycJhonf? (tpPa&; t&yfom; (402) OD;ESifh
pkpkaygif; tpPa&;ppfom; (730) ausmfonf ausmufcJ'%f&m&&dScJhonf?) Tta&; ay:tajctaeudk udkifwG,f&eftwGuf
aq;0g;tultnDay;a&; apwemh0efxrf;rsm;onf tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@ rsm;udk r=umc%qdkovdkpdefac:+yD; wm;jrpfxm;aom
aus;&Gmrsm;qDodk@ ydkrdkI a&G@ajymif;aq;cef;rsm; apv$wfcJhonf?
aq;0g;qdkif&maumfrwDrsm;onf udk,fudkudk,ftm;udk;a&; yHk&dyfo¿mefudk udk,fpm;ðycJhonf? xdkt&monf tpdk;&tay:wGif

tonf;cHEdkifqHk;aom EdkifiHom;rsm;udkyif v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;odk@ qGJoGif;EdkifcJhonf? nD!Gwfa&;pdwf"gwf onf
ygvufpwdkif;trsm;pkwGif pwifwG,fndcJh+yD;/ xkdt&ma=umifhyif ae@pOfb0 omrefoabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;yif pwifuG,f[ef
&dSvmcJhonf? tifwDzm'gonf vlxkt=um; tjiif;yGm;r_rsm; ajz&Sif;ay;&mwGif vG,fulaeaom tcsdef umvrsm;wGif
tcsufjyrD;yGdKifhtjiif;yGm;r_rsm; avsmhenf;oGm;cJh+yD;/ tdref D;em;jcif;rsm;onfvnf; wOD;ESifhwOD; *&kpdkuf vmcJh=uonf?
q,fESpfausmf=umaomtcg ydkvefom;rsm;onf ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD; odk@r[kwf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; or*~twGuf
axmufcHaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uaepOfwGif ‚if;wdk@onf t&ufaomufE_ef;ESifh wOD;ESifhwOD;jiif;ckefr_
avsmhenf;oGm;a=umif; owdxm;rdcJhonf? ygvpfpwkdif;om;rsm;onfvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif;rS xdkuJhokd@aom tvSw&m;udk
&SmawG@cJh+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@twGufvnf; tawG@t}uHKtopf wckjzpfcJhonf?
tcsKd@aumfrwDrsm;onf ydkrdkI xdyfwdkufawG@Edkifaom &Jwif;onfh tmcHr_enf;emrsm;udk a&G;cs,fcJhonf? ykefuefr_ pwif+yD;

&ufowWywfwywft=umwGif *gZm&dS ukefonfrsm;onf qENjyolrsm;tay: qufqHr_ESifhyufoufI qENjy onfhtaejzifh
‚if;wdk@. pwdk;qdkif jywif;wHcg;rsm;udk ydwfxm;cJhonf? tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;onf aomh cavmufrsm;udk &dkufzsufI
aps;qdkifykdif&Sifrsm;udk ‚if;wdk@qdkiftwGif;wGif &dSaeap&ef twif;t=uyf vkyfaqmifcJhonf?
ygvufpwdkif;aomhjyifq&mrsm;,m,DaumfrwDu aomhcavmufrsm; qdkiftrsm;tjym;wGif vdkufvHtpm;xdk;ay;+yD; aemufwGif/
tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;rS aemufwzefaomhrsm;udk &dkufzsufEdkifonf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uaoma=umifh qdkif&Sifrsm;
vk,ufolrsm;&efrS umuG,f&efftwGuf qdkifwGif rjzpfrae&dSaecJh=u&onf? ygvufpwdkif;rsm;u tdrfeD;em;
jcif;apmifha&Smufa&;aumfrwDrsm;zGJ@pnf;I vk,ufolrsm;&efrS umuG,f&ef vkyaf qmifcJh=uonf? tpPa&;vHkðcHa&; wyfzGJ@rsm;u
wHcg;rsm;udkjyefjyifay;jcif;ESif wHcg;rsm;ydwfay;jcif;jzifh ‚if;wdk@. enf;AsL[mudk ajymif;vJcJhaomtcgwGif ygvufpwdkif;
owWKvkyfom;rsm;uvnf; apwemh0efxrf;wHcg;rsm;udk zGifhay;cJh=uonf? Todk@ESifh jyefzGifhvdkuf/ jyefydwf vkduf

av;vcef@=um+yD;aemuf/ tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;oydwfarSmufolrsm;tm; tjypfay;&efudk tomw=unfyif
pGef@v$wfcJh=u&awmhonf?
vufurf;pmapmifrsm;wGifygaom cdkif;apcsufrsm;udk ypfy,fI qdkifqufzGifhxm;aom ygvufpwdkif; qdkifydkif&Sifwdk@onf

r=umr=umqdkovdk jyif;jyif;xefxef tjypfay;cHcJh&onf? *gZmwòrd@wGif;yifv#if ygvufpwdkif; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; (14) ckonf
a=ujimxm;aom oydwfarSmufem&Dudk csKd;azmufaoma=umifh rD;&dSK@cHcJh&onf? t=urf;zufenf; toHk;ðycJhjcif; onf
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;twGufvdktyfaeaom/ trdef@remcHaom ukefonfrsm;udk oabmaygufaumif;aygufap EdkifcJhaomfvnf;/
tjyifbufrS apmifh=unfholrsm;twGufwGifvnf; tifwDzm'gonf tEW&m,ftjynfh&dSae+yD;/ ajymif;vJ r_wckwckudk pepfwus
jyifqif&SmazGaeaomtzGJ@wckr[kwfa=umif; qdkonfhtjrifjzpfapcJhonf? Todk@jrif=urnfrSm oHo,&dSp&mrvdkay?
xdkxufydkI &ufpufaomtðytrlrsm;udk “ylaygif; aqmif&Gufolrsm;” tay:wGif jzpfcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;

acgif;aqmifrsm;onf &Sif;bwf (Shin Bet) ESifh tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;wdk@rS odrf;oGif;xm;aom axmufvSrf;a&;
at;*sifhrsm;[k ,lq&aom/ tpPa&;vcpm; ygvufpwdkif;&Jt&m&dSrsm;udk tonf;toef aphaphpyfpyf &SmazGcJhonf?
tifwDzm'g. yxr (16) vwGif ygvufpwdkif;rsm;onf ylaygif;aqmif&Gufolaygif; (190) ausmfudk owfcJhonf?
Tjzpf&yfa=umifh ,cifu &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfr_qdkonfrSm tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;om t"dutoHk;ðycJhonf[k
xifjrifonhfvlxkrsm;tzdk@ pddwfysufzG,fjzpfcJh=u&onf? vlxktm%m zDqefr_q,fckwGif tpPa&;jynfoltwGif;ESifh
urBmt0Srf;twGif; pmemr_ysufapavmufaom &ufpufaomvkyf&yfwckygcJhonf?
[efem qDeD&dk&m;. (1988) ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv odrf;ydkufr_tay: qef@usifpdefac:aom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf en;fpepfusus

avhvmxm;jcif;rsKd;/ jzpdcsifrS jzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf tpPa&;xkwfypPnf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmuf+yD;/ jynfwGif;xkwfESifh
tdrfwGif;tpm;tapmufrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;rnf[laom wyfvSef@oHonf t0'f. tawG;tac:xJrS wckjzpfcJhonf? vltrsm;
oabmusvufcHcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif; trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;ri,fav;rsm;onf tpm;xdk; tdrfwGif;pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;wck
zefwD;r_wGif OD;aqmifr_tcef;Y yg0ifcJh=uonf? [eef tm&k&DESifh olr. tdrfeD;em;jcif; trsKd;orD;rsm;onf pdkufysKd;rJhajrrsm;udk
xGef,ufI toD;tESHrsm;pkdufysKd;&ef jyifqifchJ&mwGif tjcm; trsKd;orD;rsm; ESifhtwl yg0ifcJhonf? yxrqHk;oD;ESHjzpfaom
c&rf;csOfoD;ESifh ocGm;oD;rsm;onf a'owGif; tdrfaxmifpkrsm;twGuf vHkvHkavmufavmuf &dScJhonf? tm&l&DtwGufwGifr_
pdkufysKd;ajrtus,ft0ef;onf ta&;r}uD;yJ xdkrSwqifh trsKd; orD;rsm;twGuf udk,fh0rf;pmzlvkHatmif xm;Edkifa&;[laom
trDStcdkrJhpdwdf"gwfwck &&dSvdkufjcif;onfyif ta&;}uD; onf[k rSwf,lcJhonf?
&,fp&maumif;aomjzpf&yfwckjzpfcJhonf? xdkjzpf&yfwGif bD&Gwf qyfyfa[m &Gmom;rsm;onf tpPa&;or0g,r qkdifwckrS EGm;

(18) aumif0,f,lcJh+yD;/ bmo,fvf[rf tem;w0dkufwGif Edk@xGufypPnf;xkwfukef vkyfief;wck wnf axmifcJhonf?
tpPa&;rsm;u xdkta=umif;udk =um;odcJhonf? &Sif;bwf/ òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&dSrsm;ESifh ppfzufqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;udk,fwdkif
xdkvkyfief;cGifodk@ vma&mufvnfywfcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@rS EGm;rsm;onf vHkðcHa&;t& tEW&m,f &dSolrsm;[k owfrSwf+yD;/
waumifcsif;pDudk "gwfyHk&dkufcJhonf? xdk@aemuf Edk@xGufvkyfief;udkvnf; wem&DtwGif; ydwf ypf&ef trdef@ay;cJhonf?
ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;u EGm;rsm;ud tjcm;vHkðcHaomae&modk@ ajymif;a&G@ay;cJhaoma=umifh aemufwae@
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;jyefa&mufvmaomtcg EGm;rsm;waumifrS r&dSawmhonfudk awG@cJh&onf? xdktcg ol
a'got&rf;xGufoGm;cJhonf? “ol@yHk=unfh&wm t=urf;zuform; (18) a,muf vGwfoGm;ovdkyJ” [k xdka'o.
ausmif;q&mwOD;jzpfol *smvm uGrfqD,mu jyefajymjycJhonf? &[wf,mOfrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;&mESifhcsDI EGm;rsm;udk
vdkufvH&SmazGcJh&m/ EGm;rsm;udk EGm;owform;wOD;ESifhtwl awG@cJh&onf? xdkEGm;owform;u TEGm;rsm;rSm owf&ef
jzpfa=umif; ajymonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;vnf; Todk@=um;rS vGefpGmrSyif aysmf&$ifoGm;cJhonf? aemufwywft=umwGif
tpPa&;rsm;u ppfaq;&ef jyefa&mufvmaomtcg EGm; (23) aumif &dSae+yDjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf EGm; ig;aumifu
cav;arG;cJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? tpPa&;rsm;u EGm;owform;udk rmefrJ=ucJh=uonf? xdk@aemuf ygvufpwdkif;rsm;u
EGm;rsm;ud aemufxyfwzef ae&mopfwckodk@ xyfa&$@cJh=uonf? okd@aomf Tw}udrfwGifawmh tpPa&;wdk@ EGm;rsm;udk
&SmrawG@Edkfifawmhay?

EGm;Edk@wckwnf;omv#if ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@ EdkifiHa&;qefatmif vkyfcJhjcif;r[kwfcJhay? tpPa&;tajcpdkuf ukyR%Dwck jzpfaom
ukdumudkvmjzef@a0a&;vkyfief;&SifwOD;onf a'owGif;‚if;wdk@. pD;yGm;a&;onf ygvufpwdkif;rsm; ‚if;wdk@. xkwfukefudk
oydwfarSmufaeaoma=umifh a&mif;tm;usqif;aeonfudk awG@&dScJhonf? taemufzufurf;&dS pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;topfwckudk
vd_ufvd_ufvSJvJSóudqdkcJhaom/ tmpD udkvm xkwfvkyfa&;onfvnf; xkdvrf;twdkif;yifjzpfcJhonf? tpPa&;pm;aomufukefrsm;ESifh
0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;tay: rDScdktm;xm;r_ avsmhenf;a&; tm;xkwfr_onf ynma&; e,fy,ftxd us,fjyef@cJhonf?
tpPa&;wdk@u jy\emtwufqHk;ae&m[k em;vnfcJhaomae&mwckudk &Sif;vif;aom taejzifh pmoifausmif;aygif; (900) udk
yddwfcJh+yD; ausmif;om; oHk;odef;ausmfudk azaz:0g&DvwGif tdrfokd@jyefydk@cJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;aumfrwDrsm;u
,m,Dpmoifaqmifrsm; zGifhvSpfcJh+yD;/ ausmif;ae t&G,fcav;rsm; vrf;rrsm;ay:rS uif;a0;aeap&ef óud;yrf;cJhonf?
tHkºuGr_. yxrydkif;vrsm;wGif ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;u ‚if;wkd@onf pDwef;vSnfhvnfjcif;/ pkpnf;jcif;ESifh tpPa&;wdk@ESifh

ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif;rS usa&mufvmrnfh tEW&m,frsm;rS ‚if;wdk@.vlr_todkif;t0ef;rsm;udk umuG,fay;jcif;
vkyfief;rsm;wGif u|rf;usifpGmaqmif&GufEdkif=ua=umif;/ ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif oufaojyEdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf tifwDzm'gu tpPa&;
usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufr_udk cdseJ@ap&eftwGuf ydkrdktiftm;aumif;+yD;/ ydkrdkus,fjyef@aom vlxktm%m zDqefr_wck vdktyfaeonf[k
rSwf,lcJhonf? awmufav#mufaemufxyfvaygif;rsm;pGmwGif vufurf;pmapmifrsm;onf ygvuf pwdkif;om;tm;vHk;tm;
ukefonfoydwfarSmufyGJ/ oydwfyGJrsm;/ tcGefray;a&;udpPrsm;wGif yg0ifylaygif;=u&efESifh odrf;ydkufr_ESifhqufpyfaeaom Xme/
at*sifpDrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifaeolrsm; tvkyfrSxGuf=u&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? wHkjyefcsuftaejzifh
ygvufpwdkif;om;trsm;pkonf ‚if;wdk@. rSwfyHkwifu'fjym;rsm;udk xkwfrjyjcif;/ tcsKd@u rD;&dSK@ypfjcif;ESifh ukefonfrsm;u
tvkyfvkyfydkifcGifh Oya'rsm;udk todtrSwfrðy ypfy,fjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? vufurf;pmapmif trSwfig;u tpPa&;ydkif
puf&Hkrsm;ESifh jcHvkyfief;rsm;wGif ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;udk tvkyfrvkyf udkif&ef aqmfa=omcJhonf? ZGefvxkwf
vufurf;pmapmifwGif ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;tm; tpPa&;òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&; ESifhqufEG,fr_tm;vHk;udk &yfqdkif;ypf&ef
awmif;qdkcJhonf?
odk@aomf odrf;ydkufolrsm;ESifh vHk;0tuif;t&Sif; cGJxGufjcif;onfrSm rjzpfEdkifavmufeD;yg;jzpfonf? ygvufpwdkif; rsm;onf

ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif/ t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;ESifh ruif;Edkif=uay? xdktwGufa=umihf tpPa&; wdk@ESifhqufpyfae&+yD;
xdkt&mrsm;udk tvG,fwul &yfqdkif;ypf&ef cufcJcJhonf? vlrsm;udk o,faqmifay;aom vrf;rsm;/
a&ESifhv#yfppf"gwftm;o,faqmifay;aom ydkufvHk;rsm;/ 0g,móud;rsm;onf &_yf&_yfaxG;axG;EdkifvSaom pepf wckatmufwGif
tpPa&;ESifh todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrESpfckpvHk;udk acgif;ESifhyef;ozG,f wG,f,SufaeapcJhonf? ESpfaygif; (20) ausmf,SufEG,faeaom
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;qufEG,fr_udk wnwnf;ESifh c0gcs&ef rjzpfEdkifay? odk@aomfvnf; ygvufpwdkif;om;trsm;pku tHkºuGr_.
aESmifh,Sufr_onf tpPa&;wdk@ ygvufpwdkif;wdk@. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ygwo f ufI EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJpwifEdkif&ef
vHkavmufaom wGef;tm;wck jzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf?
ae0ifrD;+idrf;umzsL;trdef@ESifh t=uyftwnf;rsm;
udk,fxludk,fxtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh rylaygif;raqmif&Gufa&; vkyfief;rsm; ydkrdkus,fjyef@vmonfESifhtr# tpPa&;wdk@ onfvnf;

tifwDzm'g òzdcGJa&;vkyfief;pOfudk qxufydk;I vkyfaqmifcJhonf? azaz:0g&DvwGif &Sif;bwfat;*sifhrsm; onf
vufurf;pmapmiftrSwf (6) pmapmifaygif; oHk;aomif;ig;axmifudk o,faqmifvmaom ydk@aqmifa&;,mOfudk
zrf;qD;EdkifcJhjcif;jzifh/ ‚if;wdk@ vkyfEdkifpGrf;udk jyocJhonf? v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;rS tjcm;yHkESdyfpufwckudk tvsiftjref
&SmazGEdkifcJh+yD;/ pmapmifjzef@a0a&; uGef,uftopfwckudkvnf; tv#iftjref wnfaqmufEdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf
acgif;aqmifwOD;rSvGJI tm;vHk;eD;yg; zrf;qD;cHcJh&onf? yDt,fvt f . kd tay:atmuf tkycf sKyfa&;pepfudk twkrcdk;cJh rdonfudkyif
aus;Zl;wif&rvdkjzpfcJhonf? UNC onf tjcm;wm0ef&dS olrsm;jzifh acgif;aqmifae&mudk jyefvnf tpm;xdk;EdkifcJhonf?
xdkacgif;aqmifrsm;onf rwfvtzrf;rcH&cif tcsdefxd vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk ygvufpwdkif; vlae&yfuGufig;ckxufydkI
a0iSEdkifcJhonf? wwd,tokwf acgif;aqmifrsm;onf {+yDtxd vkyfudkifEdkifcJhonf/ odk@aomf vufurf;pmapmifrsm;onf
qufvuf a&mufvmaejrJ jzpfcJhonf?

odk@aomf &pfZuf&mbif. EdSyfuGyfr_a=umifh zufESpfzufpvHk;wGif txdtcdkufrsm; ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmcJhonf? azaz:0g&Dv
naecif;owif;wdkif;wGif ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm; eHygwfwkwfESifht&dkufcHae&yHkESifh aps;qdkifESifh pmoifausmif;rsm;teD; w0dkuf
vlae&yfuGufrsm;wGif tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;ESifh CN "gwfaiG@ (mace) rsm;udk &[wf ,mOfay:rS
}uJcsaeyHkrsm;udk ykHrSefjyoaecJhonf? rmuGmqufaq;&Hk (Maquassed) ajyma&;qdkcGifh&dSolwOD;u yxr (11) vtwGif;
tifwDzm'gESifhqufEG,faom'%f&m&r_ (4500) teuf/ (1800) onf "gwfaiG@ (GAS) toHk;ðyjcif; a=umifh&cJhjcif;jzpfonf[k
ajymqdkcJhonf? npOfqdkovdk tpPa&;ppfom;rsm;u ygvpfpwkdif;qENjyolrsm;udk &dkufESufae aomyHkrsm;/
ygvufpwdkif;wdk@.tdrfrsm;udk bdk'lZmESifh xdk;zsufaeaomyHkrsm;udk tpPa&;vdktyfcsufudk axmufyHhay;aom taemufEdkifiHrsm;.
&kyfjrifoH=um;wdk@wGif awG@aecJh=u&onf? jidrf;csrf;a&; csufcsif;ay; (Peace Now) ESifh ydkrdk opfvGifaom 21 ESpf&mpkESpf (The
newer 21st Year) paom tpPa&;tkyfpkrsm;u t=urf;zufr_oHk;jcif;udk uef@uGufcJh=uonf?
&ufpufaomtðytr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJh&aom tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;ppfom;rsm;onf/ ppfom;b0tay: *k%f,l r_ESifh

acsr_ef;r_tay:qifajcta=umif;jycsufrsm;onfvnf; pwifI upOfhuvsm; jzpfvmcJhonf? &uf&Sf a*g (Yesh Gvul)
[kac:aom tpPa&;ppfwyfzGJ@wzGJ@onf odrf;ydkufcHe,fajrtwGif; tr_xrf;&eftwGuf jiif;qdkcJhonf? (1988)
aEG&moDumvtwGif;wGif xdke,fajrrsm;twGif; tr_xrf;cJhaom ppfom;tkyfpkwcku tpPa&;orRwcsdef; [maZmh (Chain
Herzog) xHodk@ ‚if;wdk@pdwf"gwfysufjym;r_udk tpD&ifcHpmudk wifoGif;cJhonf? tpPa&;a&m/ ygvufpwdkif;yg ESpfzufpvHk;udk
ESdyfpufaeaom Edkifajcr&dSonfh tajctaewckodk@ tpkd;&u ol@.&Jabmfrsm;udk csxm;aeonf[k tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;.
AdkvfcsKyf}uD; eyfrD&m 'g*ef (Nehmia Dagan) u cHpm;cJh&onf? ESpfzufpvHk;uae t=urf;zufr_awG qufvuftoHk;ðyzdk@
wGef;tm;ay;ovdk jzpfaecJhonf[kvnf; ajymjycJhonf? emrnfrSef;ododESifh a& r&dSwJh a&ul;uefxJudk }udrfzefrsm;pGm
ckefcsovdkyJ[k oluESdkif;,SOfajymjycJhonf? odrf;ydkufcHe,fajrrsm;twGif; òzdcGJr_ rsm;vkyfjcif;onf ol@udk tm&yfawGu
rkef;ap&efðyaeovdk jzpfcJhonf/ oltaejzifh tm&yfrsm;udk yk*~dKvfa&;t& rkef;wD; jcif;a=umifhr[kwfyJ olwdk@tay:udk
t=urf;zufESdrfeif;&aoma=umihfjzpfEkdif+yD;/ Tvkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh xdkcHpm;r_rsKd;udk ydktm;aumif;apvdrfhrnf[k oluajymjycJhonf?
tpPa&;wGif us,fus,fjyef@jyef@jzpfaeaom xdkwefjyef owfa&mufjcif;onf rawmfwqjzpfcJhjcif; r[kwfcJhay? xkdt&mudk

ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJ ta&;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u od&dScJh+yD; jzpfonf? “tpPa&;trsm;}uD;udk aq;&Hkudk ac:oGm;/ tpPa&;ppfom;awGu
cav;awGtay:rSm b,fvdkvkyfcJhw,fqdkwmudk olwdk@udk ay;jrif&r,f” [k rlbm&uft0'f jyefajymif;ajymjycJhonf?
“tJ'DtpPa&;awGu cav;awGajcusdK;/ vufusdK;eJ@awG@&wJtcgrSm/ olwdk@t&rf; wkefv_yfoGm;cJh=uw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh
olwdk@udk olwdk@jyefar;cJhwmu “igwdk@ua&m 'DvdkvkyfcJhwJh vlawGvdkrsKd; jzpfae+yD;vm; --- igwdk@udk,fwdkifa&m bmrsm;rSm;
=u+yDvJ´ ” t0'fu tifwDzm'gonf odrf;ydkufolrsm; vkyfor# tay:ESifh xdkodrf;ydkufjcif;tay: qef@usif. ydkydkjrifhrm;aom
&nf&G,fcsuf&dSolrsm;tay:wGifvnf; oHo, &dScJhonf? vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJwGif ,Hk=unfr_&dSjcif;/ r&dSjcif;onf
yÉdyuQwckvHk;wGif bufwzufrS a&G;cs,fr_udk v$rf;ðcHEdkifonf? 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;onf 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; rnfodk@aomtcgr#
r,drf;r,dkif oGm;cJhovdk eyf&SfAD;vf (Nashville) rS vli,frsm;onfvnf; xdk@twlyifjzpfcJhonf?
ygvufpwdkif;wdk@zufu tenf;tusOf;r#om t=urf;zufwkef@jyefaomfvnf;/ tpPa&;.enf;AsL[mESifhyufoufI

tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;twGif; ra=uvnfr_rsm;onf ydkrdkI jyif;xefaecJhonf? '&mpe (Dhrasana) wGif tdENd, om;rsm;
t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHudk &J&J&ifqdkifcJhovdkrsKd;/ rnfuJhodk@aom tiftm;yifjzpfvifhupm; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
t&,lrnf[laomqHk;jzwfcsufudk &dkufcsKd;Edkifrnf r[kwfqdkonfudk jyocJhonf? xdkuJhodk@yif tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm; .wyfrSL;
'rf &$r&f dEk ;l (Dan Shomronu) u Ttusyftwnf;udk tiftm;oHk;I òzdcGJIr&[k tpPa&;EdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
ajymcJhonf? TtcsdefwGif tifwDzm'gacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ppfwyfESifh tpdk;&rl0g'a&;&m t&m&dS rsm;t=um;
ESpfjcrf;uGJa&;pDrHudef; atmifjrifvkeD;ygodk@ tqifhodk@ a&mufcJhonf? UNC acgif;aqmifrsm;u ta&;yg aom tpPa&;wOD;xHrS
=um;csifcJhaom xdkpum;vHk;rsm;udk em;yif;aeaom tpPa&;0ef}uD;tzGJ@twGif;odk@ usa&muf oGm;cJhonf?
ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@taejzifh aemufqHk;wGif tpPa&;wdk@tay: tqHk;owf òzdcGJr_jzpfvmEdkifonfh xdka0zefcsuf tay:

tcGifhaumif;,l toHk;csEdkifonf[k t=urf;rzufa&; r[mAsL[mudk jr‡ifhwiftm;xkwfcJhaom t0'fu ,lqcJhonf? tu,fI
tpPa&;wdk@tm; ‚if;.r[mrdwfrsm; jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefvmygu tpPa&;wdk@taejzifh usL;ausmf odrf;ydkufr_tay:

jyefvnfpOf;pm;oHk;oyfvmEdkifonf[k UNC acgif;aqmifrsm;u ar#mfvifhcJhonf? odk@aomf yÉdyuQ wckvHk;.qdk;arG'kuQrsm;udk
tpPa&;wckwnf;udkom yHkcs&efrjzpfEdkifay? tar&duef EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmerS tpPa&;wdk@ vkyf&yftay: oG,f0dkufI &H_@csjcif;onf
(1982) vufbEGefudk usL;ausmf+yD;csdefrSpI tjyif;xefqHk;jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf tifwDzm'gzufudkvnf; wpHkw&mpmemjcif;
rjyocJhay? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf tpPa&;wdk@tay: ukvor*~ &@H_csjcif;ESiyfh gwfoufI rJESpfrJ ray;yJaecJhonf?
Oa&myor*~u ydkrdkjyif;xefaom a0zefr_ðyvkyfcJhaomfvnf; tpPa&;tpdk;&uawmh rv_yfr&Suf ydkaejrJ=um;aejrJyif jzpfcJhonf?
tpPa&;wdk@twGuf EdkifiHa&;t& oabmxm;uGJvGJr_xuf/ pD;yGm;a&;t& qHk;&H_;r_onf ykdrdkI }uD;rm;cJhonf? tcGefrsm;rS cef@rSef;acs

tusdK;tjrwf a':vmwpfbDvD,H&apaom/ ygvufpwdkif;aps;aygifusKd;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh a'otwGif;
tpm;taomufypPnf;a&mif;csr_rS &onfhtjrwfE_ef;onf tHkºuGr_. yxrESpfrSmyif aysmufuG,foGm;cJhonf? wyfom; tiftm;
(12000) rS (80000) txd wdk;jr‡ifhcsxm;cJhaoma=umifh ppfoHk;pm;&dwfonf a':vmoef; (600) txd wdk;wufcJhonf?
tpPa&;vcmpm;tvkyfudk vkyfudkif&efjiif;qefcJhaom ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onfvnf; ay;qyfr_wck awmh ay;cJh&onf?
xkd@a=umifh vlrsm;ydkrdkI tvkyfrSxGufa&;/ ‚if;wdk@.b0rsm; pGef@v$wf tepfemcHa&;awmif;qdkr_onf vufawG@us&ef
rvG,fulEdkifay? odk@aomf pD;yGm;a&;t& oydwfarSmufyGJrsm;ESifh tcGefray;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_uJhodk@aom tjcm;aom
jzwfawmufr_rsm;onf ydkrdkus,fjyefvmonfhESifhtwl tpPa&;wdk@. pDyGm;a&;qdkif&m qHk;&H_;r_onfvnf; ydkrdkI }uD;rm;vmcJhonf?
rnfodk@yifqHk;&H_;r_&dSap tpPa&;òyduGJoGm;jcif;r&dScJhay? wzefxyfIyif tpPa&;wdk@onf “pkaygif;odrf;usKH;tjypfay;jcif; (collective

punishment)” [laom r[mAsL[mjzifh a&S@wvSrf;wkd;cJhonf? xdkr[mAsL[monf txl;ojzifh vlxk ta&;qdkif&m
aumfrwDrsm;.vkyfief;rsm;udk cufcJapcJhonf? xda&mufr_t&dSqHk;rSm aus;&Gmrsm;ESifh 'kuQonfpcef; rsm;wGif xkwfjyefcJhaom
nrxGuf&trdef@yif jzpfcJhonf? xdkOay' csKd;azmufol rnfolrqdk tzrf;cH&rnfjzpfonf? yxrvwGif
ygvpfpwkdif;ESpfodef;cef@tay:wGif oufa&mufr_&dScJhonf/ nrxGuf&trdef@owfrSwfaomae&m (1600) ausmf yxrESpfwGif
&dScJhonf? wcgw&HwGif vkyfief;rsm;tay: &ufowWywf awmfawmf=um=umxd tuef@towfrsm; &dScJhonf? tHkºuGr_pwifcJhaom
*sDb,fvf,mpcef;onf &ufaygif; (120) ausmf=um=um nrxGuftrdef@xkwfjyefjcif; cHcJh&onf? 'kwd,ESpftukefykdif;wGif
ygvufpwdkif; woef;ausmfonf nrxGuftrdef@atmufwGif aexdkifcJh&onf? tcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif nrxGuf&trdef@onf
ckcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk tultnDay;cJhonf? vlwdkif;tdrfxJwGif ae&aom a=umifh vufurf;pmapmifrsm; vlxkxHodk@ tvG,fwul
a&muf&dScJhonf? odk@aomf aumfrwDrsm; twGuf vkyfief;rsm; twGuf vdktyfaom jyifqifr_rsm;aqmif&Guf&eftwGufwGifrl
vGefpGmcufcJcJhonf?
odrf;ydkufr_pwifonfrSpI axmifcsrnf[laom +cdrf;ajcmufr_onf ygvufpwdkif;jy\em&Smolrsm;twGuf xda&muf aom

[ef@wm;r_wckjzpfcJhonf? tifwDzm'grwdkifcifumvwGif ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@wGif tm&yfrsm;tm;vHk;udk &dkufESuf+yD;
odrf;usKH;tEdkif,lcJhonfh/ tpPa&; “plygrif;”.&kyfyHkonf pdwfxJv$rf;rdk;xm;cJhonf? xdkoluvm+yD; axmifwGif;tusOf;xJodk@
ydk@vdrfhrnf[k pGJrSwfaecJhonf[k rlbm&wf t0'fu owdw& ajymjycJhonf? axmifwGif;wGif qdkv#if rdom;pkudkvnf;
axmufyHrnfolwOD;rSr&dS/ wudk,fwnf; axmifwGif;Yom txD;wnf;pHae&awmhrnf jzpfonf? xdkpdwfcHpm;r_onf
tpPa&;tm%mydkifwdk@udk tmcHqef@usif&eftwGuf }uD;rm;aom t[ef@twm; jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf tifwDzm'gu
jynfolvlxktm; ajymif;vJapcJhonf? tpPa&;wdk@onf ckcHaumif;ckcHEdkifonf odk@aomf vl@vGefrom;plygrif;rsm;r[kwf[k
oif=um;ay;cJhonf? tHkºuGr_umvtwGif; rdom;pk0ifwOD; axmifcscH& jcif;onf *k%f,lzG,fudpP wckjzpfcJhonf?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Ttcsufu olonf ckcHwGef;vSefaeaomol wa,mufjzpfjcif;udk jyocJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
om;rsm;tzrf;cH&aom rdcifxHodk@ w&yfuGyfvHk;rS vma&mufI csD;usL;*k%fðy=uonf/ Tt&monf *END.twGif;a&;rSL;.
om;. pdwf"gwfESifh wlnDcJhonf? olonf ol@tazudk zrf;oGm;aom &Jum;.aemufwGif ajy;vkduf,if;/ a=ueyftm;&pGmjzifh
ol@taz tenf;qHk; (2) ESpfcef@ ta0;odk@ xGufoGm;awmhrnf[k olar#mfvifha=umif; vdkufatmfI ajymcJhonf?
odk@aomfvnf; tpPa&;wdk@onf ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@tay: xdk*k%fyk'fudk qufvufay;cJhonf? vlxkta&;qdkif&m

aumfrwD0ifwOD;onf axmif'%ftenf;qHk; (10) ESpf csrSwfcH&Edkifonf? tifwDzm'g. yxrESpfwGif vlaygif; (29000)
axmifcscHcJh&onf? vlaygif; (8000) udk pGJcsufrsm;jzifh w&m;pGJqdkcJhonf? tjypfay;r_rsm;udk w&m;a&;qdkif&m t&
jyefvnfppfaq;cGifhudk jiif;y,fzsufodrf;cJhonf? w&m;&Hk;rsm;ESifhaxmifrsm;wGif ygvufpwdkif;rsm;jzifh jynfhv#HaecJh onf?

odk@aomf awmfvSefa&;onf oHwdkifrsm;aemufwGif qufvufjzpfay:cJhonf? t0'faxmifuspOfwGif olESifhol.
axmifus&Jabmfrsm;u tcef;wGif;wGif ydwfavSmifxm;rnfhtpm;/ tjyifwGif tcsdefydkaecGifhay;&ef nd‡Ed_if;cJha=umif; t0'fu
owdw&ajymjycJhonf? =uufajceDtzGJ@}uD; vma&mufvnfywfrnf[k olwdk@udk ajymjyaomtcg t0'fu olwdk@udk tjyifrSm
tcsdefydkydkay;raeygu/ olESifhtwl tjcm;aom axmifus&Jabmfrsm;onf/ =uufajceDtzGJ@}uD;tzGJ@ }uD; vmrnfhtcsdefwGif
udk,fvHk;wD;c|wfIaernf[k axmiftm%mydkifrsm;udk ajymcJhonf? “tJ'Daemuf olwdk@u uJ 'gqdk rif;wdk@tcsdef
b,favmufvdkovJ” [kar;cJhonf?
òzdciG ;f r_rsm; ydkrkdus,jf yef@vmonfEiS t

hf r# tpPa&;wGif ra=ueyfcsufrsm;onfvnf; wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf? vlodtrsm;qHk; rSm
trJa&mif0wftrsKd;orD;rsm;[laom !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@wzGJ@jzpfonf? &ufowWywfwGif wcgus a*s&kpvif/ w,fvf tApfESifh
[dkif;zmtygt0if tpPa&;òrd@awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&dS vlpnfum;aom vrf;av;qHkrsm;wGif 'gZifESifhcsDaom odk@r[kwf
xdk@xufydkaom trJa&mif0wftrsKd;orD;rsm; ay:xGufvmcJhonf? olwdk@ jidrfoufpGm rwfwyf&yfaepOfwGif
vrf;oGm;vrf;vmrsm;u oa&mfavSmifajymif=ujcif;/ um;armifolrsm;u tpPa&;qef@usifolrsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;olv#dKrsm; odk@r[kwf
t,lvGJolrsm; ponfhjzifh rsKd;pHk pGwfpGJcJh=uonf? tpPa&;t&m&dSrsm;u qENjyr_rsm;udk rod[efaqmifcJh+yD;/
pkaygif;tjypfay;jcif;udkom qufvufvkyfaqmifcJhonf? tdrfiSm;cESifh tcGefray;aqmifjcif;twGuf '%fcwfaom taejzifh
nrxGuftrdef@tjyif/ zkef;jzwfjcif;/ rD;jzwfjcif;yg aqmif&GufcJhonf? tdrfaygif;&mESifhcsDI zsufqD;cJJh=uonf?
tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u a'ocHaumifpD0ifrsm;E_wfxGufr_udk vufpm;acsaomtm;jzifh t,fvf bdk&yf*sf 'kuQonf pcef;udk

odrf;ydkufcJhonfhjzpf&yfonf tajctae awmfawmfqkd;0g;aom jzpf&yfwckjzpfcJhonf? v#yfppfrD;jzwfawmuf cJh+yD;/ 'kuQonf
(18000) twGuf pm;eyf&duQmwifoGif;r_udk uef@owfcJhonf? txl;cGifhðycsufESifh tcGefay;aqmifaom oufaocHrjyEdkifygu
rnfolr# tjyifodk@ xGufcGmcGifh rðycJhay? pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJwGif awG@cJh&aom txufwef; ausmif;om;rsm;udk
aemufqHk;pmar;yGJajzjcif;rS ydwfyifcJhonf? xdkuJhokd@aom zdESdyfr_rsm;&dScJhaomfvnf; &GmtpGeftzsm; wGif
a&Smifwdrf;aeaomolrsm;ESifh pcef;wGif;qENjyyGJrsm; ae@pOfqdkovdkjzpfcJhonf?
(1988) ckESpfaEG&moDwGif/ tHkºuGr_onf tcuftcJawG@cJh&onf? òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&;u tifwDzm'g acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh

v_H@aqmfolrsm;[k oHo,jzpfzG,folrsm;udk tvHk;t&if;ESifh jyefydk@rnf[k pwiftrdef@xkwfcJhonf? tar&duef jynfaxmifpk.
jiif;y,fcsufudk rsufuG,fðyI tpPa&;wdk@u rlbm&uf t0'fonf EdkifiHawmf vHkðcHa&;twGuf tEW&m,f&dSonf[kqdk+yD; ol@udk
jyefydk@cJhonf? tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u a&mfbmusnfqHrS yvpfpwpfusnfqHodk@ ajymif;vJcJh+yD;/ vlxka&;&maumfrwD0if
tpkvdkuftðyHvdkuf vlzrf;yGJ}uD; pwifcJhonf?
tifwDzm'g acgif;aqmifawmfawmfrsm;rsm; axmifxJwGif&dS aejcif;a=umifh vrf;ray:wGif usefcJhaom ygvufpwdkif; om;rsm;tzdk@

v_yf&Sm;r_udk t&Snf&yfwnfEdkif&ef AsL[mrJhaecJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;acgif;aqmifr_ ta[mif;udk xdef;ausmif;r_
ae&mwGifjyefxm;cJhonf? oabmwlpmcsKyfrS wqifh atmifjrifr_rsm; &&dSEdkifaumif;aomtcsdefwiG f udk,fydkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
xlaxmifjcif;udk vHk;0todtrSwfrðycJhaom/ t=urf;rzufr_rSwqifh ‚if;wdk@udk cGef;tm;jzpfap Edkifonf[k r,Hk=unfcJhaom
ygvufpwdkif;tpGef;a&mufrsm;u aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;onf tusdK;rJhonf[k xifcJh=uonf? TtajctaewGif
rwluGJjym;aomvrf;a=umif;ESifh &vm'frsm;jzpfvmonf? Tenf;twdkif; aemufxyf (4) ESpfwdkif wdkifqufoGm;aecJh+yD;/
ygvufpwdkif;wdk@. oHEMdXmefudk rnfolESifhr#rwlta&;w,lrvkyfcJhaom &pfZwf &mbifESifh atmfpvdkwGif yDt,fvftdkESifh
v#Kd@0Sufpum;ajymyGrsm; pwifcJhonf?
olr.rdcifwdkif;jynftwGif; tkwfatmfaomif;eif; &kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfcJhaom umvrsm;udk jyef=unfh&if; [meeftm&l&D onf/

(1987) 'DZifbmvaemufydkif; tvkyf&_yfcJh&aomvrsm;udk “rnfonfhawmfvSefa&;ESifhrS rwl wrlxl;jcm;aom
awmfvSefa&;wck” tjzpf owd&cJhonf? odk@aomf ygvufpwdkif; ckcHa&;orm;tzdk@ &kyfydkif;qdkif&m atmifjrifr_awmh r&&dScJhay?
tpPa&;ESifhygvpfpwkdif;wdk@. wOD;ay:wOD; tjyeftvSef rDScdkae&+yD;/ tiftm;oHk;t=urf;zufr_onf rnfonfh atmifyGJudkrS
r&apEdkifa=umif;udk ESpfzufpvHk;rS em;vnf oabmaygufcsdefrSom udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ay:xGufvmEdkif onf[k trsm;pku
odoGm;cJhonf? xdkuJhodk@aom em;vnfoabmaygufr_a=umifhyif awmiftmz&durS tom; ta&mifcGJjcm;r_ed*Hk;csKyfa&;twGuf

taxmuftulðycJhonf? odk@aomf tifwDzm'gonf tcsKd;tauG@wck jzpfcJhonf[k qdkaom tm&l&D.tqdkonf rSefuefonf?
ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@tzdk@ ‚if;wdk@. udk,fydkife,fajrrSvGJI tjcm;rnfonfh t&mESifhrS a=ueyfEdkifrnf r[kwfonfudk
urBmt0Sef;&dS rnfolwOD;wa,mufrqdk oHo,&dSrnf r[kwfay?
(1989) ckESpf rwfvwGif rlbm&uf t0'fonf *sif;&Syftygt0if taemufEdkifiHrS t=urf;rzufta&; v_yf&Sm;

aqmif&Gufolwpkudk OD;aqmifI wl;epf (Tunis) &dS EdkifiHjcm;a&muf yDt,fvftdk acgif;aqmifr_ESifh awG@ay;cJhonf? “wu,fhudk
&v'faumif;awG xGufcJhwJh &ufowWywfygyJ” [k olujyefajymif;trSwf&cJhonf? yDt,fvftdkwGif&dSaom
ppfa&;acgif;aqmifydkif;onf/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifydkif;xuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_oabmobm0udk ydkrdkI em;vnfcJh onf?
tvkyfjzpfcJhonfudkvnf; awG@jrifcJh=u&onf? odyfr=umcifrSmyif yDt,fvftdkrS bmompum; toHk;tE_ef; ajymif;vJcJhonf[k
t0'fuajymjycJhonf? “vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;” pum;vHk;onf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&mwGif
wckwnf;aomenf;vrf; r[kwfawmhay? vGwfajrmufa&;qDodk@ oGm;&mvrf;wGif a'gojzifh/ ausmufcJjzifhypfaygufI
vrf;cif;p&mrvdktyfonfudk ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@ oabmayguf awG@&dScJhonf?
æææ
ESpfq,f&mpk. tjcm;aom tcGifhta&;qdkif&m wdkufyGJrsm;uJhokd@yif tifwDzm'gonfvnf; tkyfcsKyfEkdifcGifh [laom t&mtwGuf

wkdufyGJ0ifcJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_ wckjzpfcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;onf ,cifuESifhrwlyJ tiftm; aumif;aumif;/ pepfwusjzifh
taemufzufurf;ESifh *gZma'orsm;udk tpPa&;tkyfcsKyfa&;xHrS ‚if;wdk@vdkufygemcHaer_ udk jyefvnfI qGJE_wfcJh=uonf?
‚if;wdk@udk,f ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif tkyfcsKyfa&;tqifhodk@yif vkyfEdkifpGrf;udk csJ@xiG fEdkifcJhonf? tHkºuGr_udk ESdrfeif;&efóud;pm;cJhaom
tpPa&;tm%mydkifrsm;onf q,fpkESpfwckwnf;twGif;/ vlrJòrd@e,frsm;twGif; vljzLawmiftmz&dutm%mydkifrsm;
ðyvkyfcJhenf;wl a&G;cs,fp&mvrf; twlwlwckwnf;udkom &ifqdkifcJh=uonf? a=umuf&GH@r_r&dSaomvlrsm;. awmif;qdkcsufudk
qufvufESdyfuGyfrnfvm;/ odk@r[kwf xdkolrsm;udk ‚if;wdk@&nfrSef;csuf twdkif; vkyfaqmifay;&ef enf;vrf;&Smrvm; pojzifh
a&G;cs,f&rnfjzpfonf?
t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHESifhylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_ &yfqdkif;cJh+yD;/ tcGefvGwfqm;rsm;csufjcif;ESifh udk,fydkift0wfrsm; ðyvkyf0wfqif cJhaom

tdEdN,EdkifiHom;.enf;vrf;ESifhtwlyif ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;onf todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrrsm;twGif; tcGef ray;jcif;/
0efaqmifcrsm; ray;aqmifjcif;ESifh rSwfyHkwifu'fjym;rsm;rjyjcif; ponfjzifh tpPa&; tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk
&yfqdkif;cJh=uonf? *END. OD;aqmifr_aemufudk vdkufcJhaom tdEdN,enf;wl/ ygvufpwdkif; om;rsm;onfvnf; tpdk;&tay:
=oZmcH&onfh=um;rS enf;vrf;rsm;udk csJ@xiG fcJh=uonf? tpkd;&udk ae&mwdkif;wGif jidrfoufr_vkyfapjcif;jzifh zdtm;ay;cJhonf?
b0aygif;pHk ygvufpwdkif;om; rsm;tm;vHk;onf qENjy&ef/ oydwfarSmuf &efESifh tu,fI
‚if;wdk@udk,fydkifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wcktwGuf ajr}uD;xGef,ufpdkufysKd;&rnfqdkyguvnf; xGef,uf=urnfh
tdrfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk wdk;jr‡ifh&eftwGufvnf; tmoDo&dScJh=uonf?
odk@aomf t=urf;zufr_ESifh t=urf;rzufr_ESpfck aygif;pyfxm;aom obm0a=umifh vrf;ray:&dS pdwf"gwfwufºuGvGef;ae

aomvli,fxkudk r[ef@wm;EdkifcJhovdk/ ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. pGrf;yum;udkvnf; ao;odrfapcJhonf? tpPa&;ppfom; rsm;u
‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif xdckdufr_&dSvmaomtcgwGif jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf tusKd ;ta=umif; qDavsmfoGm;ap cJhonf?
ESdyfpufr_rsm;udk jyefvnfrwGef;vSefcif *smreftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u jyifopfwyfrsm;udk ESpfaygif; (60) ru
wkdufcdkufcJhaomtcgwGif jyifopfrsm;u &mzf (Ruhr) wGifðyvkyfcJhovdk/ wxyfwnf;jzpfapcJhonf? tpPa&; vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;udk
t=urfzufenf;jzifh wkdufxkwfvdkaom ygvpfpwkdif;om;rsm;tzdk@ *sif;&Syf. pum;vHk;t&qdkaomf ‚if;wdk@onf
“&efol.a&G;cs,fxm;aomvufeufESifh wdkufcdkufapvdkaomaxmifacsmuftwGif;odk@” usqif;oGm;cJh=u &onf? TuJhokd@aom
wdkufckdufr_rsKd;jzifh ygvufpwdkif;wdk@ tEdkif&rnf r[kwfay? tpPa&;wdk@tay: zdtm;ay;r_jzpfay: apEdkifaom taemufEdkifiHrsm;.
ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@tay: pmemr_onf ESpfzufpvHk;u t=urf;zufr_rsm; ay:xGuf vmaomtcgwGif avsmhenf;oGm;cJhonf?

tifwDzm'gonf todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrtwGif;rS tpPa&;wdk@udk armif;xkwfEdkifpGrf; r&dScJhay? okd@aomf rsKd;qufwck =um=um
ta&S@tv,fydkif;wnf&dScJhaom vdyfcJwnf;vnf;jzpfr_wckudk csKd;zsufEdkifcJhonf? xdkt&monf ygvufpwdkif; ta&;
aemufuG,frSppfaoG;ºuGESifhaysmuf=um;wyfzGJ@rsm;.pGrf;tm;rSonf vlxktajcðyyHkpHokd@ ajymif;vJEdkifcJh+yD;/ xkd@a=umifh
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ,ciffur&dScJhaom w&m;0ifr_ESifh ta&;ay;cH&r_ jyefvnf&&dSvmcJhonf? xdkt&muonfyif
tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tpPa&;jynfoltrsm;pkudk ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@udk,fwdkif yg0if&+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@tay:wGif ppfa&;
tuef@towfwckwnf;jzifhom &,lEdkifjcif;r[kwfaom/ EdkifiHa&;tqHk;tjzwf wckwnf;uom vlrsKd;ESpfrsKd;pvHk;
twlwuGydkifqdkif=uaom xdkwefzdk;te*ƒ xdkufwefaom xdkajrwGif wnfjidrfr_twGuf rSefuefaom ar#mfvifhcsufwck
ay;Edkifa=umif;udk oabmufayguf em;vnfapcJhonf?

w&kwf/ ta&S@ Oa&my/ rGef*kdvD,m;
'Drkdua&pD 'Da&vd_if;
w&kwfjynf'Drkdua&pD tcsKyfaESmifcH&jcif;
wkdufyGJac:oH
(1989) ckESpf aEGOD;tcgor, - ygvufpwkdif;wkd@u tpPa&;wkd@. odrf;ykdufxm;r_rsm;tay: oabmwlnD

xm;onfrsm;ukd y,fzsufvkduf+yD;aemuf tifwDzm'g (intifada) v_yf&Sm;r_ukd pwif+yD; av;vyifrjynfhao;onhf
tcsdefwGif/ yDuif;òrd@&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;onf &Snfvsm;vSaom aqmif;&moDtwGif; =umjrifhpGmckdatmif;ae&mrS &kef;xGuf
um &kwfw&uf urBmhrsufESmpmtv,fokd@ 0ifa&mufvm+yD; w&kwfjynftwGuf 'Drdkua&pD pHepfukd awmif;qkdcJh=uonf?
{+yDv (17) &ufae@wGif yDuif;òrd@&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;onf wuUokdvf y&0k%frsm;twGif;rSxGufcGgvm+yD; wDtefrif

(Tiananmen) &ifjyifwGif pka0;jcif;jzifh pwifcJhygonf? xkd&ifjyifonf yifv,fESifhxdpyfaeonfh w&kwfjynf}uD;. òrd@awmf
tv,fwGif }uD;rm; us,fjyef@pGm wnf&Sdaeygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf jynfol@tmZmenfrsm;. txdrf;trSwf
AdrmefwGif r=umrDuav;wGif uG,fvGefoGm;aom uGefjrLepfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;a[mif; [la&mifbef; (Hu
Yaobang) tm;&nfpl;I yef;acGrsm; cs=uonf? [l. psmye rwkdifrDtxd tpkd;&. vmbfpm;r_rsm;tqkH;owfa&;eSifh
'Drkdua&pDta&;wkd@twGuf eH&Huyfykdpwmrsm;/ qENjyr_rsm;ukdvnf; (5) &uf=um ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? psmyetwGuf &yfem;
xm;onfh xkd wkdawmif;aomumvtwGif; ylaqG;0rf;enf;r_rsm;onf EkdifiHawmftm%mukd pdefac:tHwkr_wck
jzpfvmapcJhonf?
wDtefrif&ifjyifonf ausmif;om;rsm;. xufoefjyif;jyaom uef@uGuf qENjyr_twGuf tm;aumif;aom

obm0t&qGJaqmifr_aumif;aomae&m wckjzpfcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf }uD;us,fcrf;em;aom vlxkcef;r/ w&kwf
jynf}uD;. a&S;a[mif; orkdif;jywkduf/ w&kwfawmfvSefa&; orkdif;jywkduf/ armfpDwek ;f *lAdrmef ponfw@dk udk xkad e&mwGif
awG@Ekdifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? wvr#=umjrifh+yD;aemuf aEGOD;yef;rsm;a0qmaepOfwGif axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh t&yfom;rsm;onf ESpfvkdzG,faqmifr_&Sdonfh touf (21) ESpft&G,f ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif 0ltm ukdifZD
(Wu’er Kaixi) tm; 0ef;&HI &J rsm;ESifh twm;tqD;rsm;tm; jzwfausmfum &ifjyifqDokd@ jyefvnfcsDwufEkdifcJh=uonf?
EkdifiHa&;pHepftjrefqkH;ajymif;vJa&;/ jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm; tmrcHcsuf&&Sda&;/ vGwfvyfpGm xkwaf 0jzef@csdcGifh/ jcpm;r_rsm;
tqkH;owfa&; wkd@ESifh ppfrSefaom 'Drkdua&pDwkd@ukd awmif;qkdcJh=uonf?
tdrfeD;csif; rGef*kdvD;,m; ESifh ta&S@Oa&myEkdifiHrsm; uGefjrLepftkyfpkd;r_atmufrS vGwfajrmuf+yD;I wESpf=umr#

ylylaEG;aEG;&SdaepOfwGif/ &ufowW (7) ywft=umY us,fjyef@aomw&kwfEkdifiHwv$m;&Sd jynfoloef;rsm;pGmwkd@onf
ausmif;om;rsm;. pOfqufrysuf csDwufqENjyyGJrsm;ESifh csdwfqufyl;aygif;EkdifcJh=uonf? wDtefrif &ifjyiftm; jynfolwkd@.
odrf;ykdufxm;r_ txGÉftxdyfa&mufaepOf xkdóudwifar#mfvifhrxm;aom/ wufºuGvef;qef;onf 'Drkdua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;
onf ppfwyf.t=urf;zuf acsr_ef;zsufqD;r_ESifh óuHawG@cJh&onf? 'Drkdua&pDta&; atmf[pfawmif;qkd qENjyr_rsm;twGuf
&ifjyifonf tusOf;pcef;rsm;twGif;okd@oGm;aomvrf;jzpfapcJhygonf? xkd'Drkdua&pDa&;vrf;qDokd@ tjcm;aomolrsm;vnf;
vkdufygvmEkdifaomfvnf; w&kwfjynfr}uD;ukdawmh OD;raqmifEkdifcJhawmhyg?
ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tm%mykdifrsm;
(20) &mpk uGefjrLepf0g'. &l;oGyfpGmzsufqD;wwfr_. Edk;ºuGvmaom tcsdefwGif;rSmyif/ uGefjrLepfw&kwfjynf}uD;.

'Drkdua&pDiwfrGwfr_tmoDoudk rsKd;aphcscJhrdavonf? armfpDwkef;. ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;onfvnf; w&kwfjynf.
wuUokdvf}uD; rsm;rSonf pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;txd ysufpD;qkH;&_H;apcJhonf? xkd@aemuf (1976) ckESpfwGif
tqkH;owfcJhavonf? tpkd;&onf pD;yGg;a&;taqmufttkHukd jyefvnfwnfaqmufcJh&avonf? xkd jynfvnf
wnfaqmufonfh pD;yGg;a&;taqmuf tODopfonf tjcm;aom urBmhEkdifiHrsm;ESifh ykdrkdyGifhvif;pGm qufqHr_udk

OD;wnfcJhavonf? Todk@ pD;ygG;a&;yGifhvif;vmap aom tajctaeonf w&kwfjynfolvlxktm; vGwfvyfr_rS
z,fxkwfxm;onfh eH&HrsufESmjyifay:wGif tenf;qkH; usOf;ajrmif;aom tufuGJa=umif;wckukd pwifjzpfay: apcJhonf?
tpkd;&tay: ra=ueyfonfh vli,ftcsKd@onf/ rsm;r=umrD wDtefrif &ifjyif. taemufzuf eH&Hwckay:wGif

oauFwrsm;/ aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;jzifh ykdrkdvGwfvyfr_ukd awmif;qkdvm=uonf? (1979) ckESpfwGif a0usif&Sif;onf 'Drkdua&pD
eH&Hay:wGif aqmif;yg;rsm;pGmukd a&;uyfoGm;+yD; w&kwfjynf uGefjrLepfygwD ESifh acgif;aqmif}uD; wdefa&Smifzdefwkd@ukd a0zef
oGm;avonf? ‚if;onf tm%mykdifrsm;twGuf rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfap+yD; ‘a0’ tm;zrf;qD;cJhum axmif'%f (15) ESpf csrSwfcJh
onf? okd@aomfvnf; tpkd;&tay:ra=ueyfr_rsm;rSm ajratmufwGif qufvufIjzpfyGg;aeavonf? ajymif;vJr_twGuf
awmif;qkdxm;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmcJhonf? (1986) ESifh (1987) ckESpfwGif xif&Sm;onfh &lyaA'ynm&Sif
zef vDZD; ESifh emrnf}uD; owif;pmq&m vsL bif,ef;wkd@onf w&kwfjynf. tem*wf zGH@®z;wkd;wufr_ESifh ywfoufonfh
“blZGmwkd@.tjrifrsm;” ukda&;om;az:jyonfhtwGuf uGefjrLepfygwDrS xkwfy,fcH&onf?
tm%m&Sifukd tmcH&mwGif todynm&Sifrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf OD;pGm a&S@wef;xGufvmwwfonfrSm

tHh=op&mr[kwfay? w&kwfausmif;om;rsm;wGif EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufonfh &Snfvsm;aom orkdif;a=umif;&Sdonf?
9-&mpkESpfwGif ‘wef’ rif;quftm; qef@usif awmfvSefr_ukd ausmif;om;rsm;rS pwifcJhavonf? 19-&mpkESpf ‘wkdifyif;’
olykefxr_wGifvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;rSyif pwifcJhavonf? w&kwfjynfwGif tpOftvmt& av;pm;cHcJh&onfh
ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ,Of;aus;r_awmfvSefa&; jzpfyGg;+yD;aemuf tcuftcJrsm;ESifh óuHawG@cJh&avawmhonf? wuUokdvf
&HykHaiGrsm;vnf; avsmhenf;vmonf? pmoifcef;rsm;ESifh "gwfcGJcef;rsm;vnf; qkwf,w k fvmavonf? ausmif;aqmif
rsm;vnf; ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifh rr#jzpfum jynfhusyfaeavonf? xkdra=ueyfr_rsm;tm;vkH;onf t&m&Sdrsm;. om;/ wl/ nD/
rsm; aumif;pm;a&;0g' ESifh tjrwf}uD;pm;r_rsm;a=umifh ykdrkdjyif;xefvmcJhonf? AsL&kdu&ufrsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh wpfwpfcGcG
a&;xm;aom xif&Sm;onfh uAsmwyk'frSm “a':vmrsm;pGmwefaom *syefZdrfcHum;wpD;/ jynfolawG. ac|;eJ@ aoG;rsm;rS
azmuf,l 0,fpD;/ um;xJrSmawmh acG;rom; 0wkwf+yJu/ tzkd;wefom;arï;tuôsukd òcHvkd@aygh” [k pojzifh a&;pyfxm;
avonf?
xkd@jyif tm%m&Sifwkd@. tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;tay: wif;=uyfr_rsm;a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ykdrkdI pdwf

uoduatmuf jzpfcJh=u&onf? oabmxm;rwlnDr_rsm;tay: wif;=uyfr_rsm;omru/ tpkd;&rS ausmif;om;rsm;
rnfonfhae&mrsKd;wGif tvkyf vkyfEkdifonf/ aexkdif&rnf tp&Sdonfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukdyif r=umc%qkH;jzwfavonfh tcg
yk*~Kdvfa&; ylaqG;0rf;enf;r_rsm;onf EkdifiHa&;vuQ%mrsm;tjzpf pdrfh0ifaygif;pyfoGm;avonf? ykdvefwGif aoG;pnf;nD!ëwfr_
tiftm;jzifh tpkd;&tm; tajymif;tvJrsm; ðyvkyf&ef tvkyform;rsm;rS rnfokd@vkyfaqmifcJhonfudk ausmif;om;rsm;
od&Sd=uonf? olwkd@onf qkdAD,uf,leD,HwGif rDac;vf a*:bmacsmAf tkyfcsKyfr_tm%mukd rnfokd@ ajzavsmhcJhonfukdvnf;
aumif;pGmoabmayguf=uonf? xkd@a=umifh vwfwavmESpfrsm;twGif; tjyif;xefqkH;aom jyefvnfðyjyifa&; acgif;aqmif
t&m&Sd[kqkdEkdifaom [la&mifbef; aoqkH;oGm;aomtcg ausmif;om;rsm;. ra=ueyfr_rsm;onf awmufavmif&ef
toifhjzpfaeavawmhonf?
(5) &uft=um qENjy+yD;aemuf/ wDtefrif&ifjyif vGrf;ol@ yef;acGcst+yD;/ tpk;d &onf {+yDv (24) &ufae@rS pwif
I wuUokdvfausmif;rsm;wGif qENjyyGJrsm;/ oydwfrsm; ESifh &ifqkdifcJh&onf? ygwD acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ykdrkdus,fjyef@onfh
r+idrfroufr_ tvm;vmrsm;awG@ae&onfhtwGuf pkd;&drfylyefae=uavonf? tpkd;&tay:a0zefxm;onfh vufurf;
pmapmifrsm;rSm ESif;rkefwkdif; wkdufckdufaeonfhtvm; vrf;rsm;ay:wGif azG;azG;v_yfaeavonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf vDyif;ESifh
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;twGufukdvnf; awmif;qkdavonf? (1960) vGefESpfrsm;wGif w&kwfjynfukd ajymif;vJcJhaom
t"du&k%f;vkd tjzpfrsKd; 0kdif;0ef;ydfwfqkd@cH&rnfukdvnf; a=umuf&GH@vmavonf? EkdifiHa&;v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;ukd E_;d qG&ef
txl;vkyfykdifcGifh tm%m&Sdaom ygwDxuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. rnfonfh tpdwftykdif;rqkd EkdifiHa&;vkyfaqmifEkdifonfukd
vufrcHcsif=uay? qENjyyGJrsm;ukd {+yDv (26) &ufae@wGif xkwfa0aom jynfol@ae@pOfowif;pmwGif “qlylolrsm;” [lI
vnf;aumif; “óudwif}uHpnfvkyf}uHr_ wck” [lIvnf;aumif; wHqdyfuyfcJh=uonf?
,if;wHqdyfuyfr_onf ausmif;om;rsm;. a'gorsm; avmifu|rf;&ef "gwfqDESifh jzef;ovkd jzpfoGm;ap+yD;

aemufwae@wGif t}uD;rm;qkH;aom qENjyr_rsm;ESifh wkH@jyefvkdufavonf? ausmif;om; wodef;ausmfwkd@. tiftm;ay:wGif
t&yfom;tiftm; av;odef;wkd@ aygif;pyfjznfhqnf;um qENjy&if; wDtefrif&ifjyifokd@ csDwufvmcJh=uavonf? jynfolrsm;
. Tokd@ yg0ifyHhykd;r_a=umifh tajymif;tvJvkyf&efawmif;qkdr_ atmifjrif&rnf[k ,kH=unfcJh=uonf? xkd@jyif vmbfpm;r_rsm;
tm; qef@usifjcif;ESifh vGwfvyfr_awmif;qkdjcif;rsm; tpkd;&twGif;&Sd ðyjyifajymif;vJvkdolrsm;qDokd@a&muf&Sdum tpkd;&wGif
ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;+yD[k &kd;om;pGm,kH=unfcJh=uonf? trSefwu,f wGifvnf; uGefjrLepfygwD taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;
ausmufusd,ef (Zhao Ziyan) onf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm; wOD;jzpf+yD; r=umrDwGifyif ‚if;. ausmif;om;rsm;tay:wGif
&Sdaom oem;=uifemr_ukd jyo&ef tcsufjyawmhrnfjzpfonf?
tqkdygv_yf&Sm;r_wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif av;OD; ay:xGufcJhavonf? 0ltm ukdifZDonf ºuGapmif;apmif;Ekdif

aomvli,fwOD;jzpf+yD; wcgw&HwGif t&m&Sdrsm;tm; armufrmpGm qufqHwwfonf? csKdifvif; (Chai Ling) touf
(23) ESpft&G,f&Sdol/ pdwfcHpm;r_}uD;olkjzpf+yD; pdwfynmt"dujzifh bGJ@&xm;aom ausmif;olwOD;jzpfonf? aemufwOD;rSm
0rf'ef; (Wang Dan) qkdoljzpf+yD; orkdif;t"dubmomjzifh bGJ@&xm;aom touf (24) ESpft&G,f&Sd vli,fwOD;jzpfonf?
vDvl; (Li Lu) qkdolrSm c&kdife,fwckrS ausmif;om;wOD;jzifh+yD; wcsKd@aomolrsm;u ‚if;tm; tacsmiform;[k rSwfxif=u
onf? ‚if;wkd@tcsif;csif;=um;wGifvnf; wOD;udk wOD;uG,f&mwGif raumif;ajymjcif;onf jy\emwckyifjzpfonf?
wDtefriftm; odrf;ydkufxm;onfh ta&;}uD;aom tcsdefrsKd;Y csKid frS wdyfacGtifwmAsL;wckwGif “olr[m 0ltm ukdifZDESifh
ywfoufI wav#mufvkH; pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpf&ygw,f/ ol[m t}udrfrsm;pGmY ol. =oZmtm%mukd
jyvGef;wma=umifh }uD;rm;wJh qkH;&_H;r_udkjzpfapcJhwmjzpfygw,f” [kajymcJhavonf? olwkd@. pnf;vkH;r_tm;enf;jcif;onf
tpkd;&xHokd@ ‚if;wkd@awmif;qkdaomtcsufrsm; r=umc%ajymif;vJaejcif;. ta=umif;tcsufwckjzpfavonf?
okd@aomf ausmif;om;rsm;. a[majymr_twwfrSm tHhbG,fo&J jzpfonf? a0*gwkdif;&if;om; wOD;jzpfonfh 0ltm

onf wDtefrif &ifjyif yxrqkH; rdef@cGef;yGJwGif tvG,fwulyif y&dwf\wf a&S@arSmufxGuf cJhum “ar 4 &uf
a=unmpmwrf;opf” (New May Fourth Manifesto) ukd xkwfjyefcJhonf? ,if;a=unmpmwrf;onf (1919) arwGif
jzpfygGcJhaom xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aom qENjyyGJrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufyg0if qufoG,fcJhonfh w&kwftrsKd;om;a&;0g'ukdf vdrfrm
yg;eyfpGm udk;um;xm;onf? ,if;onf *syefwkd@. w&kwfjynf wpdwfwykdif;tm; *syeftifykdif,m tjzpf wkdufckdufodrf;
ykdufvkdufjcif;tay: jyif;jyif;xefxef t}udrf}udrf jyefvnfwkdufckdufr_rsm;jzpfonf? ykyf&[efrif;}uD;ESifh toif;tzGJ@
ðyvkdufjcif;jzifh ykdvefwGif aoG;pnf;nD!ëwfr_&&SdouJhokd@vnfaumif;/ 'def;rwfEkdifiHom;rsm; *smrefusL;ausmfr_umvtwGif;
‚if;wkd@. bk&iftay: cspfcifESpfoufr_ukd xyfavmif;jyovkdufjcif;uJhokd@vnf;aumif; - v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wckonf ykdrkdjrifhrm;
aom w&m;0ifr_tajctaeukd awmif;qkdEkdifygu ‚if;wkd@. qef@usifzufrsm; r&Ekdifaom axmufcHr_rsm;u 'va[m
&&SdEkdifonf?
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. tmpv#mp/ tm0Z…ef;&ïifr_rsm;ukd ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;ap+yD; a0zefr_rsm;

w&pyfðyvkyfum uef@uGufqENjycJh=uonf? olwkd@onf arv (10) &ufae@wGif pufbD;orm; wpfaomif;udk wDtefrif
&ifjyifxJokd@qGJoGif;um tiftm;jznfhqnf;+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh awG@qkH&efawmif;qkdcJhonf? tqifhtjrifhqkH; t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;okd@
vdyfrlum a=unmpmwrf;rsm;xkwfjyefcJhonf? olwkd@vkyfykHrSm xkdt&m&Sd}uD;rsm;u olwkd@. ukd,fa&;twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;
olwkd@ajymor# vkdufa&;rSwfae&ouJhokd@jzpfonf? arv (15) &ufae@wGif wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif rDac;vfa*:bmacsmhAfonf
yDuif;okd@ EkdifiHjcm; owif;pmq&m tkyfpkwckESifh tvnfywfvm&efa&muf tpDtpOf&Sdonfukd odxm;onfhtwGuf
oydwfarSmufqENjyr_rsm;ukd jr‡ifhwif=uavonf? arv (13) &ufae@wGif ausmif;om; okH;axmifwkd@ wDtefrifwGif
tpmiwfcHqENjyr_ukd pwifcJh=u+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyf vDyif;ESifh awG@qkH&ef xyfrHawmif;qkdcJh=uonf? 'Drkdua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
pmwrf;ukdvnf; wifoGif;cJh=uonf? r=umrDwGif &Sef[kdif;/ [mbif/ wD,efusif; ®r@rsm; ESifh tjcm;aom ®r@}uD;rsm;&Sd
ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;okd@ yg0ifvm=uavonf? yDuif; vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;rsm;or*~ (Beijing
Autonomous Union of Workers) rS taxGaxGtvkyform; oydwf}uD;ukd ðyvkyf&ef +cdrf;ajcmufvm=uonf? arv
(17) &ufae@ESifh (18) &ufae@rsm;wGif vlwoef;ausmfwkd@onf wDtefrif&ifjyifwGif tpmiwfcH qENjyae=uaom
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tm;ay;&ef a&muf&Sdvm=uonf?
qENjyumvwav#mufvkH;wGif tpkd;&onf odomxif&Sm;pGm at;aq;wnf+idrf ae[ef&Sdonf? wDtefrif

&ifjyiftm; ausmif;om;rsm;rS odrf;ykdufxm;+yD;uwnf;u tpkd;&acgif;aqmifrsm;onf a*:bmacsmAfhtm; avqdyfwGifyif
w&m;0iftcrf;tem;ESifh vufcH&awmhrnfjzpfonf? okd@aomf pdwf&Snfonf;cHcJhavonf? arv (18) &ufae@wGif
aygvpfAsL&kd t+rJwrf;tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf usef;rma&; tajctae raumif;jzpfvmI aq;&kHwifxm;&aom qENjy
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oGm;a&muf=unfh&_cJhonf? aemufwae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfvDyif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh awG@qkH

aqG;aEG;cJhonfukd &kyfjrifoH=um;rS EkdifiHt0Srf; xkwfvïifhcJhonf? ‚if;wkd@tjrifY tpkd;&onf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vrf;ckvwf
wGif awG@qkHcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
okd@aomfausmif;om;rsm;. tjrifwGif Ttajctaexufykdrkdvyk faqmif&ef&Sdonf[k jrif=uonf? &kyfjrifoH=um;rS

xkwfv$ifjyocJhaom xkdaqG;aEG;yGJwGif 0ltmukdifZD;onf 0ef}uD;csKyftm; pdwfqkd;atmifðyvkyfcJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
aqG;aEG;&rnfhtpm; vufcsmvmay;aeonf[k jypfwifcJhonf? ,if;onf qkd;&Gm;aom rSm;,Gif;r_yifjzpfonf?
aemufwae@wGif vDyif;onf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya' rm&S,favm ukd a=ujimvkdufavonf? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;rS
TOya'ukd uef@uGuf=uonf? olwkd@bufrS t=urf;zufr_ wpkHw&m rðyvkyfcJh[kvnf; jiif;qkd=uonf? {+yD (26) &ufae@
jynfol@ae@pOfowif;pmwGifygonfh t,f'Dwmhtmabmfudk jyefvnf&kyfodrf;&ef awmif;qkdcJhonf? tpGef;a&muform;rsm;u
vDyif;tm; E_wfxGufay;&ef awmif;qkd=uonf? EkdifiHa&; ZmwfckHaemufuG,fwGifrl ausmufusd,ef. ausmif;om;rsm;tay:
‚if;. ajy&majya=umif; oabmxm;rsm;tay: ta0zefcHcJh&+yD; vlod&Sif=um;ykwfcwfoa&mfcHcJh&avonf? r=umrDyif
‚if;.ae&mwGif &Sef[kdif;uGefjrLepfygwD twGif;a&;rSL; usefZDrif;tm; tpm;xkd;vkdufavonf? uef@vef@umukd qGJcs&ef
twGuf wif;rmonhf oabmxm;&Sdolrsm;tm; Zmwfpifay:okd@ wifay;vkdufavonf?
v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;. wkef@jyefr_rsm;rSm taumif;a&m tqkd;yg 2 rsKd;pvkH; 'GefwGJaeavonf? ar (27) &ufae@wiG f

0lukdifZD; ESifh 0Sef'ef;wkd@onf jyefvnfzdESdyfr_rsm;tay: owdðyrdvmavonf? xkd@a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wDtefrif
&ifjyiftm; odrf;ykdufxm;r_tay: pGef@vïwf&ef ajymqkdavonf? csKdifvif;onf ‚if;ukd,f‚if; “wDtefrif&ifjyif uGyfuJ
trdefay;a&;XmecsKyf” . uGefrif'gAkdvcf sKyf tjzpf xifrSwfum tpykdif;wGif oabmwlnDvkdufao;onf? okd@aomf tajccH
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;0g'Drsm;rS uef@uGufojzifh tjcm;olrsm;ESifh oabmxm;uGJvGJoGm;+yD; qufvufodrf;ykdufxm;&ef
axmufcHavawmhonf? aemufykdif;wGif e*kdpdwfcHtwkdif; óudwifjyifqifr_r&SdyJ ajymaom tifwmAsL; wckwGif (xkdtifwm
AsL;ukd ‚if;rodbJ AD'D,kdrSwfwrf;wifxm;aoma=umifh) olr u 0efcHxm;onfrSm “aoG;xGufrSjzpfawmhr,f/ tpkd;&u
'Dvkdausmif;om;awGukd &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfrS/ &ifjyifrSm aoG;acsmif;pD;rS/ vlxk&J@rsufpdu wu,fyGifhvmrSm”[k
ajymcJhao;onf?
aemufa=umif;jyefrvSnfh&ef qkH;jzwfcsufusoGm;aomtcg ESpfzufpvkH;rSm aemufqkH;tqifhtwGuf jyifqif=u

avawmhonf? vl&rf;um;rsm;rS ppfom;rsm;tm; xdckduftemw&jzpfap+yD; wpfa,muf aoa=uapcJhonf[k
rrSefuefonfh ta=umif;jycsufrsm; tokH;ðyI tm%mykdifrsm;onf vufeufrwyfqifxm;aom ppfom; okH;aomif;tm;
wDtefrif&ifjyifokd@ ZGefv (3) &ufae@wGif apv$wfcJhavonf? okd@aomf jynfolrsm;rS ‚if;wkd@tm; a&S@okd@ wufrvmEkdif&ef
txyfxyf wm;qD;EkdifcJhonf? ZGefv (4) &ufae@/ eHeufapmapmwGif ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom wyfzGJ@tiftm;rsm;onf ydwfqkd@
wm;qD;r_rsm;ukd wifhum;rsm;jzifh xkd;azmufjzwfausmfI ppfom;rsm;rS usnfqHtppfrsm;xnfhxm;onfh aoewfrsm;jzifh
wkdufckduf=uavonf? ppfom;trsm;pkrSm wjcm;aom c&kdifrsm;rS v,form;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ olwkd@onf ®r@aevlwef;pm;
rsm;. qENjyr_rsm;tay: =uifemoem;r_ enf;yg;=uolrsm;jzpf=uonf? ppfwyfrsm; &ifjyifokd@a&muf&Sd=uaomtcg
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd &ifjyifrS z,f&Sm;&ef trdef@ay;avawmhonf? trsm;pku vkdufemcJh=uonf? xkd@aemuf ,m,Daqmuf
vkyfxm;aom &GufzsifwJrsm;/ tumtuG,frsm;ukd wifhum;rsm;jzifh eif;ajc jzwf}udwf&ef trdef@ay;onfhtwkdif; vkyfem
vkyfaqmifavawmhonf?
ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm ‚if;wkd@. tdrfrsm;okd@ xGufcGgoGm;=uaoma=umifh/ tpkd;&rSm wDtefrif&ifjyifwGif

wpfa,mufom aoqkH;r_ &SdcJhavonf[k a=ujimcJhonf? aemufykdif;wGif tpkd;&rS pkpkaygif; aoqkH;r_rSm okH;&m jzpf+yD;
trsm;pkrSm ppfom;rsm;jzpfonf[k tpD&ifcHcJhavonf? bufrvkdufonfh owif;&if;jrpfrsm;t& aoqHk;olrSm (2600)
txd cef@rSef;=u+yD;/ tcsKd@rSm aoqkH;olta&twGufonf wpfaomif;txd &dSaea=umif; ajymqkdavonf? yDuif;®r@.
a&E_wfajrmif;rsm; twGif;okd@ pD;0ifoGm;aom ‚if;wkd@. aoG;rsm;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDESifh jyefvnfðyjyifa&;rsm;ukd ar#mfvifh
&awmhrnfomjzpfonf?
♠ ♥ ♦ ♣

uGefjrLepftpkd;&. (1989) ckESpf 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tay: ay:ay:xifxif tiftm;tokH;ðyESdyfuGyfr_rsm;rSm
ikyfatmif;aeaom tiftm;rsm;ukd csD;usL;*k%fðyr_wckyifjzpfonf? ,if;ukd wDtefrif&ifjyifwGif tpkd;&rS xkwfaz:jyovkduf
jcif;yifjzpfonf? tu,fI v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wGif yg0ifaeonfh uGufvyfi,fav;wckukdyif vGwfajrmufcGifhðycJhygu tpkd;&
taejzifh tqkdygenf;ukd jyefvnfusifhokH;&ef rvG,fulawmhacs? w&kwf-*syefppfyGJ/ trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;.
jynfwGif;ppf/ armfpDwkef;. ckefysHausmfv$ma&; (The Great Leap Forward) pDrHudef;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; ponfh
umv wav#mufvkH;/ &mpkw0ufeD;yg;=um ouf}uD;&G,ftkdrsm;uom w&kwfjynfukd tkyfcsKyfcJhavonf? ‚if;wkd@ zcifrsm;rS
(1911) awmfvSefa&;ta=umif;ESifh ppfbk&ifrsm;acwfukd olwkd@tm; ajymjycJhavonf? xkduJhokd@aom &mpkESpfukd jyefajymif;
=unfhaomtcg wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_ukd awmifhwvm=uonf? xkdtcsdefu ao;i,faom +cdrf;ajcmufr_yifr&Sdacs?
okd@aomf ausmif;om;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_onf t=urf;zufESdyfuGyfr_jzifh acsr_ef;cJhjcif;a=umifh vHk;0ta&;edrfhoGm;

onf[kajymI r&ay? Tokd@t=urf;zufESdyfuGyfr_rsm;a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm; ajratmufokd@ a&mufoGm;apjcif;
(okd@r[kwf) jynfyokd@xGufcGgoGm;apjcif;rsKd; jzpfapEdkifygonf? (20) &mpk&Sd tjcm;aom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;uJhokd@yif
zdESdyfr_rsm;tm; a&SmifxGufoGm;+yD;/ aemifwae@wGif jyefvnfwkdufckduf&eftwGuf }uH}uHcH=u&onfh tajctaersKd;vnf;
&SdEdkifygonf? trSm;t,Gif;rsm;I tajymif;tvJjrefaom/ tòydòydtuGJuGJjzpfaeaom v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmifolrsm;onf
tiftm;ukd tajctaetcsdeftcgrSefwGif tokH;cswwfzkd@xuf/ jzpfaeaomvlxktajctae. tiftm;rsm;onfh tay:
wGifom ykdrkdtm;xm;,kHpm;wwf=ujcif;onf/ t=uD;qHk;jy\emwck jzpfygonf? xkdodk@ tiftm;tay: tvGeftu|H
,kH=unfr_uJaejcif;a=umifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ tajccHvkdtyfaom zGJ@pnf;r_ESifh enf;AsL[ma&;qGJr_udpPrsm;rS
vGJacsmfapcJhygonf? tjcm;aomvlxku¾rsm;rS axmufcHr_/ tiftm;opfrsm;pkaqmif;aumuf,l&ef wefzdk;rxm;yJarhavsmh
aecJh=uygonf? txl;ojzifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifhqufoG,fa&;0efxrf;rsm;/ ppfwyfESifh &Jrsm;. axmufcHr_wefzkd;ukd olwkd@
odcJh=urnfqkdv#if/ olwkd@taejzifh vkd&mc&D;ukda&muf&Sd&ef tiftm;udk pkpnf;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf? xkdtcg wDtefrifabmif
uGufuGufom r[kwfyJ/ ykdrkdus,fjyef@aom pdefac:r_ukdyg azmfaqmifEkdifrnfjzpfonf?
jzpfvmEkdifacs&Sdaom ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;twGuf óudwifpDrHr_rsm; rðyvkyfjcif;onfyifv#if ‚if;wkd@. trSm;jzpfavonf?

Ttcsufa=umifhyif ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh &efpE_d;qGr_rsm;vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf vGwfvyfpGm Zufv$wfay;vdkuf
onfhES,f jzpfapcJhygonf? armf. *lAdrmef rsufapmif;xkd;wGif tar&duefwkd@. vpfbmwD&kyfwk ykHpHi,fuJhokd@ “'Drkdua&pD
ewfbk&m;r&kyfwk” ukd wnfaqmufjcif;onfvnf; tpkd;&.a'gotm; aygufuGJapaomtcsuf wckjzpfygonf? Ttcsuf
rSm oHo,&Sdp&mrvkday? twkdcsKyftm;jzifhqdk&v#if ausmif;om;rsm;onf tjyifyef;tm;jzifh jy,k*faumif;aom t=urf;
rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; (jynfol@ae&mrsm;tm; odrf;ykdufxm;jcif;/ tpmiwfcHqENjyjcif;ESifh tjynfjynfqkdif&m rD'D,mrsm;udk
xda&mufpGmtoHk;ðyjcif;) ESifh tu|rf;w0if&Sdae=uaomfvnf;/ Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf/ pepfwusAsL[mwGufcsufI
aqmif&GuftokH;ðyr_ ykHpHrsKd; rawG@cJh=u&yg?
t"du&k%f;jzpfyGg;pOfc% enf;AsL[m qkH;&_H;r_onf tedÏm&kH. aemufqufwGJ umvwav#mufvkH; *,uf&kduf

avawmhonf? tpkd;&. ESdyfuGyfr_enf;vrf;ukd tokH;ðyjcif;onf 'Drkdua&pDESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd rnfuJhokd@ &,l&rnf
qkdonfh rSm;,Gif;aom oifcef;pmrsm;ukd vltrsm;tm; oifay;cJhonf? (1999) ckESpfwGif qENjyola[mif;wa,mufonf
ol@ukd,fol “ZGefv (4) &ufae@. om;aumif” [kac:qkdcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf olonf tvkyfðzwfcH&onfhtjyif
aemufxyfvnf; rnfonfhtvkyfukdrS av#mufIr&&ef wm;jrpfcH&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh ‚if;u w&kwfjynf.
wpfckwnf;aom vrf;a=umif;rSm owdjzifh wkd;wufaomvpfb&,fvrf;pOfokd@ ajymif;vJjcif;omjzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfcJhav
onf? 0ltmukdifZD; ukd,fwkdifyifv#if w&kwfjynfrS xGufajy;cJh+yD;aemuf tar&duefEkdifiH u,fvDzkd;eD;,m;rSaeI ykdrkdedrfhus
aom awmif;qkdr_tqifhokd@ av#mhcscJhavonf? “usaemf bma=umifh tckvkd ar#mfvifhcJh&w,fqkdawmh yDuif;[m ol.
wDtefrif&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfr_ukd 0efcHvmatmif wGef;tm;ay;Ekdifvdrfhr,fvkd@ rar#mfvifhwma=umifh jzpfw,f” [k olu
&Sif;jycJhonf? “tu,fI tJ'Dvkd vkyfcJhr,fqkdv#if yDuif;[m ol. wajz;ajz; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ukd t[ef@twm;
jzpfoGm;aprSm jzpfygw,f” vkd@ ajymcJhonf? ol@taejziffh tdrfukd jyefcsifonf? “tppt&m&m tqifajyoGm;+yD qkdv#ifawmh
usaemf ig;ESpftwGif; tdrfukd jyefEkdifygvdrfhr,f? tu,fI tJ'DrSm qENjyr_eJ@ xyfrHajcr_ef;r_rsKd; wpfpkHwpfck xyfjzpfcJhr,f
qkd&ifawmh 'Dxufykd=umygvdrfhr,f”[k ajymcJhonf?
odk@aomfvnf; Ttjrifonf tpkd;&. orkdif;tjrifukd 'l;axmuf&Sdckd;jcif;om jzpfvdrfhrnf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_

rsm;rSaeI ykefuefr_udkjzpfapvdrfhrnf? 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;udk vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_enf;emjzifh &,ljcif;onf taotcsm
owfrSwfxm;jcif;r&Sdaom wpwpajymif;vJa&;enf;em. &efolyifjzpfonf[laom tjrifudkaxmufcHovdkyifjzpfayvdrfh
rnf? tdENd,&Sd*END. pOf;pm;cJhyHku wrsKd;jzpfonf? tu,fI olom t=urf;rzufwkdufyGJ rqifcJhv#if/ ol.aemufvkdufrsm;
onf +Adwdo#t&SifocifawG. tkyfpkd;r_ukd b,fvkdr#tajc,kdifatmif aqmif&GufEdkifcJhrnfr[kwf? aqmif&Guf&efenf;vrf;
udkvnf; odcJhrnfr[kwf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. awmfvSefEdkifaompGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf;udk vltrsm;uar#mfvifhcsufrJhoGm;
onfESifh wòydifeuf/ oHEMdÏgefckdifrmaom vltenf;pkom wkdufyGJtwGif; usef&pfayawmhrnf? xdkoHEMdXmefcdkifrmolrsm;ukd
rnfodk@aom zdESdyfr_rsKd;ur# wkdufyGJu xGufoGm;atmifvkyfEkdifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? a&&SnfwGif xdkolrsm;u tajymif;tvJ
twGufenf;vrf;opfrsm;ESifh aphaqmfr_rsm;ukd topfwzefrD;nd‡zefwD;ay;=uvdrfhOD;rnfom jzpfonf? TudpPtwGuf vl
tenf;i,fr#om vkdtyfonf?
&mpkESpfukefqkH;aomtcsdefwGif yDuif;wuUokdvfygarmuQ 'if ZDvif (Ding Zili) onf/ w&kwfjynf. om;owf

orm; vDyif;udk wDtefrif tpkvkduftòyHvkdufvlowfyGJtwGuf ‚if;. tcef;u¾ukd pkHprf;ppfaq;ay;&ef wukd,fawmf
qufvufv_yf&Sm;aeao;onf? (1989) ZGefvwkef;u olr.om;tm; qENjyr_wGif ryg0if&eftwGuf olru awmif;yef
aecJhao;onf? olr.om;rSmZGefv (4) &ufae@wGif tpkd;&wyfrsm;.ypfcwfcH&r_wiG f yg0ifcJhonf? “tpkd;&. wDtefrif
tay:jrifuGif;onf vlom;qefaom vkyf&efr[kwfay” [k 'if;rS (1999) ckESpfwGif a=unmcJhavonf? “olwkd@[m jynfol
awG. touf&SifaexkdifcGifhukd csKd;azmufcJhw,f/ ,ae@wkdifatmifvnf; xdckdufapmfum;aeqJjzpfw,f”[k yvmZm'Dar,dk
ukefwdkufa&S@rS rdcifrsm;uJhokd@yif/ olru E_wfqdwfae&ef jiif;qkdcJhonf? (20) &mpk. t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_orkdif;
onf twif;t=uyf E_wfqdwfae&ef óud;pm;olrsm;twGuf aumif;aomedrdwf jzpfrvmcJhay?
ta&S@Oa&my - 'Drkdua&pD zrf;qkyfrdjcif;
yifv,feDtm; ykdif;jcm;jcif;
w&kwfjynf uGefjrLepfrsm;rS 'Drkdua&pDawmif;qkdr_ukd jiif;y,fvkduf+yD; wpfvt=umwGif/ qkdAD,uf uGefjrLepf

acgif;aqmif rDac;vf a*:bmacsmhAfonf/ jyifopfjynf px&mhpfabmh*f®r@ (Strasbourg) Oa&myaumifpDwGif ajym=um;cJh
onfh rdef@cGef;xJwGif “EkdifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd uef@owf xdygvm;r,fhudpPjzpfvm&if/ rnfonfh óud;yrf;tm;
xkwfr_rsKd;ukdrqkd/ rdwfaqGyifjzpfapumrl/ &efolyif jzpfapumrl/ tjcm;ol wOD;wa,mufyifjzpfapumrl cGifhðyvufcHEkdifrnf
r[kwfbl;”[k xnfhoGif;ajym=um;cJhonf? ykdvef uGefjrLepfrsm; olwkd@. tcsKyftjcmtm%mtwGuf n‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;aepOf
wGif armfpudku rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh 0ifa&muf rpGuzf ufcJhonfukdvnf; aemufqufwGJtaejzifh oufaojycJhav
onf? b&ufZnuf. t,l0g' (Brezhnev doctrine) jzpfaom - “armfpukdtaejzifh ta&S@Oa&mywGif uGefjrLepf
tkyfcsKyfr_ uajymif;ujyefjzpfoGm;rnfhtajctaersKd;ukd cGifhðyvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs” [laom t,ltqonf aoqkH;oGm;+yD
jzpfavonf? e,l;a,mchf vrf;rsm;ay:wGif “a*gAD (Gorby)” [laom atmf[pf aºuG;a=umfr_rsm; rwkdifrD (7) vtvkd
wGif qkdAD,uforwonf ukvor*~wGif ‚if;. 0gaqmpmcsKyf0ifEkdifiHrsm;wGif &Sdaom axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom qkdAD,uf
wyfom;rsm;tm; &kyfodrf;awmhrnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmcJhonf? Todk@a=ujimvkdufaomtcg {nfhy&d\wfrsm; thHtm;oifh
=uufao aoaecJh=uonf? tm&SwkdufwGif atmifjrifpGm jzpfrvmaomfvnf;yJ Oa&mywGifrl uGefjrLepfrsm;. csKyfukdifr_
tajccHrsm;rSmrl pwifIa&G@vsm;ae=uav+yDjzpfonf?
q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm qkdAD,ufwkd@. usL;ausmf+cdrf;ajcmufr_ tEW&m,f (trSefwu,fvnf; +cdrf;ajcmufr_&SdcJhonf?

(1956) ckESpfwGif [efa*&Dukd usL;ausmfcJh+yD;/ (1968) ckESpfwGif csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m;ukd usL;ausmfcJhonf?) onf a'o
twGif; 'Drkdua&pDtmoDoudk t[ef@twm;ðyxm;cJhonf? twkduftcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &SdcJhaomfvnf;/ tvkyform;qENjyyGJ/
ajratmufpmayv_yf&Sm;r_/ a&mhcfaw;*Dw azsmfajzyGJ/ tEkynmjyyG/J ywf0ef;usix f rd ;f odr;f a&;paomv_y&f mS ;r_ yHpk Hrsm;jzifh
ra=ueyfr_ukd xGufayguf&Sm azmfjycJhjcif;omjzpfonf? EkdifiHa&;t& tmcHaomv_yf&Sm;r_rSm &Sm;yg;vSonf? ykdvefEkdifiH.
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~v_yf&Sm;r_onfyif/ tapmydkif;wGif EkdifiHa&;tm%mudpPukd a&Smif&Sm;cJh=uonf? avmu=uD;.
oa&mfr_rSm/ u&ifrvifu wD;vHk;topfajymif;aomtcgrSom/ ta&S@Oa&mywcGifwGif uGefjrLepfcsKyfudkifxm;r_rsm;udk
avsmhcsaomtcgrSom/ armfpukd a=umuf&GH@emcH&jcif;rsm; ajyavsmhoGm;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf? a*:AmacsmhAfu qkDAD,uf,leD,H
ukd ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfcJhonf? owif;Xmersm;udk uGJjym;aom/ a0zefaomtjrifrsm;zGifhay;jcif;ESifh yk*~vduvkyfief;
vkyfykdifcGifh/ aps;uGuftopfrsm; csJ@xGifay;jcif;/ (1980) jynhfESpfrsm; aemufykdif;rSpI EkdifiHa&;ZmwfckHay:wGif òydifqkdifr_rsm;

cGifhðyvmjcif;/ tp&Sdaom ol.*vyfpaemhESifh yJ&Dpx&Gufumrlrsm; usifhoHk;vmcJhonf? csufjcif;yif Trlrsm;udk tjcm;aom
0gaqmpmcsKyf0ifEkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; vdkufemusifhoHk;cJh=uonf?
ykdvefESifh [efa*&DEkdifiHrsm;wGif/ ajymif;vJr_twGuf tajccH tkwfjrpfrsm; wnfrd=u+yD;jzpfonf? aoG;pnf; nD!Gwf

a&;or*~taejzifh uGefjrLepftkyfcsKyfa&;r[kwfaom/ tjcm;enf;vrf;a&G;cs,fp&mwckukd zGifhay;EdkifcJh+yD;/ tm;aumif;pGm
wnfaqmufxm;+yD; jzpfcJhonf? AkdvfcsKyf}uD; ,m&lZJvfpuD; (General Jaruzelski) u olwdk@udk wkdif;jynfwnf+idrf
a&;twGuf tultnDay;yg&ef urf;vSrf;vmaomtcg/ armfpudkrS uef@uGufaomtoH ay:rvmcJhay? [efa*&DwGif tpkd;&
u aps;uGufukd OD;pm;ay;aompHepfukd OD;wnf+yD; a&G@vsm;ajymif;vJcJhonfrSm =um+yDjzpfonf? a*:AmacsmhAfu EkdifiHa&;
tjrifrwlolrsm;ukd pwifonf;nnf;cHaomtcsdefawGESifhpmv#if rsm;pGmapmcJhonf? xkdtwGufa=umifh (1987-88) ckESpf
rsm;wGif twkduftcHrsm;u qENjyolaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmukd vrf;rrsm;ay:okd@ qGJac:vm+yD; ajymifuef@uGufqENjycJh=uonfudk
yifv#if/ [efa*&Du wnf+idrfpGm wkef@jyefEdkifcJhonf? ygwDukd tkyfpD;rdvm=uaom ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;uvnf;/
TjzpfpOfudk ESdyfuGyfzdESdyfr_rsm;ðyvkyfrnfhtpm;/ qufvufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? (1989) ckESpftapmykdif;wGif tpkd;&
u twkduftcHygwDrsm;ukd w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyvufcHcJh+yD;/ ZGefvwGif uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;u vGwfvyfaom
a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yðyvkyf&eftwGuf/ twkduftcHrsm;ESifh oabmwlnDcsuf&,lEdkifcJh=uonf? [efa*&DEdkifiHtaejzifh/
oJuEWm&twGif; 'Drkdua&pDpdrfhprf;jzpfvmap&eftwGuf/ vlxkzdtm;/ aqG;aEG;jcif;/ tjyeftvSeftay;t,lvkyfjcif;/ paom
enf;rsm;jzifhaqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uonf? yÉdyuQyifv,fudk jzwful;&ef rvdktyfcJhay?
ta&S@Oa&my tjcm;aomae&mrsm;rS jynfolrsm;u ykdvefeJ@ [efa*&DuGefjrLepfrsm;u vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumuf

yGJawmif;qkdr_rsm;ukd vufcHcJh+yD;jzpfa=umif; odvm=uonf? okd@aomfvnf; tajymif;tvJtwGuf wpfckwnf;aom t[ef@
twm;jzpfaeonfrSm tdrfwGif;&Sdtpkd;&rsm; jzpfaeonf? ,ckawmh olwdk@wm0efomusefawmhonf? t[ef@twm;onf
olwdk@udkf,fwdkifyif jzpfaeonfudk odvm=uonf?
(1971) ckESpfuwnf;u ygwDacgif;aqmifjzpfcJhaom ta&S*smr%Du tJ&pf [Gefeufumu a*:AmacsmhAf tóuduf

ay:vpDukd uef@uGufcJh+yD;/ yJ&Dpx&GufumESifhygwfoufaom qkdAD,ufpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ukd *smreDwGif ydwfyifcJhonf?
[Gefeufumxuf ykdIoufwrf;&ifhol blvfa*;&D;,m;acgif;aqmif/ wdka': ZD,ufaumhzf (Todor Zhivkov) u ðyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;pum;rsm; ajymaeaomfvnf;/ wu,fwef; vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfr_ r&SdcJhay? (1968) ckESpf 0gaqm
pmcsKyftzGJ@. usL;ausmfr_aemufykdif;tcsdefrSpI OD;aqmifcJhaom/ csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk ykHrSeftae
txm;a&mufatmif t=urf;ywrf; &ufpufpGmxdef;nd‡cJhaomacgif;aqmifwpku qufvufpDrHcef@cGJaeqJ jzpfonf?
&kdareD;,m;wGifvnf; eDukdav acsmifcsufpul; (Nicloae Ceausescu) u ol. txl;tcGifhtm%m&vHkòcHa&;&Jrsm;
tultnDESifh wpfOD;wnf;ykdif yk*~vdurif;tjzpf tm%mukd ZGJ}uD;pGm qufvufcsKyfudkifxm;qJjzpfonf? xdkolrsm;onf/
acgif;rmpGm/ ar#mfjrifpOf;pm;^m%frJhpGm/ wufvmaom'Da&ukd aemufjyefqGJcsifolrsm;jzpfonf? zdESdyfr_ 'dkufoa&mrsm; jzifh
wrHwkwfum umuG,fEkdifvdrfhrn[k ,kH=unfae=uolrsm; jzpfonf? qkdAD,uf. aemufcHausm&kd;r&SdyJESifh olwkd@bmom
qufvufxdef;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k txif}uD;ae=uolrsm;jzpfonf?
tm%mcsKyfudkifolrsm;. wpfckaomazmfjycsufjzpfonfh acgif;rmr_vuQ%mrSm ®r@ay:&Sd vlxkrsm;.vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;

udk wif;=uyfpGm xdef;csKyfjcif;/ ajymif;vJr_ukd jzpfapEkdifonf[k ,lqavmufonfh vlxkqENxkwfaz:jcif;udpPrSefor#/ EkdifiH
a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSefor#udk [ef@wm;xdef;csKyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf? okd@aomfvnf; wkdufcef;rsm;twGif;/ okd@r[kwf bk&m;
ausmif;rsm;twGif; vlrsm; w&m;aor[kwfaomt,ltqrsm;udk aqG;aEG;zvS,fae=uonfudkawmh rwm;jrpfEdkifcJhay?
(&dkar;eD;,m;EdkifiHrSvGJI) tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif TuJhodk@awG@qkHr_rsm;rSaeI vl@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ twdkuftcH
EkdifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm; ay:xGufvmcJh=uonf? okd@aomfvnf; Ttpkd;&ESifhoabmxm;uGJvGJwJholrsm;/ tzGJ@rsm; vrf;ray:
xGufvmonfESifh/ vlxktrsm;pk&Hk;Edkifaom&ifjyifrsm;ay: xGufvmonfESifh csufcsif;jyif;xefaom/ zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh &ifqkdif=u&
onf? owif;rD'D,mrsm;tay:rSvmaeaom trdef@tm%mrsm;ESifh xdef;csKyfjcif;/ vufawG@b0udpPrsm;wGif xdef;csKyfxm;
jcif;/ ponfhenf;rsm;onf tkyfcsKyfol uGefjrLepfrsm;. t"dutajccHenf;vrf;rsm;jzpfonf? twkduftcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd
vlenf;pkjzpfonfh wufºuGol/ ynmwwftkyfpkrsm;=um;avmufom abmifcwfxm;+yD;/ tjcm;us,fjyef@aom vlxkrsm;ESihf
tqufjzwfxm;Edkifatmif xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?

vdkufyfZpfòrd@? “u|efawmfwkd@[m jynfolawGyJ”
(1980) ckESpfrsm; tapmykdif;uwnf;u/ vlenf;pkwufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;u wevFmae@ naewkdif;wGif/

ta&S@*smr%D/ vdkufyZpfòrd@&Sd pdef@ epfudkvyfpfbk&m;ausmif;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;0wfðyqkawmif;yGJrsm;vkyfum awG@qkHaecJh=u
onf? Ttpnf;ta0;rsm;udk tm%mydkifrsm;u owdrrlrdcJh=u? bk&m;ausmif;acgif;aqmifrsm;. owdxm;}uD;=uyfr_
atmufY ðyvkyfjcif;/ vkHòcHaomtaqmuftOD;twGif;Y awGqHkjcif;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; (1988) ckESpfrSm qENjyol
rsm;u +idrf;csrf;a&;qkawmif;yGJrsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifEdkif&eftwGuf/ EkdifiHrSxGufcGgcGifhðy&ef awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? xdk@aemuf
vlawGESifhjynfhodyf¹yGwf=uyfae+yD;/ ywf0ef;usifavxknpfnrf;aeaom òrd@awmfvrf;rrsm;wav#muf wdwfqdwfpGmcsDwuf
qENjy&ef xGufvmcJh=uonf? (1989) ckESpf. aEGOD;rSmawmh olwkd@.wdwfqdwf+idrfoufjcif;ukd òzdcGif;vkduf=uonf? olwdk@u
csDwufyGJrsm;wGif olwkd@. bmompum;jzifh “u|Ekfyfwkd@ tjyifxGufcsifw,f”[k oHòydifaºuG;a=umfcJh=uonf?
odyr=umrDrSmyif/ qENjyolrsm;u olwkd@.qENtwdkif; xGufcGgcGifh&cJhonf? pufwifbm (11) &ufaewGif [efa*&D

EdkifiHu/ olESifhxdpyfaeaom =op}wD;,m;e,fpyfukd zGifhay;rnf[k a=unmcJhonf? Ta=unmcsufonf ,cifuwcg;ydwf
qdk@xm;cJhaom uGefjrLepfrsm;. ydwfqkd@xm;aomwHwdkif;aemufrS xGufaygufwckukd zGifhay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? rsm;r=umrDrSmyif
&maygif;/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ta&S@*smrefrsm;onf/ a&tvsifyrm taemuf*smr%DqDokd@ xGufcGgcJh+yD;/ aemufxyf
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmu y&yfòrd@&Sd taemuf*smr%DoH&kH;ESifh tjcm;aom ta&S@Oa&myòrd@rsm;rS oH&Hk;rsm;wGif jynfh=uyfaecJh
onf? odk@aomfvnf; tm;vkH;aom ta&S@*smrefjynfolrsm;. a&G;cs,fr_onf 'l;axmuft&_H;ay;jcif;/ okd@r[kwf jynfy
xGufajy;jcif;udk wpfckwnf;aom tajztjzpf a&G;cs,fcJh=ujcif;r[kwfay? xdktwGufa=umifh pdef@eDudkvyfpfbk&m;ausmif;
a&S@&Sd qENjyaeolrsm;udk/ twkduftcHtzGJ@rsm;uOD;aqmifum r#m;OD;udk tm%mykdifrsm;xHodk@ vSnfhay;cJhonf? pufwifbm
(4) &ufae@/ wevFmae@wGif vm=uaom uef@uGufqENjyol (1500) xJrS tcsKd@aom “usaemfwdk@roGm;bl;? qufaer,f”
[k oHòydif[pfaºuG;cJh=uonf? xdkyGJwGif qENjyol (100) cef@ tzrf;cH&aomfjim;vnf;/ aemufESpfywft=umwGif qef@usifol
rsm;u ykdrkd}uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? pufwifbm (25) &uf qENjyyGJwGifqkdv#if qENjyolOD;a&onf (8000) cef@txd wkd;wuf
vmcJhonf? xdkolrsm;u vGwfvyfpGm c&D;oGm;vmcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfa&;om;cGifhwkd@ukd awmif;qkdcJh=uonf?
rDac;vf a*:AmacsmhAftaejzifh aemuf (2) ywft=umwGif TudpPudkudkifwG,f&ef tqifoifhjzpfae+yD;/ ta&S@

*smr%Dxlaxmifjcif; ESpf (40) ajrmuf ESpfywfvnfae@rwdkifrDwGif/ tm%mydkifrsm;u &SufzG,faumif;aom rnfonfh
pGufzufr_rsKd;udkrqkd raqmif&Guf&ef qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf? T&ufrwdkifrD &uftenf;i,ftvkdwGif vkdufyZpfòrd@wGif (25000)
cef@&Sdaomjynfolrsm;u za,mif;wkdifrD;rsm;xGef;nd‡um/ oDcsif;rsm;qkdI csDwufvmcJh=uonf? &Jrsm;u xdkolrsm;xH acG;rsm;
v$wf+yD; csDwufvmolawGukd ukdufapcJhonf? ukd,fwkdifvnf; 0ifa&muf&kdufESufcJh=uonf? atmufwkdbmv (7) &uf ae@
wGif vkdufyZpf/ ta&S@bmvif/ '&ufp'ifESifh ykd@pfp'rfòrd@rsm;wGif &kdufESufzrf;qD;r_rsm; ykdrsm;vmcJhonf? tu,fI tpkd;&
uom TuJhodk@ EkdifiHul;ajymif;csifolawGukd rwm;qD;EkdifcJhv#if/ tenf;qkH;vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif }uD;pdk;aeawmhrnfholrsm;rSm
xdkqENjyolrsm;yifjzpfa=umif;/ odap&efvkyfaqmifa&;yif jzpfonf? vkdufyZpf rSm aemuftywfwevFmae@ qENjyyGJtwGuf
pdwftm;xufoefpGm/ apmifhqkdif;aepOfwGif wifhum;rsm;u òrd@ukd0kdif;xm;vdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif; aumv[vowif;rsm; xGuf
ay:vmcJhonf? qENjyyGJom a&S@qufrnfqkdv#if t=urf;zufESdrfeif;òzdcGJr_rsm;ESifh qHk&awmhrnfh vuQ%myifjzpfonf?
vGefcJhaom vtenf;i,fu w&kwfjynfwDtefrifta&;tcif;udk&Sif;cJhouJhodk@/ vltrsm;u “w&kyfyHkpHajz&Sif;enf;”
=uHK&rnfudk a=umufae=uonf?
xdkolrsm;twuf pdk;&drfaeolwOD;rSm vkdufyZpfòrd@. ausmf=um;aom oHpkH*DwwD;0kdif;. *DwrSL; uGwfrmaqm jzpf

onf? olESihf ol.*Dw0dkif;awmfom;rsm;u bDokdAif. tD&GKifum aw;oGm; (Eroica Symphony) ukd toHoGif;wD;cwf
aepOfwGif/ toHoGif;crf;ray:uaeI vrf;ay:qENjyaewJholrsm;udk jrifcJh=u&onf? wevFmae@wkdif; ulvfrufpf yvmhwfpf
(Kaul–Marx–Platz) udk jzwfoef;oGm;aom qENjyolrsm;ukd jrifae&onf? atmufwkdbmv (7) &ufae@rSmawmh
ykHrSefcsDwufqENjyae=uolrsm;ukd óudqdk&ef/ rD;owfa&ykdufrsm; wef;pDxm;onfudk awG@=u&onf? aemuf (2) &uft=umrSm/
csDwufvmolawGra&mufvmcif/ em&Dtenf;i,f=um tuGmta0;wGif&Sdaeaomtcsed fwGif rmaqmu òrd@ay:&Sd rsm;pGm
aomuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ aysmfyGJpm;&kHtqkdawmfrsm;/ bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;udk ol.wkdufcef;wGif awG@qkH&ef pDpOfcJhonf?
xdkawG@qHkyGJrSaeI/ +idrf;csrf;pGm ta&;tcif;ajz&Sif;&efESifh tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;ðy&ef oabmwlnDEdkifcJh=uonf? xdkae@
rGef;vGJydkif;wGifyif/ pdef@eDudkvyfpfbk&m;ausmif;. w&m;a[mpifjrifh&Sd avmfpyDumrSvnf;aumif;/ a&'D,kdrSvnfaumif;

TarwWm&yfcHcsufrsm;udk zwf=um;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif qENjyolrsm;u bk&m;ausmif;odk@ a&mufae=u+yD jzpfonf?
yl;wGJawmif;qkdxm;csufrsm;u bmvifukdvnf; a&mufcJhonf? rnfolrnf0gaocsmrod&aomfvnf; wpfpkHwpfOD;u
csDwufqENjy&ef ppjcif;/ wyfrsm;ukd jyef&kyf&ef !$ef=um;trdef@ay;cJhonf? xdknaerSmyif qENjyol (50000) cef@u
twm;tqD;r&Sd òrd@tESH@csDwuf+yD;/ “u|Ekfyfwkd@[m jynfolawGyg”[k aºuG;a=umfcJh=uonf?
tpkd;&onf qENjyolrsm;ukd ykHrSef ESdyfuGyfaeustwdkif;/ atmufwkdbmv yxrtywf wywfvkH; wkef@jyefaecJh

onf? odk@aomfvnf; 'Dw}udrfwGifawmh jynfolrsm;u ra=umuf=uawmhay? taemuf*smr%DrSxkwfv$ifhaom
&kyfjrifoH=um;rSaeI a*:AmacsmhAf. ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ta=umif;rsm;/ [efa*&DESifh ykdvefEkdifiHrsm;. tajymif;tvJrsm;/ olwkd@
EkdifiHom;rsm;. taemufokd@ xGufcGgae=uyHkrsm;udk jynfoal wG odae=u+yD? olwkd@. tpkd;&onf ,cifrnfonfhumvrsm;
ESifhrSrwl txD;usefjzpfaeonf/ tiftm;r&Sdawmh/ xdcdkufvG,fae+yDqdkwm jynfolawG odae=u+yD? xdktwGufa=umifh
aemuf wevFmae@qENjyyGJwGif qENjyol ta&twGufykdrsm;vmcJhonf? tckqkdv#if }uD;rm;aom tm;tifESifhrSomv#if/
tus,ftjyef@jzpfaeaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk xdef;csKyfEkdifawmhrnfh taetxm;jzpfonf? aemufqkH;rdepfrSmawmh tm%m
ykdifrsm;u ESdyfuGyfjcif;rsm;udk pGef@vdkuf=uawmhonf? qENjyolrsm;ukd atmufwkdbm (9) &ufae@wiG f 'Dtwkid ;f yJ v$wxf m;
vkdufawmhonf?
TtcsKd;tauG@onf tajymif;tvJ auG@wckjzpfonf? vkdufyZpfòrd@rSmqkdv#if atmufwkdbm (16) &ufae@wGif

qENjyolta&twGufonf wpfodef;ausmftxd &SdvmcJh+yD;/ aemuftywfwGif okH;odef;txd rsm;vmcJhonf? tjcm;òrd@wGif
vnf; vlrsm;&maxmifaygif;rsm;pGm xGufqENjy=ucJhonf? òzdcGif;zkd@qdkonfrSmvnf; rjzpfEdkifawmhay? òzdcGif;vkdpdwfvnf;
r&Sd=uawmhay? ygwDacgif;aqmifr_vnf; òydvJoGm;+yDjzpfonf? atmufwkdbmvv,fwGif [Gefeufum E_wfxGufcJhonf?
tjcm;aom oabmxm;wif;rmonfh aygvpfAsL&kd0ifrsm;vnf; xdk&ufowWywfrsm;twGif; E_wfxGuf&ef zdtm;ay; cHcJh=u&
onf? ygwDacgif;aqmifopfrsm;u ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf uwday;cJh=uonf? okd@aomfvnf; w&dyf&dyfwdk;vmaeaom
vlxkawmif;qkdr_rsm;. aemufwGifajcqGJusaeaeao;onf? Ekd0ifbm (4) &ufae@wGif ta&S@bmvif&Sd qENjyoltiftm;
onf oef;w0ufausmfoGm;cJh+yD;/ t}uD;rm;qkH;aom vlxkqENjyyGJ jzpfcJhonf? Tw}udrfrSmawmh jynfe,f&kyfjrifoH=um;rS
aeI TqENjyyGJudk wkduf&kdufxkwfv$ifhay;cJhonf? ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom vrf;ay:xGufqENjyr_rsm;jzpfvmcJh+yD;/ E_wfxGufr_/
vlajymif;vJr_rsm;vnf; qufwkdufqkdovkd vkdufygvmawmhonf?
aemufqkH;rSm/ Ekd0ifbm (9) &ufae@naecif;rSmawmh tpkd;&u w&m;0ifa=unmcsufwckukd xkwfv$ifhcJhonf?

xdka=ujimcsufwGif ta&S@*smr%DrS wkdif;jynfjyifyodk@ xGufcGgvdkolrsm;twGuf/ rnfodk@aomtxl;cGifhðycsufukdrS rvkdtyf
awmha=umif; xkwfjyefcJhonf? a=unm+yD; em&Dtenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyif &maxmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlrsm;onf/ tpkvkduf
tòyHvkduf bmvifwHwkdif;qDodk@ OD;wnfoGm;=u+yD;/ tHhtm;oifh =uufaoaoae=uaom e,fjcm;tapmifhrsm;udk jzwfausmf
um taemuf*smr%DxJodk@ 0ifa&mufcJh=uonf? ykdrkdrsm;jym;aom tpkvkduftòyHvkduf a&$@ajymif;r_rsm;jzpfaepOf/ ykdrkdrsm;
aom qENjyr_awGay:aygufaepOf/ ygwDtwGif;wGif &_yfaxG;r_rsm;jzpfay:aepOf/ rwfv (1990) rwdkifrDumvtxd
ðyjyifajymif;vJr_topfrsm; qufvufjzpfay:aecJhonf? xdk@aemuf vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJwGif awG[m rJqENay;ol
rsm;u uGefjrLepfrsm;ukd jiif;qkdcJh=uonf? xdkaemufydkif;wGif taemuf*smr%DESifh jyefvnffaygif;pnf;a&;udpPonf
vlwkdif;.yg;pyfzsm;wGif a&yef;pm; ajymqdkaecJh=uonf? rmhcfpf0g'DwOD;zefwD;cJhaom *smref'Drkdu&ufwpforwEdkifiH
(German Democratic Republic) onf vD,Gef xa&mhpuD (Leon Trotsky) u ajymcJhovdk/ aemufqHk; orkdif;
tr_dufykH;xJodk@ a&mufoGm;&awmhonf?
“qkdzD,mòrd@ - eef;pGef@jcif;”
(1980) ckESpfrsm;wGif blvfa*;&D;,m;EkdifiHonf wdk'g ZD,ufaumhzf (Todar Zhivkov) . wif;=uyfaom

tkyfcsKyfr_vufatmufrSmyifv#if r+idrfroufr_rsm;}uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? vGefcJhaom&mpkwckavmufu &l&Sm;wdk@u ‚if;wdk@.
EdkifiHudk “wl&uDwdk@. zdESdyfcsKyfjc,fr_xrf;ykd;atmufrS” vGwfajrmufatmifulnDcJhonf[kqdkcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; blvfa*;
&D;,m;EdkifiHudk olwkd@. tpGeftzsm;EdkifiHwcktjzpfu rwdk;wufapEdkifcJhay? xdk@tjyif pD;ygG;a&;uvnf; usqif;vmaecJh
onf? ZD,ufaumhzfu blvfa*;&D;,m;EdkifiHtwGif;aexdkifae=uaom wmhcf (Turks) vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk 0g;òrdodrf;oGif;a&;tpD
tpOfwckudk &l;ESrf;pGm csrSwfcJhonf? TonfrSm vltrsm;udktm&Hkv$J&ef aqmif&Gufr_wckvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygonf?
blvfa*;&D;,m;wGif &Sdaeaom wmhcfrsm;. AvDrsm;ukdydwfypf+yD;/ olwdk@udk blvfa*;&D;,ef;trnfajymif;aponf? xdkodk@

r[kwfygu xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;rsm;odk@ydk@onf? okd@r[kwfygu wl&uDodk@xGufoGm;rnfvm; paoma&G;vrf;udkomay;cJhonf?
okH;odef;cef@&Sdaomwmhcfrsm;u awmifzufykdif; a'orsm;odk@ajymif;a&$@xGufcGgoGm;cJh=uonf? Todk@ajymif;a&$@=ujcif;a=umifh
EkdifiH.tvkyform;tiftm;udk ,kwfavsmhap+yD;/ tpkd;&onf EkdifiHwum. ty,fcHjzpfvmcJhonf? EkdifiHtwGif;
EdkifiH&yfjcm;&if;ESD;ðryfESHr_rsm;vnf; avsmhuscrf;ajcmufoGm;cJh&onf?
oabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;u tay:,HrsufESmjyifodk@rwufvmao;? atmufrSmyJ wEkH@EkH@ qla0aeonf? oabm

xm;uGJvGJr_u qdkzD,mòrd@awmf&Sd ynmwwftkyfpk=um;Yom uef@owf&Sdaeao;onf? xkd@aemuf (1986) ckESpf/ {+yDv (26)
&ufae@wGif obm0ywf0ef;usifta=umif;pdwf0ifpm;aom wufopfptawG;tac:ynm&Sif u&mqef pwefcsufzf
(Krassen Stanchev) u bDbDpDESifh AGDtdkata&'D,dkowif;rsm;udkem;axmif+yD;/ ,lu&def;EkdifiH csmEkdbdkif;vfwGif nLuvD;
,m;rawmfwqxdckdufr_tEW&m,fukd od&SdvmcJhonf? Towif;udk qkdAD,uftkyfpku v#Kd@0Sufowif;arSmifcsxm;onfudk
pdwfysufpdk;&drfrdonf? blvfa*;&D;,m;. 'if;nK (Danube) jrpfay:u udk@Zfvdk'dkif; (Kozloduy) a'orSmvnf;/ tvm;wl
tEkjrL"gwfaygif;zkd wck&SdaecJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; vGwfvyfaomvlr_todkif;wGifqdkv#if Tjy\em.aemufqufwGJ
tusKd;qufrsm;/ tjcm;tajzrsm;udk vlxkrsm;taejzifh vGwfvyfpGmaqG;aEG;cGifh/ pum;tacstwifajymqkdcGifh/ tajz
&v'fukdwifjycGifhpojzifh&Sdrnf[k pwefcsufzfujrifonf? Todk@aom vl@ywf0ef;usifrSmomv#if obm0ywf0ef;usifukd
umuG,fEkdifvdrfhrnf? olESifhtjrifwlaom blvfa*;&D;,ef;rsm;pkaygif;um obm0ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&mudpPrsm;tay: yGifhvif;
a&; (Ecoglasnost) tzGJ@zGJ@pnf;+yD;/ &kq;D (Ruse) wGif pwifqENjycJh=uonf? &lqD;òrd@onf &kdar;eD;,m;jrpfurf;wavsmuf
wnf&Sdaeaom puf&Hkrsm;a=umifh/ uvkd&if;"gwfaiG@rsm;jzifh avxknpfnrf;aeaom òrd@uav;jzpfonf?
(1989) ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif/ EkdifiHwumywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;nDvmcH (International

Enviromental Conference) ukd qkdzD,mòrd@wGif usif;y&efpDpOfaomtcg/ Ecoglasnost v_yf&Sm;olrsm;u olwkd@.
v_yf&Sm;r_udk tus,ftjyef@aom yk&d\wfrsm; odvmEkdifrnfh tcGifhta&;wcktjzpf jrifcJh=uonf? qENjyv_yf&Sm;olrsm;u
òrd@awmfqdkzD,m.tv,fae&mwckwGif wpdkufrwfrwf ae@wkdif;vmqENjy=uonf? pmwrf;u'fjym;awGukdifajr‡muf+yD;/
tpkd;&.ywf0ef;usifqkdif&mrSwfwrf;ukd jypfwif&_H@cs=uonf? toem;cHv$mrSm vufrSwfawG pkxkd;zdk@ awmif;qdk=uonf?
jrpfa=umif;ajymif;vJa&;pDrHudfef;ESihfqkdifaomudpPtwGuf vlxkaqG;aEG;yGJðyvkyfay;&ef awmif;qkd=uonf? ZD,ufaumhzfu
qENjyolrsm;udk wywftcsdefay;+yD;aemuf/ atmufwkdbmv (26) &ufae@wGif &Jrsm;v$wf+yD; EkdifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;/ owif;
orm;rsm;. jrifuGif;a&S@rSmyif &kdufESufcJh+yD;/ vl (40) ukd zrf;qD;cJhonf?
,cifumvrsm;uqkdv#if Todk@aqmif&GufcJhv#if/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tzl;ac|ESdyfuGyfjzwfawmufEdkifcJhaomfvnf;/

Ecoglasnost v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u &yfwef@roGm;cJhay? wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;u qkdAD,uf&kyfjrifoH=um;ukd =unfhaecJh&onf?
olwdk@odaeaom qdkAD,uftajymif;tvJrsm;u/ ZD,ufaumhzf oGm;a&wrsm;rsm; rpm;&0cref;ajymaeaomðyjyifajymif;vJ
a&;uwdu0wfrsm;xuf rsm;pGma&S@ajy;aeao;onf? ta&S@*smr%Dukd udkifv_yfaeaom qENjyolrsm;udkvnf; olwkd@jrifae
cJh=u&onf? blvfa*;&D;,m;&Sdtm%m&Sifrsm;taejzifh twkduftcHrsm;ukd olwkd@ukd,fykdiftpGrf;ESifh acsr_ef; ESdrfeif;EkdifpGrf;r&Sd
onfudkvlenf;pkuodae=uaomfvnf;/ ,cktcsdefuJhodk@ tpkd;&.,EW,m;ukd prf;oyf=unfh&ef taumif;qkH;aomtcsdef
r=uHkcJhbl;ao;ay? tcGifhta&;aumif;yif jzpfonf? Ecoglasnost tzGJ@u jyeftm;jznfh+yD;/ Ekd0ifbmv (3) &ufae@wGif
qkdzD,mòrd@vrf;rrsm;ay:okd@ vl (5000) cef@udk ac:xkwfvmcJhonf?
vlóudufrsm;aeaom twkduftcHrsm;u/ csufjcif;vlxktHkºuGr_zefwD;Edkifawmhrnfh[ef &Sdaeaomfvnf;/ ygwDwGif;&Sd

tkyfpkwcku ygwDacgif;aqmifr_ae&mukd,lum vufOD;r_&,l aqmif&GufcJhonf? ZD,ufaumhzf. qkd;&Gm;aomrl0g'rsm;/
rl0g'trSm;rsm;ESifh ol. eD;pyf&m vufoifh&maqGrsKd;rdwfaqGrsm;ukd cef@tyfcJhonfh udpPrsm;twGuf vlqef@usifcH&r_rsm;
aecsdefjzpfonf? txl;xdcdkufepfemr_tjzpfqHk;udpPrSm wmhcfvlrsKd;pkrsm;udk qef@usif&ef pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfcJhaomudpPyifjzpf
onf? qENjyjynfolrsm;udk tom;vGwfajymifajymifwif;wif;/ ESdrfeif;wdkufcdkujf cif;onfvnf;/ tpkd;&ukd rsufpdwzuf
tndKtrJ pGJapaomudpPjzpfonf? Ttcsufrsm;ESifhyif aygvpfAsL&kdrsm;u vlxkqef@usifa&;vkyf&yfrsm; rsm;vS+yD? xdktwGuf
a=umifhyif usefolacgif;aqmifrsm;u ra=ureyfjzpfaeaom jynfolrsm;olwdk@zufr#m;OD;vSnfhrvmrD/ aygvpfAsL&kdawGu
ZD,ufaumhzfudk qef@usifcJh=uonf?
Ekd0ifbmv (10) &ufae@wGif ZD,ufaumhzfudk zdtm;ay;ðzwfcscH&+yD;/ EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfol yDwm rvm'D

aemhzfudk (Petur Mladenov) ukd ygwDt}uD;tuJtjzpfa&G;cs,f tpm;xkd;cJh=uonf? aemuf (4) &uft=umwGif twkduf

tcHtkyfpkrsm;u 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;. nD!Gwfaomor*~tjzpf (The Union of Democratic Force) pk&kH;cJh=u
onf? r=umrDrSmyJ vlxkukdac:xkwfvm+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf qufvufwGef;tm;ay;cJh=uonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;u
olwkd@. ygwDtrnfukd blvfa*;&D;,ef;qkd&S,fvpfygwDtjzpf ajymif;vJcJhonf? +yD;awmh twkduftcHrsm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;
aEG;um/ ygwD.xdef;csKyfr_,EW,m;rsm;udk zsufodrf;cJh=uonf? (1990) ckESpf ZGefvwGif vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;
usif;yEdkifcJh=uonf? twdkuftcHrsm;yif rJtrsm;pkESifhtEkdif&+yD; tpkd;&zGJ@EdkifcJhonf? vlxktrsm;axmufcHaom 'Drkdua&pD
'Da&v_dif;ay:wGif wESpfausmf=umatmif tm%m,lxm;EdkifcJh=uonf? blvfa*;&D;,ef; uGefjrLepfrsm;u tm%myvifay:
u tðzwfcsrcH&cifrSmyif/ olwkd@zmom eef;pGef@v$wfcJh=uavonf?
y&mh*fòrd@ - a'golykefx&mae&m
(1989) aEG&moDESifh aqmif;&moDydkif;wGif y&mh*fòrd@&Sdjynfolwdk@onf/ csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m; e,fpyfrSjzwfausmf

&dkufcwfvmaom wkefcgr_udk cHpm;ae=u&onf? rsm;pGmaomolwkd@u ykdvefEkdifiHukd tvnftywfxGufcJh=u+yD;/ ta&S@
Oa&my. yxrOD;qkH;aom uGefjrLepfacwfvGefEkdifiHtopf. t&omukd aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;pGmcHpm;cJh=uonf? y&mh*fòrd@ol òrd@om;
awGu ta&S@*smrefjynfolrsm;/ taemuf*smrefoH&kH;qDokd@ vGwfvyfr_twGuf tpktðyHvdkufwdk;a0S@av#mufvSrf;ae=uonf
udkvnf; jrifaecJh=u&onf? olwkd@. owif;pmu a*:AmacsmhAf.rdef@cGef;udk jzwfawmufcJh=u+yD;/ a'otwGif; tajymif;
tvJrsm;ESifh ygwfoufI/ raumif;owif;rsm;ukdom az:jyae=uonf? odk@r[kwfazmfjycJvSonf? Towif;rsm;=um;&zdk@qdk
v#if bDbDpD/ AGDtdkatESifh tjcm;aom EkdifiHjcm;owif;XmeawGudkom tm;udk;zdk@&Sdonf? jynfwGif;rSmawmh tpkd;&u
b,fawmhrS rajymif;awmhrnfhtvm; azmfjyaecJhonf?
(1968) ckESpf 0gaqmpmcsKyf0ifwyfzGJ@rsm;. usL;ausmfr_aemufykdif;/ twkduftcHtzGJ@rsm;taejzifh vl@tcGifhta&;

csKd;azmufr_awGukd jypfwif&_H@csaewwfaom/ vGwfvyfaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ykHpHzGJ@vkdaom a&ay:qDynmwwfwpkr#om
usefcJhonf? tiftm;vnf; av#muscJhonf? xdkolrsm;u v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ajratmufpmayrsm; jzef@a0jcif;/ ynma&;enf;
vrf;opf&Smjcif;/ jyZmwf/ *Dwopfponfwkd@rSwqifhvkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? (1988) ckESpfrSm pdwfqENjcif;wlaom ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;rd+yD;/ twkduftcHrsm;wGif jyefvnfEkysKdta&mifajymif;vmcJhonf? Todk@ul;ajymif;0ifvm=uaom vlopf
vli,frsm;onf/ (1968) ckESpfESdrfeif;r_udpPu olwdk@acgif;xJr&Sd? olwkd@udk +cdrf;ajcmufaeaom trSwfonmvnf; r[kwfcJh
ay? tjcm;ta&S@Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;rS owif;rsm;. aphaqmfr_a=umifhom/ TtzGJ@opfrsm;onf y&mh*fòrd@vrf;rrsm;tay:
ay:xGufcsOf;uyfvm=ujcif; jzpfonf? (1988) =o*kwfvrSp+yD; tenf;qkH; (7) }udrf/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;
rsm;/ tpkd;&ESifh tjrifrwloltwdkuftcHrsm;u vrf;rrsm;ay:xGufI qENjycJh=uonf? q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmtwGif; t&J&ifhqkH;
òrd@wav#muf csDwufcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; rD;owfum;/ rsuf&nf,kdAkH;ESifh tqifoifhwef;pDapmifhaeaom &Jrsm;
a=umifh/ tm;vkH; wyfjyefqkwfcJh=u&onf?
TwkdufyGJ. t}uD;us,fqHk;qkvmbfrSm y&mh*fòrd@v,fwav#muf wkdufwef;rsm;pGmukd }uD;pkd;xm;aom/ }uD;us,f

crf;em;onfh 0if;qvuf&ifjyif (Wenceslas Square) ac: a&S;a[mif;&ifjyifus,f}uD;jzpfonf? T&ifjyifus,f}uD;u
ta&;=uD;onf? y&mh*fòrd@. ESvkH;om;vnf; jzpfonf? T&ifjyifus,f}uD;. pum;ajymonfhae&mrSaeI v_yf&Sm;wufºuGol
&maxmifaygif;rsm;pGmukd xif&Sm;pGmjrifEkdif+yD; wkduf&kdufrdef@cGef;ay;Ekdifonf? xdk@tjyif EkdifiHwckvkH;. &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;ukd
tjyEkdfifqkH;aom ae&mwckvnf; jzpfonf? tpGef;wzufwGif (10) &mpkacwfu bkd[D;rD;,ef; (Bohimian) bk&ifjzpfcJhol
pdef@0if;qvuf (St. Wenceslas) . orkdif;0ifausmufwkdif&Sdonf? xdkbk&ifu ol.,Hk=unfcsufudk taumifxnfazmfcJhol
tmZmenfjzpfonf? xdkae&mu 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u emZDusL;ausmfolawGudk qef@usifqENjycJhaom t"duae&m
vnf;jzpfonf? xdkae&mrSmyJ (1969) ck/ Zefe0g&Dv y&mh*faEGO;D &moD ('Drdkua&pDumv) udk aemufa=umif;jyefcJhjcif;udk
qef@usifonfhtaejzifh/ ausmif;om;wa,muf ol@ukd,folrD;&_d@owfaoqENjycJhaomae&mvnf; jzpfonf? qENjyolrsm;u
T&ifjyifudk odrf;ykdufxm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh/ twdwfuckHcHawmfvSefr_/ trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"gwfrsm;udk E_d;qGcGifhay;jcif;oabm
oufa&mufapawmhonf?
bmvifwHwkdif;}uD; òydvJt+yD; wywft=um/ Ekd0ifbmv (17) &ufae@wGif ausmif;om;rsm;u xkdordkif;0if

&ifjyifukd odrf;ydkufEkdif&ef xyfrHóud;pm;cJh=ujyefonf? naeykdif;wGif ausmif;om;aygif; (15000) cef@ wuUodkvfyk&0k%fwck

twGif;pkpnf;rd=uonf? tpdk;&uw&m;0ifcGifhðyxm;aomtcrf;tem;jzpfonfh emZDrsm;.owfjzwfjcif;ukdcH&aom ausmif;
om;wOD;tm;*k%fðyonfh tcrf;tem;wGif pkqHkcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? arSmifvmonfESifhwòydifeuf ausmif;om;rsm;u w&m;
0iftcrf;tem;ukd tqkH;owfvkduf+yD; za,mif;wkdifrsm;xGef;nd‡um/ tvHrsm;ESifh ezl;pnf;pmwrf;rsm; a0S@,rf;+yD; vGwfvyf
aoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;yay;&efESifh tpkd;&topfzGJ@pnf;Edkif&ef awmif;qkd=uawmhonf? xkd@aemuf Adkufq&'f
(Vysehard hill) awmifukef;okd@ xGufcGgoGm;=uonf? xdkae&mrSm tv,facwfbk&ifrsm;ESifh,Ofaus;r_ol&Jaumif;rsm;/
OyrmtvuFmpmqkdawmf}uD; tefwdkeif 'Adk&uf (Antonin Dvorak) uJhokd@aomolrsm; jr‡yfESHxm;&mae&mjzpfonf?
xdkae&mrSwqifh csufESifh pvkdAuf trsKd;om;aw;oDcsif;rsm;ukd oDqkd+yD;/ csDwufolrsm;u AvwfAm (Vlatva River) jrpf
urf;yg;qDokd@ av#mufqif;vm=uonf? vrf;wav#mufwGifvnf; vrf;ab;rS &yf=unfhaeolrsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@ESifh yl;aygif;&ef
atmf[pfawmif;qdkvm=uonf? xkd@aemuf jytenf;i,f tuGmta0;&Sd &ifjyifqDokd@ jyefvnfOD;wnfcJhygonf?
olwkd@.vrf;ukd t"du&k%f;ESdrfeif;a&;&Jrsm;jzifh ydwq f kd@xm;onfudk awG@&aomtcg/ tcsKd@ausmif;omrsm;u

tm;vkH;xdkfif=u&ef atmf=uonf? xkdtcsdefwGif "gwfykHq&mwa,mufu tvsLrDeD,jH zifh ðyvkyfxm;onfhpufwpfck tay:
okd@ wuf&yf+yD; "gwfykH&kdufygawmhonf? a&S@qkH;wef;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;rSm EkdifiHawmftvHukd rDwmtenf;i,f tuGmwGif
ajruGufwGif jzef@cif;vkduf+yD; &Jrsm;ESifh jcm;xm;vkdufavonf? za,mif;wkdifrsm;ukdvnf; ywfvnfwGif pdkufxm;vkduf=u
onf? xkd@aemuf rdrdwkd@tm;cGifhðy&efESifh &ifjyifokd@ qufvufcsDwufcGifhðy&ef &Jrsm;tm;/ tm;vkH;rS oHòydifatmf[pf=uyg
awmhonf? Tokd@jzifh (2) em&Dcef@=umaomtcg avmfpyDumrSaeI ‚if;wkd@tm;vkH;tm; csufjcif; vlpkcGJI tdrfjyef=u&ef
owday;oH xGufay:vmonf? okd@aomf ta&S@ykdif;&Sd vlaxmif*%ef; tenf;i,fwkd@onf aemufa=umif;jyefvSnfh&ef
jyifaomtcg taemufzufrSwufvmaom 'kwd,&Jrsm;t=um;wGif ydwfrdaeavawmhonf? ta&S@zufESifh taemufzufrS
aeI *%ef;vufrykHo¿mef0kdif;vm=u+yD;/ eHygwfwkwfrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk &dkufESuf=uawmhonf? ydwfrdaeolrsm;
txJwGif uav;oli,frsm;ESifh touft&G,f}uD;olrsm;vnf;yg0ifavonf?
“b,f&D[ufOD;xkyfeDeJ@ ppfom;awGu usaemfwkd@udk wkdufeH&HawGbufukd twif;wGef;ykd@=uw,f? tJ'DtcgusrS

tumtuG,frJhaewJh ausmif;om;awGudk pdwfóuduf&kdufawmhw,f?” [k vifum &Grfrif[dkwD&dkAm (Lenka
Schwammenhoterova) u jyefajymif;ajymjyonf? &Jrsm;[m a&S@okd@zdwufvmonfESifh qENjyolrsm; òydvJus+yD; tcsif;
csif; wufeif;rdukef=uonf? “tJ'Dvkdxdwfvef@a=umufrufzG,f&mtjzpfrsKd; usr wcgrS róuHzl;ygbl;/ bmjzpfvkd@vJqkdawmh
tu,fI wa,mufa,muf[m ajcacsmfvJusoGm;wJhtcg 0&kef;okef;um;jzpfaewJh vltkyf}uD;u ol@ukd eif;rdwmeJ@wif
aoqkH;oGm;Ekdifvkd@ygyJ?” uHtm;avsmfpGmyif olru vGwfvrf;ukd &SmawG@cJhonf? *smrefvrf;jy&Jrsm;ESihf wm;xm;aom
tjcm;vrf;usOf;wckudk jzwfI/ trkd;ckH;p}uøatmufu tjcm;vrf;usOf;uav;wckudk xGufvmEdkifcJhonf? olrESifh tjcm;ol
rsm;u &JawGu wGef;xkd;&kdufESufaepOfrSm vrf;usOf;uav;xJudk wkd;xGufcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; txl;wyfzGJ@rsm;u
vrf;.tqkH;wGif olwkd@ukd ydwfIapmifhqkdif;ae=uonf? tjzpftysuf+yD;qkH;oGm;aomtcg/ (200) ausmf '%f&m&cJhonf?
xdknu ausmif;om;rsm; 0if;qvuf&ifjyifxJukd 0ifcGifhr&cJh=u? olwkd@onf aoG;rsm;/ '%f&mtemw&rsm;jzifh

jzpfaeaomfvnf;/ t&_H;ray;cJh=uay? Todk@&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaomwkdufckdufr_u tpkd;&ukdqef@usifa&;twGuf tjcm;
aomjynfolrsm;ukd Ekd;xtkHºuGapcJhonf? tpkd;&u owif;jyef=um;a&;Xmersm;ukd wif;=uyfpGm csKyfukdifxm;aomtwGuf
a=umifh/ tjzpfrSefrsm;udk jyifyu od&efta&;}uD;onf? oDwif;wywfvkH; ausmif;om;rsm;[m tdrfwumvSnfh/ ausmif;0if;
wumoGm;/ ZmwfyGJwcGif+yJ+yJpifqkdovkd vSnfhvnfI ‚if;wkd@. jzpf&yfrSefrsm;udk y&mh*fòrd@om;rsm;tm; ajymjy=uonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;u qENjyyGJESifh &Jrsm;. vlrqefpGm&uf&ufpufpuf wkH@jyefr_ukdrsm;ukd &kdufxm;aom AD'D,kdwdyfacGrsm;ukd
jyo=uonf? vlrqef/ &ufpuf=urf;ñuyfr_rsm;ukd &_H@csonfh vufurf;a=unmpmapmifrsm;udk eH&Hay:rSmuyf+yD;/ oydwf
wkdufyGJrsm;qifE$J=u&ef aqmfa=omawmhonf? taemufEkdifiHrsm;rS v$ifhxkwfonfh a&'D,kdowif;rsm;rSwqifh/ vlxku
tjzpfrSefrsm;ukd odcJh=u&onf?
aemufw}udrf csDwufqENjyyGJwGif jynfolrsm;ykdrkdyg0ifvmap&eftwGuf vSnfhvnfpnf;&kH;r_rsm;onf tpkd;&.

jynfolrsm;tay: xdef;csKyf&efudpPudk &_yfaxG;vmapcJhonf? Tokd@jzifh Ekd0ifbmv (20) &uf/ wevFmae@wGif vlwpfodef;
ausmfwkd@onf 0if;qvuf&ifjyifokd@ pkòyHa&muf&Sdvm=uawmhonf? olwkd@onf aomhcsdwfrsm;ukd wc|ifc|ifrnfatmifvkyfI
tpkd;&tm; aorif;wref acgif;avmif;xkd;ae+yDjzpfa=umif; oHòydifaºuG;a=umf=uavonf? ezl;pnf;pmwrf;rsm;a0S@&rf;+yD;
EkdifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhay;&ef awmif;qkd=uavonf? &Jrsm;rS ‚if;wkd@tm; &yfwef@oGm;atmif rnfonfh t[ef@twm;rS
rðyvkyfcJhay? aemufwae@wGif vltkyf}uD;.ta&twGufonf ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmum vlxktpnf;ta0;rSm ykdrkdtm;aumif;

vmcJhonf? vlxkw&m;a[mpifwpfckukd tv#iftjrefwnfaqmufcJh=uonf? ,cktcgwGifrl twkduftcHtkyfpkopfrsm;.
acgif;aqmifopfrsm;ay:vm=uonf? EkdifiHom;wkd@ESifhqkdifaom aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jzpfvmonf? =umjrifhpGm twkduftcHb0wGif
aevmonfh Amqvyf [mAJvf (Václav Havel) u rdef@cGef;ajymI vlxkudkarwWm&yfcHonf? xdkolrsm;onf rdef@cGef;
rsm;ajym&eftwGuf y&d\wf.yGJawmif;tcH&qkH;olrsm; jzpfonf? qENjyyGJonf wae@xufwae@ykdrkd}uD;rm;vm+yD; tjcm;òrd@
rsm;okd@yif jyef@ESH@oGm;avawmhonf? ajymif;vJr_twGuf atmf[pfawmif;qkdoHrsm;rSm us,favmifonfxuf us,favmif
vmonf? TonfrSm vlxk}uD;tzdk@ olwdk@zmomyxrOD;qHk;usif;yaom/ tvGef}uD;us,fonfh av[mjyif vlxknDvmcH
}uD;udk usif;yaeovkd&SdcJhonf? vlxku TudpPtay:wGif pdwfxufoefae=uonf? ,cifu vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf t"du
t[ef@twm;jzpfaecJhaom/ vufwkH@jyefcH&rnfhtajctaeukdvnf; a=umuf&GH@p&mrvdkawmh? Todk@jzifh uGefjrLepf tkyfcsKyf
a&;,EW&m;. tm;ukd;&aom pufarmif;wHrsm; ,ckawmh p+yD; txpftaighawGjzpfvm=u+yD?
owif;pmrsm;ESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;rSvnf; tkHºuGr_ESifhywfoufI tpD&ifcHr_pwifaeav+yD? tpkd;&. jynfol@tzGJ@

tpnf;rsm;ESifh vlxkqufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;tay: vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxdef;csKyfxm;r_rSm òyduGJoGm;av+yD? r=umrDwGifyif
ygwDtwGif;Yvnf; tufuGJa=umif;rsm; ay:vmawmhonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;u oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;ukd
uefxkwfvdkuf=uonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;udpPrsm;udk tqdkðycJh+yD;/ twkduftcHrsm;ESifh pum;ajymqkdEdkif&ef vrf;zGifhay;
cJhonf? okd@aomf ta&S@*smr%DrSmuJhokd@yif vkyfaqmifr_rsm;rSm tvGefenf;+yD;/ tcsdefvnf;aESmif;oGm;+yD jzpfonf? Ekd0ifbm
(27) &ufae@wGif (2) em&D=um wEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmqENjyoydwfarSmufcJh=u+yD;/ twkduftcHðyolrsm;onf y&mh*òf rd@&Sd
ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ynmwwfvlwef;pm;wpkwkd@. omrefv_yf&Sm;r_ wckr#omr[kwfawmha=umif;ukd oufaojycJhonf?
uGefjrLepfr[kwfolrsm;. OD;aqmifr_jzifh !ïef@aygif;tpkd;&udk 'DZifbm (10) &ufae@wGif a=unmvkdufrSyif tajymif;tvJ
twGuf awmif;qkdr_rSm avsmhusoGm;avawmhonf? vltrsm;ua=ueyfoGm;=uonf? 0if;qvuf&ifjyiftm; ykdifqkdifxm;
&efóud;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhaom tkyfpkd;olrsm;onf aemufqHk;EdkifiHawmf trdef@ay;pcef;udk vufeufcs tnhHcHvkdufjcif;jzifh tqkH;
owfoGm;avawmhonf?
wDrDqkdtm&m ESifh blcg&ufpfòrd@ - aoG; ESifh usqkH;r_
(1989) ckESpf. aemufqkH;vwGif/ atmufajcvlxkv_yf&mS ;r_ odk@r[kwf txufuvmaom ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;

orm;rsm;u ta&S@Oa&my&Sd ,cifqkdAD,uf,leD,Htygt0if r[mrdwfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd tajymif;tvJrsm;ðyvkyfvm=uonf?
Ttajctaersm;u &kdar;eD;,m;EdkifiHukd u,fwifcJh=uonf? uGefjrLepftr_dufyHktwGif;wGif &kdar;eD;,m;EdkifiHonf
ol.tkyfcsKyfola=umifh t&kdif;pdwft0ifqkH;aom EkdifiHwck jzpfaecJhonf? &dkar;eD;,m;EdkifiH. tkyfcsKyfol eDukdav acsmifquf
pul; (Nicolae Ceausescu) onf ol. =oZmtm%m }uD;us,fjrifhjrwfr_twGuf jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm; tm;vkH;ukd
,mZfylaZmfcJholwOD; jzpfonf? olonf orkdif;0if blcg&ufpfòrd@tm; qGJqkwf+yD; ol@ukd,fol *k%fðyzkd@twGuf }uD;rm;aom
yvmZmwckukd wnfaqmufcJhonf? xkd@jyif ol. aqGrsKd;rdom;pkrsm;aexkdif&eftwGufvnf; eef;awmfrsm;ESifh jynfolvlxk
twGufrl t&kyfqkd;tusnf;wefvSaom uGefu&d&JwdkuftaqmufttkHrsm;ukdom wnfaqmufcJhavonf? ol.v#Kd@0Suf&J
rsm;onf &kdar;eD;,m;&Sd vufESdyfpufrsm;tm;vHk;. rnfonhfpmvHk;rsKd;rqdk rSwfyHkwif aumfyDwpfckukd odrf;xm;onf? okd@rS
om a&S;&kd;tpOftvmukdqef@usifaom rnfonfhpmrsKd;ukdrqkd aemufa=umif;jyef vkdufEkdifrnfjzpfonf? &kdar;eD;,m;&Sd
trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;vkH;onf rD;,yfom;zGm;jcif;ESifhqkdifaom aq;ppfr_ tajzrsm;ukd tvsif;oihfovkd ol@tm;wifjyEdkif&ef
pDrHxm;onf? okd@rSom wkdif;jynfonf vlOD;a&wkd;yGg;&eftwGuf ukd,f0efaqmiftrsKd;orD;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd tvSnfhus
ukd,f0efaqmifckdif;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf? ol.t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief; ESifh EkdifiHjcm;aºuG;+rDjyefqyfEkdifa&; pdwfa&m*gonf pGrf;tif
rvkHavmufr_/ tpm;tpmrvkHavmufr_/ a=umufrufzG,f aumif;aom avxknpfnrf;r_/ w[kefxkd; ckefwufaeaom rdcif
ESifhuav;aoqkH;r_rsm;ESifh/ taxGaxGqkwf,kwfysufpD;r_rsm;. ab;xGufqkd;usKd;rsm;yifjzpfonf? tcsKd@u &kdar;eD;,m;ukd
“Oa&my. tDoD,kd;yD;,m;” [kyif ac:cJh=uavonf?
qkdAD,uf-tar&duef tiftm;òydifr_rsm;ukd vdrRmyg;eyfpGmtokH;csjcif;jzifh acsmifqufpul;. pwmvifvufopf

0g'ukd EkdifiHjcm;'%fcwfydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_rsm;rS umuG,fay;EkdifcJhonf? olonf orRw &pfcswf epfqiftm; yGwfoyf
ykd;yef;um/ armfpudkukdawmh yk0gwurf;xm;+yD; jynfwGif;qENjyolrsm;tm; &uf&ufpufESdyfuGyfavawmhonf? (1970) ckESpf

wGif ykdvefY oydwfarSmufr_rsm;jzpfaomtcg &kdar;eD;,ef; tvkyform;rsm;. &kef;xr_ukd óudwif[ef@wm;onfh taejzifh
tvkyform;rsm;tm; tvkyform;or*~rsm; ta=umif;ukd w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;&ef tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðycJhavonf? okd@aomf
a&eH"mwk tvkyform;rsm;rS vGwfvyfaom or*~rsm;zGJ@cGifhðy&ef t}uHðypma&;om;aomtcg pdwfa&m*g tusOf;axmifokd@
twif;t=uyf ykd@cJhavonf? (1977) ckESpfwGif ausmufrD;aoG;tvkyform;rsm; oydwfarSmufr_rsm;ðyvkyf+yD; acsmifcsufpul;
ESifhwkduf&kdufawG@qkHpum;ajym&ef awmif;qkdcJhaomtcg ‚if;wkd@. awmif;qkdcsufrsm;tm;vkH;ukd cGifhðy+yD;/ jznfhqnf;ay;&ef
uwdðycJhonf? wpfvr#=umaomtcg oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vkH;onf tvkdtavsmuf aysmufuG,foGm;=u+yD;/
aemufykdif;Y oabmwlnDxm;r_rsm;tm;vkH;udkvnf; &kyfodrf;vkdufavonf? xkdrSpI aemuf (9) ESpfwmtwGif; tvkyf
orm;rsm;. r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm;onf (8) }udrfxufrenf; &SdcJhavonf? (1986) ckESpfwGif aygifrkef@&m&Sifrsm; av#mhcsr_ESifh
ygwfoufI x&efqmvfaA;eD;,m; (Transylvania) wGif oydwfwpfck jzpfcJhonf? xkH;pHtwkdif;yif tav#mhay;r_rsm;
ðyvkyfcJh+yD;/ acgif;aqmif (25) a,mufwkd@ b,fqDb,f0,fa&mufrSef;rod/ tvkdtavsmufaysmufuG,foGm;+yD;aomtcg
tav#mhay;xm;r_rsm;udkvnf; jyefvnf&kyfodrf;vkdufavonf? (1987) ckESpfwGif tvkyform; ESpfaomif;ausmfwkd@onf
b&maqmhAf (Brasov) òrd@wGif qENjycJh=uavonf? a'oEW&ygwDXmecsKyfwckukd zsufqD;cJhaomtcg ppfwyfrsm;udk Oya'
pdk;rdk;&efta=umif;jyI ac:,ltoHk;ðycJhonf?
acsmifqufpul;onf ol. wkdif;jynftm; qif;&Jom;ysHus&yfuGuftqifhokd@a&mufap+yD;/ tvkyform;tiftm;

rsm;ukdvnf; olykefoluefrsm;tjzpf zefwD;cJhavonf? okd@aomf &kdar;eD;,m;onf (1989) ckESpfxJokd@a&mufonfhwdkif
xif&Sm;aom twkduftcHrsm; wpkHw&mr&SdaecJh=uay? pnf;&Hk;a&;vkyfaqmifEdkifaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;rSmvnf; enf;yg;vS
onf? tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm csdeJ@ ydefvSDjym;csyfaecJhonf? a*:AmacsmAfh. ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;onf/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif
jzpfaeaomfvnf;/ &kdar;eD;,m;tm%m&Siftm; wyfvSef@r_ wpkHw&m r&Sdao;ay? acsmifqufpul;. pdwftajymif;tvJjrefr_
ESifh pdwftvkdvdkufvG,fr_wkd@a=umifh ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;tm; ‚if;xHrS zJ=uOfaponf? ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;onf tpkd;&twGif;&Sd
tjcm;aomolrsm;u acsmifqufpul;r&Sdv#if ‚if;wkd@taeESifh ykdaumif;rnf[lI pOf;pm;rdvm=uonf? pnf;&kH;vm=uonf?
olwkd@taeESifh vkdtyfonfrSm xGufaygufwck&zdk@om jzpfonf?
xkdxGufaygufonf 'DZifbmwGif/ wDrDqdktm&m (Timisoara) okd@a&muf&Sdvmavonf? wDrDqdktm&monf

wkdif;jynftaemufzsm;&Sd òrd@wpfòrd@jzpf+yD; &lar;eD;,ef;/ [efa*&D;,ef;/ *smref/ *spfyfpDESifh qmhbfvlrsKd;rsm; aexkdif=uonf?
òrd@v,fwGif vmhZfvdkwkuf (Laszlo Tokes) bkef;awmf}uD;aexdkifonfh/ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ausmif;awmf (Reformed
Church) &Sdonf? Tausmif;awmfu vlenf;pk[efa*&D,ef;rsm; udk;uG,f=uonf? bkef;awmf}uD;wkufonf tpkd;&
tm%mydkifrsm;. tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;ðyr_rsm;ukd jypfwifa0zefonfhpum;rsm;udk ra=umufr&GH@ajymcJholjzpfonf? &Gma[mif;
rsm;&Sdtdrfrsm;tm; zsufodrf;I cGJwrf;tdrf,mrsm;jzihf tpm;xkd;cJhonfudk [efa*&D,ef; &kyfjrifoH=um;rSaeI tpkd;&.
pDrHudef;tm; jypfwif&_H@cscJhonf? ,if;twGuf ol@tm; 'DZifbmv (15) &uf/ aom=umae@ aemufqkH;xm;I wDrDqdktm&m
rS xGufoGm;&ef tpkd;&rS &mZoHay;cJhavonf? olu xkdtrdef@tm; jiif;qkd+yD; vkyfaqmif+rJ&Sdonfwkd@ukd qufvufvkyfaecJh
onf?
“c&pfawmfwGif ,kH=unftyfESHxm;=uaom cspfvSpGmaom nD/ tukd/ nDr/ tr/ wkd@/ usaemf[m e,fESifh'%f
ay;xm;cH&oljzpfygw,f” ay;xm;onfh aemufqkH;&ufrwkdifrD we*FaEGae@wGif ol. bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;wGif 0wfðyvmolrsm;
ukd ajym=um;jcif;jzpfonf? “'Dtrdef@udk u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ vufcHrSmr[kwfygbl;/ 'ga=umifh usaemhtm; cifAsm;wkd@xHrSaeI
twif;t"rR ,laqmifoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? xkd@a=umifh aus;Zl;ðyI vmrnfhaom=umae@wGif bmawGjzpfysufrnfukd
rsufjrifoufaorsm;tjzpf vma&muf=unhf&_=uyg? vmcJh=uyg/ okd@aomf +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; ae=uyg/ odk@aomfvnf; rsufjrif
oufaotjzpf&Sdygap”[k ajymcJhonf? ol@taejzifh vltrsm;tjym;vmvdrfhrnf[k rar#mfvifhxm;cJhay? okd@aomf aom=um
ae@ rGef;vGJykdif;wGif vlwpfaxmifavmuf a&muf&Sdae=u+yD;/ tcsKd@rSm [efa*&Drsm;jzpfI tcsKd@rSm &kdar;eD;,m;rsm;jzpf=uonf?
olwdk@twGufrl olwkd@. bkef;awmf}uD;tm; umuG,fjcif;onf/ tpkd;&tm; qef@usifjcif;vkyfief; wpfckyifjzpfonf? olwkd@
onf vufjcif;csdwfqufI vlweff;rsm;tjzpfzefwD;vkduf+yD; ppfwyfESifh &Jrsm;. tEW&m,frS umuG,fwm;qD;&ef bk&m;
ausmif;tm;/ xkdae@ wnvkH;ESifh aemufwae@txd 0kdif;&Hxm;vkduf=uavonf?
vltyk f}uD;onf wajz;ajz; }uD;xGm;vmaomtcg olwkd@. awmif;qkdr_rsm;onf EkdifiHa&;ESifh qkdifvm+yD;/ jrifuGif;

onfvnf; t"du&k%f;ykHo¿mef aygufvmcJhonf? “acsmifqufpul; usqkH;ygap” [laom aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;vnf;
us,favmifvmavonf? vlrsm;a'gotrsuf ajcmif;ajcmif;xGufvm=uavonf? tpkd;&.v#Kd@0SufpkHaxmufrsm;rS pwif

v_H@aqmfcJhonf[laom pGyfpGJcsufjzifh wdkufcdkufr_rsm;/ t=urf;zufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfvmcJhonf? vltyk fwtkyfonf ygwDXme
csKyf&kH;okd@ rkefwkdif;qifwkdufckduf&ef csDwufoGm;=uavonf? tjcm;olrsm;u ppfom;rsm;udk ausmufcJrsm;jzifh ypf=uonf?
ppfom;rsm;u a&ykdufrsm;/ rsuf&nf,kdAkH;rsm;/ eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzifh jyefvnf wkef@jyeftajzay;=uonf? we*FaEGae@wGif
ppfwyfonfwòrd@vkH;tm; odrf;ykdufxm;vkduf+yD;/ bkef;awmf}uD;wkuftm; tusOf;om;tjzpf zrf;qD;vkdufavonf?
acsmifqufpul;. trdef@jzifh qENjyolrsm;tm; ypfcwfcJh+yD;/ vlw&meD;yg;aoqkH;cJhavonf?
qkdzD,m/ y&mh*fESifh ta&S@bmvif rS acgif;aqmifrsm;uJhokd@ r[kwfyJ/ acsmifqufpul;onf aoG;acsmif;pD; vlowfyGJ

twGuf eJeJav;rS pdwfpEkd;paemifhjzpfaeolr[kwfay? okd@aomf wDrDqdktm&m&Sd vlowfyGJonfum;/ ,rf;acs;yef;jyef&dkufcwf
vmcJhonf? aemuf&ufrsm;wGifvnf; òrd@olòrd@om;rsm;onf qENjyyGJukd qufvufusif;y=u+yD; taxGaxGoydwfwck jzpfvm
avonf? vlowfyGJt+yD; wwd,ajrmufae@wGif tajymif;tvJwck jzpfvmonf? ppfwyfrsm;u ajymifajymifwif;wif;yif
qENjyolrsm;ESifh nDtukdozG,f yl;aygif;vkduf=uonf? &ufowWywfukefqkH;aomtcg ppfwyfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd &kyfodrf;vkduf+yD;/
òrd@udk vlxkrsm;uodrf;ydkufum/ awmfvSefa&;aumfrwD w&yfukd zGJ@pnf;I tkyfcsKyf=uonf? wwkdif;jynfvkH;&Sd jynfol
vlxk}uD;onf EkdifiHjcm;owif;Xmersm;rSwqifh/ wDrDqdktm&mòrd@. tajctaersm;ukd =um;odae&avonf? aoqkH;r_
owif;rsm;ukd =um;od&aomtcg r+idrfroufr_rsm;onf tjcm;òrd@rsm;okd@yg ul;pufoGm;onf?
qENjyolrsm; owdrxm;rdyJ/ qENjyyGJrjzpfrD vtenf;i,f tvkduyifv#if xdyfwef;ygwD0ifyk*~dKvfwcsKd@onf

v#Kd@0SufpGmjzifh trsKd;om;u,fwifa&;aumifpD (The Council of National Salvation) [kac:onfh twkduftcHtkyfpk
wckudkzGJ@cJhavonf? qENjyolrsm;u blcg&ufòrd@awmfukd 0kdif;xm;aomtcg acsmifqufpul;onf ol. umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;
tm; vltkyfukd ypfcwfòzdcGif;&ef trdef@ay;avonf? 0ef}uD;rS ol@ukd,fol ypfcwftqkH;pD&ifvkdufjcif;jzifh acsmifqufpul;.
trdef@ukd jiif;qef vkdufavonf? xkdtjzpftysufonf ppfwyftm; acsmifcsufpul;zufokd@ aoeufajymif;vSnfhvkduf&ef
ulnDay;ovkdjzpfoGm;+yD;/ òrd@awmftwGif; ppfwyfESpfckuGJum tcsif;csif;wkdufckdufr_rsm; jzpfoGm;avawmhonf? 'DZifbmv
(22) &ufae@wGif vltkyfpkwckonf A[kdaumfrwDXmecsKyfokd@ 0ifa&mufpD;eif;um/ tjyifokd@ xGufvmaom acsmifqufpul;
tm; zrf;qD;vkdufavonf? c&pfprwfae@wGif acsmifqufpul;ESifh ol.ZeD;tm; tusOf;enf;jzifh ppfaq;pD&ifI uGyfrsuf
vkdufavonf? aemufykdif;wGif ‚if;wkd@. tavmif;tm; &kyfjrifoH=um;rS jyoonf? topfzGJ@pnf;xm;aom trsKd;om;
u,fwifa&;wyfOD; (National Salvation Front) rS tm%modrf;,lvkduf avonf? odk@aomf xkdtzGJ@. acgif;aqmifrSm
uGefjrLepfa[mif;}uD;wOD;yifjzpfonf?
zdvpfykdifrSmuJhokd@yif &kdar;eD;,m;wGifvnf;; jynfolvlxkonf vrf;rrsm;ay:okd@ tvkdtavsmufxGufvm=u+yD;

v_yf&Sm;r_tiftm;onf ajymif;vJoGm;cJhavonf? ppfwyfonf tm%m&Siftm; tumtuG,fay;&ef qENr&Sda=umif;
oufaojycJhavonf? okd@aomf OD;wnf&mvrf;a=umif;wnfhay;&ef/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh us,fus,fjyef@jyef@r&Sdonfhtcg/
aemufqHk; tm%m&SiftopfwOD;wufvmcJhonf? olujzpfay:aeaomr+idrfroufr_ tajctaersm;udkaxmufjyum/
t=urf;zufr_rsm;jzpfyGg;aeaom tajctaeudktumtuG,f,lI/ EdkifiHawmftm%mudk&,lcJhonf? wDrDqdktm&m&Sd
vlxkrsm;u t"du&k%f;peufwHudkrD;&_d@vdkuf+yD; tm%m&Siftkyfpkd;olrsm;udk z,f&Sm;Edkifvkdufonf? okd@aomf (1989) ckESpf
wGif &kdar;eD;,m;onf ta&S@Oa&my&Sd uGefjrLepf0g'usqkH;av+yD;aom EkdifiHwckjzpfcJhaomfvnf;/ wnf+idrfaom 'Drkdua&pD
pepfonf aemufrS vkdufIjzpfay:tpm;rxdk;EdkifcJhay?
Ð Ð Ð Ð
ta&S@Oa&mywcGifwGif/ (1989) uGefjrLepfqef@usifawmfvSefa&;wGif t"duawmif;qkdr_toHESifh ajymif;vJapaomtcsufrSm

t=urf;rzufqef@usifqENjyolrsm;u òrd@awmf.&ifjyifrsm;ESifh vrf;rrsm;ukd odrf;ykduf&efóud;pm;jcif;/ vkHòcHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh
xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifawG@jcif;wdk@rS pwifonf? xkdae&mrsm;onf AsL[mt& ta&;ygaom ae&mrsm;jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifh
qkdaomf xkdae&mrsm;rSaeI jynfolvlxkonf aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmf pnf;&kH;r_rsm; ðyvkyfEkdif+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_onf axmifwufoGm;
Ekdifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh tm%m&Sifrsm;onf xkdae&mrsm;udk xdrf;csKyfEkdif&efóud;pm;jcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomf
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom t&yfom;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@ESifhtwl yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Guf&efpnf;&kH;+yD; twkduftcHtkyfpkrsm;onf

‚if;wkd@tm; ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;ukd tHwk=uavonf? &ufpuf=urf;ñuufpGmESdyfuGyfr_rsm;ukd a=umufvef@&rnfhtpm;/ jynfolvlxk
onf a'goxGufvm+yD; ykdrkd&J&ifhvmum ‚if;wkd@.toufukdpGef@v$wf&ef toifh jzpfvmavonf? EkdifiHawmf t=urf;zufr_
onf tmcHr_rsm;udk E_d;qGap+yD;/ ‚if;u acsr_ef;zsufqD;vdkaom tiftm;rsm;ukd }uD;xGm;aponf?
qENjyoydwfrsm;onf vkHavmufpGm tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmaomtcg/ jynfol@ta&;awmfykH armif;cvkyfukd qGJðzwf

vkduf=uonfhES,f&Sdonf? tm%mykdifrsm;taeESifh tpkvdkuftòyHvkdufzdESdyfjcif;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_ vrf;ESpfckt=um;wGif
wckukd a&G;cs,f&awmhrnfomjzpfonf? ta&S@*smr%DESifh csuu f dkpvkdAufuD;,m;wGif vltkyfukd xdef;csKyf&ef b,fvkd
enf;ESifhrSrjzpfEkdifawmha=umif; aocsmoGm;aomtcg/ tpkd;&onf aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_ukd a&G;cs,f&awmhonf? oabmxm;
wif;rmolrsm;onf qkdAD,ufrS ‚if;wkd@.tultnDawmif;cHr_rsm;ukd rjznfhay;Ekdifawmh[k odcJh=uonf? xkd@jyif olwkd@onf
olwkd@. ppfwyfonf tm;ukd;tm;xm; rjzpfEkdifrSef;od=uaomtcg tHhtm;oifh=uonf? blvfa*;&D;,m;ESifh &kdar;eD;,m;
wGif uGefjrLepftkyfpkrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. twkduftcHrsm; t&Sdeft[kefaumif;rvmrD tm%mukd csKyfukdifxm;vkduf+yD;
òydifzufrsm;tm; taESmuft,Sufrsm;ay;wwf=uonf? wkdif;jynfwkdif;wGif jynfolvlxkt=um;xJwGif t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_enf;ukd tokH;ðyjcif;onf tajymif;tvJvkyfvkdaomolrsm;ukd vkyfykdifcGifh tm%may;jcif;jzpfonf?
ta&SOa&my&Sd todrf;ykdufcH EkdifiHrsm;tm;vkH;onf oDwif;ywftenf;i,ftwGif; vufatmufcHzdESdyfr_b0rS

&kef;xGufEkdif+yD; tm%m&Sifrsm;tm; vufxdyf/ ajcxdyf cwfxm;Ekdifrnf[k q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm ,lqaecJh=uonf?
qkdAD,ufppfwyfrsm;onf taemufzufokd@ csDwuf+yD; uGefjrLepftm%mcsJ@xGifr_rsm;/ ,cifvkd rvkyfEkdifawmhaomfvnf;/
tm%m&Siftpkd;&wkdif;onf ‚if;wkd@.ukd,fykdif zdESdyfEdkifaompGrf;&nfrsm; &Sdae=uao;onf? *sif;&Syf. tqkdt& “tkyfpkd;ol
txufwef;v$mvlwef;pm;rsm;tm;vkH;onf ‚if;wdk@.tm%mtwGuf tm%m&&Sd&mt&if;tjrpfrsm;tay: rSDcdkae=u&
onf? Todk@aom tm%m.t&if;tjrpfrsm;rSm tkyfcsKyfcH=u&rnfh jynfolvlxkESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif;&Sd tifpwDusL;&Sif;
rsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ay:wGif rlwnfonf?”[k qdkcJhonf? tu,fI ta&S@Oa&my&Sd uGefjrLepftpkd;&rsm;. wu,fh
tm%mtppftrSefonf ‚if;wkd@. v#Kd@0Suf&Jrsm;ESifh ppfwyfrsm;rS qif;oufvmonf[k xifaecJh=uv#if ‚if;wkd@.tm%m
ae&mrsm;wGif qufvufwnfwHha&;twGuf xkdtm%mrsm;ukd tokH;ðyvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdktkyfcsKyfolrsm;u ydkI oabm
ayguf=uygonf? tpkd;&qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u olwkd@.w&m;0ifr_udk vk,ufodrf;ykduf+yD;/ jynfol@tm%mukd atmif
jrifpGm xlaxmifodrf;ykdufEkdifaomtcg/ olwkd@twGufpdefac:r_vmonfESifh tomt,myif/ yv†ifay:rSqif;oGm;cJh=uygonf?
Tenf;onfom olwkd@twGuf taumif;qkH;jzpfonfukd odcJh=uavonf?
rGef*kdvD;,m; - 'Drkdua&pD cGifhðyvdkufjcif;
tD wG'fESifh cGef@cf? yGifhvif;r_ ESifh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
tjyifwGifrl 'DZifbmESif;zGJzGJav;rsm; usqif;aeavonf? [mhpfbwf [lvef (Hashbat Hulan) onf ta&S@

wkdif;avhvma&;Xm (Oriental Institute) &Sd olr. &kH;cef;wGif tvkyfvkyfaepOf vlxkqENjyyGJwpfckrS toHrsm;ukd =um;
ae&onf? xkduJhokd@ wcgrS rjzpfcJhbl;ay? olrESifh olr. nDr rif;*sif (Minjin) wkd@onf xkdae&mokd@ ajy;oGm;+yD; =unfhvkduf
aomtcg qENjyol vlESpf&mcef@ukd awG@&aomtcg wkefv_yfomG ;onf? pdwf"gwfjyif;jyxufoefaeaom acgif;aqmifwcsK@d
onf 'Drkdua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_topfwcktwGuf awmif;qkdae=uavonf? xkdae@onf (1989) ckESpf tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl@
tcGifhta&;ae@jzpfonf? wygwD tm%m&Sifwkd@onf rGef*kdvD,m;ukd (68) ESpf=umtkyfpkd;cJh+yD;/ xdkae@udk tcrf;tem;usif;y
&ef/ owd}uD;pGmjyifqifxm;cJh=uonf? okd@aomf ppfa&;jytcrf;tem;/ ygwDt&m&Sdrsm;. &Snfvsm;aom rdef@cGef;rsm;/ &kd;&m
aw;oDcsif;ESifh tursm;tpm;/ tpkd;&onf róuHpzl;aom EkdifiHa&;qENjyr_tcif;tusif;ESifh óuHawG@&avonf?
uGefjrLepfumvwGif òrdawmftrsm;pkudk wnfaqmufxm;onfhtwkdif; tlvefbmawm (Ulaanbaatar)

òrd@awmfonfvnf; òrd@v,fwGif vlxktcrf;tem;rsm; usif;y&eftwGuf wnfaqmufxm;avonf? òrd@v,fY 'rf'DeD
qkufbmwm (Damdiny Sukhbaatar) [k trnfay;xm;onfh }uD;us,faom &ifjyif}uD;wpfckukd wnfaqmufxm;
avonf? 'rf;'DeD qkufbmwm (Damdiny Sukhbaatar) qdkonfrmS rGef*v dk D;,m;. vDeifjzpfonf? olonf (1921)
wGif &k&Sm;vljzLrsm;tm; armif;xkwfcJh+yD;/ rGef*kdvD,m;tm; vGwfvyfaom EkdifiHwpfcktjzpf a=unmcJhavonf? ‚if;.ykHjzifh

}uD;rm;aom jrif;pD;&kyfwk}uD;wpfckudk xkvkyfxm;+yD;/ yvmusif;aeonfh yavZm. tqkH;wzufwGifxm;&Sdavonf?
ab;ywfywfvnfwGif tpkd;&tdrfawmf/ }uD;rm;aom ygvDreftaqmufttkHESifh ,Ofaus;r_ eef;awmf wkd@wnf&Sdavonf?
xkd,Ofaus;r_eef;awmfxJwGif acwfopf yef;csDjyyGJ/ EkdifiHawmf atmfy&mESifh bJav;uZmwf&kHwkd@ wnf&Sdavonf? rGef*kd
vD,m;onf {&d,mtm;jzifh jyifopfjynfxuf okH;qus,f0ef;+yD;/ vlOD;a&tm;jzifh yem;rm;u|ef;&Sd vlOD;a&xuf enf;yg;
onf? vrf;tm;vkH;onf tlvefbmawmokd@ OD;wnfxm;+yD;/ &ifjyifus,fonf òrd@awmf. ESvkH;om;ae&mwGif wnf&Sdae
onf?
xkdae@wGif acgif;pD;rsm;/ ykdpwmrsm; udkfifaqmifxm;+yD; “AsL&kdu&ufrsm;/ zdESdyfr_rsm; tqkH;owfay;a&;” ESifh vkyf

aqmifrnf[k uwday;xm;aom (orchlon bajguulat) ESihf (il tod) (rGef*kdvD,ef;pum;jzifhac:jcif;jzpfonf? a*:Am
acsmhAf.yJ&Dpx&GKufum/ *vyfpaemhESifht"dy`g,fqifonf?) wkd@ukd taumiftxnfaz:ay;&ef qENjyolrsm;rS awmif;qkdae
=uonfukd ygwDxdyfwef;t&m&Sdrsm;u tpkd;&tdrfawmf.jyLwif;aygufrsm;rSaeI awG@ae=u&onf? qENjyolrsm;onf
z&kdz&Jjzpfaejcif;rsKd; r[kwfay? vkHòcHa&;tapmifhrsm;onf vltkyftm; Ttwkdif;yif=unhfaeavonf? okd@aomf ygwDacgif;
aqmifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;ESifh cGef@cf Khonkh (bell) aw;*DwtzGJ@rS wD;r_wfaeonfrsm;ukdvnf;/
twkdif;om; =um;ae&avonf? aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;rSm ‚if;wkd@. rsufpdatmufwGifyif ajymifuspGmjzifh tajymif;tvJvkyf&ef
awmif;qkdjcif;jzpfonf? xkdwESpfvkH; uGefjrLepfurBm}uD;ukd vSnf;usif;xkwfypfaeonfh qENjyv_dif;vkH;rsm;u olwdk@udk owd
ay;onfhES,f &Sdaeonf? xkdwae@ukefqkH;aomtcg qENjyolrsm;onf wdwfqdwf+idrfoufpGmjzifh &ifjyifrS xGufcGgoGm;=uav
onf? rGef*kdvD;,m;aqmif;&moDa=umifhr[kwfygyJ =uufoD;xcsrf;pdrfhr_rsm; tpkd;&tdrfawmf0if;twGif;Y usefae&pfcJhav
onf?
iSufusm; ESifh oHwrmef.orD;
tpkd;&acgif;aqmifrsm;onf qENjyolrsm;ESifh ywfoufI at;at;aq;aq;yif&Sdae=uavonf? qENjyolrsm;xJwGif tcsKd@ol

rsm;rSm olwkd@. om;/ orD; t&if;rsm;jzpf=uonfukd rod=uay? qENjyol a,mufsm;/ rdef;r rsm;onf touf (20) ausmf
(30) t&G,frsm;jzpf=u+yD; txufwef;v$mvlwef;pm;rdom;pkrsm;. om;orD;rsm;jzpf=uavonf? olwkd@onf bGJ@&ynm
wwfrsm; jzpf=u+yD;/ EkdifiHjyifyokd@ c&D;xGuf ajcqef@cJh=uzl;olrsm;jzpf=uonf? trsm;tjym;onf qkdAD,uf,leD,H&Sd txuf
wef;ausmif;rsm;/ wuUokdvfrsm;wGif ynmoifcJh=uzl;onf? xkdae&mrsm;wGif ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; avxkukd &_&_dufcJh=u&ol
rsm;jzpf=uonf? tm;vkH;wkd@onf &k&Sm;bmompum;ukd aumif;pGmajymEkdif=u+yD;/ tcsKd@rSm t*FvdyfESifh *smrefbmom
pum;ukd wufu|rf;=u+yD; taemufEkdifiHrD'D,mrsm;ESifh pme,fZif;rsm;ukd ykdrkdus,fjyef@pGm avhvmaeolrsm;jzpf=uonf?
qef*smql&D*sif Zdk&pf*f (Sanjaasuregiin Zorig) onf aemufykdif;wGif/ Golden Magpie of Democracy

tjzpf vlodrsm;+yD; xkdtkyfpk. pHerlemjzpfonf? tlvefbmawm&Sd xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aom t&m&Sdrdom;pkwGif arG;zGm;cJh
onf? olonf xl;jcm;ol wOD;jzpfonf? ol.rdcifonf &k&Sm;aoG;w0uf/ rGef*kdaoG;w0ufygoljzpfonf? ol.tzkd;onf
qkdAD,uftv$mrS z,fxkwfcHcJh&oljzpfonf? jzpfcsifawmh Zdk&pf*fonf armfpukdjynfe,fwuUokdvfwGif rGef;=uyfaom
uGefjrLepfa&S;&kd;tpOftvmrsm;udk av#mhcs&efESifh ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef wifoGif;cJholjzpfonf?
armfpukd. EkdifiHa&;A[k0g'pdwf0ifpm;r_tay:wGif oHa,mifvkdufI rGef*kdvD;,ef; jynfe,fwuUodkvfrS ausmif;

om;rsm;/ q&mrsm;ESifh tqkdyg tawG;tac:rsm;ukd aqG;aEG;cJhavonf? (1986) ckESpfwGif xkdwuUokdvfwGif olonf
uxdu wa,muftjzpf tr_xrf;cJhonf? tpkd;&.zdESdyfr_ AsL&kdua&pD,EWm&m;ukd pdwfysufaeaom tjcm;aom vli,frsm;
ESifh rdwfaqGjzpfcJhavonf? xkd@aemuf 'Drkdua&pDESihf tajymif;tvJrsm;ðyvkyf&eftwGuf òrd@tESH ykdpwmrsm;ukd ykef;v#Kd;
uG,fv#Kd;vkdufjzef@aeaom tkyfpkwckESifh qufoG,frdcJhonf? rsurf Sefwyfxm;+yD;/ pdwfESvkH;El;nHhonfh Zdk&pf*fonf ynm&Sif
wa,muftjzpf ausmf=um;avonf? ol. wkdufcef;onf ol@tzGJ@.v_yf&Sm;r_. A[kdcsufrwckjzpfvmavonf? olonf
t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh ajymif;vJr_ukd jyif;jyif;xefxef vkdvm;aomolwa,mufjzpfonf? “jy\emwckukd trSefwu,f
av;av;eufeuf aqG;aEG;a0zefjcif;r&SdyJeJ@ ajz&Sif;vdkufwJhtcg usaemf pdwfysufrdw,f” “qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd r=umc%
qkdovkd aoaocsmcsm rpOf;pm;yJ tv#iftjref/ taqmwv#if cscJh=uw,f” [k (1998) ckESpfwGif rGef*kdvD;,ef; a&'D,kdodk@
ajymcJhonf?? olonf y&d\wftkHºuGvmatmif v_H@aqmfw&m;a[mjcif;ukd b,fawmhrS rvkyfay? olonf 'DZifbm (10)
&ufae@qENjyyGJwGif pdwfv_yf&Sm;aeaomvltkyfukd wnf+idrfvmatmif ulnDvkyfaqmifay;cJhonf?

[mhpfbwf [lvef (Hashbat Hulan) onfvnf; txufwef;v$m rdom;pkrS qif;oufvmoljzpf+yD;/ pdwf"gwf
wufºuGaeolrsm;xJrS wa,mufjzpfonf? t*FvdyfESihf &k&Sbmompum;udk u|rf;usifpGmajymqkdEkdifolwOD;jzpfonf? olr
onf oHwrefwOD;.orD;jzpf+yD; qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif aexkdifcJhzl;onf? qDkAD,uf,leD,HwGif oli,fwef;av;rSpI bJG@&
onftxd ynmoifcJholjzpfonf? olr.EkdifiHokd@jyefvmaomtcg olr. trdajronf jyifyurBmESifh uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;
aexkdifaeonfudk awG@&aomtcg tHhtm;oifhcJhrdonf? xkd@aemuf rGef*kdvD;,ef;ody`Htu,f'rDY wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf?
aemufykdif;wGif ta&S@wkdif;ody`Hokd@ a&ï@ajymif;oGm;avonf? xkdXmewGif jynfywGifynmoif=um;cJh+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ukd
vkdvm;aomolrsm;ESifh awG@cJhavonf? (1989) ck/ pufwifbmvrSpI rGef*kdvD;,m;tm; a&S@okd@ w[kefxkd; wkd;wufrnfh
jzpfpOfudk &SmazGonfh v#Kd@0Suftpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif yg0ifcJhavonf? okd@aomf olronf 'DZifbm (10) &uf qENjyyGJ
jzpfajrmufa&;tpDtpOfwGif ryg0ifcJhay?
[lvefESifh Zdk&pf*fwdk@onf tpkd;&ukdqef@usifaom vli,frsm;xJwGif pHerlemrsm;jzpf=uonf? ‚if;wkd@ tkyfpkonf

(13) a,muf&Sd+yD;/ aemufykdif;wGif ‚if;wkd@tm; ueOD;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm; [kac:=uavonf? ‚if;wkd@txJrS (11)
a,mufonf qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif ynmoifcJh=u+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; ESifh yGifhvif;r_ (perestroika and glasnost)
wkd@ukd aumif;pGmavhvmcJh=uolrsm;jzpfonf? okd@aomf tH=op&maumif;onfrSm rGef*kdvD;,ef; ynmwufvlwef;pm;rsm;
onf qkdAD,uf jynfaxmifpktm; pufqkyf&GH&Sm=ujcif;jzpfonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;xJwGif tHhtm;oifhp&m
aumif;onfhtcsufrSm trsm;pkonf wkdif;jynf. vlrsKd;}uD;tkyfpkjzpfonfh cgvfcg rGef*kd (Khalkha Mongols) rsm;
r[kwf=uay? tapmykdif;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif acgif;aqmifrsm;xJY vlvwfwef;pm;rsm; trsm;tjym;&Sdaejcif;udkvnf; ðyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;t=um;wGif tr_rJhtrSwfrJhyifxm;chJ=uonf?
tlvefbmawmòrd@awmf&Sd ynmwwftkyfpkao;ao;av;onf 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;ukd ‚if;wkd@bmom qifE$JEkdif

=urnf[k olwkd@xJrS tcsKd@onf &kd;tpGm ,kH=unfae=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;/ tajccHvlwef;pm;rsm;/ u|JEGm;arG;jrLol
rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom òrd@}uD;/ òrd@i,fESifh aus;vufa'orsm;. yhHykd;r_rsm; r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfavonf? olwkd@taejzifh &J&ifhaom
qkufbmwm&ifjyifokd@ csDwuf&efowWd&Sdaomolrsm;ukd vkHavmufpGmpkaqmif;EkdifcJhv#if/ xkd@aemuf &ifjyifY us,favmifpGm
atmf[pfaºuG;a=umfEkdifcJhv#if uGefjrLepftkyfpkd;r_w&m;0ifr_ukd wkefcgapvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? &ifjyifawmftm; &kyfykdif;qkdif&m
xdef;csKyfEkdifr_onf tvGeftrif;ta&;}uD;avonf? òrd@awmf. tcsuftcsmvnf;jzpfavonf? rGef*kdvD;,m;. enf;yg;+yD;
jyef@usJaeaom vlOD;a&. av;yHkwyHk&Sdaom òrd@awmftcsuftcsmudk xdef;rdjcif;tm;jzifh atmifyGJukd &,lEkdifrnfjzpfonf?
tpkd;&tdrfawmftwGif;rS wygwDtm%m&SifpHepftm; pdefac:r_ukd òzdcGJrnfh t&dyfta,mif wpkHw&mxGufrvm

ao;ay? ,if;onf tpkd;&ESifh oabmxm;uGJvGJol rnfr#&Sdonfqkdonfukd rod&ao;jcif;ESifh òzdcGif;vkdufjcif;jzifh ‚if;wkd@tm;
emrnfqkd;jzifh ykdrkdausmf=um;vmrnfukd pkd;&drfaoma=umifhvnf;jzpfonf? tpkd;&onfvnf; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_ òyduGJoGm;rnfh
tajctaeukd wGufrd[ef&Sdonf? vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;okH;&mausmfu }uD;us,fcJhonf tifykdif,m}uD;onf pnf;vkH;
nD!Gwfr_ òyduGJcJhonfhtwGuf w&kwfESifh refcsL;wkd@ tkyfcsKyfr_okd@ a&muf&SdcJh&onfrsm;ukd rGef*kdrsm;onf a=umufvef@aeqJ
jzpfonf? 'DZifbm (10) &ufae@ qENjyolrsm;onf wpkwpnf;wnf;&Sdaeonfh tpkd;&ukd pdefac:&eftwGuf pnf;vkH;nD!Gwf
r_udk jyojcif;jzifh ausmfv$m;EkdifcJhvdrfhrnf[k ,kH=unf=uonf?
jynfolwkd@. tawG;tac:a[mif;rsm;ukd jyefvnfjyifqifwnfaqmufjcif;
rGef*kdjynfol@awmfvSefa&;ygwD (Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party - MPRP) onf qdkAD,uf ykHpH

wnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpfonf? tm%mpwif&,lpOfuwnf;uyif qkdAD,ufwkd@. t&Sdef=oZmonf wdkif;jynftay:wGif
t&dyfxkd; v$rf;rkd;v#uf&Sdaeonf? MPRP acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ygwDt}uD;tuJa[mif;rsm;/ ppfwyft}uD;tuJrsm;ukd ygwD
wGif;rS ðzwf/ xkwf/ owf vrf;pOfukd usifhokH;&ef wkH@qkdif;jcif;r&Sdacs? ,cifu wkdif;jynf. OpPm"etrsm;pkukd csKyfukdifxm;=u
onfh Ak'<bmombkef;}uD;rsm;ukdyif okwfoifz,f&Sm;&ef 0efav;jcif;r&Sd=uacs? uGefjrLepfacwfrwkdifrDu bkef;}uD; wpfodef;
cef@&Sd&mrS (1950) ESpfOD;ykdif;rsm;Y &m*%ef;tenf;i,fr#om usefawmhonf? bkef;}uD; (5) yg;wGif tenf;qkH; (1) yg;onf/
towfcHcJh&onf?
qkufbmwmaemufydkif;wGif/ c|dKifbmqef (Choibalsan) onfpwmvifacgif;aqmifr_ ykHpHukd atmifjrifpGm&,lEkdif

cJhonf? aemufydkif; (1952) ckESpfwGif aoqkH;cJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif aysmhajymif;aomrl0g'rsm; csrSwfusifhoHk;vmaomfvnf;/

pHepfukdawmh rajymif;vJcJhacs? wygwDwnf; vuf0g;}uD; tkyfpkd;r_onf wnf+rJaeao;onf? vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;rSm
vspfvsLðyxm;cH&qJjzpfonf? ðzwf/ xkwf/ owfvrf;pOfrsm;rSmvnf; qufvuf&SdaeqJjzpfonf? axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;
ESifh jynfESif'%fay;jcif;wkd@onf z,f&Sm;r_enf;vrf;wckjzpfaeavonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm; tapmykdif; rwkdifrDu tpkd;&onf
rwnfr+idrf pjzpfrvmao;ay? ygwaD cgif;aqmif ,Grf*sm*sif qD'efabm (Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal) onf u&ifrvifrS
vmonfh ykdrkdaysmhajymif;onhfvrf;a=umif;jzpfonfh/ qkdAD,ufESifh w&kwfwkd@. jyefvnfcspf=unfa&;vrf;a=umif;ukd jiif;qkd
&ef a&G;cs,fvkdufavonf? ol. pD;yGg;a&;pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;onfvnf; atmifjrifr_ r&Sdacs? qkd;&Gm;aom pDrHcef@cGJr_tjyif/ qkd;&Gm;
aom aqmif;&moDwkd@a=umifh wd&p>mefarG;jrLr_vkyfief;vnf; rsm;pGmusqif;cJhavonf? xkd@jyif pGrf;tifrvkHavmufr_/ pm;eyf
&duQm&Sm;yg;r_ESifh pm;oHk;olrsm;. ra=ureyfrsm;ESifhvnf; óuHawG@ae&avonf? ygwDau'grsm;vnf; tcsdeftcgtvdkuf
z,f&Sm;cHae&avonf?
tm%m&Siftm; &k&SwGifvma&mufI aq;ukor_ cH,l&efvkdtyfonf[k ,Grf*sm*sifudkajym+yD;/ qdkAD,ufwkd@ &k&Sokd@

ac:aqmifoGm;pOfwGif ‚if;.&efolrsm;u ol.ae&mwGif *srfbif bwfrGrfcf (Jambyn Batmunkh) ESifh tpm;xkd;
vkdufavonf? bwfrGrfcfonf tpkd;&a[mif;. tpdwftykdif;wckjzpfaomfvnf;/ ol@tzdk@ tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mr&Sday? wckck
awmh tajymif;tvJvkyf&awmhrnfom jzpfonf? olESifh ol@tzGJ@onf A[kdrS pDrHcef@cGJr_ukd avsmhenf;apjcif;jzifh pD;yGg;a&;
jy\emukd OD;pGmukdifwG,f ajz&Sif;cJhonf? xkd@jyif rGef*kdvD;,m;. tpkd;&owif;pmrSaeI (1986) ckESpfwGif a*:AmacsmhAf
qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepfygwD uGef*&ufY a'owGif; pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ukd ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ay;&ef ajymqkdcJh
aom rdef@cGef;ukdvnf; ykHESdyfcJhavonf? (1987) ckESpfwGif/ bwfrGrfcfu “jynfolawG&J@ tawG;tac:a[mif;awGudk
jyefvnfjyifqifwnfaqmufzkd@twGuf }uD;rm;wJhtvkyfawGudk vkyfzkd@vkdr,f”[k rSwfcsufcJhavonf? olu ykdrkdus,fjyef@
aom yGifhvif;jrifomr_ukd awmif;qkdcJhavonf? owif;pmrsm;rS tpkd;&tay:a0zefxm;onfh ay;pmrsm;ukd ykHESdyfaz:jycJh
onf? rGef*kdvD;,ef;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tpdwftykdif;a[mif;rsm;ukd tpm;xkd;r_rsm; tenf;i,fomðyvkyfcJhaomfvnf;/
‚if;wkd@. tmabmfukd w&m;0ifa0zefr_rsm; ðyvkyf&eftwGuf/ jynfol@aqG;aEG;ajymqkdr_rsm;ukd us,fjyef@pGmzGifhay;cJhonf?
oabmxm;uGJvGJolrsm;rS xkdae&mzGifhay;r_ukd tusKd;&Sd&Sd tokH;cscJh=uonf?
‚if;wkd@. acgif;aqmifrsm;rS em;ylem;qm wusnfusnfvyk fr_a=umifh tpkd;&onf jyifyzdtm;ukdvnf; cHpm;ae&

onf? a*:AmacsmhAf. jyefvnftoufoGif;ay;r_udk qkdAD,ufpD;ygG;a&;u rwkef@jyefcJhacs? ukefypPnf;rsm;rSm &Sm;yg;v#uf&Sd+yD;/
tpkd;&rSm r=umc%qkdovkd vpmrsm;ay;&ef ysufuGufae&onf? ,if;onf rGef*kdvD;,m;wGifvnf; *,uf&kdufcJhavonf?
‚if;. ukefoG,fr_ 90μ onf qkdAD,uftkyfpk0if EkdifiHrsm;ESifhjzpf+yD;/ 30μaom jynfwGif;xGufukefpkpkaygif; (*sD'DyD) onf
qkdAD,uf.tultnDukd &,lae&onf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom &k&S/ ta&S@Oa&myrS refae*smrsm;/
tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh t}uHay;t&m&Sdrsm;onf rGef*kdvD;,ef; pD;yGg;a&;. t"du&mxl;rsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;=uaoma=umifh
jzpfonf? xkd@tjyif armfpukdonf w&kwfESifh ykdrkdaumif;rGefaom qufqHa&;ukd wnfaqmufaeaomfvnf;/ w&kwf-
qkdAD,ufyËdyuQ. tarGtESpftjzpf qkdAD,ufppfom; ajcmufaomif;cef@onf rGef*kdvD;,m;wGif qufvufwyfpGJxm;qJjzpf
onf?
(1987) ckESpf {+yDvwGif/ a*:AmacsmhAfonf ,EW,m;vufeufukdifwyf&if;ukd &kwfodrf;&ef trdef@ay;cJh+yD;/ rGef*kd

vD;,m;wGif qkdAD,ufòrd@apmifhwyfzGJ@wckukdom wyfpGJxm;apcJhonf? yDuif;ESifh aumif;rGefaom qufqHa&;ukd teH@cHI
rGef*kdvD;,m;onfvnf; oHa,mifvkduf+yD; e,fpyftjiif;yGg;r_rsm;ESifh enf;ynm;rsm; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf w&kwfESifh
oabmwlnDr_ vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhavonf? a*:AmacsmhAfonf tar&duefESifh qufqHa&;wif;rmr_rsm; av#mhcsvdkufaom
tcg/ rGef*kdvD;,m;onfvnf; 0g&SifwefESifh ol. yxrOD;qkH;aom w&m;0if qufqHa&;ukd xlaxmifcJhonf? ,cktcg tpkd;&
onf urBmESifh tjynfht0qufqHa&;ukd xlaxmifcJh+yD;/ =umjrifhpGmydwfyif wm;jrpfxm;aom tawG;tac:rsm;ukd
xkwfazmf&ef zGifhay;cJhavonf?
(1988) ckESpfwGif/ rGef*kdvD;,m;wGif ,cif wcgr# rxkwfazmfzl;aom udef;*%ef;pm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd jynfolxHokd@

pwifxkwfjyefavonf? aygvpfAsL&kd tzGJ@0ifwa,mufu AsL&kdua&pD,EW,m;. qkd;&Gm;r_rsm;ukd wkdufckduf&eftaumif;qkH;
vrf;onf 'Drkdua&pDomjzpfonf[k 'Drkdua&pDukd csD;usL;cJhavonf? ynm&Siftrsm;pkESifh t&m&Sdrsm;onf v#Kd@0Sufxm;
r_rsm;ukd jypfwif&_H@cscJhavonf? v#Kd@0Sufxm;r_rsm;onf pD;yGg;jy\emrsm;ukd rSerf Seu
f efuefokH;oyf&eftwGuf taESmuf
t,Suf t[ef@twm;jzpfaponf? ynm&SifwOD;rS &J0HhpGmjzifh tpkd;&. &mxl;ae&mwkdif;wGif vnfywfEkdif&eftwGuf wOD;
xufykd+yD;xm;&Sd&ef MPRP ygwDtm; t}uHðycJhavonf? (1989) ckESpf/ 'DZifbm (10) &ufqENjyyGJrwkdifrDvrsm;wGif

tpkd;&ESifh ygwDonf tHhtm;oifhp&m a=unmcsufwck+yD;wck xkwfjyefcJhavonf? (1930) vGefESpfrsm;ESifh (1940) vGefESpf
rsm;twGif;Y jzpfyGg;cJhaom ðzwf/ xkwf/ owfrsm;ukd pkHprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;ðyvkyf&ef aumfr&Sifw&yfukd zGJ@pnf;a=umif;
a=unmcsufESifh epfemol tenf;qkH;vlESpfaomif;tm; jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfay;&efwkd@jzpfonf? bwfrGrfcf
onf qD'efabmtm; tjypfrJhjynfolrsm;tm; axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;r_rsm;ESifh yk*~dKvfa&;*kd%f;wnfaxmifr_wkd@twGuf
pGyfpGJ ajymqdkcJhonf?
xkdpOftwGif; qkdAD,ufrsm;onf aemufxyf ppfom; (8000) ukd rGef*kdvD;,m;rS &kyfodrf;vkduf+yD;/ (1990) wGif
usefaeao;onfh 25 μ ukd &kyfodrf;&ef pDpOfaeavonf? rGef*kdvD;,m; EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;onf taemufEkdifiHrsm;ESifh
qufqHa&;/ taemufEkdifiHrsm;xHrS pDtJeftJefESifh trfwDAGDuJhokd@aom a&'D,kdESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;tpDtpOfrsm; rGef*kdvD;,m;
wGif &&Sda&;wkd@ukd aqmif&Guf&ef EkdifiHawmftm; wkdufwGef;cJhavonf?
(1989) ckESpfaemufykdif;wGifrl tcsKd@aom t&m&Sdrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef

pdwfqEN&Sda=umif;xif&Sm;vmavonf? okd@aomfvufawG@taumiftxnfazmfr_rsm; r&Sdao;acs? MPRP onfomv#if
w&m;0ifygwDtzGJ@tpnf;jzpfaeao;onf? tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;&efESifh A[kdcsKyfukdifr_ pD;ygG;a&;pepfrsm;ukd av#mhcs
ypf&ef wkd@ukd tpkd;&onf taumiftxnfrazmfao;acs? v#Kd@0Suf&Jrsm;/ vkHòcHa&;wyfzGJrsm; ESifh ppfwyfrsm;onfvnf;
oabmxm;uGJvGJolrsm;tay: zdESdyfaeqJyifjzpfonf? pD;yGg;a&;ESifh wygwDtkyfpkd;r_pepfwkd@ukd ajymif;vJ&ef ykdpwmrsm;
a&;om;olrsm;onf tvSnfhusqkdovkd zrf;qD;cHae&qJjzpfonf? twkdcsKyftm;jzifh tpkd;&onf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_twGuf
pdwfESpfcGjzpfaeqJjzpfonf? ,if;onf vli,fðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;t=um;wGif pdwf&Snf onf;cHr_ukd ukefqkH;apcJh
onf? ,if;onf xkdvli,frsm;tm; tcGifhtvrf;ukdvnf; ay;avonf? tu,fI tpkd;&. wyfrsm;onf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;
ðyvkyfjcif;ukd wm;jrpfydwfyifaev#if/ v_yf&Sm;r_ukd a&S@okd@ wkd;Ivkyfaqmif&eftwGuf tcsdeftcgaumif;ukd &&SdEkdifrnf
jzpfonf?
wnfaxmifjcif; ESifh òzdcsjcif;
'DZifbm (10) &uf qENjyyGJ+yD;aemuf/ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;opfv_yf&Sm;r_ twGuf yxrqkH; óuHawG@&aom

tcuftcJrSm nD!Gwfa&; wnfaqmufr_onf rjzpfEkdif[laom ,kH=unfaer_ukd wefjyef&efjzpfonf? tu,fI tpkd;&onf
ESpfykdif;uGJoGm;ygu pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_onf ol@zmomol vufeufwckjzpfvmayvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? yxrtqifhonf ðyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;u wifoGif;aom ajymif;vJr_twGuf tm;vkH;oabmwlonfh xkwfjyefcsuf xkwf&efjzpfonf?
'DZifbm (10) &ufae@wGif ‚if;wkd@ a0S@,rf;cJhaom “ygwDpkHpepfonf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonf”/ “vl@tcGifhta&;ukd t&mtm;vkH;
xufav;pm;yg” ESifh “vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;xkwfa0cGifh” [laom acgif;pD;pmwrf;rsm;onf olwkd@. taxGaxGyef;wkdifukd
a&mifjyef[yfcJhavonf? qENjyyGJwywftwGif;wGif rGef*kdvD;,ef; 'Drkdu&ufwpf or*~ (Mongolian Democratic Union
-MDU) opfonf vkyfief;tpDtpOf y&kd*&rfwckukd a&;qGJEkdifcaJh vonf? vl ESpfaxmifcef@&Sdaom vlxktpnf;ta0;+yD;
aemuf ygwDxdyfwef;acgif;aqmif rsm;xHokd@ ‚if;wkd@vkdcsifaom toem;cHv$mukd wifoGif;cJhavonf? xkdtoem;cHv$monf
EkdifiHom;rsm;. yxrqkH;aom xkwfjyefa=unmcsufvnf;jzpfavonf?
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;. t"du EkdifiHa&;awmif;qkdcsufrSm (1990) ESpfv,fwGif ygvDreftwGuf

a&G;aumufyGJopfudk a&G;aumufyGJ pnf;rsOf;topfrsm;jzifh usif;yay;&efjzpfonf? MPRP omr[kwfyJ tjcm;ygwDrsm;vnf;
0ifa&muf,SOfòydifcGifhay;&efjzpfonf? rJqENay;olrsm;Y ta&G;cHrnfh yk*~dKvfrsm;ukd +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm; r&Sdap&bJ vGwfvyfpGm
a&G;cs,fcGifh&Sdap&rnfjzpfonf? ta&G;cs,fcH&aom yk*~dKvfrsm;onf aygvpfAsL&kd. =oZmv$rf;rkd;r_rS uif;vGwfap&
rnfjzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@. tkyfcsKyfa&;vnfywfr_onf yGifhvif;jrifomr_&Sd&rnfjzpf+yD;/ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf EkdifiHawmf. Oya'
jzpf&rnfjzpfonf? olwkd@onf pD;yGg;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;/ wHcg;zGifhpD;yGg;a&;pepf/ EkdifiHykdifvkyfief;rsm;ukd yk*~vduykdifðya&;
ESifh yk*~vduykdifqkdifr_tcGifhta&; tmrcHcsuf ponfwkd@ukdvnf; awmif;qkdcJhavonf? xkd@jyifolwkd@onf vGwfvyfpGm
a&;om;cGifh/ ajymqkdcGifh/ oGm;vmcGifh ponfwkd@yg0ifonfh vl@tcGifhta&; tmrcHcsufrsm;tjyif tcGihfxl;cH vlwef;pm;
rsm;twGuf jyXmef;xm;onfh txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;ukdvnf; y,fzsufay;&ef awmif;qkdcJhavonf? aemufqkH;wGif tpkd;&
onf c|dKifabmqef (Choibalsan) vufxuf t=urf;zufr_twGif;aoqkH;cJhaom &[ef;oHCmrsm;/ t&yfom;rsm;ESifh
ygwfoufI 0efcHum vlxktm; today;&avawmhonf? xkd@aemuf ðyjyifa&;orm;rsm;onf tqkdygtcGifhta&;rsm;
tm;vkH;ukd jyefvnfjyifqifonfh tajccHOaya'opfxJwGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;ay;&ef wkdufwGef;awmif;qkdcJhavonf?

'DZifbm (11) ESifh (12) &ufae@wGif owfrSwfxm;onfh ygwDuGef*&uf tpnf;ta0;Y MPRP t&m&Sdrsm;onf
yGifhvif;r_ESifh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; (glasnost and perestroika) wkd@. tajccHrloabmw&m;rsm;ukd xyfrHtwnfðyay;cJh
avonf? xkd@jyif ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ukdvnf; tenf;qkH; oabmw&m;tm;jzifh oabmwl twnfðycJhavonf?
qkdAD,ufwkd@onf t=urf;zuf zdESdyfr_vkyf&yfrsm;xHokd@ jyefoGm;awmhrnf r[kwfqkdonfukd olwkd@ odxm;=uavonf?
vGefcJhaom ajcmufvu wDtefrifqENjyyGJukd tpkd;&. t=urf;zufòzdcGif;r_ESifhywfoufI a*:AmacsmhAfu b0ifrus/
rESpfoufcJhonfukdvnf; olwkd@odxm;avonf? xkd@tjyif yDuif;&Sd oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;onf rGef*kdvD;,ef;wkd@.
ta&;t&mrsm;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzufrnfukdvnf; pkd;&drf=uavonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf twdwfumvu
w&kwfwkd@onf olwkd@ wkdif;jynftm; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm pkd;rkd;tkyfcsKyfcs,fvS,fcJh=uaoma=umifh olwkd@onf w&kwfwkd@tm;
tpOftvmt& a=umuf&Hë@aecJh&ovkdjzpfaeavonf? r+idrfroufr_rsm;ukd a&Smifv$J&eftwGuf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;
rsm;ESifh xdyfwdkufawG@yËdyuQjzpf&efxuf ‚if;wkd@ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;vkyf&ef qkH;jzwfcJh=uavonf?
tpkd;&onf ygwDpkHpepf/ vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh jynfolvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;a&;

ponfh t}uHðycsufrsm;ukd E_wfjzifhom qufvufvkyfaqmifaecJh+yD;/ ta&;w}uD; aqmif&Guf&rnfh t&mtjzpf rjyocJhay?
ajymif;vJr_rsm;ukd ig;ESpftwGif; wjznf;jznf;/ wqifh+yD; wqifhvkyfaqmifoGm;&ef tpkd;&t}uD;tuJrS t}uHðycJhavonf?
okd@aomf vli,fðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf 'DZifbm (10) &uf qENjyyGJ+yD;aemuf tpkd;&twGif;&Sd ajymif;vJa&;udk
qef@usifaomolrsm;tm; &mxl;tqifhrsm;rS av#mhcsr_rsm; ðyvkyfvm&+yD;aemuf/ tm;vkH;oabmwlnDonfh tpDtrHwckukd
atmifjrifpGm a&;qGJaeEkdifcsdefwGif/ ‚if;wkd@taeESifh t"dy`g,fjynfh0aom &vm'frsm;twGuf ESpfrsm;pGm apmifh&OD;rnfukd
pdwfr0ifpm;=uacs?
xkdtusKd;&vm'frsm;ukd wGef;tm;ay;&eftwGuf/ olwkd@taejzifh ‚if;wkd@. ynmwwftokdif;t0kdif; twGif;&Sd

tajccHukd jyifyokd@ csJ@xGif&ef OD;pGmvkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfonf? tlvefbmawm ukdausmfvGefa&muf&Sd+yD;aemuf/ olwkd@onf
tm'Deuf (Erdenet) &Sd a=u;eDowˆKrkdif;wGif;&Sd tif*sifeD,mrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;ukd OD;wnfcsufxm;vkdufonf? ,if;
onf qkdAD,uf-rGef*kd zufpyfpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;jzpf+yD;/ xkdvkyfief;wGif &k&Stif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;pGmwkd@ vkyfudkfif
ae=uavonf? xkdolwkd@onf ykdrkdjrifhrm;aom vkyftm;cukd &&Sd=uavonf? tm'Deuf&Sd tvkyform;rsm;rSm xkdrnDr#r_
tay:wGif ra=ureyfjzpfae=u+yD;/ 'DZifbmv tapmykdif;uwnf;uyif qef@usifqENjy&eftwGuf tpnf;ta0;
ac:cJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;rS tqkdyg tvkyo f rm;rsm;. ra=ueyfrr_ sm;ukd tpkd;&xHokd@ OD;wnf&ef
ulnDI vrf;a=umif;azmufay;vkdufavonf? 'DZifbmv (22) &ufae@wGif rGef*kdvD;,ef; 'Drkdu&ufwpf or*~onf
ody`Hynm&Sif tm'DeD bwf-tl;vf (Erdenii Bat-Uul) ukd ‚if;wkd@ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyvkyf&eftwGuf apv$wf
vkdufavonf? tvkyform;rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGg;ukd vlxktkHºuGr_jzifh ajy+idrf;Ekdifrnf[k olu uef@uGufajymqkdavonf?
xkdvlxktkHºuGr_onf t"dutajymif;tvJrsm;twGuf wkdufckdu&f rnfjzpfonf? xkdv_yf&Sm;r_opfukd aemufrS usm;uefay;
&efvdk+yD;/ tlvefbmawmtjyifrSaeI tpkd;&udk zdtm;ay;&efjzpfonf? xkd@aemuf bwftl;vfonf vkdtyfonfrsm;ukd
qufvufvkyfaqmifae+yD;aemuf òrd@awmfokd@jyefvm+yD; rGef*kdvD;,ef;'Drkdu&ufwpfor*~tm; vlxkaxmufcHr_ ykdrkd&,l&ef
twGuf tjcm;aom òrd@rsm;okd@ vlrsm;apv$wf&ef ajymavonf?
ESpfukefqkH;aomtcg ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;wGif &Sif;vif;jywfom;aom pDrHudef;wck ESifh rwluGJjym;aom

r[mrdwfrsm; &&Sdae+yDjzpfonf? okd@aomf olwkd@wGif uspv f pfodyfonf;aom enf;AsL[m ESifh qENjyyGJtwGuf ta&;ay:
zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh aumfr&Sifxufykdaom ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf;&Sdonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wckvkdtyfaeao;onf? rGef*kdvD;,ef; or*~
onf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&eftwGuf }uD;rm;vGef;aeojzifh olwkd@onf yl;aygif;aqmif&Guaf &; aumfrwDwckukd zGJ@pnf;
vkdufavonf? xkdaumfrwDrS ta&;awmfykH}uD;. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;tm; tjrifhrm;qkH;aom oufa&mufr_
&&Sd&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifoGm;&rnfjzpfonf? vuf&Sd ygvDrefonf trsm;tm;jzifh ygwDxdyfykdif; acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;.
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd wHqdyfwkH;xk&onfh tqifhwGifom&SdonfhtwGuf/ vkyfykdifcGifh&Sdaom pHerlemjy tjcm;aom ygvDrefwck
ukd urf;vSrf;&eftwGuf MDU onf Zefe0g&DwGif ðyvkyfaom tpnf;ta0;}uD;okd@ vlwaxmiftm; qGJac:vmavonf?
xkdtpnf;ta0;udk qkufbmwm&ifjyifrS ESpfuDvkdrDwmyifrjynfh (wrkdifausmfausmfcef@) aom vDeifjywkdufwGif ðyvkyfjcif;
jzpfonf?
v_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdeft[kef ykdrkd&vmap&eftwGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; aumfrwDonf Zefe0g&Dv (21) &ufae@wGif

&ifjyifawmfY qENjyyGJ}uD;wckukd usif;y&efac:avawmhonf? 'DZifbm (10) &ufae@qENjyyGJonf pdwt f m;xufoefaom

vltkyfpki,fav;rS pwifcJh+yD;/ wajz;ajz;ESifh tvkdtavsmuf}uD;xGm;vmjcif;jzpfonf? ,ckt}udrfwGifrlum; &moDOwk
tvGeftu|Hat;aeaomfjim;vnf; (tat;yrm%onf a&cJtrSwfatmuf -30 'D*&D pifwD*&dwf okd@ a&muf&Sdaeonf?)
qENjyyGJtwGuf aocsmusepGm jyifqifxm;+yD;/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@tm;vnf; pnf;&kH;xm;+yD;jzpfonf? ynmwwf vlwef;
pm; tokdif;t0ef;r#om a&mufvmonfr[kwfyJ/ tm'Deufòrd@ESifh aus;vufa'orS vlrsm;vnf; a&muf&Sdvmavonf?
‚if;wkd@. awmif;qkdr_topfrsm;rSmvnf; 'DZifbm (10) awmif;qkdr_rsm;xuf ykdrkdI tao;pdwfavonf? qENjyyGJtwGuf
xkdae@ukd &ufowfrSwfvkdufjcif;onfvnf; óuHovkd/ jzpfovkd owfrSwfvkdufjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ/ xkdae@onf vDeifaoqkH;onfh
ESpfywfvnfae@ jzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf? emrnf}uD;&kyf&Sifrif;om; wOD;rS vltkyf}uD;tm; wkdif;&if;om; &kd;&maw;oDcsif;
rsm; a&S@rSoDqkdI OD;aqmifac:oGm;jcif; jzpfonf? tcsKd@olrsm;onf a&S;a[mif; rGef*kd{u&mZf *sif*pfcef (Chinggis Khan)
tm; atmf[pfaumif;csD;ay;=uavonf? ,if;onf awmfvSefaomtðytrlyifjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf tpkd;&
onf &k&Stay:wGif av;pm;vkdufemvGef;jcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? xkd&k&Sukd bk&if*spf*pfcefrS usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufcJhzl;+yD;/ ,cifu
*sif*pfceftm;vnf; tpkd;&rS }uD;us,faom bk&if{u&mZftjzpf rorkwfyJ/ wjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;. OpPm"ersm;tm;
wkdufckdufvk,lol t&kdif;tpkdif;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf?
tpkd;&tm; zdtm;ay;r_ukd qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;+yD; qENjyyGJrsm;ukd Zefe0g&D ESifh azaz:0g&D ESpfvvkH;/ oDwif;ywf

tukefwkdif;wGif usif;yavonf? vrf;rsm;ay:wGif pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfr_urfydef;rsm; jrifhwufvmonfESifhtr# tpkd;&onfvnf;
csDwkHcswkHjzpfIvmavonf? ygvDreftrwfrsm;onfvnf; qENjyyGJpwifonfhae@uwnf;uyif wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;r_rsm;
}uD;xGm;vmonfESifhtr# tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd ykHrSefusif;yae&avonf? okd@aomf ygwD ESifh ygvDref rnfokd@vkyfaqmifrnf
qkdonfESifh ygwfoufI oabmwlnDr_rsm; r&&SdEkdifjzpfaeonf? oabmxm; wif;rmolrsm;ESifh/ aphpyfajy+idrf;a&; orm;
rsm;t=um; ESpfzufpvkH;rS tompD;r&Ekdifjzpfaeaomtcg/ olwkd@onf tcsdefqGJonfhtaejzifh wajz;ajz; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_
rsm;ukd tav;ay;oGm;rnf[laom tESpfom&r&Sdonfh xkwfjyefa=unmcsufukd xkwfjyefvkdufavonf? wzufwGifvnf;
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um;wGif aumv[mvrsm;ukd xkwfv$ifhaeavonf? ,if;rSm xkdolwkd@onf ukd,fusKd;
pD;ygG;orm;rsm;/ tusifhysufvmbfpm;olrsm;/ rl;,pfaomufpm;olrsm;[lI tp&Sdonfh aumv[mvrsm;jzpfonf? xkd
vkyf}uHtoa&zsufr_rsm;rSm em;r=um;olrsm;xHokd@oma&muf&SdoGm;avonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf ta&;awmfykH.
t"duyk*~dKvf. ykH&dyfukd &SmazGrawG@&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf? vlowffvufeufrsm;r[kwfyJ/ twif;tzsif;owif;rsm;ukd
&ifqkdifI ðyjyifa&;tkyfpkonf ppfrSefaom twkduftcHtiftm;pkudk pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhavonf? azaz:0g&Dv (16) &ufae@wGif/
abm*aA'ynm&Sif 'gAma'gh*sif *efbdk;vf'f (Davaadorjiin Ganbold) . vrf;!ïefr_jzifh trsKd;om;wkd;wufa&;ygwD
(National Progressive Party - NPP) ukdzGJ@pnf;cJhavonf? 'Drkdua&pDpepf/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm; yk*~vduykdifðyvkyfa&;ESifh
b%fvkyfief;pepf jyefvnfðyjyifrGrf;rHa&;wkd@udk tm;ay;cJhavonf? azaz:0g&Dv (18) &ufae@wGif/ bwftl;vfonf
ukd,fpm;vS,f (611) a,mufukd pka0;+yD; rGef*kdvD;,ef;'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD (Mongolian Democratic Party - MDP) ukd
zGJ@pnf;cJhavonf? ,cktcg ygwDwckwnf;ukdom tcGifhtm%may;xm;aom wkdif;jynf. tajccHOya'ukd raxrJhjrif
ðyonfhtaejzifh ESpfqyifwkd;vmcJhavonf? tm%mykdifwkd@tm; wkefv_yfajcmufjcm; oGm;ap&ef &nf&G,fonfvnf;
jzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf? owif;orm;tkyfpkwckrSmvnf; tpkd;&. cGifhðycsufr&,lyJ (Shin Tol – New Mirror) a=u;rkHopf
trnf&Sd owif;pmwapmifukd xkwfa0cJhavonf? q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmtwGif; yxrOD;qkH;xkwfa0aom w&m;r0if owif;pm
jzpfavonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf tpkd;&ESifh tjiif;tckHðy&ef enf;vrf;opfrsm;ukd wyfqifI vlxk.
ESvkH;om;ukda&m OD;aESmufukdyg yef=um;cJhavonf?
‚if;wkd@txJrS tcsKd@onf jrifom xif&Sm;aom a&S;a[mif;tpOftvmrsm;ukd ypfrSwfxm; wkdufckduf&ef

qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf? rGef*kdvD;,ef; òrd@rsm;onf uGefjrLepfol&Jaumif;wkd@. &kyfwkrsm;/ ukd,fwykdif;ykH &kyfxkrsm;jzifh &_yfyGae
avonf? okd@aomf ‚if;wkd@onf vdrfrmyg;eyfpGmjzifh qkufbmwmuJhokd@aom rGef*kdvD;,ef; &kyfwkrsm;ukdOD;rwnfyJ/ xkdtpm;
EkdifiHawmfpm=unfhwkdufa&S@&Sd *sKd;Zufpwmvif. &kyfwka&S@okd@ csDwufvmcJh=uonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf
wd&dp>mefuJhokd@ &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaom qkdAD,uf tm%m&Sif pwmvif. &kyfwkonf rGef*kdvD;,ef;wkd@. ,Ofaus;r_
orkdif;tarGtESpf jywkdufa&S@Y rwfwyf&yfapmifh=uyfaeonfukd tvGefyif pdwfysuf+iD;jiLae=uavonf? xkd@a=umifh xkd&kyfwk
tm; òzdcs&eftwGuf vlxkaxmufcHr_&atmif pnf;a0;vdkufavonf? azaz:0g&Dv (22) &ufae@nwGif/ trnfrodvlwpk
onf pwifvif&kyfwktm; ta0;okd@ rxkwfoGm;+yD; tpazsmufvkdufavonf? rnfolawGckd;,loGm;+yD;/ &kyfwkrnfonfh
ae&mokd@a&muf&SdoGm;onfukd ,ckwkdif&SmrawG@awmhacs?

ESpf&ufr#=um+yD;aemuf ta&;awmfykH. tm&kHonf &kyfwrk sm;rS wzef tawG;tac:rsm;zufokd@ OD;vSnfhoGm;jyef
avonf? vkHòcHa&;0ef}uD;XmerS olv#Kdrsm;&Sdaeonfhwkdif/ w&m;0if rGef*kdvD;,ef; vli,for*~onf (Mongolian Youth
Union) jynfe,fwuUokdvfwGif tpnfta0;ðyvkyfavonf? ygwDpkH EkdifiHa&;pepfwck/ vl@tcGifhta&;/ pD;yGg;a&;wHcg;
zGifhay;r_/ tpkd;&ykdifpuf&kHrsm;/ b%frsm;/ vufvDukefpkHqkdif}uD;rsm;tm; yk*~vduykdifðyvkyfa&;/ tp&Sdonfwkd@yg0ifonfh MDU
. awmif;qkdr_rsm;ukd pdwftm;xufoefpGmaxmufcHcJh=uavonf? jywfom;aom acgif;aqmifr_/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh
ausmif;om;rsm;. axmufcHr_ ESifh jynfolvlxktwGif; xkd;azmuf0ifa&mufEkdifjcif; wkd@a=umifh rGef*kdvD;,m;wGif 'Drkdua&pD
v_yf&Sm;r_onf yxrOD;qkH;t}udrf vGwfvyfaom EkdifiHa&;tiftm;ukd zGifhay;cJh avonf?
atmifyGJ &&Sd&efóud;yrf;jcif;
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@ukd,fukd ‚if;wkd@/ tpkd;&. a&S@0ifaygufwHcg;rsm;wGif ydwfqkd@xm;vkduf

onf? okd@aomf tpkd;&onf ygwDopfrsm; w&m;0if zGifhvSpf&eftwGuf tajccHOya'udk rjyifqifcJhay? vGwfvyfpGm
ajymqkdcGifh/ a&;om;xkwfa0cGifh/ ESifh ukd;uG,fcGifh wkd@ukdvnf; zGifhray;cJhay? toem;cHv$mrsm;wifoGif;jcif;/ qENjyyGJrsm;
vkyfaqmifjcif;ESifh ygwDukd pdefac:jcif;wkd@onf ta&;awmfykHtm; pdwf&Snfonf;cHr_ ukefqkH;apawmhonf? ðyjyifa&;orm;rsm;
onf ykdrkdwkd;wufr_rsm;twGuf ydwfqkd@wm;jrpfr_ topfrsm; vkdtyfvmavonf?
olwkd@a&G;cs,fvkdufaom vkyfaqmifr_wckrSm tpmiwfcHqENjyjcif;yifjzpfonf? rGef*kdvD;,m;wGif wcgr#r&Sdzl;aom

v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfonf? ðyjyifa&;orm;rsm;onf tdENd,wGif *END. tpmiwfcH qENjyr_rsm; ta=umif; ESifh +AdwdefwGif tdkiftmat
tusOf;om;rsm;. tpmiwfcHqENjyr_wkd@ukd od&SdcJhayvdrfhrnf? wDtefrif&ifjyifwGif jzpfcJhonfh tjzpfrsm;ukdvnf; olwkd@
odcJh=uonf? ðyjyifa&;orm;wOD;rS jyefajymjyonfrSm “tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u w&kwfjynfrSmjzpfaewJh ta&;tcif;eJ@
ygwfoufvkd@ vufvSrf;rDor# tukefvkH; usaemfzwfygw,f? 'ga=umifh w&kwfausmif;om;awG bmvkyf=uw,fqkdwmukd
usaemfodaecJhygw,f?” qkdvkdonfrSm tpmiwfcHqENjyr_onf t+rJwrf; ratmifjrifEkdifqkdonfukdolwkd@odonf[k qkdjcif;
jzpfonf?
rwfv (7) &uf/ wevFmae@ rGef;vGJ (2) em&Dtcsdew f Gif/ tat;"gwfonf (-15) 'D*&D pifwD*&dwfatmufokd@
a&mufaecsdef/ tjrJOD;aqmifygaeaom bwftl;vftygt0if vl (10) a,mufwkd@onf/ qkufbmwm&ifjyifY tpmiwfcH
qENjy&efr_ pwif&eftwGuf ae&m,lvkduf=uavonf? olwkd@onf &kd;&mtusôrsm;ukd 0wfqifjcif;jzifh twdwfu ajr&Sif
ya'o&mZfrsm;ukd rw&m; tykwfcsaeaom tpkd;&. wefzdk;rsm;ESifh tqufjzwfvkdufa=umif; tcsufjycJh=uonf? qENjy
olrsm; awmif;qkdr_onf 'Drkdua&pD ajymif;vJa&; ESifh aps;uGufpD;yGg;a&; wkd@ukd ausmfvGef+yD; tpkd;&. w&m;0ifwnf&Sdr_ukdyg
pdefac:avawmhonf? ,if;rSm ‚if;wkd@ESifh wòydifeufwnf; ðyvkyfaeaom aygvpfAsL&kd tpnf;ta0;okd@vnf; xkwfjyef
a=unmcsuf wapmifukd ykd@vkdufjcif;jzpfonf? xkwfjyefa=unmcsufwGif vuf&Sdtpkd;&onf a&G;aumufyGJjzifhwufvmaom
tpkd;&r[kwfyJ/ a&G;cs,fcef@xm;jcif;jzifh wufvmaom tpkd;&jzpfojzifh w&m;0ifaom tpkd;&r[kwf[k az:jyxm;jcif;
jzpfonf? olwkd@onf ygvDref. w&m;Oya'ESifh nD!Gwfjcif; &Sd/ r&Sdukdvnf; ar;cGef;xkwfxm;avonf? tb,fa=umifh
qkdaomf ygvDrefukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf twkduftcHðyjcif;r&SdyJ/ vuf!_d;axmifacgif;+idrfholrsm;tm; a&G;cs,fcef@xm;jcif;
a=umifh jzpfonf? aygvpfAsL&kdonf rsufESmajymifwkduf t&Sufuif;rJhpGmjzifh ZGwftwif;yif ygvDrefukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf
a&G;cs,fcef@xm;&olrsm; jzpfI tcsKyftjcmtm%m tjynfht0 &Sdonf[k jiif;qkdavonf? xkdwkef@jyefr_onf oydwfarSmuf
olrsm;. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd ykdrkd wif;rmjyif;xefavaponf? xkd@a=umihf MDU onf aygvpfAsL&kdtm; E_wfxGufckdif;+yD;
a&G;aumufcH&+yD; ppfrSefaom ygvDrefukd,fpm;vS,f topfrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;&ef awmif;qkdavonf? ,if;onf tpkd;&tm;
rdrdukd,frdrd óud;qGJcs+yD;ao&ef pOf;pm;zkd@ awmif;qkdaom awmif;qkdcsufomjzpfonf?
tpmiwfcHqENjyr_ pwifaomtcg vltrsm;. pdw0f ifpm;r_ukd &EkdifcJhavonf? ,if;tðytrlonf

twkduftcHrsm;. &J0hHaom tðytrlwckjzpfonf[k em;vnf=uavonf? tcsKd@olrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. axmufcHr_rsm;ukd
jyo&eftwGuf &ifjyifqDokd@ csDwufomG ;=uavonf? nokd@a&mufvmaomtcg axmif;aygif;rsm;pGmwkd@onf pkpnf;rdvm
=u+yD; tcsKd@rSm tpmiwfcHqENjyr_xJokd@ 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;=uavonf? rGef*kdvD;,ef;ausmif;om;rsm; or*~rS or*~
tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf tpmiwfcHqENjyolrsm;tm; jzpfonfhenf;jzifh usm;uefay;&rnf[k E_d;aqmfavonf? wkdif;jynfxJwGif
wckwnf;aom ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;r_&Sdonfh *ef'ef (Gandan) bkef;}uD;ausmif;rS &[ef;rsm;vnf; axmufcH tm;ay;&ef vm
a&mufcJh=uonf? aemufykdif;wGif *ef'ef.ausmif;xkdifbkef;}uD;rS “&[ef;oHCmrsm; EkdifiHa&;xJokd@ 0ifa&mufrv_yf&Sm;oifh”

[k ajymcJhavonf? qENjyolrsm;tm; vma&mufaumif;csD;ay;jcif;rSm vlom;wOD;taejzifh vuf&Sd cHpm;ae&r_rsm;ukd
vma&mufjyojcif;omjzpfonf?
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;aumfrwDrS wwkdif;jynfvkH;tESH@ taxGaxGoydwf}uD;usif;y&ef rac:qkdrD/ tm;'Deuf

(Erdenet) rS tvkyform; (500) wkd@onf ‚if;wkd@. axmufcHr_ukd jyoonfhtaejzifh wem&D=um vkyfief;rsm; &yfqkdif;
onfh oydwfukd usif;ycJhavonf? “u|efawmfwkd@ rkdif;vkyfief;ukd wem&D=um=um tvkyfrqif;jcif;yJae+yD; qENjycJh=uw,f”
[k ‚if;wkd@. acgif;aqmifrS owif;ykd@cJhavonf? “'g[m wu,fhcHpm;r_wckr[kwfao;ygbl;” [k qufvufajymqkdcJh
avonf? “'g[m tpyJ&Sdygao;w,f/ tvkyform;awG[m MDU ukd axmufcHtm;ay;zkd@twGuf tuef@towfrJh
oydwfwkdufyGJukd qifE$Jzkd@ toifhjzpfae=uyg+yD” [kvnf; qufvufajymqkdcJhavonf? tvkdtavsmufyif 'gcef
(Darkhan)/ rdk&Gef (Moron) ESifh tjcm;aom òrd@rsm;rSvnf; vkyfief;&yfqkdif;r_oydwfrsm;ukd tm;'DeufrS
tvkyform;rsm;uJhokd@ vkdufygvkyfaqmif=uavonf? xkduJhokd@aom tjzpfrsKd; rGef*kdvD;,m;wGif wcgr# rjzpfcJhzl;ay?
aygvpfAsL&kdonf ‚if;wkd@. tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd qufvufusif;y=uavonf? tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSmvnf; tpkd;&

tdrfawmfrS ‚if;wkd@ txufvl}uD;rsm;. a'gorsm;ukd ae@pOfjrifawG@=um;ae&avonf? jyify&Sd qENjyolrsm;ukd apmifh=unfh
aeonfh wkdif;jynftESH@&Sd ‚if;wkd@.at;*sifhrsm;xHrSvnf; tpD&ifcHpmrsm; vSdrfh0ifvmaeaomtcg ‚if;wkd@onf orkdif;wGif
wcgr#róuHzl;aom jyif;xefonfh pdefac:r_rsKd;jzifh &ifqkdifae&onfukd em;vnfvmavonf? ESpf (40) =um ðzwf/ xkwf/ owf
yGJrsm;twGif; &Sifusef&pfcJhonfh tcsKd@aom aygvpfAsL&kdtzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm zdESdyft=urf;zuf ESdyfuGyfr_ vkyf&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI
at;at;aq;aq;yif &Sdae=uavonf? 'rfcsD*sif rdkvGrf*srf (Demchigiin Molomjamts) uJhokd@ oabmxm; jyif;xef
aomolrsm;onf t=urf;zuftiftm;okH; ESdyfuGyfòzdcGif;r_enf;vrf;ukd okH;pGJ&ef wkH@qkdif;jcif;r&Sday? olonf tpkd;&.
xdyfwef;&mxl; tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif xrf;aqmifcJhzl;oljzpfonf? (1998) ckESpf aemufykdif;wGif acgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;onf
vlxk. av#mhwGufjcif;ukd cHae&avonf[kyif ajymqdkcJhavonf? ‚if;uJhokd@oabmxm;wif;rmolrsKd; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
orm;rsm;xH tv#iftjref vufeufcstnHhcHr_udk umuG,&f ef aygvpfAsL&kdtwGif;Y tvkHtavmuf&Sdaeavao;onf?
oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;onf &ifjyifukd &Sif;vif;a&;vkyf&eftwGuf ppfwyfukdqifhac:&ef qEN&SdaecsdefwGif/

tjcm;aomolrsm;onf wkdif;jynfukd t&kyfqkd; tusnf;wefcJhapaom wDtefrif&ifjyif tjzpftysufukd owd&aumif;&ae
=uayvdrfhrnf/ okd@aomf odyfawmh raocsmvSay? xkd@a=umifh aygvpfAsL&kdonf tpmiwfcHqENjyr_ yxrae@wGifyif
rqkwfom rwkd;om tajctaewGif&Sdaeavonf? aygvpfAsL&kdtzGJ@0if (2) a,mufonf atmufokd@qif;oGm;+yD; qENjyol
rsm;tm; &yfwef@&efESifh/ ‚if;wkd@. usef;rma&;udk rdrdwkd@taeESifh pkd;&drfa=umif;udk arwWm&yfcHajymqkdavonf? okd@aomf
olwdk@. arwWm&yfcHcsufukd ,Ofaus;pGmjzifh jiif;y,fvkdufavonf? rlv tpmiwfcHqENjyol (10) a,mufESifh xkdnaewGif
0ifa&mufyl;aygif;ol (3) a,muf wkd@onf w&m;Oya'ESifh rnD!Gwfaom tpkd;&tm; ðzwfcs&ef pdwfqkH;jzwfxm;=uav
onf?
xkdt=uyftwnf;onf tpkd;&rS tprf;oabmjzifh r&Jw&J vkdufavsmr_wckukd rðyvkyfrD aemufwae@txd

qufoGm;avonf? 0ef}uD;rsm; aumifpD 'kOuUX (1) 'g&Sif Asefbmql&if (Dashiin Byambasuren) rS aemufykdif;wGif jyef
ajymjyonfrSm “tcsKd@aom aygvpfAsL&kdtzGJ@0ifa[mif;}uD;wkd@onf qENjy oydwfqifE$Jaeor# umvywfvkH; vli,frsm;ESifh
rnfonfhaphpyf aqG;aEG;a&;udkrqkd ðyvkyf&ef qef@usif=uavonf?”[k qdkonf? olESifh tjcm;aom tv,ftvwf
oabmxm;&Sdolrsm;onf xkduJhokd@aom olwkd@. qef@usifuef@uGufaer_rsm;ukd jzwfausmfum nae (4) em&Dcef@wGif ðyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;ESifh awG@qkH&ef tpkd;&tdrfawmfrS xGufvmcJhavonf? Asefbmql&ifonf bwftl;vfESifh tjcm;aom
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wOD;ESifh aqGrsKd;awmfpyfoljzpfonf? ESpfzufpvkH;rS ‚if;wkd@. tjrifrsm;ukd wifjy=uavonf?
,if;ukd a&'D,kdESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;wkd@rSvnf; xkwfv$ifhay;avonf? okd@aomf aqG;aEG;ajymqkdr_rS rnfonfhtajzr# xGuf
rvmcJhyg? tpmiwfcHqENjyr_rSmvnf; aemufwae@okd@ qufoGm;avonf?
rwfv (8) &ufae@onf tjynfjynfqkdif&mtrsKd;orD;rsm;ae@jzpfavonf? qkd&S,fvpf rGef*kdvD;,m;EkdifiH.

ta&;}uD;aom ae@wae@jzpfonf? xkdtm;vyf&ufae@onf pdwf0ifpm;pl;prf;olrsm;ukd &ifjyifokd@ ykdI OD;wnfapcJhonf?
jy\em&Smrnfholrsm;vnf; ygavonf? tcsKd@rSm rl;,pfaomufpm;xm;=uonf? olwkd@onf tiSg;,Ofrsm;ESifh òrd@wGif;
bwfpfum;rsm;ukd acsmqGJ+yD; OD;pGm qkdAD,ufoH&kH;okd@ oGm;cJh=uonf? xkd@aemuf bwfrGrfcf. &kH;awmfokd@ qufoGm;cJh=uonf?
vrf;wGif [Gef;rsm;wD;+yD; qkdAD,ufqef@usifa&;ESifh MPRP qef@usifa&;rsm;ukdvnf; atmfoGm;=uavonf? aemuf ESpf&uf

=umaomtcg 0&kef;okef;um; t=urf;zufr_rsm;onf &ifjyifESifh tlvefbmawmae&mtESH@tjym;wGif jzpfyGg;avawmhonf?
vl (7) OD;cef@xdckduf'%f&m&&SdoGm;+yD; wOD;onf"g;jzifhtxkd;cH&+yD; aoqkH;cJhavonf? tjzpftysufrsm;onf rxdef;csKyfEkdif
awmhonfhtajctaeokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;avonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd ,kH=unfaom MDU acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
t=urf;zufr_rsm;ukd rxdef;csKyfEkdifawmhonfh tajctaeokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;avonf? tpkd;&udk rwnfr+idrfjzpfapvdrfhrnf[k
olwkd@ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? okd@aomf TuJhokd@aom t"du&k%f;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmvdrfhrnf[k óudwifrjrifcJh=uacs? xkd@a=umifh
jzpfvmEdkifonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm;twGufvnf; vkHòcHa&;t& óudwifumuG,f jyifqifr_rsm; ðyvkyfrxm;cJh=uacs?
xkduJhokd@ qlqlylyl &_yf&_yfaxG;axG; jzpfvmaomtcg/ ta&;awmfykH. t&G,fyrm%rSmvnf; }uD;xGm;vm+yD;

aygvpfAsL&kdtm; ykdrkdpOf;pm;vmapawmhonf? vltkyf}uD;. t&G,fyrm%rSm “aomif;*%ef;tcsKd@” rSonf “ukd;aomif;”
txd trsKd;rsKd;jzpfvmavawmhonf? okd@aomf rnfokd@aom ta&twGufyifjzpfapumrl tpkd;&onf wyfvSef@xm;vkduf
avonf? jynfol@vkHòcHa&;0ef}uD;Xmeonf t"du&k%f;rsm;tm; acsr_ef;ESdrfESif;&eftwGuf ppfwyfukd tokH;ðyvmygu
ppfwyfonf xkdtrdef@udk rvkdufem&[k trdef@ay;xm;onfrSm xif&Sm;aom om"uyifjzpfonf? tvkdtavsmufyif
qkdAD,ufonf t"du&k%f;rsm; t&Sdefjrifhwufrvmatmif umuG,f&efESifh ajy+idrf;oGm;atmif pDrHaqmif&Guf&ef
rGef*kdvD;,ef;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; t}uHay;avonf? oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;onf ta&S@Oa&my&Sd uGefjrLepftpkd;&rsm;
wGif yËdyuQrsm;txGwftxdyfokd@a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg òydvJoGm;cJh=uonfukd odxm;cJh=uonf? xkd@a=umifh ‚if;wkd@.
tqifhtwef;rsm;ukd u,fwif&eftwGuf xGufaygufwckukd =unfhxm;rnfrSm aocsmavonf?
qENjyolrsm;xHrS zdtm;rsm; jrifhwufvmonfESifhtr#/ tpkd;&twGif;ESifh u&ifrvif&Sd tv,ftvwf

oabmxm;&Sdolrsm;vnf; jrifhwufvm+yD;/ oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;onf aemufqkH;wGif rwfv (9) &ufae@ rGef;vGJykid f;Y
t&_H;ay;tnHhcHvkduf=uavonf? ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;onf vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm; ðyvkyfygu olwkd@onf
txufpD;rSmyif &Sdaeao;onf[k odxm;cJh=uonf? olwkd@. tajccHau'grsm;onf wkdif;jynf. jynfe,f/ c&kdifwkdif;Y
&SdaecJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? wzufwGif ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf EkdifiHa&;t&0gEk=uolrsm;jzpf=uonf? tav#mhay;+yD;
aemufokd@wvSrf;qkwfjcif;tm;jzifh/ aemufqkH;Y tjiif;ryGg;EkdifbJ tm%mukd atmifjrifpGm&&Sd+yD; a&S@okd@ESpfvrf;wuf+yD;om;
jzpfoGm;rnf[k ,kH=unfaecJh=uonf? xkduJhokd@aom (okd@r[kwf) tvm;wl tawG;tac:rsKd;jzifh/ bwfrGrfcfonf
xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf rl=urf;wckudk a&;qGJ+yD; rwfv (9) &uf/ aom=umae@ naewGif olonf aygvpfAsL&kd twGif;a&;rSL;
tjzpfrS tem;,lvkdufa=umif;ESifh/ tjcm;aom aygvpfAsL&kdtzGJ@0ifrsm;vnf; E_wfxGufa=umif; a=unmvkdufavonf?
tpmiwfcHqENjyr_vnf; tqkH;owfcJhavonf? MDU acgif;aqmif;rsm;vnf; qENjyolrsm;tm; jyefEkdif+yDjzpfa=umif;
ajymvkdufavonf?
wevFmae@wGif/ rGef*kdvD;,m; wEkdifiHvkH;&Sd ukd,fpm;vS,f (370) wkd@onf jynfol@v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;

wcktwGuf pka0;cJh=uonf? vGefcJhaom ig;&ufu tpmiwfcHqENjyolrsm; xkdifcJh=uaom ae&mESifh rDwmtenf;i,f r#om
uGma0;avonf? tjyeftvSef tjyif;txef aqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyvkyf+yD;aemuf MPRP . wygwDwnf; vuf0g;}uD;
tkyfcsKyfr_ukd cGifhðyxm;aom tajccHOya' yk'fr-82 ukd &kyfodrf;cJhavonf? aemuf ig;&ufcef@ =umaomtcg olwkd@onf
a&t[kefuJhokd@tiftm;}uD;rm;aom tkyfpkrsm;. tHhtm;oifhzG,f&m arwWm&yfcHcsuf wckESifh wkd;wkdufrdavawmhonf?
xkduJhokd@ r,kH=unfEkdifzG,f&mtjzpfrsKd; ,cifu r&SdcJhzl;acs? rGef*kdvD;,m; pdrf;vef;pkdajya&;ygwD (Mongolian Green
Party)/ rGef*kdvD;,ef; bmoma&;,kH=unfouf0ifolrsm; jynfaxmifpk (Union of Mongolian Believers)/
vGwfvyfaom rGef*kdvD;,ef; tvkyform;rsm; aumfrwD (Mongolian Free Labor Committee)/ tm;vkH;wkd@onf
wkdif;jynfukd rnfuJhokd@vnfywfrnfqkdaom t}uHtpnf pdwful;rsm;ukd xkwfaz:=uavonf? wcsdefwnf;Yyif ygwDwGif;Y
vnf; ajymif;vJr_ukd ykdrkdwdrf;!Gwfaom vli,facgif;aqmiftopfrsm;ukd a&S@okd@wifay;jcif;jzifh ygwDwGif;jyefvnfwnf
aqmufr_rsm;ukd vkyfaqmifv#uf &Sdaeavonf? aemufqkH;Y ygvDrefonf a&G;aumufyGJtopf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ukd
twnfðyvkdufavonf? ,SOfòydifolr&Sdaom ta&G;cHrnfh wckwnf;aom uGefjrLepftrwfavmif; pm&if;a[mif;rSm
wykdif;wppDjzpfoGm;+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS a&G;aumufyGJ0ifrnfh trwfpm&if;ESifh wuG toD;oD;rSwfykHwifcJh=uavonf?
xkduJhokd@ tav#mhay;r_rsm;&Sdaeaomfvnf;yJ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;rSm owd&Sdae=uavonf? MPRP onf

aiGa=u;ydkrkdjynfhpkH+yD;/ vlxkqufoG,fa&;owif;Xmersm;ukdvnf; qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;qJjzpfonf qkdonfukd olwkd@od
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rsm;onf {+yDvtukefwGif qkufbmwm&ifjyifESifh tjcm;aom ae&mtoD;oD;Y vlaxmifaygif; rsm;pGmukd vrf;rsm;ay:okd@

qGJac:vmEkdifcJhonf? qENjyolrsm;tm; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd xdef;odrf;xm;&ef wkdufwGef;aepOfwGifyif qENjyyGJonf
r=umc%qkdovkdyif xdef;csKyfr_rJhjzpfoGm;avonf? aumif;pGmpnf;&kH;xm;aom vlxkqENjyyGJwckwGif cE<mukd,f ao;auG;
aom Zdk&pf*fonf axmufcHtm;ay;ol wOD;. yckH;ay:okd@ wuf+yD; a'goxGuaf eaom vlxktm; t=urf;zufr_rsm;ukd
rðyvkyf&eftwGuf ta&;}uD;ykHwkd@udk txl;tav;xm;ajymoGm;avonf? (0rf;enf;p&maumif;onfrSm xkd t=urf;rzuf
v_yf&Sm;r_ukd axmufcHtm;ay;cJholonf &SpfESpfcef@=um+yD;aemuf vkyf}uHowfjzwfcHcJh&avonf? xkd&mZ0wfr_rSmvnf; ,ck
xdraz:EkdifyJ &SdaecJhao;onf?)
qENjyolrsm;ESifh vkHòcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;t=um;wGif wif;rmr_rsm;qufvufjzpfyGgaejcif;onf tpkd;&tm; ppfwyfudk

ac:&ef wGef;tm;ay;vkdufovkdjzpfaecJhonf? ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onfvnf; tm%mzDqefa&; (civil disobedience)
okd@ jyefa&mufoGm;avawmhonf? olwkd@onf {+yDvtapmykdif;Y [dk@Af*dk; tdkifruf Hovsgol aimag wGif a'otm%mykdif
rsm;. cGifhðycsuf r&,lyJ tpnf;ta0;wckukd usif;ycJhavonf? av;a,muf tzrf;cHcJh&+yD;/ axmifwGif;Y tESdyfpufcHcJh&
avonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm; (13) a,mufrS tpmiwfcHqENjyr_ukdðyvkyfcJhavonf? {+yDv (30) &ufae@wGif
tajccHOya'a&;&mrsm; ESifh a&G;aumufyGJqkdif&m tajymif;tvJrsm; (ygwDtm;vkH;twGuf wajy;nD pnf;&kH; v_H@aqmfcGifhrsm;)
ukd aqG;aEG;&ef awG@qkHcJh=uavonf? ESpzf ufpvkH;rS aoG;xGufoH,kdr_rsm;ukd a&Smif&Sm;cJ=h uonf? arv (7) &ufae@wiG f
tpkd;&. cGifhðycsufrvdkyJ tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;ukd w&m;0if usif;yEkdifa=umif; oabmwlnDcJh=u+yD;aemuf tpmiwfcH
qENjyr_rsm; tqkH;owfcJhavonf? xkd@aemuf ygvDrefrS vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ukd ZlvkdifvwGif
usif;yrnf[k a=unmvdkufaomtcg/ arv (10) &ufae@wiG f qENjyr_rsm;tm;vkH; tqkH;owfcJhavonf? ,cktcg
v_yf&Sm;r_ta&;awmfykHonf qENrJykH;rsm;twGuf wkdufyGJ0if&ef OD;wnfoGm;avawmhonf?
oD;jcm;trnfwckjzifh atmifyGJcH,ljcif;
ESpfw0ufyifrjynfhaomumvtwGif;rSmyif rGef*kdvD;,m;&Sd 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_onf &mpkESpf0ufausmfausmf

tkyfpkd;cJhaom wygwDtpkd;&tm; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzifh ,drf;,kdifoGm;apcJhavonf? okd@aomf xkd&mpkESpftwGif;&Sd
tjcm;aom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh E_dif;,SOfv#if ‚if;. jzpfpOfukd,fYyif acgif;aqmifolta&twGuf enf;yg;
cJhavonf? xkd@a=umifh v_yf&Sm;r_onf teuf&_dif;qkH;txd a&muf&ef tcsdefr=umcJhay? xkd@jyif tm%mykdifwkd@onf
t=urf;zufvufwkH@jyefjcif; rðyvkyfyJ/ tm%mcsKyfukdifxm;r_ukd pGef@v$wfcJhonfhtwGuf ykdrkdus,fjyef@aom &efvkdpdwfrsm;
jrifhwufrvmEkdifcJhay? trSefwGifrl/ uGefjrLepfrsm;onf owfowfrSwfrSwf&Sdxm;+yD;aom rJqENe,fajrrsm;ukd rsufESmvkd
rsufESm&vkyfonfhtaejzifhvnf;aumif; tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm;. a'goukd avsmhenf;ap&efvnf;aumif;/ vpmrsm; wkd;jr‡ifhay;
jcif;/ ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tusKd;tjrwfykdrkdI jznfhqnf;ay;jcif; ponfwkd@jzifh v#ifjrefpGm a&$@ajymif;vkdufjcif; jzpfonf?
zdvpfykdif ESifh ykdvefrSmuJhokd@ rJ&kH;rsm;Y tóudprf;oyfr_wiG f twkduftcHrsm;onf tvkdtavsmuf rsufESmom r&cJhawmhacs?
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;rSm csKd@wJhr_rsm; &Sdaeojzifh u|rf;usifpGm rupm;EkdifcJhacs? tpkd;&rS ta&;ygonfh

vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzifh tav#mhay;jcif;ESifh tajccH tcGifhta&;rsm; umuG,fay;jcif;wkd@jzifh rJrsm; E_dufxkwf
,lEkdifcJhonfhtwGuf ta&;awmfykHrSm tpdwfpdwftr$mr$mjzpfoGm;cJh&avonf? bwftl;vfonf rGef*kdvD;,ef; 'Drkdu&ufwpf
ygwD (Mongolian Democratic Party - MDP) ukd wnfaxmifcJh+yD;jzpfonf? *efbdk;vf'fonfvnf; trsKd;om;
wkd;wufa&;ygwD (National Progressive Party - NPP) ukdzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;jzpfonf? MDU . OuUXjzpfcJhaom Zdk&pf*fonf
tpyxrY a&G;aumufyGJwGif woD;yk*~vtjzpf &yfwnfcJhonf? okd@aomfvnf; aemufwESpfwGif olonf aemufxyf
&DywfbvpfuefygwDukd wnfaxmifcJhonf? xkd@tjyif pwkwˆwckjzpfonfh rGef*kdvD;,ef; qkd&S,f-'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD
(Mongolian Social Democratic Party - MSDP) onfvnf; 'Drkdua&pDukd axmufcHcJhavonf? okd@aomf tjcm;
aom ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;uJhokd@ EkdifiHawmfuapmifha&Smufaomvlr_zlvkHa&;pepf (social welfare state) ukd
pGef@y,f&ef rurf;vSrf;cJhay?
xkdygwDrsm;tm;vkH;onf vlOD;a&. 35 μ rS 40 μ jzpfaom wd&p>meftkyfxdef;ausmif;olrsm;ukd rpnf;&kH;EkdifcJhay?

rGef*kdvD;,ef; 'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD. yxrt}udrf uGef*&ufY 53μ rSm ynmwufvlwef;pm;rsm;/ 40μrSm tvkyform;rsm;/
ESifh wd&p>meftkyfxdef;ausmif;olrsm;rSm 7μ om&Sdavonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf òrd@jy. todynm/
twwfynm&Sifrsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf aus;vuf&Sdvlxkukd rnfuJhokd@ pnf;&kH;&rnfukd aumif;pGmrodcJhay? xkd@jyif

jynfe,fwkdif;&Sd tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;rSm MPRP tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uonf? xkd@jyif wd&p>meftkyfxdef;ausmif;olrsm;rSm tpkd;&
t&m&Sdrsm;tay:wGif av;pm;vkdufemr_rSm acguf&kd;usKd;ae+yDjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh tkyfcsKyfa&;rªrsm;rS axmufcHwifoGif;
aomtrwfrsm; rJ&&Sd&ef ykdItav;omavonf?
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm rnfolr# EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;r[kwf=uacs? xkd@a=umifh olwkd@ukd,fwkdif

tpGrf;tp&Sdaom 0ifa&mufta&G;cH ,SOfòydifEikd frnfh yk*~dKvfrsm;ukd rawG@EkdifyJ&Sdaeonf? MPRP Y v$wfawmfxkdifckH wckpD
wkdif;twGuf 0ifa&mufta&G;cHrnfh olrsm;&Sdaeavonf? xkd@jyif ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wkd@. OD;aqmifygwD}uD; okH;ckwkd@.
pkpkaygif;rSm ae&m (430) twGuf (346) a,mufom&Sdavonf? ‚if;wkd@. tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd odaeaomfvnf; xkdygwD
rsm;rSm r[mrdwfrzGJ@cJh=uacs? csDvDEkdifiH&dS yDEadk &S; ukq
d ef@usifonfh v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;uJhokd@ r[kwfcJhay? xkdv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf
jywfom;onfh qkH;jzwfcsuf&Sdonfh twkduftcHrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifcJh&onf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;rS rGef*kdtrsm;pkonf
MPRP tay: ‚if;wkd@uJhokd@ &efvkdonfh pdwfxm;rsm;&Sdae=urnf[k &kd;pif;pGmyif aumufcsufqGJcJh=uojzifh ‚if;wkd@. pnf;&kH;
v_Haqmfr_rsm;rSm xkdif;r_dif;tm;enf;aecJh=uavonf?
Zlvkdif a&G;aumufyGJrSm olwkd@. aemufqkH; &_H;edrfhyGJyifjzpfavonf? MPRP onf (357) ae&m tEkdif&&Sd+yD;/
MDP rSm (16) ae&mom &&SdcJhavonf? NPP rSm (6) ae&m&&SdcJh+yD;/ MSDP rSm (4) ae&mom &&SdcJhavonf? jynfol
vlxk. rJxnfh0ifr_rSm 60μ rSonf 40μ txd avsmhuscJhavonf? 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfykHonf rGef*kdvD;,m;tm; EkdifiHa&;
acwfopfwckukd wGef;tm;ay;cJhaomfvnf;/ orkdif;wGif EkdifiH. yxrqkH;aom vGwfvyfonfha&G;aumufyGJrSm uGefjrLepf
rsm;tm; tm%mukd qufvufay;tyfcJhavonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl tm%m&ygwDtwGif;Y ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
pdwf"gwf&Sdolrsm;onf oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;. ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;ukd tpm;xkd;ae&m,lcJhavonf? tpmiwfcH
qENjyyGJtwGif;Y ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;vkyfcJhol tv,ftvwfoabmxm;&Sdol wOD;rSm EkdifiH
awmf orwjzpfvm+yD;/ 'g&Sif Asefbmql&ifrSmrl EkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfvmcJhavonf? wvtwGif;rSmyif Asefbmql&if
onf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;. acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonfh/ *efbdk;vf'ftm; uufbdeuftzGJ@wGif 'kwd, ta&;}uD;qkH;
aom &mxl;jzpfonfh 'kwd, 0ef}uD;csKyf (1) tjzpfcef@tyfvkdufavonf? xkd@aemuf olwkd@ESpfa,mufrSm pD;yGg;a&; ðyjyif
ajymif;vJr_ (2) ESpf pDrHudef;ukd pwifvkyfaqmifvkduf+yD;/ wzufwGifvnf; 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf ajymif;vJr_rsm; vkyfaqmifae
avonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;rSm twkduftcHae&mwGif &&Sdaeaomfvnf;/ ‚if;wkd@. ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
vkyfief;rsm;rSmrl atmifjrifae+yDjzpfonf?
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ygwDrsm;onf aemufqkH;wGif 'Drkdu&ufwpfor*~ (Democratic Union) tjzpfokd@ aygif;pnf;

oGm;+yD; MPRP tm; (1996) ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif&&Sdco Jh nf? qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk òyduGJ+yD;aemuf &k&S.
taxmuftyHht}uHt^m%fuif;rJhoGm;um/ olwkd@onf tultnDtwGuf taemufzufokd@ vSnfhvkduf&avonf?
xkd@tjyif pD;yGg;a&;"gwf=urf;wkdufukxkH; &v'ftusKd;quf xGufay:vmpOfwGif/ puf&kHrsm;rS ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfr_rsm; xkd;pkduf
usqif;oGm;cJhonf? òrd@jy tvkyfvufrJhOD;a& 20μ txd wkd;vmcJhonf/ vl (10) a,mufwGif (4) a,mufcef@onf qif;&J
rGJawr_tqifhtwef;jyrsOf;atmufokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? &k&SrSmuJhokd@ vmbfpm;r_rsm; }uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? rlv
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm; tcsKd@onfyifv#if tjrwftpGef;rsm;ESifh uvdefuuspfusr_rsm;/ r&Si;f rvif;jzpfr_rsm; jzpfvmcJh=u
onf? EkdifiHa&;ESifh pD;ygG;a&; rwnfr+idrf jzpfr_rsm; &Sd+rJ&Sdaeao;avonf? &mpkESpftukef&Sd tjcm;aom 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHopf
rsm;uJhokd@ rGef*kdvD;,m;onfvnf; wkd;wufr_twGuf &kef;uefaeqJyifjzpfavonf?
Ö Ö Ö
rGef*kdvD;,m;. wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf aoqkH;oGm;jcif;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. &v'fyifjzpfonf?

txufwef;v$m vlwef;pm;wkd@. om;orD;rsm; wygwDtm%m&Sifwkd@ESifh oabmxm;tjrifrwlol twkduftcHrsm;
jzpfvmI/ &ufowWywf tenf;i,ftwGif; vlxktzGJ@tpnf;}uD;wck zGJ@pnf;EkdifcJh+yD; EkdifiHa&;tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm;ukd
zefwD;&eftwGuf jynfol@&ifjyif ESifh jynfol@taqmufttkHrsm;udk odrf;ykduftokH;ðyvmEkdifcJh+yD; tm%m&Sifa[mif;tm;
tHwkEkdifcJhavonf? tvm;wltjzpftysufrsKd; ,cifu t,fvfqmaA;'kd;/ zdvpfykdifESifh tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif jzpfygG;cJhI

oufOD;qHykdiftm%m&Sifukd z,f&Sm;EkdifcJhaomfvnf;/ ,ckt}udrfwGifrl wjcm;bmr# rodaom wkdif;jynfwckY pHepfwckvkH;ukd
z,f&Sm;EkdifcJhavonf?
rGef*kdvD;,ef;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm; wnfaqmufcJhaom ta&;awmfykH ESifh tokH;ðycJhaom AsL[monf

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifaomrSwfwkdifrsm;txJrS wckjzpfcJhavonf? olwkd@. wwfodynm&Siftokdif;t0kdif;ukd
ausmfvGefI tvkyform;rsm;/ vli,frsm;/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ ESifh tjcm;aomolrsm;ukdyg qGJac:cJhonf? olwkd@onf
pum;vkH;tenf;i,fjzifh azmfjyEkdifaom &kd;pif;onfh yef;wkdifrsm;ukd azmfaqmifcJhonf? olwkd@onf qENjyyGJrsm;
wqifh+yD;wqifh ajymif;vJjcif;jzifh rdrdbmom ESpfodrfha=ueyfaeaom tpkd;&w&yftm; tHhtm;oifhapcJhonf?
qENjyyGJrsm;tm; acsr_ef;&eftwGuf qkdAD,ufrsm;. tultnDrygbJ/ tpkd;&. oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;rSm ‚if;wkd@ESifh
tqifhwl tv,ftvwform;rsm;. zdtm;ay;r_ukd cHcJh&onfhtjyif/ ESpfOD;pvkH;rSm tu,fI rwnf+idrfr_rsm;
qufvufjzpfay:aeygu w&kwfjynfuJhokd@ jzpfvmrnfukd oabmaygufem;vnfxm;=uonf? xkd@aemuf
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf tpkd;&. rjywfrom;jzpfr_rsm;tay: t&if;tESD;ðyum ta&;awmfykHtm; atmifyGJqDokd@
armif;ESifEkdifcJhavonf?
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wckonf yËdyuQukd t&Sdefjr‡ifhwif&efqkH;jzwfxm;+yD;/ tm%m&Siftm; ajrokd@

ðzwfcsòzdvSJrnfqkdygu a&S@okd@qufwkd;&eftwGuf avSmfcwf&ef tenf;qkH; avSmfwufESpfacsmif; &Sd&rnfjzpfonf?
jy\emrsm; wkd;Ijzpfvmwkdif; tm%m&Sifwkd@. tpnf;ta0;cef;ukd csKyfudkif&eftwGuf ydwfqkd@wm;jrpfr_ enf;topfrsm;
ukd tokH;ðy=u&vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? okd@r[kwf ‚if;wkd@. EkdifiHa&;awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd csJ@xGifqwkd;yGg;awmif;qdk=u&rnf jzpf
onf? Todk@aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh apmpD;pGm t=urf;zufòzdcGif;r_rsm;ukd &ifqkdifIvnf;aumif;/ tpkd;&twGif; ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;ap
&ef tufa=umif;rsm;az:ay;ouJhodk@ jzpfvmEdkifonf? (1990) ck rwfvwGif tpmiwfcHqENjyr_ukd az:aqmifaomtcg
t=urf;zufzEd Syd frr_ sm;jzpfvmEkid fonfh tajctaer&Sad oma=umifh rGef*kdvD;,ef; 'Drkdua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_onf xkdt&mrsm;
tm;vkH;ukd vkyfaqmifcJhonf? vGefcJhonfh wESpfu w&kwfjynf wDtefrif&ifjyifwGif ausmif;om;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonfhtwkdif;/
rGef*kdvD;,ef;v_yf&Sm;r_u aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? ‚if;wkd@u enf;twlwludkyif toHk;ðyum/ yËdyuQrsm;ukd ydkI}uD;xGm;ap Edkif
cJh=uonf? okd@aomfvnf;&vm'fESifh tjzpftysuf.t&Sdeft[kefrwlcJhyg? w&kyfjynfwGif v_yf&Sm;r_u jyefvnfqkwfoGm;cJh&
onf? ta&S@Oa&my&Sd vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifvnf; vlxkonf w&=urf; jynfol@ae&mrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;um/
tkdrif;a[mif;EGrf;aeaom tm%m&Sifwkd@udk z,f&Sm;ypfcJh=uavonf?
yËdyuQrsm;+yD;qkH;oGm;+yDjzpfaomfvnf; atmifyGJonf rGef*kdvD;,ef;v_yf&Sm;r_tm; tqkH;rowfcJhao;acs?

ykdvefvlrsKd;rsm;onf tajymif;tvJvkyf&eftwGuf ‚if;wkd@ vlxktwGif;&Sd jynfol@tiftm;ukd &&Sd&ef ESpfrsm;pGm tokH;ðy
cJh&onf? okd@aomf rGef*kdvD;,ef; ðyjyifa&;orm;rsm;onf ynmwwftokdif;t0ef;tenf;i,fjzifhpwifcJh+yD; wkdif;jynfukd
ajymif;vJEkdifcJhonf? rGef*dkvD;,m;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;u awmfvSefa&;udk tvGwfoabmqefqefpcJh=u+yD;/ ,ckwdkif
wdkif;jynfudk a&$@ajymif;armif;ESifEdkif&eftwGuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ vdktyfaomtajccHtaqmuftODrsm; tenf;tusOf;
om &Sdaeygonf? xkd@jyif awmiftmz&duESifhrwlnDaomtcsufrSm/ jynfolróudufESpfoufaomolrsm;udk z,f&Sm;I
tm%mudkcsKyfukdif,l&rnfhtpm;/ r,lEdkifcJh=uyg? rGef*kdvD;,ef;tm%mykdifrsm;u t=urf;zufenf;vrf;rsm;udk a&Smifv$J
cJh=uonf? Tenf;jzifh olwkd@.EkdifiHa&;tcGifhtvrf;aumif;ukd xdef;odrf;EkdifcJh=uonf? awmif;qkdwkdufyGJ0ifr_wckonf
tawG@tóuHrsm;/ oifcef;pmrsm;rygyJ/ v_yf&Sm;r_onf jynfolvlxkudk vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wckyGifhvif;vmap&eftwGuf rnfuJh
okd@ qGJaqmifpnf;&kH;Ekdifrnfukd rodEkdifay?
armfpukd. ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;tay: &efvkdpdwfr&SdawmhyJ/ tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyvm+yD;aemuf qkdAD,uf acwf

a[mif;vufxufu uGefjrLepftpkd;&rsm;onf/ / 'Drkdua&pDpepfukd v#ifjrefpGmtoGif;ul;ajymif;cJh=uonf? okd@aomf xkdokd@
toGiful;ajymif;vmatmif wGef;tm;ay;aom tjzpftysufrsm;onf jynfwGif;zdtm;oufoufa=umifhomjzpfonf?
tpkd;&. pHepftkd}uD;wkdif;wkd@onf ðyjyifajymif;vJ&efvkdvm;onfh tiftm;opfwckESifh &ifqkdifcJh&onfomjzpfonf?
EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;. t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_enf;jzifhtpysKd;r_ryg ygu/ pHepfa[mif;onf xkdtwkdif;yif
qufvufwnf&Sdaernfomjzpf+yD;/ &mpkESpfrsm;twGif;Y ol@zmomol wajz;ajz;om tkda[mif;ysufpD;oGm;=urnfjzpfonf?
ykdrkd}uD;rm;onfhtiftm;wck rygyJ/ orkdif;[laom wif;ykwfonf oHr%duef@vef@umwdk@ukd z,f&Sm;Ekdifvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs?

tcef; (4)
t=urf;zufr_ESifh tm%m
t=urf;zufr_tm;jzifh w&m;r#wr_udkyif rw&m;rr#waomenf;jzifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifonf?

aomrwf umvdkif;
t=urf;zufr_. ,HkrSwfrSm;csufrsm;
jynfolvlxk}uD;. tjynfht0axmufcHr_r&Edkifonfudk od&Sd+yD;/ aemufqkH; t=urf;zufenf;emrsm;udk a&G;cs,fum

,if;enf;vrf;jzifhomolwdk@&nfrSef;csufrsm;&&SdEdkifonf[k awG;xifae=uolrsm;onf ao;i,faomtpktzGJ@av;
rsm;omjzpfonf?
*s0g[mvmae&l;
&mpkESpf. tpOD;qkH;t=urf;rzufawmfvSefa&;rSm pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@u tvkyform;rsm; aqmif;&moD eef;awmf

qDodk@csDwufcJh=ujcif;u ponff? odk@aomfvnf;t&ufpnfrsm;xm;aom ajrwdkufcef;wGifwm0efcsxm;onfh
tapmifht=uyfrsm;udkawmholwdk@rxdef;EdkifcJh=uay? tapmifht=uyfrsm;onf csmwl; 'D uGifrf (Chateau d'Y quem
1847) jyifopf0dkifrsm;udk armhypf=uonff? xdk0dkifonfZmbk&iftvGefESpfoufvSonfh jyifopf0dkifjzpfonf?
aAm'umt&ufykvif;rsm;udkrl tjyifuvltkyfxHa&mif;pm;ypf=uonf? ,if;vltyk fonf rl;&l;aygufajrmufvm =uum
teD;tem;&SdawG@&mtrsm;ydkifypPnf;rSefor# zsufqD;ypf=u+yD;/ aomif;usef;csifwdkif; aomif;usef;aecJh=u onf?
t&ufrsm;onfvrf;rawGay:rSm acsmif;pD;ae+yD;vlrsm;uvrf;ab;ajrmif;xJr‡ cyfaomuf=u onf?
“'g[m atmufwef;pm;awG&J@ t=urf;zufvufpm;acswJh rif;rJhtkHºuGr_*,ufygbJ” [k &k&Spma&;q&m}uD; r*~Zifa*:uDu

rcsdwifuJjiD;wGm;cJhonf? “'g[m vDeifeJ@ol@ygwDa=umifhjzpfvmwJh t=urf;zufaygufuGJr_om jzpf w,f”[kolu
ajymcJhygonf? pma&;q&m}uD;u ol@ZeD;xHa&;aompmwapmifwGifvnf; “pdefyDwmpbwf[m òrd@awmf r[kwfawmhbl;/
'kp&dkufe,fajr}uD;jzpfoGm;+yDuGm” [krcsdwifuJa&;cJhonf? “w&m;r#wr_awmifrS opPm azgufaoGzDjcif;cH&+yD;/
aomif;usef;olvltkyfu &mZ0wfr_usL;vGefolawGudk vrf;ay:rSmyJ w&m;pD&if=uw,f/ zrf;rdvmwJholcdk;wa,muf&J@
rsufESmudk jzwf&dkufvdkufvdk@ rsufvkH;wvkH;u|wfxu G foGm;w,f? 'gudk0dkif;=unfhae =uwJh uav;awGu
vufckyfwD;=obmay;ae=uw,f? 'Duav;av;awG[m igwdk@&J@uav;awGyg? igwdk@&J@tem*wfudk wnfaqmuf=ur,fh
uav;awGyguGm/ 'Dt=urf;zufr_}uD;udk Zufóud;v$wfvdkufwJh awmfvSef a&;u igwdk@
b0awGudkajymif;vJatmifvkyfay;EdkifrSmawmh r[kwfygbl;/ cg;oD;r_eJ@emusnf;r_awGudkom jzpfaprSmyg”[k olua&;cJhonf?
a*:uDonf xdk&mpkESpfxJu jzpf&yfrSefrsm;udk0efcH&efjiif;qef=uonfholrsm;udk oludk,fwdkifod&Sd=uKHawG@cJholjzpf onf?

odk@aomfvnf; ol@acwfol@tcgrSmawmh acwfa[mif;tpdk;&wdk@.tkyfcsKyfr_atmufuae vGwfajrmufa&; twGuf
pHerlem,lp&m[lI Oa&mywGif jyifopfawmfvSefa&;}uD;om jzpfcJhonfr[kwfygavm? ‘aoG;xGufoH,dk jzpf&r_udk
tqifhtwef;jr‡ifhwifa&;udk *k%fwifxm;wJhtrsK;d om;oDcsif;udk xdkjyifopfawmfvSefa&;}uD;uyif
aqmifusOf;ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? abmf&SDApfawmfvSefa&;onf t=urfzuftqkH;pD&ifr_rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa[mif; udk
cyf=urf;=urf;z,f&Sm;ypfcJh+yD;/ tqdkygawmfvSefa&;ykHpHudk EdkifiHwumvuQ%maqmifonftxd xda&mufr_ &SdapcJhonf?
wu,fwef;qdkv#if qdkAD,ufpepfonfyifv#if ppfrSefaom tcGifhta&;rsm; odk@r[kwf 'Drdkua&pDESifh
EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:vmatmifvkyfEdkifcJhonfr[kwfay?
xdka=umifhajcmufjcm;oGm;avmufaponfht=urf;zufr_onf zdESdyfolkrsm;udkz,f&Sm;okwfoifypfa&;rSm taxmuf

tuljzpfaponfqdkaom rufavmufp&maumif;vSonfh ,kH=unfr_udktm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufjzpfapcJhonf? Todk@ qdkygu
,if;awmfvSefa&;onf ysufpD;&mysufpD;a=umif;udk wdkufwGef;vkyfcJh=uonfhoabmom jzpfaecJhawmh onf?
(1949) ckESpfu tm%m& trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;udk atmifyGJcHcJhonfh aysmuf=um;uGefjrLepf wyfrsm;udk armfpDwkef; u

acgif;aqmifcJhaomtcg ,if;awmfvSefa&;ykHpHudk tr$ef;wifay;vdkufovkdjzpfcJhjyefonf? tu,fIom t=urf;

zufawmfvSefa&;u urBmhajray:&Sd vlOD;a&trsm;qkH;&SdonfhEdkifiH}uD;wGif ‘jynfol@tpdk;&’ w&yfudkxlaxmifEdkif atmif
aqmifusOf;ay;cJhonf[kqdkygu/ b,fae&mrSmrqdk tvkyfjzpfEdkifonf[k oabm&cJhonf? (1950) ckESpf rsm;ESifh (1960)
ckESpfrsm;wGif qdkAD,uftkyfpku olykefxolrsm;udk oabmw&m;a&;tjyif vufeufawGyg axmufyHhr_ ay;cJh=uonf?
TonfESifhtwl tmz&duwdkufESifhtm&Swdkufu Oa&my.udkvdkeDe,frsm;onf e,fcsJ@.xdef;csKyfr_uae
&kef;xGufvm=uaoma=umifh ajymufusm;ppf rsKd;qufopfw&yf xyfrHay:aygufvm cJhjyefonf? t=urf;zufr_onf
pdwftm;wufºuGp&maumif;vSonfh vGwfajrmufa&; tmrcHcsuf[k odjrifae =u+yDjzpf+yD;/ ,cktcgvGwfajrmufa&;
atmifyGJ&zdk@twGuf wu,fhomvGefaumif;rGefaom r[mAsL[m}uD;w&yf tjzpf ,kH=unfvufcHxm;cJh=uaom
tajctaejzpfaeyg+yD?
TykHpHudk 0g'jzef@=u&mwGif rmwDepf (Martinique) Zmwd/ pdwfynm&SifESifh pma&;q&m z&ef@ZfzmEGef (Franz Fanon)
wdk@uJhodk@ t,ltqjyif;xefolrsm;&Sdonf? zmEGefu ol@. ‘pufqkyfzG,f&m ajrurBm’ (The Wretched of the Earth)
[laompmtkyfwGif “udkvdkeDpepfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ. yuwdtrSefw&m;u usaemfwdk@udk trSwf &apcJhonfrsm;rSm
vlowfyGJr‡m;/ tqkH;tjzwfwdkufyGJrsm;/ tqkH;owf+yD;onfhaemuf vGwfajrmufr_a&mufvm jcif;ESifhtwl
avmifu|rf;aeaomusnfqHrsm;ESifh/ aoG;pGef;xif;aeonfh "g;rsm;udktusKd;quf tjzpf&&Sdvdkufjcif; yif” jzpfonf[k
jiif;csufxkwfcJhonf? ,if;wdkufyGJyHkpHrSm &mZ0wfr_xuf bmrSrydkcJhay? vlqdk;*dk%f;om;awGu
jynfolvlxkawGudkvrf;jyay;=uygvdrfhrnf[k us,fus,af vmifavmifajymcJhonf? pum;ajymtvGefaumif;onfh
jyifopftawG;tac:ynm&Sif ,ef;aygvfqwf (Jean-Paul Sartre) u zmEGef&J@pmtkyfrSm trSmpma&;ay;onff?
olu“xdef;rEdkifodrf;r&aomt=urf;zufr_”. “&l;oGyfonfha'go” jzifhom tzdESdyfcHjynfolrsm;udk “vlrsm;jzpf
vmapcJhonf” [k ol@trSmpmwGif a&;cJhonf? ,cktcg ,if;onf EdkifiHa&;tm%m&,lzdk@enf;vrf;w&yftjzpf
y&dkrDoD,yfpf. pGrf;tm;vdk tm*wefcdk;pGrf;tm;w&yfjzpfvmcJhygonf?
tm%mudkodrf;ydkufolrsm;uawmh awmawG/ awmifawGuae qif;vm=uaom ppf0wfolykefrsm;jzpfygvdrfhrnf? (1959)

ckESpfu zD',fuwfpx&dku usL;Am;wGif xdktwdkif; waoGrwdrf;vkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? usL;Am;EdkifiH qdkonf rSm
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh rdkif (90) r#avmufoma0;onf? TtajctaewGif Tajymufusm;acgif;aqmif tay:
tawmfav;,kH=unftm;udk;p&m jzpfvmapygonf? aemufydkif;wGif ajrmufAD,uferfESifh AD,ufaumif; rsm;u
tar&duefudk q,fESpf=um yifv,fatmfxJrSm xdef;csKyfxm;+yD; (1975) ckESpfwGif tar&duefu urux
vkyfwifxm;onfh awmifAD,uferftpdk;&udk ðzwfcsvdkuf=uonf? urBmay:rSm tiftm;t}uD;rm;qkH; wdkif;jynf udkyif
t=urf;zuftEdkif&vddkufonfh atmifyGJjzpfcJhonf? Todk@yif rvGJraoGjzpfudkjzpf&vdrfhrnf[k xifp&myif? udpPr&Sdyg?
t=urf;zuftEdkif&olrsm;onf tjrJwrf;awmhatmifyGJrcHEdkifyg? ta=umif;rSm olwdk@onf t=urf;zuf r_udkom
tokH;ðy=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf? acwfopfrD'D,mrsm;u xkwfv$ifhcJh=uonfh &mpkESpfw0uf =um
awmfvSefa&;0g'jzef@csufawGESifh t=urf;zufaomif;usef;r_rsm;udktom;ay;ykHaz:vSkH@aqmfr_rsm;onf aemufydkif; acwf
trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_tawmfrsm;rsm;twGuf wm;qD;r&cJhay? tdkif;&pforwEdkifiHwyfrawmf/ (tdkiftm&f at)/
ygvufpwdkif;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf/oD&dvuFmEdkifiHu wrD;vfusm;rsm;/ bwfpf tD;wDat (the Basque ETA) ESifh
tjcm;jynfol@ppf ppfyGJrsm;onf t=urf;zufr_udk yÉdyuQajz&Sif;onfh enf;emrsm;tjzpf vufcH ,kH=unfcJh=uonf?
odk@&mwGif vufeufudkif=uzdk@ awmif;qdkrnfqdkygu pOf;pm;&eftcsdef enf;enf;awmh&Sdygonf? *ENDESifhrwlyJ aemuf

ydkif;t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;/ ESpfq,f&mpk. t=urf;zufr_ESifhqdkifaom ewfbk&m;rsm;u =oZm tm%m
ykHpHa[mif;awGae&mrSm vGwfvyfr_twGuf/ tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;Edkifzdk@ olwdk@a&G;cs,fcJhaom
ypfcwfwdkufckdufr_rsm;/ AkH;cGJr_rsm;/ vrf;ray:wdkufyGJrsm; odk@r[kwf t=urf;zuf+cdrf;ajcmufr_udpPrsm;udk ,ckwdkif
b,fykHb,fenf; pOf;pm;=uonfvJqdkonfudk/ pepfwus oabmaygufem;vnfr_r&Sd=uao;acs? pOf;pm;p&m aumif;aom
t=urf;zufr_tiftm;tay: pdwful;,Ofr_rsm;ESifom om,m+yD; a,mif0g;0g;jzpfae=uygonf?
txifu&jzpfaomudpPtenf;pkwGif atmifjrifr_&SdcJhonfhudpPrsm;udkjyI t=urfzufaomif;usef;r_udktrSwfay;+yD;
vlrkef;rsm;aomtkyfpdk;olwOD;OD;udk ðzwfcs&ef/ t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&;vdktyfonf[k a=umfjimay;EdkifcJh=uonf?
t=urf;zufr_udk rjzpfraevkyf&rnf[k em;vnfoabmaygufvdkufonfESifh wòydifeuf t=urf;zufr_u zsufqD;
ypfvkdufonfh qkH;&SkH;r_wefzdk;udk vspfvsLðy rodusdK;u|efxm;vdkuf=uawmhonf?

rw&m;r_ odk@r[kwf &ufpufonfhtkyfcsyfr_rsm;twGuf ukocsuftjzpf t=urf;zufr_udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@
vufcHvm=ujcif;a=umifh/ txdtcdkuf av#mhyg;apzdk@rufvkH;r&Sdawmhonfomru tm%m&,lzdk@tjcm; a&G;cs,f
p&menf;rsm;ESifhygwfoufI vlrsm;udk v_H@aqmfr_ygav#mhenf;vmygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap t=urf;rzufr_ rsm;onf
twdwfu xda&mufr_&SdcJhygonf? oufaorsm;pGm &Sdygonf? ESpfq,f&mpktwGif; t=urf;rzufonfh v_yf&Sm;r_onf
tdENd, EdkifiHudkvGwfvyfa&;&&SdapcJhonff? ydkvefEdkifiHrSm'Drdkua&pD&&SdcJhonf? tar&duefvlrJrsm;/
awmiftmz&duEdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;&&SdapcJhonf? xdk@aemuf zdvpfydkif/ csDvDEdkifiHrsm;ESifh
tjcm;EdkifiHwoDwwef;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif tm%m&Sifrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifcJh=uygonf? ,if;yÉdyuQtoD;oD;wGif
wdkufyGJenf;vrf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;&vm'ft=um; qufpyfr_&SdaecJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ppf+yD;acwfumvtwGif;
ppfa&;t&ykefuefxºuGr_rsm;/ odk@r[kwf t=urf;zuf+yD;tm%modrf;r_rsm;jzifh tm%m&,lcJholrsm;onf jynfol wdk@udk
tppftrSefvGwfvyfr_rsm;ray;cJh=uyg?
t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;pGmu vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;qkyfudkifr_&csifaom/ t&l;trl;vdkvm;ae=uaom tjzpfudk tm%mu

a&Smif&Sm;cJhygonf? t=urf;zufr_tay: ,HkrSwfrSm;csuf&Sd=uonfhtwGuf/ urBmhrD'D,mrsm;wGif &Hzef&Hcgqdkovdk/
xdkodk@ratmifrjrifjzpf&r_rsm;tay: rsufapharSmufoGm;wwf=uygonf? jynfol@v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u
t=urf;rzufaomaqmif&Gufr_rsm;jzifh/ ajymif;vJoGm;Edkif=uonfudkvnf; *&krðyrdyJ jzpfaewwf=uygonf? ydkvefEdkifiHwGif
apmapmydkif;t=urf;zuf qlyltkHºuGr_rsm; ysufjym;oGm;+yD;aemufydkif; aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJh@udk
tpGef;a&mufaomudpPrsm; qufrvkyfawmhap&ef/ oabmaygufoGm;apcJhonf? awmif tmz&duEdkifiH. òrd@e,frsm;wGif
vrf;ay:wdkufcdkufr_rsm;.ta[moduHjzpfr_u nD!Gwaf om 'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; (,l'Dtufzf) ESifh
wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;tm; tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;udk qef@usifwdkufyGJ0if&mwGif oydwfrsm;udk pepfwustokH;csa&;udk
em;vnfvufcHvmapcJhonf? vljzLtpdk;tm; vufeufESifhpDeif;wdkudcdkufr_rsm;u owif; rsm;ydkrdkjzpfapcJhaomfvnf;/
vlrJt&yfom;rsm;. t=urf;rzufonfhv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;a=umifhom ordkif; tajymif;tvJudk jzpfapcJhygonf?
ordkif;onf vltm;vkH;yg0ifr_udk/ vltenf;i,f.t=urf;zufr_ESifh tpm;xdk;&ef wdkufwGef;olrsm;udk pD&ifcsufcs aom

tjyif;xefqkH;w&m;ol}uD;jzpfygonf? aA:&SDApfykHpHonf awmfvSefa&;wyfOD;w&yfudk tjrifhqkH;ae&mrSm tjrJ xm;onf?
jynfolrsm;onf txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? ta&;awmfykH. acgif;pD;oauFwtjzpf jynfolrsm;udkyif &nf!$ef;=uygonf[k
xdkolrsm;uqdk=uygonf? odk@aomfatmifyGJ olwdk@.vufxJa&muf&SdonfESifhwòydifeuf/ tpdk;&a[mif;. eef;awmfrsm;udk
0ifa&muf+yD;vk,uf=urnf jzpfEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; olwdk@onf/ tajymif;tvJtwGuf/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;r[kwfyg?
olwdk@vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m&vmjcif;onfvnf; ,if;ta&; awmfykH. tusdK;&vm'fr[kwfyg?
jzpf&yfrsm;udk t=urf;zufr_jzifh ajymif;vJapEdkifonfqdkonfrSm,HkrSwfrSm;csufom jzpfygonf? xdkolrsm;u jynfol rsm;udk

tm%mtyfESif;ay;vdrfhrnfqdkaomtcsufomv#if ,HkrSwfrSm;csufjzpfygawmhonf?
oD&dvuFm
vufeufrsm;ESifh prf;oyfjcif;
“qif[mvdpfrsm;om”
tdENd,EdkifiHrSxGufcGm+yD; aemufwESpf/ (1948) ckESpfwGif +Adwdo#wdk@onf oD[dkVfEdkifiH (oD&dvuFmEdkifiH) uae qkwfcGmcJhonf?

oD&dvuFmEdkifiHonf taemufAm*sDeD,m;jynfe,fcef@t&G,ftpm;&Sd+yD; tdEdN,EdkifiH ta&S@awmif tpG,frS
oabmusp&maumif;vSonfh tpdrf;a&mifu|ef;av;wu|e;f jzpfonf? awmiftm&S. ,if;EdkifiH ESpfEdkifiHonf
tckawmhvGwfvyfonfhEdkifiHrsm;jzpfae=uyg+yD? ESpfEdkifiHvkH;uvnf;}uD;rm;vSonfh EdkifiHa&;jy\em rsm;toD;oD;
&Sdae=ujcif;vnf; wlygonf? xdkjy\emrSmwusufusufjzpfaeaom / vlrsKd;rsm;jym;pkHvifvSonfh
‚if;wdk@.vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif/ vlrsm;pktkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh vlenf;pkrsm;.tcGifhta&;rsm;udk rnfodk@xdef;nd‡rnfenf;?
olwdk@jynfoltm;vkH;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDuwdu0wfrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfykHay;rnfenf;qdkonfh jy\em/ ar;cGef;
rsm;yifjzpfonf?

oD&dvuFmEdkifiHwGif vlrsm;pku qif[mvDpfvlrsKd;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ qif[mvDpftrsm;pku Ak'b < mom0ifrsm;jzpf=u onf?
odk@aomf u|ef;ay:&Sd vlig;a,mufv#ifwa,mufrSm wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfonf? olwdk@trsm;pku [dENL
bmom0ifrsm;jzpf=uonf? wrD;vfrsm;onf ajrmufydkif;ESifh ta&S@bufurf;ajcwav#muf txl;ojzifh *sufzem
u|ef;qG,fwGif pkpnf;aexdkif=uygonf? udkvdkeDacwf tapmydkif;u +Adwdo#rsm;onf qif[mvDpfvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh
wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsmudk wckwnf;aom jynfe,fxJ qGJoGif;xm;cJhygonf? tqdkygvlrsKd;ESpfrsKd;xJurS t*Fvdyfpmwwf
txufwef;v$mrsm;udk AsL&dkua&pD,EW,m;rsm;twGuf pkaqmif;cJhonf? udkvdkeDEdkifiHudk wnfaqmuf&mrSm ydk+yD;
ajymydkifqdkydkifcGifh&&Sdvdk=uaom qif[mvDpfESifh wrD;vftxufwef;v$mrsm;u (1919) ckESpfwGif ‚if;wdk@.vkyfief;
pOfudkzdtm;ay;aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf oD[dkVftrsKd;om;uGef*&ufygwDudk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf olwdk@acgif;
aqmifrsm;. pdwfxufoefr_rsm;u wa,mufwaygufjzpfcJh=uonf? vGwfvyfa&;&aomtcg wrD;vfrsm;.
taetxm;u cH&onfhzufujzpfcJhonff? oD[dkVfEdkifiHtwGuf +Adwdo#rsm;a&;ay;onfh tajccHzGJ@pnf;ykHOya'u
ygvDrefrSmvlenf;pkrsm;twGuf trwfae&mw0ufay;&ef awmif;qdkcsufudk y,fzsufxm;onf? ,if;tpm;
e,fajra'ot&om udk,fpm;ðyap+yD; vufawG@t& qif[mvDpfvlrsKd;rsm;v$rf;rdk;xm;r_udkom tmrcHxm;aom
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'jzpfvmcJhonf?
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemufrSm ygvDrefu Oya'wckudktwnfðycJhygonf? xdkOya't& (19) &mpktwGif;u oD[dkVf rSm

vufzufvkyfief;/ =uufaygifap;yifpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkif&eftwGuf tdEdN,rSac:vmaom wrD;vf
vlrsKd;rsm;rSqif;oufvmolrsm;udk rJay;cGifhwm;jrpfcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? (xdkolwdk@udk tdEdN,wrD;vfrsm;[kac:=uyg onf?)
wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@ae&ma'o[k&_jrifxm;=uonfh usOf;ajrmif;aom urf;qG,f/ tajccsaexdkif&ma'o rsm;Y

qif[mvDpfvlrsKd;rsm;udkae&mcsxm;&ef tm;xkwfvmonfhtcg/ wif;rmr_rsm;ydkrdk}uD;rm;vmcJhygonf? EdkifiH
awmftvHvdkoauFwowfrSwfcsufjy\emrsKd;vnf; &Sdygao;onf? tvHrSmygonfh jcaoFhykHonf udkvdkeDacwf
rwdkifcifuwnf&SdcJhaom qif;[m;vdpfbk&ihfEdkifiHtrSwfoauFwjzpfonf? xdkoauFwt& wrD;vfynmwwfrsm;
t=um;rSmyif olwdk@onf EdkifiHopfrSmvufatmufcHtjzpf tqifhav#mhcscH&onf[k cHpm;csuf&SdcJh=uygonf?
xdk@a=umifhtvH'DZdkif;jy\emu wif;rmr_udk xyfjznfhqnf;ay;vdkufouJhodk@ jzpfcJhonf?
bmompum;jy\emonf tjcm; aygufuGJaomjy\emjzpfonf? wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;a&m/ qif[mvdpfrsm;yg trsm;pku

t*Fvdyfpum;udk em;rvnf=uacs? xdk@a=umifh tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;ESifh ynma&;ydkif;wGif okH;pGJ&rnhfh bmom pum;tjzpf/
t*Fvdyfbmomae&mwGif wckcktpm;xdk;owfrSwf&ef vdkvmygonf? wrDf;vfacgif;aqmifawGu
wdkif;&if;bmompum;ESpfrsKd;pvkH;udkwef;wl owfrSwf&ef ajym=uonff?odk@&mwGif aus;vufausmif;q&mrsm;/ ukefonfrsm;/
Ak'<bmom&[ef;rsm;u “qif[mvdpfvlrsKd;rsm;twGufom” [lIv_yf&Sm;v_H@aqmf=uygonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_u
tawmf}uD;rm;ygonf? olwdk@uoD&dvuFmEdkifiHonf qif[mvdpfvlrsKd;awGaexdkifaom/ qif[m
vdpfbmompum;ajymonfh/ Ak'<bmomEdkifiHawmfjzpfonf[k ,kH=unfxm;=uygonf? (1959) ckESpfwGif oD&d
vuFmvGwfvyfa&;ygwDu trsKd;om;a&;0g'udkaz:xkwfcJh+yD;/ “qif[mvDrsm;om” qdkonfhOya'udkjyXmef;rnf[k
aºuG;a=umf+yD; tm%m&vmonf? wrDf;vfrsm;twGufuawmh TudpPonfydkIcHjyif;p&m jzpfygonf? olwdk@u
t*Fvdyfpmudk oGufvufpGmajymwwf+yD;/ aumfvmjzL&kH;tvkyfrsm;onf olwdk@.b0a&S@wufvrf;twGuf
taxmuftultjzpf/ ar#mfrSef;xm;=uIvnf;/ ydk+yD;rausrcsrf;jzpfcJh=uonf? &nfrSef;csuf}uD;aomvli,frsm;u
tkyfcsKyfa&;zufrSm toufarG;0rf;a=umif;vkyfief;rsm;&SmazG=uonf? odk@r[kwf tjcm;bmompum;udkavhvm =uonff?
wrD;vfrsm;onf Ttjzpfudk }udwfrSdwfcHpm;ae=uonfawmhr[kwfay? (1950) ckESpfrsm;wGif wrD;vfrsm;u

olwdk@.toHudkxkwfazmf&ef tufpf/ a*s/ AGD cs,fvfAm,muefacgif;aqmifaom zuf'&,fygwD (Federal Party)
jzpfvmygonf? cs,fvfAm,muef . tajzu zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tajymif;tvJvkyf&efjzpfonf? olu
oD&dvuFmEdkifiHonf zuf'a&;&Sif;EdkifiHjzpf&rnf? wrD;vfvlrsdfK;trsm;pkaexdkifaoma'orsm;onf udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf us,fjyef@aomtcGifhtm%m &Sd&vdfrfhrnf[k apm'uwufonf? t=urf;rzufa&; wdkuf&dkuf
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wc%wmjzpfcJhao;onf? wrD;vfrsm;.udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh wrD;vfrsm;tcGifhta&;udk umuG,f
a&;twGuf zuf'&,fygwD (tuffzfyDygwD) u ygvDrefEdkifiHa&;wGif vufwnfhprf;=unfhcJhao;onf?

qENvufeufrsm;
(1956) ckESpfwGif tufzf/ yDygwDu t=urf;rzufa&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk yxrqkH;tokH;ðycJh=uonf? xdktcsdefuwrD;vf

ygvDreftrwfrsm;ESifh udk,fqENESifhudk,fvma&mufqENjyolrsm;u/ “qif[mvDpfrsm;om” qdkonfh Oya'=urf;
ESifhygwfoufonfh ygvDreftajctwifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ðyvkyfae=uaomtcsed fwGif udkvHbdkòrd@awmf. yef;jcHwckwGif
xdkifoydwfarSmufcJh=uonf? uef@uGufqENjyr_rsm;u ydkrsm;vmonf? bk&m;yGJwckwGif wrD;vfrsm;u tufzf/ yD
ygwDtaejzifhudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&ygu/ wrDf;vfrsm;.òrd@awmftjzpfowfrSwfrnfqdkonfh x&ifcdkrmvDòrd@odk@ csDwuf
chJ=uonf? wrD;vfpum;ajymaoma'orsm;wGifajy;qGJaom bwfpfum;rsm;&Sd qif[mvdpfbmomESifh a&;xm;
onfhpmrsm;udkuwW&maq;jzifh okwf+yD;zsufypf=uonf? xdkodk@v_yf&Sm;qENjyuef@uGufr_rsm;jzpfvmaomtcg tpdk; &u
ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;vkyfvmonff? wrD;vftenf;pkaexdkif=uaomae&mrsm;Y wrDfvfqef@usifa&; aoG;xGufoH,dk ta&;tcif;rsm;
jzpfyGm;cJhonf?
(1961) ckESpftpwGif tufzf/ yD ygwD. pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfrr_ Sm t}uD;rm;qkH;jzpfonf? uef@uGufqENjyolrsm;u tpdk;&

taqmuftOD 0ifaygufrsm;udk ydwfqdk@xm;=uonf? wrD;vftkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;u ‚if;wdk@.vkyfief; rsm;wGif
qif[mvdpfbmompum;udk okH;pGJzdk@jiif;=uonf? tufzf/ yDygwDu udk,fydkifpmydk@vkyfief;udk zGifhvdkuf onf?
wrD;vf&JwyfzGJ@wzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;zdk@ pDpOf=uonf? =uufaygifap;ESif@ vufzufpdkufysdK;a&;wdk@ESifhygwfoufaom
qENjyuef@uGufyGJrsm;wGif/ tdENd,EG,fzGm;wrD;vfrsm;uyg yg0ifvmcJh=uonf?
tufzf/ yD ygwD. t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ r[mAsL[mu ygvDrefwGif;/ olwdk@vdkufpnf;&kH;aeonfxuf tenf;

i,fydk+yD;xda&mufr_&SdcJhonff? tufzf/ yD ygwDu wrD;vf tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&ef/ tm%m&ygwD
ESifhoabmwlnDcsufrsm;&&Sd&ef nd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? aqG;aEG;onfhtcgwdkif; tpdk;&txJa&m/ tpdk;&tjyifrSmyg &Sdonfh
qif[mvdpfvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;u awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk zsufvdkzsufqD;vkyf&ef tcGifhtm%mokH;cJh=uonf? trSefwu,fyif
(1960) ckESpfrsm;ESifh (1970) ckESpfrsm;twGif; jyXmef;onfh Oya'opfrsm;ESifh tajccHOya'qdkif&m ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;onf
wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf ydkIyiftusdK;rJhxdcdkufapcJh&onf? Oyrm (1970) ckESpfujy
Xmef;aomynma&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyfief;rsm;rSm/ wuUodkvf0ifcGifhtwGuf vlrsm;pkqif[mvdpfvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf om
udk,fpm;ðyaqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
tpydkif;wGif wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;t=um;/ “abmif;bD0wf*END”[k vlodrsm;=uonfh cs,fAmem,muefu wrD;vfrsm;

.&nfrSef;csufrsm;&&Sdap&eftwGuf “pdwfqENcGeftm;eJ@ &dk;om;wJh&nf&G,fcsufudkawmif;qdkwJhvufeufawGeJ@om
&&SdatmifjrifEdkifw,f” [ktav;teufajymcJhao;onf? “tdENd,EdkifiH.vGwfvyfa&;udk tJh'DvkdrSefuefwJh pGrf;
tm;eJ@&&SdcJhwmyg” [kvnf;olu ajymcJhygonf? odk@&mwGif*END}uD;enf;emrsm;udk rwljcm;em;aom tajctaeESifh
aygif;pyf+yD;rusifhokH;Edkifv#ifo=uj*[wdkufyGJac:r_rSm jynfhpkHvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs? wrD;vfrsm;u rwlaom &efolrsm; udk
&ifqdkifcJh&onf? oD&dvuFmudk tkyfcsKyfae=uolrsm;onf ykefuefaeaomEdkifiHwckudk a&&SnftkyfcsKyfzdk@tm; xkwfonfh
EdkifiHjcm;utkyfpdk;olrsm;r[kwfyg? olwdk@onf qif[mvdpfvlrsm;pk}uD;. a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif; cHxm;&olrsm;jzpfonff?
olwdk@onf qif[mvdpfrsm;tay:rSmvkH;0 wm0efcHxm;&olrsm;jzpf=uygonf? ,if;onf wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;udk
uef@owfxdef;csKyfonfh vlrsKd;pkvlrsKd;}ud;a&SmifAif0g'jzpfonf? tm%m&Sif0g'r[kwfay? wrD;vfrsm;.
t=urf;rzufa&;tm;xkwfr_u ydkrdk pOf;pm;p&maumif;ygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpku jynfol
vlxktcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSaeI pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;&Edkifygonf? wdus&Sif;vif;aomwefzdk;rsm;&&Sdap&efESifh
zdESdyfoltrsm;pkudkae&mwumrSm oduQmusatmifrnfodk@aqmif&Guf&onfudk ,if;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS avhvmod&SdEdkif ygonf?
(1970) ckESpfrsm;.tapmydkif;umvwGif cs,fAmem,muefESifh ol@.ygwDonf *k%foduQmusqif;p&m jzpfcJh& onff?

wrD;vfvli,frsm;. tvkyfvufrJhjzpf&r_ESifh tpdk;&ynma&;ay:vpDrsm;a=umifh tawmftxdemcJh=u+yD;
t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tay: pdwfr&SnfEdkifjzpfcJh=uonf? (1971) ckESpfY ta&S@ygupPwefrS ykefuefr_onff tdENd,ppfwyf.
ausmaxmufaemufcHay;r_jzifh vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHwck (b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiH) jzpfvmonfudk wrD;vfvli,frsm;u
awG@cJh=u&onf? wrD;vf v_yf&Sm;wufºuGolwcsK@d onf tusOf;axmifxJwGif tpdk;&uòzdcGif; ESdfrfeif;vdkufaom
qif[mvdpfvuf0JtkHºuGr_acgif;aqmifrsm;ESit
fh wlaecJh=u&onff? ajymufusm;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;.

qGJaqmifr_tm;aumif;onfhacwfumvwGif/ ppfaoG;ºuG wrD;vfvli,frsm;twGuf pdwfnGwfp&merlemwck jzpfcJhonf?
vGwfvyfaomwrD;vf EdkifiHtwGufwdkufyGJ0if&efvufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;udkzGJ@pnf;vmcJh=uonf?
wrD;vf olykefxr_onf wjznf;jznf;pwifvmjcif;jzpfonff? tufzf/ yD ygwDudkqufcHcJhaomygwDu ESpfaygif;rsm; pGm

Oya'wGif;ygvDrefvrf;a=umif;rSaeI/ wrD;vfta&;udpPtwGuf zdtm;ay;aqmif&GufcJhonf? odk@&mwGif aemufydkif;rSm
AkH;cGJr_rsm;/ b%f"m;jywdkufr_rsm;/ vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_rsm;udk vufeufudkiftzGJ@i,frsm;u vkyfcJh=u onf? Todk@jzifh
t=urf;zufr_ESifhwefjyeft=urf;zufr_rsm;u tqdk;oHo&mvnfcJh&onf? (1977) ckESpf/ (1981) ckESpfESifh (1983)
ckESpfrsm;wGif wrD;vfqef@usifa&;t"du&k%f;rsm; jzpfcJhonf? aemufqkH;jzpfyGm;cJhaom t"du&k%f;wGif tenf;qkH;vl
(1000) ausmfaoqkH;cJh+yD; vlwodef;ausmf'kuQonfjzpfcJh=u&onf? tqdkyg umvtwGif; tpdk;&uvnf;
wrD;vft=urf;zufr_a=umifh jynfolvlxktcGifhta&;awGuef@owf&a=umif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJudkqdkif;iHhzdk@
qkH;jzwf&a=umif;ajym+yD; tm%m&Sifpepfudk udkifpGJusifhokH;vmcJhonff? zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccH Oya' jyifqifa&;udpPvnf;
ygvDreftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif aysmufjcif;rvSaysmufoGm;+yD;/ wrD;vfqef@usifa&; t=urf;zufr_awGjrifhvmjcif;ESifhtwl
ajrmufydkif;ESifhta&S@ydkif;rS wrD;vfrsm;onf tpGef;a&muform;rsm;. aemufuG,fuvlrsm;ESSif@ydkrdkeD;eD;pyfpyf&Sdvm=uonf?
(1983) ckESpftpkvdkuftðyHvdkufowfjzwfr_rsm;jzpfay:+yD; r=umcifrSmyif oD&dvuFmEdkifiHonf vkH;0O\kH
jynfwGif;ppfjzpfcJh&awmhonf?
wrD;vfaysmuf=um;tkyfpkwckrSm wrD;vf tDvefvGwfajrmufa&;usm;rsm; (the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam –

LTTE) jzpfonf? LTTE .acgif;aqmifrSm òrd@awmf0efwa,mufudkowf+yD; emrnf&vmoljzpfonf? vltiftm;
(10000) txd&Sdaom urBmhtawmifhwif;qkH;ajymufusm;tzGJ@wzGJ@tjzpf emrnf}uD;ovdk aemuf vdkufrsm;vnf;/
us,fus,fjyef@jyef@&SdaomtzGJ@jzpfonff? (1987) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif wrD;vfusm;rsm;onf olykef xr_udkESdrfeif;&efESifh
wrDf;vfrsm;tm; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhay;a&;yg0ifaom +idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsuw f &yf &&Sdvmapzdk@twGuf/
ydk@v$wfvdkufaom tdENd,ppfom;wodef;ESifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf? LTTE u/ vGwfvyfa&; qdkonfhtcsufrygonfh
rnfonfhajz&Sif;csufrsKd;udkr# vufcHrnf r[kwfa=umif;jiif;qdk+yD; ppfqufwdkufonff? olwdk@tm;acsr_ef;ypfa&;
óud;yrf;r_rsm;tm;vkH;udk vufwkH@jyefcJh=uonf? (1990) jynfhESpfwGif tdENd,ppfwyfrsm; &kyfodrf;oGm;cJhonff?
odk@aomfppfyGJuawmh qufjzpfyGm;cJhygonf? &mpkESpfukeftxd qufjzpfaeqJjzpfonf ?
(1999) ckESpfa&mufonfhtcg vlOD;a& (18) oef;&Sdaom EdkifiHtwGif; wrDf;vlrsKd;ESifhqif[mvDvlrsKd; (50000) cef@ onf/
ppfyGJtwGif;aoqkH;cJh=u&+yD;/ tjcm;vl (30000) ausmfrSmaysmufqkH;oGm;cJh=uygonf? wdkif;jynf.bwf*suf okH;ykHwykHrSm
ppfa&;vdktyfcsufpm&if;xJa&mufoGm;onf? u|rf;usifaomtvkyform;rsm;onf wdkif;jynfrS xGufcGgajy;oGm;=uonff?
ajrmufydkif;&Sd }uD;rm;us,fjyefaom a'otpdwftydkif;onf t}uD;tus,fysufpD; oGm;onf? t=urf;zufr_onf
vl@tcGifhta&; jy\emrsm;vnf; eufeuf&d_if;&d_if;ay:aygufvmapcJhonf? Oyrm ajrmufydkif;ppfZkHwGifuav;oli,f
(13000) cef@onf ‚if;wdk@.rdbrsm;ESifhuGJuGmcJh&+yD; udkvHbdkòrd@awmfESifh awmif ydkif;yifv,furf;ajca'orsm;odk@
oabFmESifhwifydk@cH=u&onf? olwdk@onfEdkifiHjcm;om; urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;xH vdifa&mif;pm;&aom
b0a&mufcJh=u&onf? wdkif;jynf. vlr_nDr#r_tajctaeESifh EdkifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_rSm ysufpD; oGm;cJh&onf?
tawmrowfwdkufcdkufaeonfh emusnf;rkef;wD;r_rsm;tay:om,m+yD;/ tjrwf&aeolrsm;uawmh qif[mvdpfESifh
wrD;vftpGef;a&muform;rsm;yif jzpfonff?
oD&dvuFmEdkifiHwGif jzpfaeaomyÉdyuQonf wae@rSmawmh tqkH;owfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? tajzuawmh wrD;vf

vlrsKd;awGtwGuf a'oqdkif&mudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;yg0ifonfh wpkHw&maom aphpyfnd‡E_dif;ajz&Sif;r_ ykHpHwckjzifhom
jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdygonf? tu,fIom LTTE tzGJ@onf xdkoabmwlnDcsufudk&rnfqdkygu ‚if;wdk@. &Snf=umcJh+yD
jzpfaomvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGuf &&SdonfhatmifyGJ[k aºuG;a=umfrSmuawmhrvGJay? Ttcsufudk
oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkay? odk@aomfvnf; t=urf;rzufaomawmfvSefa&;twGuf r[mAsL[mtopf wckr[kwf/ wckuawmhh
wrD;vfrsm;. &nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf rwlonfh vrf;a=umif;wckudk zGifhvSpfay;Edkif&ygvdrfhrnf?
jzpfay:vmaomt=urf;zufr_rsm;twGuf rsm;oxufrsm;vmonfhay;qyf&aomtzdk;tcrsm;/ taota=ursm;
oufoufESif@ jynfolawGb0 upOfhuvsJjzpf&r_rsm;onf ydkItewuUr jzpfvmayvdrfhrnf? wrD;vfvGwfvyf
a&;tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfaz:cJhaomr[mAsL[mw&yftjzpf ajymufusm;ykHpHrSm aoG;ESifha&;zGJ@onfh wufºuG
zG,faw;wyk'fom jzpfcJhayawmhonf?

---------------------------------
bwfpf- t=urf;zufr_. qHk;&_H;apjcif;?
“aus;u|efr[kwf/ rif;qdk;rif;npfvnf;r[kwf”
at/ 'D (5) &mpku a=umufp&maumif;vSaom *smrefa&S;a[mif;t&dkif;tpdkif;vlrsKd;EG,fwrsKd;onf ydkif&,feD;pf

(Pyreness) a'owckvkH;udk v$rf;rdk;cJh+yD;/ a&mrtifyg,m. tdkufbm&D,ef (Iberian) jynfe,frsm;udk odrf;ydkuf cJhonf?
at/ 'D (&10) rSm ‚if;wdk@.bk&if &dk'g;&pf (Roderrick) onf apmw (Ceuta) òrd@pm;.orD;udk vk,l
zsufqD;cJhonfhtrSm;wckudk vkyfcJhonf? apmwòrd@rSm u|ef;qG,fawmifbuftpGefESifhrsufESmcsif;qdkif&Sd bdkifZefwdkif;
(Byzantine) a&S@wef;cHwyfpcef;òrd@ jzpf.? aemufwESpfY ‚if;òrd@pm;onf &dk'g;&pfbk&if ajrmufydkif;ta0;wae&m
a&mufaeaomowif;=um;aomtcg/ bwfpfawmfvSefykefuefr_wckudk vkyfchJonf? ,if;awmfvSefr_u bmbm rsm;ESifh
tm&yfrsm;. 0ifa&mufusL;ausmfwdkufcdkufr_udk wzufu tokH;cs+yD;vkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? bmbmrsm;ESifh tm&yfrsm;u
pydefvlrsKd;tkyfrsm;.xdyfrSm ADpDa*ghof (Visigoths) rsm;tm;ae&mjyefay;zdk@ pdwf0ifpm;=uolrsm; jzpfonff?
aemuf&ufowWywftenf;i,fwGifum'pfZf (Cadiz) ta&Sydkif;YjzpfyGm;aomwdkufyGJwyGJwGif bk&if usqkH;oGm;cJonf?
um'pfZfòrd@onf at'D (8) &mpku pydefrSmaecJh=uaomrdk; (Moors) rsm;a=umifh ADqDa*gh (Visigoth)
tiftm;,drf;,dkifoGm;cJhaomòrd@jzpfonff?
bwfpfrsm;onf olwdk@xuf oufwrf;ydk&Snf=uonf? ta=umif;rSm olwdk@vlrdsK;taejzifh xdka'oudkatmifEdkif

onfholwa,mufr[kwfwa,muf&Sdaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@onf bpfau; (Biscay) yifv,fatmf awmifydkif;udk
abmifcwfxm;aoma'otwGif; nyfaeonfh awmxllxl ukef;ajrrSmaexdkif=uonf? Tyifv,f atmfrSm ydkif&DeD;pfe,f/
pydefukef;jrifha'oESifh jyifopfEdkifiHwdk@qkH=uonfhae&mjzpfonf? t}uD;qkH;ESifhvlOD;a& txl
xyfqkH;jynfe,fav;ckjzpfaom;ApfZfum,m (Vizcaya)/ tmvmAm (Alava)/ *GDywfZfaum (Guipuzcoa) ESifh emAm;&m
(Navarra) jynfe,frsm;onf pydefEdkifiHY&Sd+yD; vl (2) oef;cGJ aexdkif=uonf? ‚if;wdk@. acgif;rmonfh
rlvyifudk,fobm0vuQ%mwckuawmh olwdk@bmompum;yifjzpfonf? olwdk@.ywf0ef;usife,fajra'o rsm; rS
bmompum;rsm;ESifhvkH;0 rwlacs? tl;pfum&m bmompum; (Euskara) rSm a&mracwfumvuwnf;u
tqufrjywfokH;pGJcJh=u+yD; ,ckxdwdkifusefaeaom bmompum;jzpfonf? pydeftifyg,mu‚if;wdk@tm; a&G;cs,f
wifajr‡mufxm;aom acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh a'oEW&qdkif&m udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;ay;xm;onfh jzL;a&mhpf (fueros) ac:
tv,facwf Oya'udk usifhokH;aqmif&Gufapaomfvnf;/ tu,fI bwfpfrsm;wGif Oa&my. oufwef;t&ifhqkH;
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhawmif;qdkr_om&SdcJhrnfqdkygu xdkudk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifu
h kd &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; tjynfh t0av;pm;cHae&avmuf+yD
jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; omref bwfpf aºuG;a=umfoHxJrSmygovdk “aus;u|ef r[kwfovdk
rif;qdk;rif;npfvnf;r[kwf=uaom” ‚if;wdk@onf ruf'&pf'frS bk&ifrsm;.vufatmufcHb0ESifh
rnfonfhtcsdefur#tqifajy oifhjrwfcJhonfawmhr[kwfay?
vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpfwESpfonf ApfZfum,m jynfe,ftygt0if pydefEdkifhiH a'otpdyftydkif;rsm;Y pufr_vkyfief;xl

axmifr_rsm;w[kefxdk;wdk;wufvmcJhonf? awmifydkif;uqif;&Jonfhtvkyform;rsm;onf ajrmufydkif;òrd@rsm;qDodk@
pwifajymif;a&$@tajccscJh=uonf? ,if;jzpfpOfonfbwfpfa'orsm;wGif pydefZmwfoGif;aeonfhtEW&m,fudk xyf
avmif;jznfhqnf;vdkufovdkjzpfoGm;onf? “atmufwef;pm;”vma&mufaexdkifolrsm;. usL;ausmf0ifvmr_rS
bwfpfwdkif;jynfudk wpdwfwa'oumuG,fEdkif&ef bwfpftrsKd;om; ygwDudkxlaxmifcJh=uonf? (1936) ckESpfwGif
pydefjynfwGif;ppfjzpfaomtcg bwfpfrsm;onf oD;jcm;orwEdkifiHudk wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; z&ef ppPudk
z&efudku pydefEdkifiHudk xdef;odrf;csKyfudkifvdkufaomtcg bwfpf oD;jcm;EdkifiHrSmvnf; aysmufoGm;awmh onf?
bwfpfbmompum;onf w&m;r0ifbmompum;tjzpf a=ujimcH&onf? bwfpf,Ofaus;r_ az:xkwfr_ rsm;vnf;
wm;jrpfcH&onf? EdkifiHa&;t&A[dkcsKyfudkifr_u bwfpfa'oudk ruf'&pftpdk;&. ppfzdeyfatmufa&muf oGm;apcJhonf?

z&efudk.tm%moufqdk;&Snfr_onf bwfpfrsm;.oEMdXmefudk ydkrdkcdkifrmapcJhonf? cGJxGufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf (1950)
ckESpfrsm;wGif tESH@tjym;ay:aygufcJhonf? oabmxm;jyif;xefolrsm;u xdktcsdefrSm tjynfht0 vGwfvyfa&;&&Sda&;udk
a&G;cs,fcJh=uonf? (1959) ckESpfwGif ‚if;wdk@onf wzufrSm z&efudk.zdESdyfr_tm; wdkufcdkuf
acsr_ef;ypfa&;udk&nfrSef;csufxm;&Sd+yD;/ tyfpfum'Dwm tufpfum&mqlem (bwfpftrdajrESifh vGwfvyfa&;) odk@r[kwf
ETA ( Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ) udk xlaxmifcJh=uonf? t=urf;zufr_udk tokH;ðyonfh ta=umif;awmh
bmrSrajym=uay? AwfpfudkeD,m qdkonfhpmtkyfxkwfa0cJhaom (1963) ckESpfwGifawmh ajymif;vJoGm;ygonf?
,if;pmtkyfonfbwfpfrsm;. ta&;awmfykHwGif=oZm}uD;cJJh+yD;/ *smrefpufr_vkyfief;&Sif wOD;u
pydefrSmolaexdkifpOfa&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfjzpfonf? bwfpf trsKd;om;a&;0g'. vufpGJ orRmusrf;pm pmtkyfjzpfvmcJhJ+yD;/
,if;pmtkyfu vGwfajrmufa&;atmifyGJcHzdk@ wdkuf&dkufv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; vkyfzdk@ awmif;qdkxm;onf?
t,fvf*sD;&D;,m;/ usL;Am; awmfvSefa&;rsm;tjyif (z&efZf zmEGef ESifh acsa*GAm;&m;wdk@. tqdktrdef@rsm;) ESifh
pdwftm;wufºuGzG,fa&;om;xm;+yD;/ vGwfajrmufa&;vrf;tjzpf ajymufusm;ppfyGJqifE$J&ef pmtkyfrSm wdkufwGef;xm;onf?
(1968) ckESpf/ ZGefvrSm tD;wDattzGJ@0ifwOD;udk ol.um;xJuqGJcs+yD; pydefjynfol@vkHðcHa&;wyfzGJ@u owfypf

vdkuf=uonf? aemufESpfvt=umrSm tD;wDatu vufpm;acsonfhtaejzifh pydef&Jrif;}uD;wOD;udk owfjzwfypf
vdkuf=ujyefonf? t=urf;zufr_onf pwifoHo&mvnfcJh+yD; pydeftm%mydkifrsm;u vkdufvH&Sif;vif;I tDwDat
tzGJ@0ifwa,mufaoqkH;ygu olonf tmZmenfol&Jaumif;wa,mufjzpfvm+yD;/ TaoqkH;r_onf bwfpfrsm; .
cGJxGufa&;rD;udk qufvufawmufavmifap&ef "mwfqDavmif;ay;vdkufovdkjzpfoGm;cJhonf? tDwDat tzGJ@ 0ifOD;a&rSm
tvsiftjrefw[kefxdk; wdk;vmcJhonf? ajymufusm;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk. &moufyeftcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f=uaom
&JpGrf;owWdjynfh0onfh ol&Jaumif;rsm;tjzpf pwif&_jrifcJh=uaom bwfpfrsm;onff tenf;pk r#r[kwfay? tD;wDatu
jynfwGif;ppf txdOD;wnfxm;onfh taxGaxGtkHºuGr_wck jzpfatmifv_H@aqmfay;zkd@ ar#mfrSef;xm;cJygonff?
odk@aomf‚if;wdk@. t=urf;zufr_tay:t&l;trl;jzpfr_u/ tpdk;&rSm aoewfawGydkrsm;+yD;/ bwfpfawGrSm vufudkifwdkufyGJudk
pdwful;,OfqefwJhpdwf0ifpm;rdsK;xufydk+yD;tjrif&Sdol bwfpfawGqdkvdk@ tenf;i,f om&Sdonfqdkaom wu,fhtjzpfudk
aumif;aumif;rjrif=uacs? z&efudk oufqdk;r&Snfcif ydkrdkoabmaumif;aom tpdk;&w&yftm%majymif;,lvdrfhrnf[k
trsm;pku awG;xifae=uonf?
“usaemfwdk@ jifrf;csrf;a&;udk vdkcsifygw,f”f
(1975) ckESpfrSm z&efudkaoqkH;oGm;aomtcg xdkar#mfvifhcsufrsm; jynfh0cJhonf? bk&if [Gef um;pfvdk@pf (King Juan
Carlos) ESifh0ef}uD;csKyfopfwdk@u us,fjyef@aombwfpf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' topfrSm
xnfhoGif;ay;zdk@oabmwlcJh=uygonf? tajccHOya'topft& bwfpfrsm;u zuf'&,ftcGefrsm; ay; p&mrvdkawmhacs?
orwwOD;udka&G;cs,fay;onfh udk,fydkifvGwfawmfw&yf&SdvmrSmjzpfonf? ausmif;rsm;/ &JESifh w&m;&kH;rsm;udk
udk,fha'oESifhudk,fpDrHtkyfcsKyfvmEdkifrSm jzpfonf? wdkif;jynfrS cGJxGufa&;twGufrJay;jcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;aomfvnf; pydef
EdkifiH.A[dkcsKyfudkifr_av#mhcsaompepfu tem*wfwGif tckxufydkrdk+yD; udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfcGifh&&Sda&;
ar#mfvifhcsufudkay;xm;onf? bwfpfrsm;t=um;wGif trsKd;om;ygwDonf EdkifiHa&;t&tom pD;&cJh+yD;/
zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'abmiftwGif;rSmyJ EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufoGm;zdk@udk oabmwlnDcJh =uonf?
odk@&mwGif twdwfu zufqpfEdkifiHpydefu cGJxGufrnfqdkonfh ta&;}uD;aomtcsufudkudkif+yD; tD;wDat tzGJ@u/

olwdk@.rSefuefonfh&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifrSm bwfpfvGwfvyfa&;omjzpfa=umif;/ pydefEdkifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pDydkrd&k &Sda&;
r[kwfa=umif;jiif;csufxkwfum olwdk@.vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; tay:ouf0if,kH=unfr_udk pGefhv$wfzdk@ jiif;qdk =uonff?
olwdk@u wzufowfvufeufðzwfay;zdk@ qENr&Sd=uay/ xdk@jyif owday;+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm; odk@r[kwf
owjfzwfr_rsm;udkomtm;rxm;yJ tjcm;r[mAsL[mwckckvnf; rpOf;pm;rawG;ac:Edkif=uacs? t=urf;zufr_udk om
t&Sdefjr‡ifhvkyfcJh=uonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;twGif; tD;wDatESifh pydefjynfol@ppfrsm;t=um;jzpfyGm;cJhaom
“npfywfaomppfyGJ”wyGJwGif bwfpftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Dta,muf (30) aoqkH;oGm;cJh&onf? aemufqkH;awmh pydef
t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ a'ocH &Jrsm;udkypfrSwfrxm;awmhyJ csrf;omaombwfpf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;xHrS
“awmfvSefa&;tcGefaiG”qdk+yD; awmif;vm=uonf? aemufydkif;wGifrl pydefrSm urBmvSnfhc&D;onfvkyfief;ysufpD; ygu
tpdk;&u vufav#mhvmrnf[k ar#mfvifh+yD; pwdk;qdkif}uD;rsm;/ urBmhvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;tm; qGJaqmif
aom,Ofaus;r_taqmuftOD;ae&mrsm;wGif AkH;cJG=uonf? TuJhodk@ r+idrfroufjzpfatmifvkyfaqmifr_rsm;u bwfpfrsm;.

vkyfief;vrf;pOftay:/ pydeftrsm;pku emusnf;&GHrkef;vm=uonf? xdk@tjyif tD;wDat tzGJ@onf bwfpfwdkif;jynf&Sd
trsm;pkESifhyg uif;uGmvmcJh&onf?
(1992) ckESpfwGif tjcm;rwlaomcsOf;uyfenf;udk &SmazGzdk@pdwfqENjyif;jyaom/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk

qufvufòrdodyfatmifhtD;rxm;EdkifawmhyJ/ jiif;y,faom t,fvfum&D (elkarri) [kac:onfh “vlr_a&;/ A[k0g' ESifh
vGwfvyfaomv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@” wck ay:vmonf? ,if;v_yf&Sm;r_u “t=urf;zufaz:jycsufrSefor#udk rdrdwdk@ vufrcHyg/
tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf/ xdkt&mtm;vkH;onf a&S@rwdk;aemufrqkwfjzpfaeaom xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_
jzpfpOfxJrSmyJ&SdaeIjzpfygonf? t,fvfum&D taejzifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;ESSifh oabmwlnDcsufawG &&Sdvma&;
aqmif&GufoGm;rnf[k a=ujimcJh=uonf? olwdk@u bwfpfòrd@rsm;ESifh aus;&Gmwdkif;wGif trSefwu,fyif tpnf; ta0;rsm;/
tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;vkyf=uonf? olwdk@.v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfudkaxmufcHa=umif;vl (25) odef; vufrSwfa&;xdk;onfh
vufrSwfrsm;pkaqmif;&&SdEdkifcJh=uonf?
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;arwWm&yfcHcsufu t=urf;zufr_udk rwm;qD;cJhaomtcsdefY r=umc%qdkovdkjzpfaeaom

t=urf;zufr_awGtay: tESpf ESpfq,fwdkif=umatmif jynfolrsm;.onf;cHr_onf (1997) ckESpf Zlvdkifvu rD*Jvf
tef*s,fbvefudk jyefay;qGJowfjzwfvdkufr_a=umifh &kwfw&ufaygufuGJoGm;cJhonf? bvefudkonf tm%m&
jynfol@ygwDrS vlóudufrsm;aom aumifpD0ifwOD;jzpf.? bwfpf vlrsKd; (5) odef;cef@onf ,if; t=urf;zufvkyf&yfrsmudk
uef@uGuf&ef bDbmvdkòrd@odk@csDwufcJh=uonf? vl (6) oef;onf pydefEdkifiH. vrf;rrsm; ay:wGif
aq;tjzLa&mifokwfvdrf;xm;aom olwdk@vufrsm;udkajr‡muf+yD; “bwfpfwm/ bwfpwm (awmf=uyg awmh/
awmf=uygawmh) [katmf[pfaºuG;a=umfcJh=uonf? atmufwdkbmvxJY bDvfabmif;òrd@ (Bilbao) òrd@&Sd
*wf*if[def;acwfopfyef;csDjywdkufodk@ pydefbk&ifvma&muf=unfh&_cdkuf tD;wDat. AkH;wvkH;a=umifh bwfpfvlrsKd;
&Jom;wOD;aoqkH;oGm;cJhjyefonf? vlaygif; (3) odef;cef@onf vrf;rrsm;ay:jyefa&mufvm=u+yD; “uskyfwdk@+idrf;csrf; a&;udk
vdkcsifw,f”[ka&;xm;aom ezl;pnf;pmwrf;aemufrS csDwufcJh=uonff? bwfpfESifh pydefrsm;onf udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfa&;udpPudk rSefrSefuefuefajz&Sif;Edkif&ef oabmwlnDcsufr&cJh=uay? odk@aomf t=urf;zufr_awG&yfprJ S
jzpfrnfqdkonfhtcsufudkrl olwdk@oabmwlcJh=uonf?
aemufwESpft=umrSm tD;wDattzGJ@u typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk wzufowfa=unmcJhonf? [,f&D bmwm qlem

(Herri Batasuna) òrd@&Sd tD;wDat .vli,ft"duacgif;aqmifr_tzJG@jzpfaom EdkifiHa&;zufydkif;onf ,cifu
olwdk@.t=urf;zufr_rsm;uae pwif+yD;cyfa0;a0;a&Smifvm=uonf? aemufvodk@a&mufaomtcg bDvf abmifòrd@udk
tdkiftm&fat. EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@jzpfaom qifzdef;acgif;aqmif *,f&D t'rfpfa&mufvmonf? olu tdkif&pftvHrsm;ESifh
bwfpftvHrsm;udk udkifaqmifa0S@,rf;ae=uaom bwfpftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Dvltkyfudk rdef@cGef; ajymonf? vtenf;i,furS
tdkiftm&fattzGJ@onf ajrmufydkif;tdkif,mvefwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;zdk@ oabm wlcJh=uonf? t'rfpfudk
t=urf;rzufaomtajzudk &SmazGay;onfhacgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf jrifawG@vmcJh=u& onff? t'rfpfu “'g[m aoewfawG
odk@r[kwf AkH;awG odk@r[kwf ppfvufeufawG ta=umif;ajym=uzdk@ r[kwf ygbl;? yÉdyuQuaexGufvrf;&Smzdk@
tcGifhtvrf;udk&,l+yD; w&m;r#wr_eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;qD a&mufatmifoGm;=uzdk@ ygyJ”[k bwfpfawGudk tav;ðy&if;
rdef@cGef;ajymoGm;cJhonf?
21-&mpktwGif; t=urf;rzufaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmonfhwcsdefwnf;rSm +idrf;csrf;a&;udk &Sm=uH zdk@xuf

yÉdyuQudk v_H@aqmftm;ay;jcif;jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk t=urf;zufr_ESifhaygif;pyfay;jcif;onf rnfodk@aom
ta&;awmfykHrsKd;udkrqdk toa&ysufxcd dkufaprnfomjzpfonf? ykefuefr_u +cdrf;ajcmufaom vufeufwcktae jzifh
t=urf;zufr_udktokH;csjcif;onf aemufqkH;rSmawmh rdrdwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_ w&m;0ifr_jzpfapa&;twGuf vdktyf aom/
xdk@jyifjyifyrSaeI tultnDay;csifvmatmifpnf;&kH;&rnfh jynfolvlxk}uD;ESifh uEWaumZ jzpfvmapyg onf?
xdktcsufonf &_H;rvm;/ Edkifrvm;qdkaomtajccHusonfh &nfrSef;csufjy\emrSaeI &nfrSef;csuf
yef;wdkifudkta&mufoGm;zdk@ a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;jy\emtjzpf ajymif;oGmjcif;yifjzpfonf? bwfpfEdkifiHrSm vGwf
vyfa&;udkudk,fpm;ðyaomt=urf;zufr_u vGwfvyfa&;. jzpfEdkifp&mtvm;tvmrsm;udk ysufjym;apcJhayonf?
bwfpfrsm;twGuf vGwfvyfa&;onf &mpkESpf. aemufqkH;q,fpkESpfESpfckwGif aemufxyftwm;tqD;wckudk
vnf;&ifqdkifcJh&onff? pydeftm%m&Sifpepfu 'Drdkua&pDtwGufvrf;yGifhapcJh+yD;/ zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'u bwfpf
rsm;.tpOftvm udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk ydkaejrJ/ usm;aejrJxdef;odrf;ay;vdkufaomtcg v_yf&Sm;r_. nD!Gwfa&; rSm

aumif;rGefoGm;ygonf? ydkrdkppfaoG;ºuGaomtrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm; uomv#if pydeftpdk;&ESifh rnfonfhaqG;aEG;r_
rsKd;udkrqdkqef@usifcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? olwdk@onfjrifhjrwfaomta&;awmfykHwck. Zmwfvdkufausmfrsm;jzpfcJh=u aomfvnf;
ykHrSefvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udkvdkvm;ae=uonfh jynfolvlxk}uD;.vdkvm;awmifhwr_twGufawmh vl=urf;
vlqdk;awGjzpfvmcJh=uonf?
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
oD&dvuFmEdkifiHu wrD;vfusm;rsm;ESifh bwfpfEdkifiHu tD;wDat tzGJ@rsm;u wdkufyGJ0ifvufeuftjzpf t=urf;zuf r_udk

a&G;cs,f=ujcif;onf tu,fIom t=urf;zufr_tjyif/ tjcm;ta=umif;a&G;zdk@r&Sdzl;qdkcJhygu olwdk@ aemufqkH;awG@=uKH&rnfh
tqkH;owfrSm ysufpD;qkH;&_H;r_om jzpfayvdrfhrnf? olwdk@onf olwdk@&ifqdkifae=u&aom tpdk;&rsm;ESif vufeufrD;tm;wGif
rnfonfhtcsdefur# ,SOf&efrjzpfEdkifcJhay? EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:ynm&Sif [efem t&efwf (Hannah Arendt) u
“t=urf;zufr_udk t=urf;zufr_eJ@ ,SOfòydif=uwJhae&mrSm tpdk;&&J@omvGefr_u tjrJwef; tºuGif;rJhjzpfw,f”[k
rSwfcsufcscJhbl;ygonf? vufeufcsnf;;oufoufuawmh tajymif;tvJjzpfap aom enf;vrf;r[kwfay? uyfpx&dku
bmwpPwm. aemufqkH;tm%mpnf;a=umif;udk csKd;zsufvkdufonfh tcsdefwGif usL;Am;jynfolrsm;u tpdk;&a[mif;udk
emusnf;&GHrkef;ae=ucsdef jzpfygonf? tkdiftm&fattaeESifhrl ‚if;wdk@.&nfrSef;csufrsm;rSvGJI tdkif,mvefajrmufydkif;ESifh
awmifydkif;rS tdkif;&pfjynfolvlxk}uD;udk vkH;0pnf;&kH; v_H@aqmfjcif;rvkyfcJh=uay? jynfolvlxk.
axmufcHr_udkrnfonfhtpGef;a&muft=urf;zufr_rsKd;ur# tpmxdk;I r&Edkifay?
t=urf;zufr_u tajymif;tvJjzpfvmap&ef aocsmp&m&SdonfhtcgrsKd;rSmyif t=urf;rzufaomaqmif&Gufcsuf u

xda&mufr_&SdEdkifygao;onf? odk@r[kwf ydk+yD;xda&mufatmifjrifEdkifp&m &Sdygonf? xdk@jyif ESpfq,f&mpktwGif;
t=urf;rzufaomta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;. t}udrf}udrfatmifjrifr_rsm;udk/ tm%mudk&,l&mwGif xda&muf
aomatmifjrifr_rsm;ESifh touf/ tdk;tdrfqkH;&_H;r_rsKd;/ vlom;rsm;b0ysuf&r_rsKd;rjzpfapyJ/ w&m;r#wr_ aqmifusOf;
ay;Edkifjcif;wdkjzifhwdkif;wm+yD;/ a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;a=umif;wcktjzpf/ tenf;qkH;awmh t=urf;zufr_ESifh wef;wlxm;
pOf;pm;oifhygonf? t=urf;rzufaomawmfvSefa&;. ta&;edrfhr_u t=urf;zufr_udktokH;csouJhodk@yif zdESdyfr_
tEW&m,fESifh =uKHawG@Edkifygonf? okd@&mwGif tem*wfrsK;d quft!Gef@tzl;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfr_/ vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh
'Drdkua&pDwdk@rSDwnfaeaom v_yf&Sm;r_.uH=urRmudkrl xdcdkufysufpD;apjcif;r&SdcJhonfudk ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;u
jyocJh=uygonf?
ESpfq,f&mpktwGif;rSmjzpfyGm;cJhaom t=urf;zufr_.wm0efruif;r_rsm;udk=unfhv#if yÉdyuQrsm;jzpfaecsdefrSmxuf

aemufqkH;tcsdefusrSom ydk+yD;&Sif;vif;vmonfudkawG@&onf?? odk@&mwGif xdktcsdefu t=urf;zuftiftm;udk
tvGeftrif;,kH=unftm;udk;=uaomacgif;aqmifrsm;onf a&G;cs,fr_ESifhywfoufI tqkH;tjzwftcef;rSm &SdcJh=u ygonf?
olwdk@.tjrifrsm;onf t=urf;zufr_Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk ykH}uD;csJ@xm;aomowif;rsm;ESifh acwfòydifordkif;
qdkif&moabmxm;t& tmCmw tpGJruif;=uonfudk 0efcH=u&rnfjzpfonf? rdrdwdk@u atmifjrifonfh
awmfvSefykefuefr_rsm;udk trSwf&=uyg.? abmf&SDApf/ armfESifh zD',fwdk@.awmfvSefa&;rsm;udkawmh rSwfrdae=uyg onf?
odk@aomf tawmfrsm;rsm;uwrD;vfusm;rsm;/ bwfpf tD;wDatESifh acscsifnmvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJG0ifolrsm; udkrl
trSwfr&=uvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? acscsifnmrsm;onf &k&Swdk@udk &mpkESpfESpfckeD;eD; wdkufcdkufcJh=uonf? &k&SrS
EdkA,fqk&pma&;q&mwOD;u olwdlESifhywfoufI? “olwdk@&J@Oya'[m ppfyGJygyJ”[kajymbl;ygonf? (1999) ckESpf wGif
&k&SxHrS udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&&Sdzdk@vrf;tjzpf xdk“Oya'o”udk a&G;cs,fcJh=uojzifh/ olwdk@taejzifh ysufpD;
ðyef;wD;oGm;aome,fajrESifh ysufpD;oGm;aomvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckudkom jyefvnf&&SdcJh=uygonf? ,if;onf tusifh
ygaeaoma&G;cs,fr_jzpfonf? Ttcsufudk tar#mftjrif&Sd&Sd rpOf;pm;cJh=uay/ tm%m&&Sdzdk@ t=urf;zufr_udk tokH;csol
tawmfrsm;rsm;onf yÉdyuQwckcktwGif;rS olwdk@a&G;cs,fcJhaom aqmif&Gufr_rSefor#onf qkvm'f awG&zdk@aocsmovdk/
wzufuvnf; wefbdk;rsm;ay;&rnfqdkonfudkem;rvnf=uacs? wOD;udkwOD;qef@usif wdkufcdkufjcif;tm;
wdkif;wmcsdefqr_r&Sdonfh r[mAsL[mudk rqifcsifyJ a&G;cs,fchJ=uonf?
odk@&mwGif usKd;a=umif;qDav#mfaomtuJjzwfcsufqdkonfrSmvnf; t=urf;zufr_udkcsrSwf=uonfh yk*~dKvfrsm;.

tm;oefcsufawmh r[kwfay? abmf&SDApfawGrsm;onf tawmfrsm;rsm;. pHxm;jcif;cH&aomolawGjzpfonf? ‚if; wdk@u
t=urf;zufr_udk vufeufwefqmyvmvdk tqifhrS udk;uG,ftm;xm;p&mtjzpfjr‡ifhwifcJh=uonf? awmfvSefa&;.

,kH=unfudk;uG,fp&monf t=urf;zufr_omjzpf&rnf? oef@&Sif;pif=u,fr_r[kwfay? vDeif. abmf&SDApftpdk;&opf
w&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD; jzpfol tdkif/ tifef pwdef;Awfu tpdk;&.trdef@Oya'wckjzpfaom “tjrwf}uD;pm;rsm;/
awav*sydk;rsm;ESifhwefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;”rsm;udk “taoypfowf&rnf” qdkonfh Oya'udkuef@uGufcJhonf? olonf
vDeifxHoGm;+yDf; “uJ/ w&m;a&;XmeeJ@ygwfouf+yD;usaemfwdk@ bmðyvdk@ 'Davmufpdwf'kuQcHaeawmhrvJAsm/ 'DXmeemrnfudk
vlr_a&;qdkif&mowfjzwfokwfoifa&;0ef}uD;Xmevdk@yJ &Sif;&Sif; ajymif;ac:vdkuf=uwmaygh”[k cyfaighaighajymvdkufygonf?
xdktcg vDeifonf “aumif;+yD/ xm;vdkufyg/ tJ'D twdkif;yJwu,fjzpfoifhw,f/ odk@aomf
usaemfwdk@'Dvdkajymvkdf@awmhr&bl;”? olonft=urf;zuf+cdrf;ajcmufr_udk enf;vrf;taeESifhtokH;ðy&kHomru/
t=urf;zufr_onfyifv#if ol@.pdwf&if;cHjzpfa=umif;udk jyovdkufygonf?
owfjzwfjcif;tvkyfonf taysmftrJvdkufzdk@twGufjzpfap/ tm%mtwGufjzpfap/ rdrdu tjcm;oltay:usifhoHk; onfh

tjrifhqkH;aomt&Sdef=oZmyifjzpfonf? &ufpuf=urf;wrf;aomvlowform;rsm;. trsm;tm;jzifh aysmf&$if
wufºuGonfhcHpm;r_rSm pdwfynmoabmt& qkH;&_H;&rnfudka=umufonfhpdwfa=umifh raumif;r_oHo&mvnfap
aomajzaq;wrsKd;jzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifh olwdk@udk,fwdkifaorSma=umufonfhpdwftwGuf ajzaq;wrsKd;jzpf ygonf?
z&efZf zmEGefu “t=urf;zufr_qdkwm vlawGudk tcsif;csif;qufoG,fay;whJ ‘wu,fhzGJ@pnf;r_’jzpfw,f” [k
csD;rGrf;cef;xkwfajymqdkonfudk =um;&aomtcg/ [efem tm&ef@wfu t=urf;zufr_onf tqdyfajzonfh ykHpHwrsKd;[k
olru&_jrifygonf? t&ufrl;aeonfhtajctaerSm ao&rSmra=umufbl;[kqdkolwOD;udk ewfbk&m;
wyg;vdkvufcH,lqjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf? odk@aomf t&ef@u Todk@aojcif;rdsK;onf EdkifiHa&;ESifhzDvmtjzpfqkH; tawG@
t=uKHjzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygonff? tvGeftrif;txD;usefjcif;ESifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifpGrf;r&Sdjcif;. az:jycsufvuQ%mjzpf
Edkifonf[krSwfcsufcsygonf? xdk@a=umifh usqif;qkwf,kwfr_wdkfif;onf t=urf;zufr_udk tjrJwHcg;zGifhzdwfac:ae
jcif;yifjzpfonf?
(1949) ckESpfu tufpf/ a*s/ AGD cs,fvfAmem,rf u/ olwdk@wrD;vfrsm;onf tdEdN,ork'N&mudkjzwf+yD;/ *EDNykHpHt

=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk vufv$J,lrSmjzpfa=umif; ,kH=unfr_tjynfhESifh uwdðyajymqdkonfhtcsdefwGif olonf
jzpfEdkifp&mar#mfvifhcsufudk tjrifhqkH;wifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? aemuftESpf (20) ausmf=umaomtcgwGif ol@wGifbmrS
ajymp&mr&Sdjzpfaev#uf oD&dvuFmEdkifiHwGif/ t=urf;zufr_twGuf wHcg;uom tus,f}uD;yGifhaeygonf? raocsmaom
uwdrsKd;ray;jcif;onf t=urf;rzufa&;r[mAsL[m. rlwckjzpfonf? ta=umif;rSmt=urf;rzufr_ onf
'Drdkua&pDd.pGrf;tm;jzpfaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? aemufxyf =uH&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd t=urf;zufr_tESpfESpfq,f umvonf
tcsnf;ESD;jzpfcJh&onf? odk@aomf tysuftpD;uawmh tawmfyif ydkrdkrsm;jym;vSonf?
t=urf;zufolykefxr_onf aemufqkH;tm%mtajymif;tvJjzpfap&mrSm xda&mufr_&Sdonfudk awG@&onfhwdkif atmif/

t=urf;zufjcif;,Ofaus;r_onf wnf+idrfaomEdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;wck&&Sdrnfh tcGifhtvrf;udk zsufqD; ypfEdkifygonf?
awmiftmz&duEdkifiH. tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_qef@usifa&;t"duacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaom pwkef; qDZmeD (Stone Sizani)
u “tz&duawmifydkif;EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;[m aoewfajymif;0uae olwdk@&J@ vGwfvyfr_udk &&SdcJh=uw,f? olwdk@[m
udkvdkeDe,fcsJ@orm;awGudk wdkufckdufatmifyGJcH+yD;=uwJhaemufrSmawmh/ udkvdkeDpepfudk
'l;axmufawmif;yefzdk@csrSwfcJhwJhpepfudk róuduf=uolawGjzpf=uwJh nDtudk/ armifESrtcsif;csif; wdkufcdkufae=ujyefw,f”
[krSwfcsufcscJhonf?
t=urf;zufr_u udkvdkeDt&SifocifawGudk xGufcGmoGm;atmifvkyfEdkifcJhygvdrfhrnf? odk@aomff xdef;csKyfEdkifzdk@ppfa&; t&

aqmif&Gufr_rsm;rSm/ tkyfcsKyfr_pGrf;&nfudkzG@Hòzd;apaom t&yfzufvkyfief;rsm;ESifhawmh rwlay? tdENd,/ ydkvef ESifh
tjcm;aeEdkifiHrsmrS t=urf;rzufaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u 'Drkdua&pDudkarG;zGm;aponfh om;azgufpufrsm; jzpfyg onf?
olwdk@uvlrsm;udk olwdk@udk,fydkifv_yf&Sm;r_awGtwGuf rnfodk@wm0efawG,l&rnf/ &nfrSef;csuftppf trSefESifh
,if;&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk a&muf&Sda&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh ygwfoufI qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk rnfodk@csrSwf
&rnfqdkonfudkoif=um;ay;ygonf?
t=urf;zufr_qdkonfrSm avhvmoif=um;p&m vufeufwefqmyvmwckr[kwfay? ppfwyfqdkonfrSmvnf; ‚if;.

tajccHoabmt& tðyoabmaqmifonfht&m r[kwfay? t=urf;zufr_onf &efoludk ajcmufvSef@+yD;
[ef@wm;Edkifygonf/ vSnfhpm;Edkifygonf? odk@aomf t=urf;zufr_vkyfief;pOfudkvlrsm; vufcH,kH=unfatmifawmh

twif;t=uyfrvkyfEdkifygacs? tm%m&zdk@wdkufcdkufjcif;onf tm%ma[mif;udk zsufqD;ypfaumif;zsufqD; ypfEdkif
ygvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf oifhjynfolawGuoifhudk olwdk@.a=ueyfoabmwlnDr_ray;rcsif;/ olwdk@udk oifhtaeESifh
vGwfajrmufatmifvkyfayEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs?
---------------------------

t=urf;zufr_uif;aom atmifyGJ
t=urf;zufr_onf jynfolvlxktrsm;u vufcHxm;aom t&mrsm;udk b,fawmhrSrzsufqD;Edkifyg?

qef@usifzuftm;jzifh jynfolvlxt
k rsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_wdkif;udk zsufqD;aprnfht=urf;zufr_rsm;udk jynfol
rsm;.oabmxm;u vkH;0O\kHqef@usifygonf?
vD,dk awmfpwdGKif;
(1989) ckESpf Edk0ifbmv ae@vnfcif;wckwGif y&m*fòrd@rS &kyf&Sifo&kyfaqmifrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;ESifh jyZmwf

avmurSvlrsm;onf o&kyfrSef&D,,fvpfpwpfjyZmwf&kH}uD;wGif qkHcJh=uonf? xdkae@rwdkifcifnu tpdk;&vkHðcHHa&;
wyfzGJ@rsm;onf t=urf;rzufonfh qENjyolrsm;udk 0if;pvuf&ifjyif (Wenceslas Square) jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf
Edkifa&;twGuf udk,fxd vuf a&mufwdkufcdkufcJh=uonf? jyZmwftu,f'rDausmif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;onf
uef@uGufonfhtaejzifh qENjy=u&ef qkH;jzwf cJh=uonf? ,cktcsdefwGif olwdk@ujyZmwfavmurSvlrsm;udk
olwdk@ESifhyg0ifyl;aygif;apcsif=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; &D,,fvpfpwpfjyZmwf&kHxJrSm pdk;&drfv_yf&Sm;pGmjzifhxdkifae
=uoltawmfrsm;rsm;uawmh qENjyzdk@ra&r&mjzpfae=uonf? tpdk;&u qdk;qdk;0g;0g;tjypfay;Edkif+yD;/ vlxkuvnf; olwdk@udk
axmufcHcsifrSaxmufcH=urnfjzpfonf?
vlrsm;u jyZmwf&kHrS pwifxGufcGmae=ucsdefrSmyif jyZmwf'g&dkufwmwa,mufjzpfaom tmaemhpf *dkvfzvefu

ajymvmonf? “'Dae&mrSm xdkifaevdk@/ u|efawmfwdk@b,fol@udkrS n$ef=um;csufay;EdkifrSmr[kwfygbl;/
'Dudka&mufrvmEdkif=uwJh u|efawmfhwdk@&Jhvkyfaz:udkifzuf jyZmwf&kHawGuvlawGtwGuf u|efawmfwdk@tqkH;tjzwf
ray;Edkifygbl;? u|efawmfwdk@tm;vkH; b,fvdkrSa&Smif&Sm;r&wJhudpPuawmh udk,fhudpPudk udk,fhzmom qkH;jzwf&zdk@yJ &Sdygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@pGef@=u&r,f? t&m&m[m tajzay:vmvdrfhr,fqdkwm,kH=unf=u&r,f/ wu,fvdk@tJh'Dvdk rjzpfvmcJh&ifvnf;/
tJh'gudk cifAsm;wdk@zmomvkyfwmyJqdk+yD; oabmxm;=u&rSmyJ?”[k xajymvdkufonf? *dkvfzvefu
ol@jyZmwf&kHtzGJuqENjyrnf[kajymcJhonf? xdk@aemuftjcm;olrsm;uvnf; ol.OD;aqmifr_aemuf vdkufcJh=uonf?
xdkae@vnfcif;u jyZmwfrsm;=unfh&_&ef òrd@tESH@rSvmcJh=uonfh y&d\wf}uD;onf jyZmwf r=unfh=u&yJ
jyZmwfo&kyfaqmifrsm;u EdkifiHa&;a=unmcsufrsm;zwf=um;oGm;=uonfudkom em;axmifvdkuf=u &ygonf?
apmapmydkif;vGefcJhaom q,fESpfu csufjyZmwfa&;q&mjzpfol/ aemifaomtcgEdkifiHawmf orw jzpfvmonfh/

Amqvyf[mA,fu ajratmufwGifus,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jzef@csDxkwfa0cJhaom“ tm%mrJhrsm;. tm%mcGeftm;”[lonfh
wdk;wufonfh tufaq;pmtkyfwtkyfudka&;om;jzef@csDcJhygonf? [mA,fu jiif;csuf xkwfcJhonfrSm tm%m&Siftpdk;&ESifh
ol.twdkuftcHtiftm;pkwdk@t=um; xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_jzpf=uonfrSm t&ifqkH;
&kyfydkif;qdkif&mtqifhwGifjzpfysufonfr[kwfyJ/ b0&yfwnfa&;qdkif&m jzpfwnfaer_tqifhrSm pwif jzpfysufonf[kqdkonf?
xdktqifhwGif twdkuftcHwdk@. =oZmtmtm%monf “jzpfEdkifacsr#om&Sd+yD;/ vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;w&yfvkH;tESH@wGifzHk;uG,faeaom tvm;tvm&Sdonhf pGrf;tm;yifjzpfonf/” [k azmfjycJhonf? Ttvm;
tvmonf “ppfom;rsm;udk,fY”tay:rlwnfonfr[kwfyJ/ rkom;rsm;t=um; aexdkif=u&aom vlwdkif;tay:Y
rlwnfygonf? wcsdefcsdefrSm æ æ trSefw&m;.tiftm;u &dkufykwfv_yfEd_;r_cH&Edkifonfhvlwdkif;tay:rSm rlwnf ygonf? ”
[mA,fonf ol. tufaq;udkra&;om;rD (2) ESpfu/ ppfwyftkyfcsKyfaom tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH. qlyl

rjidrfoufr_rsm;twGif; b,folb,f0grSef;rod&aomvufeufudkifwyfzJ@Grsm;. jyefay;qGJoGm;jcif;cH&onfh om; rsm;.
rdcifwdk@onf/ olwdk@ om;orD;rsm;. tjzpfrSefudkodcsif=u+yD;/ orweef;awmfESifhrsufESmcsifqdkif&Sd uGufvyfodk@
tywfpOfcsDwufqENjyjcif;udk pwifðyvkyfcJh=uonf? aemufqkH;wGif olwdk@onf vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm udk “aysmufqkH;”
oGm;atmifvkyfcJhaom tpdk;&tm;ðzwfcsvdkufonfh jynfol@v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wckudk v_yfEd_;vdkuf=u ygonf?
tm*sifwD;em;rdcifrsm; csDwuf=ujcif;rwdkifcif tESpf (50) cef@u opPmj*[vrf;pOftajccHonfh jynfol@ v_yf&Sm;r_wGif
*END}uD;onf raumif;qdk;&Gm;.tjzpfrSefESifhywfoufI xkwfazmfajymqdkcJh&mwGif “wa,mufu wa,mufudk
ar#mfvifhapmifhpm;ae&rSmr[kwfbl;/ æ æ tm;vkH;[m acgif;aqmifawG jzpf+yD; tm;vkH;[m aemufvdkufawG
jzpfw,f”qdkonfh trSefw&m;udk xkwfaz:&Sif;jycJhygonf?

zdESdyfr_ESifhywfoufaom jzpf&yfrSefonf vlrsm;.pdwfxJwGif vSnfhvnfjyef@ESHvmonfESifhwòydifeuf Tjzpf&yfrSefudk
a&Smifwdrf;Ir&awmhay? Todk@zdESdyfr_rsm;udk twdkuftcHðyonfhtvkyfrsm;onf yxrqkH;yk*~dKvf wOD;csif;u
t&ifpwifvmonf? aemuftpktzGJ@jzpfvm=u+yD; aemufqkH;wGif r[mAsL[majrmufpGm/ qkyfudkif rd+yD;/
qxufwydk;wdk;yGg;rsm;jym;vmaomtcg jynfolvlxkonf rsufpdrSdwfacgif;jidrfhae&r_udk pGef@cGgvmawmhonf?
zdESdyfolrsm;ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;rSvnf; a0;uGmvm=uonf? ESpfaygi;f;&mESifhcsDI +Adwdo#wdk@onf ajrmuf tar&du&Sd
olwdk@.udkvdkeDe,frsm;udk a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh tar&duefrsm;.oabmwlnDcsufjzifh tkyfcsKyfcJh +yD;
aemufydkif;tdENd,udkvnf;xdkuJhodk@=um&SnfpGmtkyfcsKyfcJhonf? xdkoabmwlnDcsufudk &kwfodrf;vdkuf=uonf ESifhwòydifeuf/
olwdk@onf ppftiftm;udktokH;ðyIom udkvdkeDrsm;udkxdef;csKyfEdkif=uawmhonf?
ESpfq,f&mpkxJwGif xdktiftm;pkrsm;udk/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/ usL;ausmfolrsm;vufxJrS vGwfajrmufa&;/

tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdk@twGuf óud;yrf;=uonfh jynfol@v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh t}udrf}udrf
wGef;vSefcJh=uonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@&ifqdkif&aomtpdk;&rsm;xuf ppfa&;t&wGiftompD;&aom
taetxm;rsKd; rnfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_wGifrS r&SdcJhay? xdk@a=umihfyif ‚if;wdk@taejzifh t=urf;rzufonfhenf;vrf;rsm; udk
r=umc%a&G;cs,ftokH;ðyavh&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf? r=umc%qdkovdk olwdk@.wdk;wufr_onf olwdk@&efzufrsm;.
t=urf;zufr_a=umifh aESmifaES;=u&onf/ odk@r[kwf &_wfaxG;r_rsm;jzpfcJh=u&onf? odk@&mwGif rnfonfhyÉdyuQr#
tqkH;owftajzr&&SdcJhacs? jyZmwf&kHw&kHtwGif;u toHwoHomru/ puf&kH*dwfrsm;rS yk*~dKvfwOD;csif;wGif
rw&m;r_udkqef@usifaomjynfolvlxkudkv_H@aqmfEdkifonfh t&Sdef=oZm&Sdonf? olwdk@a&G;cs,faom t=urf;rzuf onfh
tvkyfwGiftpdk;&rsm;aemufqkH;cdkv_Htm;udk;&m t=urf;zufr_tay: tEdkif&onfh r[mAsL[musonfh wefbdk;vnf;
yg&Sdaeonf?
odk@&mwGif t=urf;rzufa&;tvkyfonf t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_ESifhwlnDonfhtcsuf/ tenf;qkH; ESpfcsuf

awmh&Sdonf? tvdktav#mufatmifjrifr_r&onfhtcsufESifh xl;xl;uJuJv#Kd@0Suf arSmfqefqefvkyfaqmif&onfh
tvkyfr[kwf qdkonfhtcsufyif jzpfygonf? rdrdòydifzuf.aysmhuGufudk az:xkwf+yD;/ ‚if;.xdef;csLyfxm; Edkifr_pGrf;&nfudk
z,f&Sm;ypfjcif;jzifhom tvkyfvkyfonf? tu,fI tpdk;&w&yfu ‚if;.tm%mudk tcsdeftuef@towfr&Sd
&,lxm;zdk@=uH&G,fxm;ygu/ us,fjyef@aom/ ‚if;tkyfcsKyfrnfholrsm;ESifh a&&SnftjyeftvSef
qufqH&r_rsm;&Sd&efvdktyfygvdrfhrnf? Ttcsufrsm;u tm%m&Sifrsm;twGuf t=uyftwnf;w&yfudk zefwD; ay;ygonf?
tpdk;&.xdef;csKyfxm;r_pepfu us,fjyefhavav/ ‚if;.aysmhuGufu ydkrsm;avavjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf
ol@tm;ckcHqefhusif=uolrsm;udk wdkufcdkufqef@usifonfh t=urf;zufr_udk tmrcHzdk@
aqmif&Gufay;&rnfholtajrmuftrsm;tay: rSDcdktm;xm;&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? twdkuftcHwckcku/ tpdk;&
wGifTtm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdaeonfudk ol@aemufvdkufrsm;tm; jyovdkufonfESifhwòydufeuf tpdk;&vdktyfonfh
taxmuftulrsm;udk av#mh&JoGm;atmifvkyfEdkifygonf? tpdk;&. tcGef%¾m/ tpdk;&. EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHol rsm;udk
av#mh&JoGm;atmifvkyfEdkifygonf? odk@r[kwf ‚if;.ppfwyfuJhodk@aom taxmuftulrsm;udkyif tm;enf;
av#mhusoGm;atmifvkyfEdkifygonf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmifonfhtcg v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf r[mAsL[mw&yf&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf?
r[mAsL[mr&Sdv#if v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf atmifjrifr_&&ef cufcJygonf? atmifyGJonf uH=urRm.
twdkif;jzpfvmaomudpPr[kwfyg? ay;&onfhwefzdk;ESifhtnD xdkufxdkufwefwef&onfht&momjzpfonf?
rsm;pGmaom (20) &mpkt=urf;rzufaom yÉdyuQrsm;wGif atmifjrifr_udk tjynfht0xdkufxdkufwefwef

&&SdcJh=uygonf? ta&S@*smreDom;rsm;ESifh rGef*dkvD,ef;rsm;onf (1989) ckESpfwGif t=urf;zufr_rygyJ uGefjrLepf tpdk;&rsm;udk
z,f&Sm;ypfcJh=uonf? zdvpfydkifrsm;onf zm'Deefrm;udk@pftm; (1989) ckESpfwGif txl;wvnf }uD;}uD;rm;rm;tiftm;rygyJ
ðzwfcscJh=uonf? tar&duefvlrJrsm;onf (1950) ckESpfrsm;ESifh (1960) ckESpfrsm; twGif;/ awmifydkif;jynfe,frsm;Y
trsm;jynfolqdkif&mae&mrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mae&mrsm;wGif tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;r_udk
aoewfwvufudkr#aumufrudkif&yJ z,f&Sm;ypfcJh=uonf? tjcm;yÉdyuQrsm;wGifvnf; atmifjrifr_ wpdwfwydkif;&&SdcJhonf?
t=urf;rzufonfhawmfvSefa&;wGif t=urf;zufonfhenf;emrsm;a&maESmvmonfhtcg awmfvSefa&;onf
ysufpD;oGm;wwfonf? 'def;rwftzGJ@rsm;u ‚if;wdk@.EdkifiHtay: emZDrsm;aoG;pkwfaer_udk vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_rsm;jzifh
qef@usif=uaomtcg/ EdkifiHom;rsm;onf emZDwdk@. jyif;xefvSaomvufwkH@jyefr_udk cHcJh=u&onf? tifwDzm'g

(intifada) twGif; ygvufpwdkif;w@dk.udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf awmif;qdkr_rsm; onf ausmufcJrsm;/
rdkvdkawmhAkH;rsm;jzifhypfcwf=uolrsm;a=umifh xifoavmuf t&mra&mufcJhay?
yÉdyuQtcsKd@wGif rw&m;apmfum;aomtiftm;pkudk tHwk&mY &&Sdaomatmifjrifr_onf =um=umrcHcJh ay?

(1923) ckESpfu jyifopfusL;ausmfolrsm;udk &J&J&ifh&ifhckcHawmfvSefcJh=uaom *smrefrsm;onf olwdk@. r[m AsL[mqkH&_H;r_ESihf
wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifholwdk@.t=urf;zufr_rsm;a=umifh acsr_ef;cH=u&+yD;/ ajcukefvufyrf;uscJh=u& onf? (1930-31) ckESpf
wGif +Adwdo#wdkh. tkyfcsKyfr_tm; vlxktm%mzDqefr_jzifh wthHw=ojzpfapcJh&aom tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;onf/
aqG;aEG;yGJpum;0dkif;ay:ydk@ay;EdkifcJhaomfvnf;/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf (15) ESpf=um apmifhqdkif; cJh=u&onf? (1997) ckESpf
a'oEW&a&G;aumufyGJudk av;pm;vkdufem&ef rDvdkqD;Apfcsfudk uef@uGufwGef;aqmfcJh =uonfh
qm;AD;,m;twdkuftcHrsm;onf jynfwGif;Y aoG;uGJcJh=uonf? jynfywGif axmufcHr_rsm;r&&SdcJh=uyg? xdktwGufa=umifh
wdkif;jynftwd'kuQa&mufaprnfh orwudk oufqdk;&SnfapcJhonf?
odk@jzpfapumrl tjcm;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tcGifhta&; odk@r[kwf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf a&&SnfwdkufyGJ twGuf

t&Sdeft[kefudk tm;jznfhay;Edkif&ef t=urf;rzufonfhvkyfief;rsm;udk tokH;ðy=uqJjzpfonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;u
csDvDEdkifiHwGif oydwfarSmufr_rsm;ESifh qENjyyGJrsm;onf/ a&G;aumufyGJwckjzifh EdkifiHudkajymif;vJatmif jzpfapcJhaom
us,fjyef@onfhtwdkuftcHw&yf ay:aygufvmap&ef tkXjf rpfcsay;cJhonf? awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif oydwfrsm;/
qENjyuef@uGufr_rsm;eSifh tjcm;t=urf;zufr_rsm;ryg&ySd J (1991) ckESpfwGif tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_ 0g'onf
òydysufoGm;rnfr[kwfay?
T&mpkESpftwGif; jzpfysufcJhaom rnfonfht=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ur# atmifyGJ&&Sdapzdk@twGuf/

tm;vHk;vdkufem=u&rnfh erlemyHkpHwcktjzpf ray;cJhyg? rjyXmef;cJhyg? odkaomfvnf;/ tcsdef/ ae&ma'oESifh EdkifiH
a&;ywf0ef;usif jcm;em;r_udkvdkufI/ tqdkygwdkufyGJtoD;oD;onf/ rnfonfhtcsdefwGif rnfonfhudpPudkvkyfrnf pojzifh/
a&G;cs,fEdkifaomvrf;rsm;/ olwdk@a&G;cs,fcJhaomenf;vrf;rsm;twdkif; tajz&vm'fxGufay:vmatmif
taumiftxnfaz:ay;Edkifonfhu|rf;usifr_ ponfwdk@ &Sd&efawmhvdktyfonfudk awG@cJh&onf? &mpkESpfwav#muf/
t=urf;zufr_udkrokH;yJtm%m&,ljcif;rsKd;/ ray:aygufcif txd/ jzpfEdkifaomudpPw&yfr[kwf[k r=umc% ajymqdk
cJh=uonf? aemufawmh rv$Jra&SmifomI jzpfcJh&rnf[kajymqdkcJh=ujyefonf? odk@&mwGif rnfonfhyÉdyuQwGifrqdk/
rnfonfht=uyftwnf;wGifrqdk Todk@tajctaersKd; wckr#r[kwfcJhay? xdkatmifyGJqdkonfrSm/ pnf;vkH; nDnGwfr_&Sd=u+yD;/
rqkwfrepfóud;yrf;=uaomjynfolrsm;.udk,fpm;/ u|rf;usifvdrfrmaomacgif;aqmifrsm;. pOf;pm;csifhcsdefr_&Sdaom
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;. &vm'fomjzpfonf? TonfrSmae@pOfjzpfysufaeaom ol&Jaumif; 0g' .
jzpf&dk;jzpfpOftajccHomjzpfonf?
atmifjrif&mvrf;
v_yf&Sm;r_udk taumiftxnfaz:jcif;
tajccdkifaeonfh tm%mydkifudk qef@usif&aom jynfo@l v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf acwfopftrsKd;om;EdkifiHawmf (nation-state)

ay:aygufvmcJhonfESifhwr# oufwrf;=umjrifhcJh+yDjzpfonf? ESpfq,f&mpkxJa&mufvmaomtcg jynfolwdk@onf/
t=urf;zufolykefxr_tpm;/ t=urf;rzufonfh ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk/ rw&m;trdef@ tm%mrsm;udk
y,fvSef&efenf;vrf;wcktaejzifh tokH;ðycJh=uonf? t=urf;rzufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_udk yk*~dKvfwOD; csif;utokH;ðy=uonf?
odk@aomf ‚if;.tusdK;oufa&mufr_onf aemufqufwGJjzpfay:vmrnfh ta&;,l aqmif&Gufr_jzpf&yfrsm;/
wpwptiftm;w&yftjzpf wdk;yGm;vmr_wGif yg0ifqufpyfaeonf? TtajctaewGif
tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&Sdzdk@vdktyfvmygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_w&yfvdktyfvmygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_wdk;wufjzpfay:vm+yD;/ aemuf
rSvdkufygvmrnfholrsm;udk &Sif;vif;aom&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh qufoG,frdaponfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsKd; jzpfvmapygonf?
‚if;v_yf&Sm;r_u udk,fpm;ðyajymay;rnfh jynfolrsm;twGuf Tjynfolrsm;.udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf nDnGwf+yD;/
tawmftwefus,fjyef@udk,fpm;ðyr_vnf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonf?
(1929) ckESpf 'DZifbmvtwGif;/ +Adwdo#udkvdkeDjzpfaom tdENd,Edkifw0Srf;rSjynfolrsm;onf/

tdENd,trsKd;om;uGef*&uf.ESpfywfvnf tpnf;odk@wufa&muf=u&eftwGuf vm;[dk;òrd@odk@oGm;cJh=uonf? ,cifwESpfu/

(1929) ckESpfukefwGif +Adwdo#tifyg,mtwGif;Y tdENd,EdkifiHtm; 'dkrDeD,Hudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; owfrSwfay;&ef
uGef*&ufuawmif;qdkcJhonf? TowfrSwfumv rukefqkH;rDav;wGifyif uGef*&uf acgif;aqmif rsm;onf
vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;om vufcHrnf[ka=unmcJh=uonf? yxrqkH;t}udrftjzpf Tvlóudufrsm;aom ar#mfvifhcsuftdyfrufudk
v_yf&Sm;r_.w&m;0if &nfrSef;csuftjzpf owfrSwfcJh=uonf? T}uD;rm;aom wm0efopf ESifhtwl/ uGef*&ufonf/
wdkufyGJenf;vrf;tjzpfaºuG;a=umfxm;aom vlxktm%mzDqefr_. tcuftcJ/ t=uyf twnf;rsm;udk
cHEdkif&nf&efE_d;aqmfEdkifcJh=uonf? vltrsm;. pdwful;udk xufoefwufºuGapcJhonf?
(1980) ckESpf/ =o*kwfvu ydkvefEdkifiHwGif/ *'ef@a'orS puf&kHaygif;pkHoydwfaumfrwD udk,fpm;vS,f

tvkyform;rsm;onf vDeifoabFmusif;&Sd tcef;wcef;wGifawG@qkHcJh=uonf? olwdk@onf tpdk;&nd‡Ed_if;a&;rSL;rsm;
xHwifjyrnfhawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;=uonf? vGwfvyfonfhtvkyform;or*~rsm; ay:aygufa&;onf
olwdk@.xdyfwef;&nfrSef;csufjzpfoifhonfqdkonfhtcsufudk tm;vkH;uoabmwlnDcJh=uonf? tcsKd@u/ vGwfvyf
aoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;yay;a&;ESifh pme,fZif;rsm;tay:pDppfr_rsm; (qifqmvkyfjcif;) udkwm;jrpfay;a&;wdk@udk
awmif;qdk&eftxd qEN&Sd=uonf? odk@aomfvnf;trsm;pku EdkifiHa&;t& odyfus,fus,fjyef@jyef@rawmif;qdkzdk@
qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf? xdk@jyif tvkyform;rsm;. pGef@v$wfr_ESifhxdkufwefaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;jzpf&kHomru/ acsr_ef;
EdkifonfhtajctaewckqDodk@ wGef;ydk@onfhtjzpfrsKd;vnf;rjzpfap&efvnf; qkH;jzwfa&G;cs,fcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf?
&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk jrifhjrifhrm;rm;xm;cJh=uonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u vltrsm;udkwufºuGv_H@aqmfEdkifpGrf; &Sd onfrSm

rSefygonf? Oyrm (1905) ckESpfu 'Drdku&ufwpf&k&SorwEdkifiHwnfaxmif&ef &nf&G,fcsufrsKd;/ (1929) ckESpfu
tdENd,EdkifiHwGifawmif;qdkcJhaom vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;rsKd;/ usL;ausmfe,fajrrsm;wGif tpPa&;rsm; wnf&Sdaer_ udk
vHk;0y,fzsufay;a&; ponfwdk@uJhodk@aom&nfrSef;csufrsm; jzpfonf? xdk&nfrSef;csufrsm;onf
wdkufyGJodk@yl;aygif;vmolrsm;xHrS pdwftm;xufoefjyif;jypGmjzifhwkH@jyefr_rsKd; &&Sdaumif;&Edkifygonf? odk@&mwGif avwvHk;
rdk;wvHk;rjzpfEdkifaom pDrHudef;rsm;udk &nfrSef;xm;Iaqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh/ wpdwfwa'o atmifjrif
r_jzifhomed*Hk;csKyf&Edkif+yD;/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkudkvnf; ydkrdk}uD;rm;apEdkifygonf? wzufuzdESdyfr_rsm;udk ydkrdkvkyf
vmEdkifp&m&Sdonf? T&mpkESpftwGif; tjcm;v_yf&Sm;r_trsm;onf rdrdzmomtuef@towfxm;I vkyfaqmifcJh =uonf?
olwdk@u tEWdr&nfrSef;csufrsm;xufavsmhenf;aom OD;wnfcsufrsm;udkcsrSwfvkyfaqmifcJh=uonf?
xdktEWdr&nfrSef;csuftwGuf vuf&Sd&Sdaeaom vkyfydkifcGifhtaetxm;udk tokH;csI ydkrdkcsJ@xGifEdkif&ef óud;yrf;=u onf?
atmifjrifr_vnf; ydkrdk&&SdcJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ydkvefEdkifiH OyrmrsKd; jzpfonf? tvSrf;us,fvGef;onfh &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh
oifhwifhaom&nfrSef;csufrsm;/ pojzifha&G;cs,f&mwGif vufawG@us&efvdkygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;onf
ordkif;udkra&;rDtajctaewGif/ wdk;wufr_&Sdatmifawmhvkyf&rnf jzpfonf? TtwGuf vufawG@ us&rnfjzpfonf?
(1940) ckESpf pufwifbmvtwGif;u/ udkyifa[*ifòrd@wGif vlxk}uD;onf *smrefrsm;odrf;ydkufxm;aom

òrd@awmf.vrf;rrsm;YvSnfhvnf+yD; 'def;rwfbk&if/ '\rajrmuf c&pf&Sef.arG;ae@tcef;tem;udk ðyvkyfcJh=uonf?
t&G,fa&mufolaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmonf oDcsif;oHòydifoDqdkyGJrsm;ESifh tjcm;yJGrsm;wGif yg0ifvmcJh=uonf? xdktcrf;
tem;yGJrsm;wGif ,cif ESpfaygif; (80) u/ *smreDEdkifiHtm;qef@usifcJh=uaom 'def;rwfvlrsKd;wdk@. vkyfaqmifcsuf rsm;udk
pdwftm;xufoefpGm csD;usL;*k%fðycJh=uonf? jynfolrsm;onf usL;ausmfolppfwyf. ppfzdeyfrsm;atmuf wGif
olwdk@.EdkifiHtjzpfudk tcdkiftrmðy&mwGif yg0ifcJh=uonf? Todk@nDnGwfr_tESpfom&r&SdyJ/ 'def;rwf*sL;rsm;
tm;u,fwifjcif;/ odk@r[kwf 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;. ppfyGJumvtwGif; ckcHqef@usifa&;rsm;. aemufydkif; atmifjrif
r_rsm;&EdkifcJhvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?
(1989) ckESpfwGif/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ ynmwwfrsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aom rGef*dkvd, 'Drdku&ufwpf ,leD,efonf/

‚if;. 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;tpDtpOftwGuf axmufcHr_rsm;&&Sdap&ef v_H@aqmfóud;yrf;cJh onf?
‚if;wdk@.acgif;aqmifwOD;onf a=u;eDrdkif;vkyfief;Xmewckodk@oGm;a&mufcJh+yD;/ rdkif;wl;tvkyform;rsm;/
tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifhawGG@qkHcJhonf? olwdk@tm;/ xdyfydkif;u EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJuom/ pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wuf
atmifjrifr_rsm;twGuf vrf;zGifhay;vdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif; oabmaygufem;vnfapcJhygonf? aemufva&mufaom tcg/
òrd@awmftwGif; qENjyol/ vlxkvlwef;pm;rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;/ aus;vufaeolrsm;yg yg0ifvm=u ojzifh v_yf&Sm;r_
ydkrdkus,fjyef@vmcJhonf? v_yf&Sm;r_onfausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tjyif vlxkuyg vdkufygv_yf &Sm;vmap&ef
qGJaqmifEdkifonfudk tpdk;&tm;jyocJhygonf?

jynfol@v_yf&Sm;r_trsm;pkonf v_yf&Sm;wufºuGol tðrawwpku pwifavh&Sdygonf? tEdN,trsKd;om;
uGef*&uf/ qefqmvfaA;'dk;òrd@rS wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;/ *'efZfòrd@rS vGwfvyfaomtvkyform;rsm;or*~tzGJ@/
ponfwdk@onf tjcm;vlxkvlwef;pm;rsm;. axmufcHr_udk tm;ðy+yD; olwdk@.&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf us,fjyef@ aom
oabmwlnDr_rsm;udk ydkfifEdkfifpGm&,lEdkfifzdk@twGuf qufvufóud;yrf;cJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf? rnfol@wdk@. axmufcHr_udk
&&SdEdkfifrnfenf;/ tajymif;tvJtwGuf cdkifjrJ+yD;us,fjyef@aomtiftm;w&yfudk ykHaz:&ef rnfonfh tydkif;rsm;udk
aygif;ul;xm;rnfenf;qdkonfh ar;cGef;twGuftajz&Smzdk@vkdygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_wcktwGuf Tvkyfief; rsm;xuf
ydkrdkcufcJaomwm0ef[lIr&Sday? &k&Sa&S@aersm;ESifh ygarmuQrsm;onf &mpkESpftvSnfhtajymif;ESifh ywfoufI olwdk@.
vGwfvyfaomvltzGJ@tpnf;todkif;t0dkif;rsm;wGif vSvSyyajymqdkoGm;cJh=uygonf? tdENd,trsKd;om;uGef*&ufudk
acgif;aqmifcJh=uaom[dENLEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onfvnf; aemufydkif;ESpf (20) ausmf =umaomtcg/
olwdk@aemufodk@vlwdkif;rvdkuf=uawmhonfudkawG@vdkuf=u&ygonf? &k&S tvkyform;rsm;onf Zmbk&if.ESdrfeif;r_udk
wnfhwnfh&ifqdkif&ef OD;aqmifcJhonfh xa&mhpuD;uJhodk@aom ppfaoG;ºuGrsm;.pum;udk em;axmifcJh=u.? tdENd,.
rlqvifESifh qpfrsm;onf *END.wdkufyGJrsm;ESifh zmodzmom aecJh=uonf? odk@&mwGif (1905) ckESpfwGif &k&SY
EdkifiHa&;tufa=umif;rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;EdkifcJhygu/ aemuf+yD; tu,fI tdENd, wdkufi,fwckvkH;udk/ (1930-31)
ckESpfrsm;twGif; vlxktm%mzDqefr_udkvdkufyg&efom v_H@aqmfay;cJhygrl &k&SEdkifiH u'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJESifh
tdENd,jynfuvGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJonf q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdef,lcJh=u&vdrfhrnf r[kwfay?
òydifyGJudk xdef;csKyfjcif;
vrf;rsm;ay:ESifh puf&kH*dwf0rsm;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;pwifjzpfay:vmonfESifh wòydifeuf/ vlxktrsm;. ae@

w"l0b0rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;pwif&yfqdkif;oGm;onfESifh wòydifeuf/ rnfodk@yifjzpfap wenf;r[kwf wenf;tmjzifh
rw&m;tkyfpdk;r_tay:&Sdae=uaom yÉdyuQrsm;aygif;qHkrdoGm;=uawmhonff? tiftm;udktokH;csrnf avm/
v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdeft[kefudk rnfodk@xdef;odrf;xm;rnfenf;paom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;rSeu
f efpGmcsrSwfEdkifa&;onf/
v_yf&Sm;r_.xda&mufr_udk tqkH;tjzwfay;ygonf? ta=umif;rlum; jzpfysufaeaomtajctaeonf t&nf
tcsif;tay:wnfrSDaeaom òydifqdkifr_wckjzpf+yD;/ xGufvmEdkifaom&vm'fuvnf; raorcsm&Sdaeao;onf? yÉdyuQ.
t&Sdeft[kefudk &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk a&S@&_aomOD;wnf&modk@ajymif;ypf&eftwGuf t=urf;rzufaom v_yf
&Sm;r_onfus,fus,fjyef@jyef@ar#mfjrifxm;&ef vdktyfonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&tay:zdtm;ay;ta&;,laqmif&Guf
oGm;rnfhudpPrsm;udk enf;vrf;aygif;pHktoHk;csEdkifa&;/ Edk;=um;aeaom xdk;ppftoGifaqmifonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh
tpdk;&[efcsufysufatmifvkyfa&;/ zdESdyfwkef@jyefvmrnfhtEW&m,frS rdrdtajccHvlxkudkumuG,fay;a&;/ tm%m &SifzufrS
vdkufavsmurf;vSrf;vmrnfh tcGifhta&;rSefor#ukd tjrwfxkwfEdkifa&;/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&u toH
aumif;[pfaºuG;a=umfaeaom w&m;0iftaetxm;qdkonfudk tm;aysmhcsdeJ@apa&;/ tm%mudkqufvuf xdef;
csKyfxm;apa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufaeonfh enf;vrf;rSefor#udk tm;enf;qkwf,kwfvmapa&; pojzifhudk ar#mfjrif
pOf;pm;xm;&rnf jzpfonf? òydifzuf&efoltm;/ awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk jiif;qefaeonfhtwGuf tjypfay;ta&;,l
&rnfhenf;rsm;udk pOf;pm;&rnfhtjyif/ ‚if;uvufwkHjyefonfhvmrnfhtiftm; enf;vmap&eftwGufudkvnf;
vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfonf?
(1984) ckESpfu òrd@e,frsm;twGif; r+idrfroufykeu f efr_ESifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif&&mwGif awmiftmz&du

tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;tpdk;&onf/ ‚if;.twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk aysmufusm;ppfonfrsm;[k rSm;,Gif; ,lqcJh=u+yD;/
‚if;wdk@.wefjyefESdrfeif;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh wefjyefawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm; csrSwfaqmif&GufcJh=u onf? xdk@a=umifh
=urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;zdESdyfr_enf;vrf;rsm;udk oHk;cJo
h nf? odk@&mwGifòrd@e,frsm;&Sd wufºuGv_yf&Sm;ol rsm;u
tdrfiSm;cray;a&;oydwfrsm;/ tvkyfrqif;yJae+yD; qENjyr_rsm;/ pm;okH;oloydwfrsm;udk pDpOf=uaomtcg/
òrd@e,faumifpDvl}uD;rsm;/ &Jt&m&Sdrsm;udk tpdk;&ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=uojzifh olwdk@u&_wfcs=uaomtcg/ vrf;
aumfrwDrsm;u oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfief;/ &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif;rsm;uJhodk@aom vlxkvkyfief;rsm;udk
tpm;xdk;azmfxkwfaqmif&Gufvm=uaomtcg/ y&Dwdk&D;,m;tpdk;&u csrSwfxm;onfh trmcHppfaoG;ºuGrsm;udk
az:xkwfokwfoifa&;r[mAsL[monf/ tvkyfrsm;awmhonf? ae&mwdkif;wGif ol@rsufESmjzpfaeawmhonf?

(1988) ckESpfu *gZma'oESifh taemufzufurf;wGif tpPa&;umuG,fa&;wyfzJG@rsm;u tifwDzm'gwdk@
udkacsr_ef;&efóud;pm;cJh=uaomtcg/ ygvufpwdkif;rsm;pGmonf udk,fxdvufa&mufxdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_udk rvkyfcJh=u yJ/
tpPa&;tpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk wdkufEdkfifor#&yfpJcJh=uonf? olwdk@u tcGefray;aqmifyJae=u onf? &Jrsm;u
orRmpmqifh ac:ygu rodusKd;u|efðy=uonf? tpPa&;EdkifiHrS tvkyftudkifrsm;udk rvkyfyJa&Smif=u onf?
rSwfykHwifpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk jyo&ef jiif;qef=uonf? tpPa&;vlokH;ukefypPnf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmuf =uonf?
ygvufpwdkif;&Jt&m&Sdrsm;udk tvkyfrSxGufckdif;=uonf? twdkuftcHrsm;. TuJhodk@aomtESH@tjym;
twdkuftcHykHo¿mefrsm;onf tpPa&;wdk@zufu wkef@jyef&mwGif tiftm;udkusJuGJapcJhygonf? tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh
ylaygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;rðya&;wGif yg0if=u&ef ygvufpwdkif;vlwef;pm;trsKd;rsKd;udk pkaqmif;cJhjcif;tm;jzifh/
aoG;qlolrsm;.ykefuefr_wcktjzpf tifwDzm'gudk vspfvsLðyxm;&ef/ cufcJapcJhygonf?
(1978) ckESpfwGif ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD; 'kwd,ajrmuf*|efaygvfonf/ ykyf&[ef;jzpf+yD;aemuf yxrqkH;t}udrf tjzpf

ol.ZmwdEdkfifiHodk@ jyefvmcJhaomtcg/ ydkvefjynfolrsm;onf ol.tvnftywfc&D;wGif yg0if*k%fðy=u&ef vGwfvyfpGm
pDpOfcJh=uygonf? uGefjrLepftpdk;&onf ta&;}uD;onfh TtjzpftysufwGif yxrqkH;t}udrf
tjzpfab;a&mufoGm;&onf? &kwfw&uf=unfhygu txl;tqef;ozG,fjzpfaeonf? odk@aomfvnf; ydkvefwdk@.
tpOftvmtwdkif;/ olrsm;ESifhrwlwrlxl;onfhoauFw/ trsKd;om;a&;vuQ%m. tjcm;trSwftom;wck tjzpfvnf;
xif&Sm;ay:vGifvmapcJhonf? ydkveftwdkuftcHrsm;onf yifudk,ftoda=umifhr[kwfyJ/ jynfolwdk@
zufu&yfwnfay;cJh=uonf? TuJhodk@jzpfysufcJh+yD;aemuf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf oydwfqENjyyGJrsm;wGif
aemufydkif; ykyf&[ef;rif;.tvHav;rsm;/ odk@r[kwf csufwdkcsdK;0gbk&m;ausmif;&Sd teuf a&mifrufa'gem;r,fawmf&kyfykHudk
csDwufyGJrsm;wGif udkifaqmifcJh=uonf? uGefjrLepfpepfxuf jrifhjrwf+yD;/ ydkI oufwrf;&SnfcJhonfh
tm%mydkifoauFwwcktjzpf Todk@udkifpGJcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf?
(1986) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&DvwGif zm'Deefrm;udk@pfonf ol.tm%m qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef twGuf

aemufxyfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk r&dk;rom;pDpOfcJhonf? xdkpOfrSmyif apwemh0efxrf; rJ&kHapmifhvkyftm;ay; ol (2)
odef;cef@onf olwdk@xnfhonfh rJrsm;udkolwdk@ udk,fwdkifa&wGuf=uonf? tm%m&Sif. tm%mjyef vnf&&Sda&;twGuf
tvdrfZmwfudk zGifhcsjyEdkifvdkufonf? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf wnf&Sdaom w&m;0ifr_
csnfóud;tm;vkH;ajyoGm;cJhonf? ydkvefEdkifiHESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif/ tpdk;&.w&m;0ifr_ysufjym;oGm;&jcif;onf rlvuwnf;u
jynfolvlxkurvdkvm;/ rESpfouf+yD;jzpfaeaom tpdk;&w&yfudk z,f&Sm;Edkifvdkufonfh wdkufyGJ. tvSnfhtajymif;w&yfyif
jzpfawmhonf? tpdk;&onf ‚if;wGif trsm;jynfoluay;aom tcGifhtm%m&Sdonf qdk+yD; [efaqmifIr&awmhay?
xdk@a=umifh‚if;wdk@ u|rf;usifonfh tiftm;oHk; vkyf&yfrsm;tay:om tm;udk; tm;xm;ðy&awmhonf?
xl;jcm;onfhtajymif;tvJrsm;udkjzpfapcJhaom ta&;ygonfh ESpfq,f&mpkk. t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;ygonfh

yÉdyuQwdkif;wGif/ tm%ma[mif;rsm;onf ‚if;.tm%mtm; +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk xdef;csKyfEdkif&ef zdESdyfonfhtiftm;udk
tokH;ðycJh=uonf? Oyrm (1905) ckESpf &k&Sm;aqmif;&moDeef;awmf vlowfyGJ/ (1919) ckESpfu
tdENd,trR&pfqmtpkvdkuftðyHvdkufowfjzwfr_/ (1944) ckESpfu qefqmvfaA;'dk; vlowfwyfzGJ@rsm;/ (1950) ckESpfrsm;ESifh
(1960) ckESpfrsm;wGif tar&duefawmifydkif;Y vlrJrsm;tay: Oya'rJh&rf;um;olrsm;ESifh &Jrsm; . &ufpufr_rsm;/ (1970)
ckESpfu *'ef@Zfòrd@wGif tvkyform;rsm;tm;ypfcwfowfjzwfjcif;rsm;/ (1970) ckESpfrsm; u tm*sif;wD;em;ESifh
csDvDEdkifiHwdk@wGif vlrsm;aysmufqkH;oGm;cJh&r_rsm;ESifh (1983) ckESpfu bifepfEdk tuGDEdk vkyf=uHcH &r_rsm;onf
om"ursm;jzpfonf? Temrnfqdk;vSaom ta&;tcif;rsm;onf ESpfq,f&mpk.}uD;rm;aom
t=urf;rzufonfhwdkufyGJrsm;udk&ifqdkif&aom tkyfpdk;olwdk@. vuQ%mudk ykHaz:jyay;aeygonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_ toD;oD;.
acgif;aqmiftoD;oD;onf/ tajymif;tvJjzpfap&ef/ tiftm;ESifhvkyfzdk@ ra&G;cs,frD olwdk@taejzifh
t=urf;zufr_udk&ifqdkif&rnfudk em;vnfxm;cJh=uygonf? yÉdyuQ. tusdK;&vm'ftoD;oD;wGif/ rnfonfhtcef;
u¾uyg0if+yD;/ rnfodk@wkef@jyef=u&rnfudkvnf; olwdk@oabmaygufcJh=uygonf?
(1944) ckESpf/ ylaEG;aom aEGOD;&moDwckwGif qefqmvfaA;'dk;òrd@Y wufºuGv_yf&Sm;ol ausmif;om;rsm; onf
olwdk@EdkifiH. ppfzuforwudk rnfodk@z,f&Sm;=urnfenf;qdkonfudk tacstwifaqG;aEG;cJh=uygonf? xdkrwdkifcif wvu
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rm;wDeufonf vufeufudkifykefuefr_wckudk acsr_ef;vdkuf+yD;/ ykefuefr_udk OD;aqmifolrsm;udk
tqkH;pD&ifypfcJhonf? aq;ausmif;om; zmAD,dk uwfpwDvdkonf orwudkqef@usif&ef t=urf;zufr_udktokH;ðyjcif;onf
rdrdudk,fudkowfao&myJusvdrfhrnf// tm;vkH;udk ypfowfrSmyJ[k jiif;csufxkwfcJh onf? xdk@a=umifholwdk@trsm;u

b,frSrxGufyJ rdrdwdk@tdrfxJrSmyJae+yD; qENjyonfh taxGaxGoydwfw&yf qifE$J &efoabmwlcJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh
zdESdyfr_jzpfEdkifp&m enf;vrf;udka&Smifv$JEdkifcJhonf? onfhaemuf wvrjynfhcif rSmyif rmwDeufZforwtjzpfu
E_wfxGufoGm;cJh&onf?
(1905) ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif/ taxGaxGoydwfwckonf &k&SEdkifiH&Sd rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;/ 0efaqmifr_

vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;udk oGufcsmyg'vdkufoGm;apcJhonf? Zmbk&ifppfom;rsm;.&dkifz,frsm;twGuf tokH;wnfh
onfhypfrSwf tenf;tusOf;awmh ay;cJh&onf? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;twGif;/ 'def;rwfEdkifiHwGif tvkyform;rsm;
tvkyfrqif;yJae=ujcif;tm;jzifh/ vG,fvG,fululyif *smrefwdk@twGuf ypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfay;aom puf&kH/ tvkyf &kHrsm;udk
ukefxkwfvkyfr_aES;auG; oGm;apcJhonf? tdENd,ESifh awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwdk@wGifvnf; tcray;aqmifa&;
oydwfrsm;onfvkyfcJh=uonf? Todk@tcGeftcrsm;udk ray;yJay;aeonfhtwGuf t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk umuG,f
aeolrsm;udk epfemapcJhonf? tar&duefawmifydkif;ESifh tpPa&;odrf;ydkufxm;aome,fajrrsm;wGif cGJjcm;qufqH onfhOya'/
odk@r[kwf tcGeftaumufrsm;twGuf tr_p&dwfrsm;ay;&ef pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; oydwf arSmufcJh=uonf?
Todk@cGJjcm;qufqHr_twGuf wef&mwefzdk; pD;yGg;a&;tzdk;tcudk&apcJhonf? TyÉdyuQrsm;ESifh
tjcm;aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifvnf; tpdk;&ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;udk tvkyfuxGufapcJhonf? tpdk;&tm;
axmufcHonfh b%frsm;wGifaiGrsm;tyfESH&efjiif;qefcJh=uonf?
jyuQ'defESpfwESpfvkH; odk@r[kwf EdkfifiHwv$m;jyef@ES@Honfh Tta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;onf/ t=urf;zufr_ pcef;qDodk@/

vlxk}uD;ra&muf&SdapyJ tpdk;&w&yftm; jynfolrsm;.tm;jzifh xdk;ESufEdkifcJhonf? umvH/ a'oHt&
t=urf;rzufonfhvkyfief;rsm;udk jyef@ESH@atmifaqmif&Gufjcif;onf/ zdESdyfr_vufvSrf;udk tuef@ towfjzpfap+yD;/
tjzpftysufrsm;udkxdef;csKyfEdkifonfh tpdk;&.pGrf;&nfudk rEdkifreif;usqif;apygonf? (1986) ckESpfu rm;udk@pf
tm;qef@usifonfh jynfol@tm%mv_yf&Sm;r_/ odk@r[kwf (1989) ckESpftwGif;jzpfyGm;onfh w&kwf/ ta&S@Oa&my
EdkifiHrsm;ESifh rGef*dkvD;,m;tpdk;&rsm;udkqef@usifonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;uJhodk@aom/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;udk qef@usif=u onfh
uGJjym;+yD;/ tvdktav#mufjzpfay:aom/ odk@r[kwf &kwfw&ufaygufuGJonfh tkHºuGr_rsm;onf xkH;pHtwdkif; wckwnf;aom
tqHk;owftxGÉftxdyftiftm;òydifyGJodk@ qdkufa&mufcJh=uygonf? tiftm;}uD;onfh ppfa&;t&
ta&;,laqmif&GufEdkifonfh tajctaeudk vlxktm;xdyfwdkufawG@ap&ef wGef;ydk@jcif;onf/ tvGef tEW&m,f }uD;rm;onfh
r[mAsL[mw&yfjzpfygonf? ,if;v_yf&Sm;r_rsKd;onf zdvpfydkifrSmuJhodk@ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; atmifyGJrsKd;udk &&SdapEdkifouJhodk@/
w&kyfEdkifiH/ wdef@tefrif&ifjyifrSmuJhodk@ tpdk;&u ‚if;.twdkuftcHrsm; tpktðyH }uD;rm; vmaer_udk acsr_ef;&ef
tcGifhtvrf;udkvnf; jzpfapEdkifygonf? Ttcg vkH;0ta&;edrfhr_rsKd;ESifhvnf; &ifqdkif&Edkifyg onf?
ESdyfuGyfonfhtpdk;&wyfzGJ@rsm;udk xdyfwdkuftjynfht0/ r&ifqdkifyJ tpdk;&tm;pdefac:tuJprf;onfh tjcm;

r[mAsL[mudk/ tdENd,EdkifiH'g&moemqm;csufyGJESifh vyfufaemif;wGifawG@&ygonf? tvm;wl tar&duefEdkifiH awmifydkif;
eyf&SfAD;vfòrd@wGif ae@vnfpmpm;onfhpm;yGJawGY 0ifxdkifI xdkifoydwfarSmufr_Y awG@=u&ygonf? }uD;rm;aom
oydwfrsm;udkzefwD;&eftwGuf rdrdqENtav#mufyg0ifvdkol apwemh0efxrf;rsm;xJrS vufa&G;pOf
wyfzGJ@rsm;pepfwusa&G;cs,f+yD; avhusifhoifwef;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Ttjzpftysufudk vlod
rsm;onfhtjzpfa&mufvmap&ef/ &Jrsm;a&muf&Sdvmapzdk@/ odk@r[kwf ppfwyfwyfzGJ@rsm;a&mufvmapzdk@ zdwf=um;
vdkufovdkjzpfapcJhygonf? wrif=uH&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifhvkyfonfhvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf tiftm;tokH;ðyzdESdyf&ef
pay;vdkufovdk/ v_H@aqmfovdk jzpfapygonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm;jzifh zdESdyfr_udk zGifhcsjyEdkif+yD;/ tpd;k &tm; use&f Sad eonfh
vlxkaxmufcHr_udk jzwfawmufypfEdkfifygonf? tpdk;&. t=urf;zufr_vkyfvdkaom qENudk vSpfjy Edkifygonf//
ydkrdkus,fjyef@ap&eftEW&m,f ydkrdkenf;aomenf;emrsm;udk toHk;ðyI tpdk;&rsm;udk&ifqdkifjcif;tm;jzifh/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;
vltrsm;tjym;udkyg0ifvmapzdk@pnf;&Hk;Edkif+yD;/ tajymif;tvJjzpfapa&;twGuf zdtm;rsm;udk csJ@xGiftokH;csEdkifygonf?
tpdk;&w&yfonf t=uyftwnf;tEW&m,fESifh&ifqdkifae&onfhtcg t=urf;enf;tpm;/ tEkenf;udkt
okH;vmwwfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_rD;udk jidrf;owfEdkif&efvdkufavsmr_rsm;jyvmwwf+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;w&yfjzpfvmrnfh tpm;/
jyefvnfoifhjrwfapa&;udk a&S@&_+yD;xdef;a=umif;oGm;&ef óud;pm;wwfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Todk@ tEkenf;tm;jzifh
jyefvnfxdef;csKyfr_ jyefvnfwnfaqmufoGm;vdkaoma=umifh jzpfonf? (1982) ckESpfwGif awmiftmz&du0ef}uD;csKyfu
tdENd,tEG,fzGm;rsm;ESifh tom;ta&mif&Sdolrsm;udk tcGifhta&;wpHkw&may;I uef@owfrJay;cGifhðyrnf[k
zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'jyifqif&ef tqdkðycJhzl;onf? tmz&duefvlrsKd;rsm;tm; a'o qdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif
ydkrdkajyma&;qdkcGifh&aprnf qdkcJhonf? odk@aom aemufESpfrsm;wGif twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;pGm u nDnGwfaom

'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; (,l'Dtufzf) udk zJGJ@pnf;I/ udk,fpm;vnfrsm;u tpdk;&. aqmif&Gufcsuf rsm;onf
vdrfnmvSnfhpm;r_rsm;omjzpfonf[k &_wfcsajymqdkcJh=uonf? “tcGifhta&;awG tjynfht0usKyfwkd@ vdkcsifw,f æ æ
tcGifhta&;rSefor# csufcsif;&vdkw,f æ æ” [kaºuG;a=umfcJh=uonf? v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmif rsm;onf
tpdk;&udkwGef;vSefqef@usifae=uaom jynfolrsm;taejzifh onf;cHEdkfifpGrf;r&Sdawmhonfomru/ wpdwf
wydkif;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk vufrcHEdkif=uonfudk odxm;=uonf? tcktcsdeftxd pum;ajymzdk@ tcsdefra&muf ao;ay?
wcgw&H tkyfpdk;olrsm;onf olwdk@udk,fwdkifrvkyfonfhudpPrsm;twGufa&S@&_Edkifaom w&m;0ifvkyfief;pOf wckudk

zGifhvSpfay;wwf=uonf? (1988) ckESpfu csDvDEdkifiHwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;yDEdkacs;u vmrnfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif ol@taejzifh
wOD;wnf;aom udk,fpm;vS,favmif;jzpfoifh/ roifh jynfolvlxktm; wdkuf&dkufrJay;ap&ef tcGifhay; cJhonf?
vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_wckrS uHoDvGwfajrmufoGm;+yD;aemuf/ vuf0yJ kefuefr_wckudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;EdkifcJh+yD; aemuf/ olu
tjcm;rnfolr#tEdkifr&Edkifawmh[k wGufqxm;onf? odk@&mwGif 'Drdkua&pDtwdkuftcHrsm;onf tepfemcHI
owd}uD;pGmjzifhpDpOfaqmif&GufcJh=uonf? zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;&kH;uvnf; rJ&kHrsm;udk
tav;xm;apmifh=uyfay;cJhonf? aemufqHk;AdkvfcsKyf}uD; &_H;edrfhcJh&ygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_u rnDr!GwfòyduGJaeonf?
tm%m&Sifudk w&m;0ifr_ay;todtrSwfðyvdkuf&rnfh tEW&m,fuvnf;&Sdao;onf? odk@aomfvnf; Ttajc taerS
v_yf&Sm;r_onf wdkufyGJudk qufvufqifE$Ja&;twGuf t&Sdeft[kefudkwnfaqmufEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;
uvnf;&Sdaeao;onf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&w&yfESifh jynfolvlxku ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk zsufodrf;vdkufjcif;onf
atmifjrifr_twGuf r&Sdrjzpf tcsufjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif tcGifhtvrf;topfudk&v#if&ovdk vufawGtokH;cszdk@ vdkonf?
atmifjrifr_u v_yf&Sm;r_udkvufurf;vmaomtcg r[mAsL[mESifhruGJvGJygu toHk;cs&efvdkonf?
tpdk;&w&yf. w&m;0ifjzpfr_twGuf aemufqkH;usef&Sdonfhopf&Gufonf ajr}uD;ay:odk@aºuGusoGm;onfh tcg/

ol.vdkufavsmcsufrsm;u t=uyftwnf;udk ajyav#mo h Gm;atmifrvkyfEdkifawmhonfhtcg/ odk@r[kwf
‚if;.twdkuftcHrsm;udk yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvmap&ef rodrf;oGif;Edkfifawmhaomtcg/ ol@tm;pepfwus qef@usif aeaom
t=urf;rzufonfhtiftm;pkudk tm%mtiftm;jzifh rpGrf;omatmifrvkyfEdkifawmhaomtcg/ tpdk;&.
twif;w=uyfwdkufwGef;Edkifonfh tm%monf usqif;pðyvm+yDjzpfonf? xdktcg pdwfra=ueyfjzpfae=uonfh
oabmxm;uGJvGJolwpkESifhpcJh&onfh wdkufyGJav;wckonf/ wu,fhb0twGuf yÉdyuQ/ wdkufyGJwyGJ jzpfvmawmh onf?
tusdK;&vm'fxGufap&ef tiftm;oHk;jcif;
zdvpfydkifvlrsKd;arqiftzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfaom &Demwdk csmAufZfonf (1986) ckESpfwGif zm'Deefrmudk@pfudk

qef@usifaom jynfol@tm%mykefuefr_wGif yg0ifcJholwa,mufjzpfonf? tm%m&SifxGufajy;oGm;+yD;n/ orw
tdrfawmfjzpfaom rmvmumeef eef;awmf.wcg;aygufrsm;rS t&ifqkH;twif;0ifa&mufoGm;=uolrsm;xJwGif oludk,fwdkif
yg0ifcJhonf? orwtdrfawmfxJodk@0ifa&mufcJh+yD;aemuf zefrD;yef;qGJrsm;jzifh crf;em;pGmqif,ifxm; aom
cef;r}uD;wcef;+yD;wcef; vSnfhywf=unfh&_cJhonf? csmAufonf pm=unfhwdkuftwGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufoGm; aomtcg
eef;awmfudk pGef@oGm;=uonfrSm odyfrSr=umao;ojzifh pm;yGJwvkH;ay:Ywifxm;aom zefyef;uefvkH;}uD;xJ&Sd
pjypfoD;rsm;rSmvwfqwfaeqJ&Sdao;onf? olonfpjypfo;D rsm;udkwvkH;rusef pm;ypf vdkufonf? rm;udk@pfonf
ol.tpDtpOftwdkif; xGufcGmoGm;jcif;awmhr[kwfay? olonf tm%mrSz,f&Sm;cHcJh &jcif;jzpfonf?
t=urf;rzufonfhvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_wckonf atmufazmfjyygenf;vrf;okH;ckteufrS wckckjzifh aumif;
aomtajymif;tvJudk jzpfvmapwwfonf? tkyfpdk;olu tm%mpGef@v$wf&ef odk@r[kwf pGef@cGmoGm;&ef
t=uyfudkifjcif;rsKd;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? wenf; aphpyftay;t,lvkyf&efaqG;aEG;yGJpum;0dkif;ay:odk@ wGef;ydk@Edkifjcif; ESifh
vkdufavsm&eftpdk;&tm; wdkufwGef;jcif;vnf;jzpfEdkifygonf? odk@r[kwf yÉdyuQqufvuf&Snfaejcif;tm;jzifh
tusdK;&vm'fraumif;/ rdrdvdkvm;onfhtwdkif;vnf; qkH;jzwfrvkyfEdkifawmhonfhtaetxm;jzpfa=umif;
,kH=unfvmonfhtwGufa=umifh/ tpdk;&.tjrifudkajymif;vJapjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf? v_yf&Sm;r_.wzuf
tiftm;pk.aysmhuGufrsm;onf/ rwlonfhtajctaersm;tvdkuf uGJjym;ygonf? tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; uGJjym;
wwfygonf? TtcGifhtvrf;rsm;tay:toHk;csI vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_u &kyfydkif;qdkif&mudk,f xdvufa&mufwdkufyGJrsm;
udkrcsKyfudkifEdkifrD/ pdwf"mwfydkif;qdkif&m,SOfòydifyGJudk csKyfudkifEdkif&ef/ tompD;&ap&efóud;yrf;&ygrnf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rmwDeufZfESifh
rm;udk@pfwkd@twGuf rnfonfhtcGifhae&mrS r&SdcJhyg? vlxkb0tay: olwdk@v$r;f rdk;xm;r_udk tqkH; owf&efwdk@tjyif/

olwdk@.tqifhjzifhppfa&;XmecsKyfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumtaygif;ygrsm;. ta&;ygaom axmufcHr_ rsm;uif;uGmoGm;ap&ef
t=urf;rzufonfhta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk tokH;cscJhonfh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_u olwdk@udk armif;xkwfypfcJh=uygonf?
(1931) ckESpfu/ ol@aemufvdkufolrsm;u vlxt k m%mzDqefr_wdkufyGJudk tcsdeftuefhtowfr&Sd xdef;

odrf;xm;Edkifrnfr[kwfa=umif;udk *ENDtaeESifhodcJhygonf? ol.wdkufyGJu tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;.awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk
bk&ifcHydkrdkqifjcif em;vnfapcJhonfudkvnf; olodcJhonf? onfvdkESifh *ENDonf ol.wdkufyGJudk tqkH;owf&ef
bk&ifcHavmh'ftm0ifESifhaqG;aEG;zdk@ oabmwlcJhonf? odk@&mwGif *ENDuoabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vufcHcJhonfh twGuf
pdwfysufoGm;usonfholtrsm;. a0zef wdkufcdkufr_rsm;udk cHcJh&ygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_onf vlrsKd;pktvdkuf
tcsif;csif;pdwf0rf;uGJcJh=uygonf? ol@aemufvdkufolrsm;xHrS tiftm;rsm;vnf; ,kwfavsmhusqif;cJh&ygonf? xdk@tjyif
urBm}uD;uvnf; pD;yGm;a&;ESifh rD'D,mtzGJtpnf;rsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@csdwfqufr_r&Sdao;onfh tcsdefjzpfaeonf?
uvuwWm;òrd@rS zdESdyfcH&r_"mwfykHrsm;onf +Adwdo#wdk@ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;0,f,l=uonfudk rwm;qD;cJhay? tdENd,wGif
jAdwdo#wdk@.tkyfcsKyfa&;onf trSm;cHEdkifao;onfhyrm%u }uD;}uD;rm;rm;&Sdaeao; onf? ESpftwef=umrSom
+Adwdo#tifyg,monf ol.tcsuftcsmo&zlae&mrS ausmufwvHk;udkpGef@v$wfcJh&+yD;/ tdENd,EdkifiHonf
udkvdkeDtifydkif,mrScGJxGufcJhygonf?
odk@&mwGif/ tay;t,lvkyfaphpyf&ef qENr&Sdr_uvnf; tm%m&&Sdapa&;udkoGm;&mvrf;udk vGJacsmfapEdkif

ygao;onf? (1905) ckESpfu/ &k&SEdkifiHwGif atmufwdkbm taxGaxGoydwf}uD;u Zmbk&iftm; v$wfawmfw&yf
ac:,lay;a&;ESifh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;ðyvkyfay;zdk@ uwdu0wfay;&ef t=uyfudkifEdkifcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;
ol@tm;qef@usifaeonfh v_yf&Sm;r_xJrS aysmhajymif;r_ odwfr&Sdonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;u Turf;vSrf;csufudk y,fcs
cJh=uonf? ESpfukefcsdefwGif/ vrf;rrsm;ay:Y ykefuefr_wckjzpfyGg;aomtcg xdkykefuefr_onf Zmbk&ifhwyfrsm;.
vkH;0acsr_ef;jcif;udkcHvdkuf&onf? wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uolrsm;onf Zmbk&ifay;cJhonfudk ,lcJh=uygu/ TtcGifhtvrf;udk
oufOD;qHydkifpepftm;qef@usifcJh=uaom twdkuftcHe,fy,fudk tm;jznfhay;&ef tokH;csEdkifcJhrnf jzpfonf? olwdk@onf
vufOD;r_udk bk&ifeDudkvyfpfxH jyefvnfpGef@v$wfcJh=u&+yD;/ tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf a&&SnfwdkufyGJ qifE$Jp&m
vdkcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfay?
bla*;vf&D;,m; ESifh rGef*dkvD;,m; uGefjrLepfrsm;onf olwdk@.òrd@awmfvrf;rrsm;ESifh &ifjyifrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pD

awmif;qdkae=uaom jynfolvlxkrsm;ESifhjynfhESufaeonfudkawG@aomtcg/ qdkAD,uftkyfpkrS olwdk@.
vkyfaz:udkifzuf&Jabmfrsm; 'dkrDEdkvdk wck+yD;wckvJòydoGm;cJh=uonfudkawG@aomtcg/ 'Drdkua&pDudkawmif;qdkr_udk
vdkufavsmjcif;onf qdk;aomt,ltqr[kwf[k oHk;oyfcJh=uonf? ajymif;vJa&;twGuf vkyfief;pOfrsm; tpysKd;cJh=uonf?
0g;òrdtysufpD;rcHyJ/ &SifoefEdkif&efóud;yrf;cJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; tm%m&Siftpdk;&w&yfonf yk*d~Kvfa&;qENrygyJ/ ‚if;wdk@
tqkH;jzwfay;cJh&onfhtwGuf ‚if;.vlrsm;udk pdwf"mwfusapEdkifygonf? olwdk@ &Sif oef&yfwnfEdkifa&;udk=unfhI
a&G;vrf;a&G;cJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf? (1988) ckESpfu/ ydkvefEdkifiHwGif pD;yGm;a&; usqif;r_ ESifhtwl tvkyform;oydwf/
r+idrfoufr_0J=oCtopfESifh&ifqdkifcJh&+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ,m&lZJvfpuD;onf EdkifiHa&; wnfjidrfr_udk jyefvnf&&Sdap&eftwGuf/
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@tm; ulnDyg&ef OD;vSnfhvmcJh&ygonf? odk@ aomfvnf; pmyGJ0dkif;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf
uGefjrLepfrsm;òydvJoGm;aponhf a&G;aumufyGJwckudk qdkufa&mufapcJhyg onf? v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf
aysmhajymif;aomenf;emaemufvdkufcJhaomfvnf;/ aygufuGJxGufrvmonfhwdkifatmif/ jrifhjrwfr_rSmawmh
tjcm;atmifyGJrsm;xuf wjym;om;rS rav#mhcJhyg?
tm%m&Siftpdk;&w&yf. ausm&dk;udkusKd;oGm;apEdkifonfh aemufqHk;aumuf&dk;wr#if[lI r&Sdyg? odk@aomf vnf;

(20) &mpkonf ukefqkH;csdefeD;vmonfESifhtr#/ jynfolvlx. k tcGifhta&;rsm;udk zdESdyfxm;aom tkyfpdk;olrsm;tay:
usyfvmaeonfh ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ðywfwlonf ydkI=uyfoxufwif;=uyfvmcJh+yD jzpfygonf? EdkifiHwckudk
qufvufxdef;csKyfxm;&ef ydkrdkcufcJvmr_ESifhtwl 'Drdkua&pDtajymif;tvJtwGuf EdkifiHwumrSzdtm;
t&Sdefjr‡ifhvmaer_t=um;wGif igwaumaumaeonfh tkyfpdk;olrsm;onf t=uyfqdkufvm=uygonf? olwdk@ twGuf
zdESdyfr_onfom wckwnf;aoma&G;cs,fp&musefawmhonfhtwGuf twdkuftcHrsm;udk xdxda&muf a&muf
xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifr_ av#mhoxufav#mhvmaeonf? jynfwGif;Y 0&kef;okOf;um;jzpfr_ESifh jynfyu rESpfòrd@r_ wdk@onf
olwdk@twGuf aoavmufaponfh aoa&t&ufwcGufjzpfvmonf? awmiftmz&duEdkifiH tdENd, todkif;t0ef;rS

EdkifiHa&;wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olwOD;jzpfol tuf[mumcsmvD,mu/ tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;0g'udk qef@usifonfh v_yf&Sm;r_.
=oZmonf&dk;&dk;av;omjzpfonf/ “olwdk@/ wdk@r&SdyJ rtkyfcsKyfEdkifbl;”qdkonfhtcsuf omjzpfa=umif; ajymjycJhonf?
t=urf;rzufonfh awmfvSefa&;onf/ ol@xdef;csKyfEdkifr_twGuf zdESdyfol.vufudk z,f&Sm;ypf&mwGif ydkrdk

IpGrf;tm;}uD;rm;onfh tiftm;w&yfjzpfvmygonf? t=urf;rzufr_udk vdkvm;pGmvufcHjcif;jzifh ol.tiftm; onf
ol@zmomtvdktavsmuf xGufvmjcif;r[kwfay? v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf vkyfief;rsm; pOfqufrjywf aqmif&Guf&ef
r[mAsL[mw&yfvdktyfygonf? xdkr[mAsL[mwGif &&SdEdkifonfh &nfrSef;csufrsm;/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; nDnGwfr_ESifh
&efoludkxdef;csKyfonfh ckdifrmoefpGrf;onfh ta&;,laqmif&Gufcsufrsm; yg0if&rnfjzpfygonf? rdrdzufu tom&aponfh
yÉdyuQ.t&Sdef[keftajymif;tvJjzpfap&eftwGuf t=urf;rzufonfh v_yf&Sm;r_ onf e,fy,fudkcsJ@xGif&rnf jzpfonf?
rdrd. xdk;ppfvkyfief;rsm;ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;udk ydkrdkpkHvifatmifvkyf&rnf? zdESdyfr_udk qef@usifonfh vlxktajccHrsm;udk
umuG,fay;&rnf/ rdrd&efol. w&m;0ifjzpfr_udk xdk;azgufypf&rnf? ol. tm;enf;csuf/ vdkufavsmcsufrsm;udk
tjrwfxkwftokH;cs&rnf? Tt&mtm;vkH;jzpf+yDqdkygu zdESdyfol tpdk;& w&yfonf jynfwGif;a&m/ jynfywGifyg
axmufcHulnDr_rsm; rkcsqkH;&_H;oGm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ ol. zdESdyfa&;enf;vrf;rsm; ESifh +cdrf;ajcmuft=urf;zufr_rsm;onfvnf;
tqdyfukeftav#mhay;vkduf&awmhrnf jzpfonf? tpdk;&taeESifh tusdK;&vm'fudk olrjyXmef;Edkifawmhonfhudk
em;vnfoGm;onfhtcg/ ol.tm%m,lxm;&onfhtwGuf ta=umif;jycsufrsm;/ enf;vrf;rsm; rcdkifvHkawmhonfhtcg
twGif;rSvd_ufI ysufpD;vmrnf jzpfonf? tqkH; owfuawmh tcsdeftwdkif;twm udpPr#om jzpfygawmhonf?
'Drdkua&pD ESifh tm%m
(1980) ckESpf/ =o*kwfvtwGif;/ *'ef@òrd@/ vDeifoabFmusif;oydwf. yxrae@&ufrsm;eHeufcif;wGif touf (22)

ESpft&G,f *smZDbdka&mZufESifh ol.vkyfazmfudkifzufoydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tjcm;tqdkif; trsm;tjym;rS
tvkyform;rsm;udk olwdk@.pufu&d,mtokH;taqmifrsm;udk ypfcs qENjy=u&ef wdkufwGef;em;cs EdkifcJhonf? olwdk@onf
*dwftrSwf (2) teD;wae&mteD;wGif pk&Hk;=urnf? tcsKd@uatmf[pfaºuG;a=umfum òrd@xJodk@csDwuf=urnf? ,cif (10)
ESpfcef@u oydwfarSmufcJh=uolrsm;vkyfcJh=uouJhodk@ uGefjrLepfygwDXmecsKyfudk csDwuf=urnf[k tvkyform;tcsKd@u
atmf[pf=uonf? bdk&dkZufu olwdk@tm; apmifhqdkif;=uzdk@t&ifajymonf? xdk@aemuf (1970) ckESpfu
òrd@v,fokd@csDwuf&if;towfcHcJh=u&aom tvkyform;rsm;twGuf acwWjidrfouf tav;ðy=uzdk@ajymvdkufonf?
trsKd;om;oDcsif;udk olwdk@oDqdk=u+yD;aemuf/ twdwfordkif;u a=uuGJzG,f&mtjzpf qdk;rsKd;aemufxyfrjzpfapzdk@ESifh
oabFmusif;udk xdef;xm;=u+yD;/ xdkae&mrSmyJae=uzdk@ arwWm&yfcHajym=um;cJhonf? bdka&mZufudk od&Sdol
tenf;i,fom&Sdaomfvnf;/ ol@pum;udkem;axmif=uonf? oabFmusif;xJrS usefrnfol wOD;wa,mufr#
ol@udkodolr&SdcJhay?
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf ppfwyfrsm;uJhodk@ r[kwf=uacs? olwdk@.acgif;aqmifrsm;onfvnf; trdef@rsm; ay;+yD;/

xdktrdef@rsm;twdkif;aemufvdkuf&Jabmfrsm;u aqmif&Guf=uonfhwyf&if;rsm;vdk ar#mfvifhxm;Edkifaom
ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;r[kwf=uay? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_jzpfonf? xufatmuftrdef@pD;qif;ay;Edkif
aomzGJ@pnf;yHkrsKd;r[kwfay? tqifhwm0eftrsKd;rds;&Sdolrsm;onf rdrdzmomqkH;jzwfcsufjzifh yg0ifcJh=uolrsm;omjzpf onf?
ta=umif;rSm xdkv_yf&Sm;r_.&yfwnfcsut f ay: olwdk@,kH=unf=uaoma=umifh yg0ifvm=ujcif; jzpfonf? ta&;tcif;.
tcsuftcsmae&mudk xdk;azgufvmol *smZDbdka&mZuffonf vlrsm;udk ol@aemufvdkuf&ef rawmif;qdkwwfcJhyg? xdkolrsm;udk
olwdk@taeESifhtaumif;qkH;enf;vrf;udk vkyfaqmif=uzdk@om wdkufwGef;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? xGufay:vmonfh
olwdk@.udk,fydkiftodrsm;tay:rSom ol.!$ef=um;csufrsm;u t&ma&mufcJhjcif; jzpfonf? &k&S EdkifiHwGif/ (1905)
ckESpfatmufwdkbmv taxGaxGoydwf}uD;ESifh (1944) ckESpf arvu/ t,fvf qm;aA;'dk;EdkifiHwGifjzpfyGm;cJhaom
taxGaxGoydwfwdk@ pwifjzpfcJhonfhtcsdefu/ t&Sdefjr‡ifhwifay;onfhtm;onf cyfvSrf;vSrf;uaeaom
acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. tmabmiftm&if;oefoef a[majym=uaomrdef@cGef;rsm;r[kwfyg//
omrmeft&yfxJwGifajymqdkaompum;vkH;rsm;ESifh omrefjynfolaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm. yl;aygif;tm;pdkufcJh=uonfh
}uD;rm;aompGrf;tm;yifjzpfygonf?
acgif;aqmifr_onf/ wu,fyJr&Sdrjzpfvdktyf+yD; ta&;ygygonf? tdENd,EdkifiHu vlxktm%mzDqefr_onf

*END}uD;rygyJESifh rnfodk@r#rjzpfEdkifay? odk@aomf *ENDyifv#if aus;u|efvdkvdkufemjcif;cH&olr[kwfay? (1930) ckESpfu/

*l*sm&wfjynfe,fwGif/ *ENDonf &Gmom;rsm;u tcGeftcrsm;ray;a&;udk udkifpGJxm;=uonf[kem;vnfxm;onfh
a'ocHacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol tm&Sbdkifyaw;qdkolESifhtjiif;tckHjzpfcJh&ao;onf? ol@tjrifu qm;Oya'udk wdkufzsufzdk@
vlxktm%mzDqefr_udk tuef@towfESifhvkyfvdkonfh *END.qENoabmxm;ESifh qef@usifcJhaom a=umifh jzpfonf?
yaw;tm; ajzmif;zsem;csI r&cJhyJ/ tpdk;&. tcGefrSL;rsm;tm;qef@usifonfh a&&SnfwdkufyGJ wckudk a&S@qufcJh&+yD;/
ydkrdk}uD;rm;onfh ta&;awmfykHtwGufvlaxmifaygi;f rsm;pGmudk rSDcdk t&if;tESD;}uD;cJh&onf?
v_yf&Sm;r_wckonf twif;t"rRwdkufwGef;enf;rsKd;r[kwfyJ/ ajzmif;zsenf;ay:tajccHIom vkyfaqmif

=u&aomtcg/ pdwfjrefvufjref&Sdaom aemufvdkufrsm;. &Hzef&Hcg wOD;csif;qefqefcsJ@xGifvkyf=uaom v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;udk
tajccH&wwfygonf? xdktwGufa=umifh }uD;rm;aomtusKd ;tjrwfrSm tvSrf;ta0;qkH; a&S@wef;ae&m rsm; txd
‚if;.y%mrajcvSrf;rsm;udk jzef@usufEdkifonfh v_y&f Sm;r_yifjzpfonf? v_y&f Sm;r_taejzifh vlrsm;udk
t=urf;rzufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_wGif rdrdawG@óuHvm&Edkifonfh wOD;csif;tEW&m,f&SdEdkifaomtajctaeudk &ifqdkif=u& rnfudk
ar#mfvifhxm;+yD;jzpfonf? olwdk@u olwdk@EdkifiHudkjzpfapcsifonfhtwdkif;/ olwdk@udk,fwdkifvnf; ykHo¿mef t&
vGwfvyfyGifhvif;r_&Sdvm+yD;/ vufawG@vkyfief;t& vlrsm;u odem;vnf;vdkufygaom 'Drdkua&pDusonfhyHkpH rsKd;jzpfvmap&ef
ajymif;vJvm&awmhonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u vlrsm;tm;vkH;udk zmodzmom OyuQm aewwfonfh tavhtusifhrsKd;
ysdK;axmifay;aomfvnf;/ epfemqkH;&_H;r_}uD;}uD;rm;rm;&Sd=uolrsm;/ trSefw&m;udk
rwif;wdrfEdkifavmufatmifrGwfodyfaeolrsm;tzdk@ Ttwdkif;raeEdkif=uay? TtrSefw&m; xGufay:vmonfh tcg/
t=urf;rzufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_u jynfolrsm;udk tcGifhtm%mv$Jajymif;ay;vkdufonfhtcg/ rnfonfhtm%m &Sifxufrqdk/
odk@r[kwf rnfonfh vufeufudkiftenf;pkxufrqdk/ ydkIydkif;jzwfoHEMdXmefcsaqmif&Gufr_udk vltrsm; u ydkrdkjr‡KyfESH
aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?
vGwfvyfaompD;yGm;a&;pepfu pGef@pm;wDxGifolpD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sifrsm;udk tusdK;cHpm;cGifhay;avh&Sdonfh

tvm;wl/ vGwfvyfpGmqHk;jzwfaqmif&Gufonfh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_w&yf. todkif;t0dkif;ESifh tpdk;&udkqef@usif aom
vGwfvyfaomavxkudk &_&_dufcGifh&Sdvmonfh vlxkvl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf zdESdyfr_'%fudk tHh=op&maumif;
avmufatmifcHEdkif&nf&Sdygonf? TonfrSm Todk@yGifhvif;vGwfvyfr_a=umifh tusdK;cHpm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? t'rf
rpfcsfepfESifh ,mquful&Gefwdk@onf olwdk@taejzifh ausmufom;vdkcdkifcef@aom uGefjrLepftpdk;&udk &ifqdkifwdkufI r&onfudk
em;vnfoabmayguf=uonf? olwdk@EpS fa,mufESifh (1970) ckESpfrsm;u ydkveftwdkuftcHrsm;xJrS
olwdk@.vkyfaz:udkifzufrsm;onf/ tpdk;&tm;vspfvsL&_jcif;jzifh qef@usifhonfh enf;vrf;udka&G;cs,fcJh=uonf? tpdk;
&ESifhoabmuGJaomtvkyform;rsm;udk tvGwfoabmjzifh tultnDay;onf? ajratmufowif;pmESifh pmtkyf rsm;udk
xkwfa0=uonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_onf tpdk;&w&yfudk wESpftwGif; odkr[kwf q,fESpftwGif; ðzwfcsEdkifcsifrS
ðzwfcsEdkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ oufOD;qHydkiftm%m. ylavmifaeaomtaqmuftODtwGif;rS vGwfvyfr_ tcGifhta&;udk
tpysKd; tyifaygufapcJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDudk ryGifhrD 'Drdkua&pDtvkyf udk
pwifvkyfay;EdkifcJhonf?
tawG;tac:wckuqdkonfrSm/ 'Drdkua&pDtawG@tóuHenf;ao;onfh/ vGwfajrmuf+yD;p EdkifiHopfrsm; onf

Ttqifhvrf;a=umif;twdkif; xdrf;xm;Edkifzdk@tcuftcJ&Sdonf? ajym&rnfqdkygu/ (1990) ckESpfrsm;u &k&S EdkifiHtwGif;
EdkifiHa&;r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm;udk qdkjcif;jzpfonf? ,cifumvydkif;tpdk;&onf 'Drdkua&pDenf;t&
a&G;aumufaomtpdk;&jzpfygu/ tajymif;tvJydkvG,fEdkifygonf? Oyrm zdvpfydkifuJhodk@aomEdkifiHrsKd;wGif tm%m&Siftkyfpdk;r_
aemufydkif;wGif 'Drdkua&pDpepfajymif;vJap&ef ydkrdkvG,fulEdkifygonf? odk@&mwGif uGefjrLepfpepf ta&;edrfhoGm;+yD;aemuf/
ydkvefEdkifiHwGifwnf+idrfpGmul;ajymif;EdkifcJhjcif;rSm/ tm%m&Sifpepfu 'Drdkua&pDpepf twGuf toifhjzpfaer_udk
r[ef@wm;xm;Edkifa=umif; jyoaeygonf? tjcm;udpPrsm;u/ 'Drdkua&pDvrf;a=umif;udk wufrudkifae&mwGif&Sdaeonfh
t=urf;rzufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_wck.rmvdefrSL;u vrf;jyygu/ EdkifiHawmf. 'Drdkua&pD udk a&&Snfxdef;odrf;Edkifr_pGrf;&nf
ydkrsm;ygonf? jynfol@awmfvSefa&;twGuf r[mAsL[mr&SdyJ OD;aqmifaer_xuf ydkrdk}uD;rm;ygonf?
tdENd,EdkifiH.vGwfvyfa&;&atmif óud;yrf;&mwGiftESpf (30) =umygonf? xdkvGwfvyfa&;&&Sdzdk@twGuf

tm;xkwf&mwGif t=urf;zufr_onf rnfhonfhtcgur# *END.r[mAsL[mtpdwftydkif;w&yfrjzpfcJhay? csufwdk@.
EdkifiHwGifvnf; t=urf;rzufonfh tpdk;&ESifhoabmxm;uGJolrsKd;qufwckonf/ jynfolwdk@qlqlylyl awmif;qdk=u aom
'Drdkua&pDtwGuf tqifoifhjzpfr_udk zefwD;cJh=u.? csDvDEdkifiHwGif tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&udk tm%mrS

z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_onf/ 'Drdkua&pDvufeufud&d,mrsm;udkom tokH;ðycJhygonf? &mpkESpfukefwGif/
TEdkifiHrsm;tm;vkH;onf tm;rmeftjynfhESifhwufºuGonfh'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;jzpf=uonf? ae&mtESH@tjym;rS
tajymif;tvJrsm;udkjzpfapcJhonfh t=urf;rzufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;u|rf;usifolrsm;onf nGefh
aygif;r[mrdwftiftm;pkrsm;udk wnfaqmufjcif;/ trdef@ay;jcif;xuf pnf;&kH;ajzmif;zsjcif;jzifh OD;aqmifr_ay;jcif;/ tpdk;&.
twnfðyajym=um;r_udkxnfhrpOf;pmyJ/ udk,fydkifvGwfvyfaom v_yf&Sm;r_jzifh vlxk.ae&mudk zefwD;ay; jcif;ponfwdk@udk
&Sif;vif;pGmod&Sd em;vnf=uonf? jynfolvlxkb0tay: xdef;csKyfr_udk eef;awmfrS vlxkqDodk@ ajymif;onfhtcg
EdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcm tm%mw&yf. wnf&monf vdkufajymif;a&$@oGm;&awmhonf?
ESpfq,f&mpktwGif;/ csDwufqENjy=u+yD;/ puf&kHtvkyf&kHrsm;ESifh vrf;rrsm;udk odrf;ydkuf=uonfh tcsKyf

tjcmtm%mudk jyefawmif;qdk=uaom trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf/ urBmhwdkuf}uD;wdkif;wGif/ &efolrsKd;pkHudk
qef@usifv#uf/ ol@wdk@.tcGifhta&;rsm;tay: tzufrwefovdkoabmxm;cJh=uaom tkyfpdk;olrsm;vufxJrS olwdk@.
oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk jyefvnf&kyfodrf;cJh=uonf? (1848) ckESpfu“vlxk. tm%mzDqefr_”qdkonfh
‚if;.a=unmcsufESifhausmf=um;cJhaom/ [ife&D a';Apfaomf&dk;onf aiG0,fu|efpepfudk umuG,fcJhonfh tpdk;&
ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk jyefvnf&kyfodrf;zdk@ tar&duefrsm;tm; a=unmcJhonf? tpdk;&u qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm;
tkyfcsKyfvmonfhtcg/ tpdk;&tay:opPmcHr_udk jiif;y,fcGifh&Sd+yD;/ tpddk;&udkvnf;awmf vSefcGifh&Sdonf[k aºuG;a=umf cJhygonf?
tu,fIom vl (1000) u t=urf;zuftkyfcsKyfaeonfh tpkd;&udk olwdk@.tcGefrsm;udkay;aqmif&ef jiif;qdkvmcJhygu
,if;onf +idrf;csrf;aomawmfvSefa&;w&yf[laom teuft"dy`g,fyifjzpfonf[k oluqdkyg onf?
tESpf (60) =umaomtcg/ vD,dkawmfpwGdKif;u aomf&dk;onf ol@tay: “xl;xljcm;jcm;=oZmv$rf;rdk;” cJhonf[k

a&;om;cJhygonf? aemuf&SpfESpfcef@=umaomtcg/ *ENDu awmfpwGdKif;xH ol.tufaq;wyk'fudk jyef
vnfykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifhðyzdk@/ cGifhawmif;&mwGif/ awmfpwdGKif;tm; “xl;jcm;jrifhjrwfonfhvlpdrf;”[k a&;om;cJhygonf?
,if;odk@jyefvnfxkwfa0cJhaom tufaq;pmtkyfwGif olutrSmpma&;&mY/ *ENDonf awmfpwdKGif;. o0%fv$m yg
pum;jzpfonfh “tu,fIom u|Ekfyfwdk@u ol. qdk;&Gm;onftm%mpufudk vkdufemzdk@jiif;qefv#if zdESdyfol wOD;.
zdESdyfa&;óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm;onf tcsnf;ESD;om jzpfvdrfhrnf” [k jyefvnfaz:!$ef;cJhygonf? t=urf; rzufonfh
awmfvSefa&;onf tdENd,twGufomru/ vlom;w&yfvkH;twGufyg “ta&;t}uD;qkH; jy\em w&yfjzpfa=umif;”
ta=umif;jyefcJhaom awmfpwGdKif;xH aemufwESpft=umwGif *ENDupmxyfa&;cJhygonf? (1910) ckESpfwGif
*ENDxHodk@a&;cJhonfh aemufqkH;pmwGif/ awmfpwdGKif;onf ol@udk,fol “ aozdk@eD;uyfae+yD” [kod&Sd cHpm;ae&+yD;/
*END.pum;rsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tay:ol. odem;vnfr_udkaz:jycJhonf? &k&SEdkifiHwGif aygufuGJvm rnfh
ol.ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;twGuf jynfhjynfh00 jyefvnfay;qyfonfht&mrsm;tjzpf odem;vnfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf
ol.ESvkH;om;xJY xdkt&monf awmufavmifaeqJjzpfcJhonf? vlom;ta&;udpPrsm;wGif t=urf;zufr_rS/
tqkH;tjzwfay;onfha&G@vsm;r_twGuf/ “x&efpfA,frSm oifaqmif&GufcJhaomvkyfief;rsm;onf
urBmhA[dkcsufESifhtvSrf;a0;aeonf[kxif&aomfvnf;/ ,cktcgurBm}uD;uyg r#a0cHpm;&mrSm tav;eufqkH;
vufawG@oufaojzpfcJhwma=umifh 'g[m/ u|Ekfyfwdk@twGuf tajccHtusqkH;ESifhta&;t}uD;qkH;jzpfcJhygonf?” [k
olua&;cJhonf?
&mpkESpftprSmyif urBm}uD;onf xdkoufaojycsufudk tjynfht0oabmwlcJhonf? odk@&mwGif &mpkESpf

ukefqkH;aomtcg t=urf;zufr_0g'/ vlrsKd;wkH;owfjzwfr_/ *dk%f;*%o¾mefrsm;/ rkef;wD;olrsm;/ tpGef;a&mufol rsm;.
wcgw&Ht=urf;zufðyrlvkyfaqmifaom 'kp&dkufr_rsm;/ EdkifiHrsm;/ vltzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif u|if;usefaecJh ao; onfrSmvnf;
tjiif;yGm;p&mrvdkay? t=urf;zufr_a=umifh tajymif;tvJrsm;wGif raumif;onfhtusdK;qufrsm;
txift&Sm;&Sdaeaomfvnf;/ t=urf;zufr_udk rqifrjcif qufvuftoHk;ðyae=uqJjzpfonf? TtawG@tóuH rsm;t&
tm%mESifhygwfoufaom t,ltqa[mif;onf csKyf+idrf;&efeD;uyfvm+yD jzpfonf?
[efeef t&ef@'f (Hannah Arendt) olr. “ t=urf;zufr_ESifhywfoufI” qdkonfh òydifzufuif;onfh

tufaq;wGif t=urf;zufr_onf tm%mzefwD;&mwGif vkH;0rpGrf;aomt&mjzpfonf[k a&;om;azmfjycJhonf? ‚if;onf
ta&;awmfykHrsm;udkvnf; wdk;wufatmifrvkyfEdkifcJhay? ordkif;udka&m/ awmfvSefa&;udkyg wdk;wufatmif rvkyfcJhay?
wdk;wufr_ESifh jyefvnfwkH@jyefr_udkvnf; jrifhrm;atmif rpGrf;EdkifcJhacs[k jiif;csufxkwfcJhonf? T tufaq;wGif olronf
awmfvSefa&;orm;jzpfvmrnfholtrsm;tjym;. tóudufukxkH;tjzpf armfpDwkef;u oabmw&m;tESpfxkwfxm;onfh “

tm%monf aoewfajymif;0uxGufonf” qdkonfh emrnfausmf aqmifyk'fudk acsyxm;onf? Ttqdkonf
[pfwvm. rdef;uifh (Mein Kempf) pmtkyfrS pma=umif; wa=umif;jzpfEdkifacs&Sdygonf? odk@&mwGif
t=urf;zufr_trsm;tjym;udkawG@jrifcJh&aom ‚if;&mpkESpfrSmyif tm%m &Sift,ltq òyduGJysufpD;oGm;r_rsm;udkvnf;
jrifawG@cJh&onf? tºuGif;rJht=urf;zufr_ odk@r[kwf t=urf;zufr_ tEW&m,fu tºuGif;rJhtm%mudk tmrcHr_ray;EdkifcJhay?
t=urf;zufr_onf tpdk;& (odk@r[kwf) vufeufudkiftzJG@rsm;. vufeufud&d,mjzpfygonf? t=urf; zufr_onf

tcsdefumvwckwGif ta=umufw&m;udk wajz;ajz;oGif;ay;Edkifygonf? emcHatmifvkyfEdkifygonf? odk@r[kwf b0rsm;ESifh
"eOpPmrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; t=urf;zufr_0g'ukd tokH;ðyolrsm;tm; w&m;0ifjzpfr_jzpfap&efaomf
vnf;aumif;/ olwdk@.tqifhae&mESifhtcGifhtm%mudk xdef;odrf;xm;&efvdktyfrnfh oabmwlnDr_udk
jr‡ifhwifay;EdkifpGrf;r&Sday? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;. wnfjidrfr_ESifhcHEdkif&nf&Sdr_wGif t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuf uawmh vkH;0a&S;qefaom
ydkrdktqifhjrifhonfh t,ltqw&yfudk olrtaejzifhawG@jrifcJhonf? “a&mrrsm;onf olwdk@. vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;/ tpdk;&ykHpH
(civitas) udkajymqkd=u+yDqdkygv#if olwdk@.pdwfxJY trdef@ay;/ trdef@cH qufqHa&;tay: tm;xm;jcif;r&Sdonfhtm%mESifh
Oya'qdkif&mcH,lcsufw&yf udef;atmif;ae+yD;jzpfygonf?” Tt,ltqudk orwEdkifiHrsm;xlaxmif&mwGif
jyefvnfaz:xkwfcJh=uaom }uD;jrwfvSonfh (18) &mpkawmfvSef a&;orm;rsm;u jyefvnfazmfxkwfcJh=u+yFD;/
“w&mOya'pdk;rdk;+yD;/ jynfolvlxk.tm%mtay:wGif r¾dKifðyxm; onfh tm%mudkxlaxmifum/
vludkvlcsif;pkd;rdk;tkyfcsKyfr_udk tqkH;owfypf=uayvdrfhrnf” jzpfonf?
ESpfq,f&mpk jynfol@tm%monf aoewfajymif;0uxGufjcif;r[kwfcJhay? olwdk@udkemcHap&ef óud;yrf;chJ aom/

jynfolwdk@.oabmwlnDr_ (odk@r[kwf) vdkufavsmr_jzpfonfh olwdk@.wu,fhtm%mt&if;tjrpfudk zsuf odrf;ypfjcif;jzifh
t=urf;zufr_qdkonfrSmtm%m[k ,kH=unfxm;=uaomtkyfpdk;olrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? rw&m;onfh
Oya'rsm;udk vdkufemjcif;r&Sdawmhaomtcg/ vlxuk tvkyfrvkyf=uawmhojzifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_
&yfqdkif;oGm;onfhtcg/ tpdk;&0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; tvkyfrvkyf=uawmhonfhtcg/ ppfwyfudk
vlrsm;updk;&drfa=umuf&GH@r_r&Sd=uawmhonfhtcg/ tpdk;&u tokH;ðyEdkifonfh t=urf;zufr_onf ta&; r}uD;awmhay?
vlxkudkemcHatmifvkyfonfh olwdk@.tm%monf aysmufuG,foGm;&avawmhonf?
vGefcJhonfhtESpf w&mu urBmhajrykHudk tifyg,mrsm;/ bk&ifhEdkifiHawmfrsm;u vGrf;rdk;xm;cJh=uygonf?

ESpfq,f&mpktpwGif urBmhwdkuf}uD;rsm;onf orwEdkifiHrsm;ESifh jynfhESufoGm;ygonf? a&mrtifyg,m&Sif
uavmuf'D,wfpf (Emperor Claudius) onf a&mrorwEdkifiHawmf}uD;udk wrf;wcJhbl;onf[kqdk=uonf? odk@aomf
ol.&efolawmfrsm;u ol@tm;rnfonfhtcgur# cGifhrðycJh=uay? ,ae@tcg a&mrpDADwyfpf (civitas)/
a&mrvlr_tzGJ@tpnf; pdwf"gwfonf urBmvkH;qdkif&m pHE_ef;jzpfvmcJh+yDjzpfonf? c|if;csuftenf;tusOf;usef
aeao;aomfvnf;/ ‚if;.&efolawmfwdk@onf uG,faysmufus&_H;ae&+yD jzpfonf? xdkolrsm;. tm%mqdkif&mt,l
tqonfvnf; us&H_;ta&;edrfhae&+yDjzpfonf?

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aus;Zl;pum;

t*FvdyfvlrsKd;pma&;q&m AGD-tufpf-y&Dcsuf (V.S. Pritchett) u vD,dkawmfvfpwGdKif;ta=umif;a&;om;cJh &mwGif/

pwda,mhuf (Steve York) u “ydkI}uD;rm;aom tiftm;tpGrf;wck”&kyfjrifoH=um;rSwfwrf;Zmwfvrf;wGJ twGuf

*|efeoef rdk*g;vf (Jonathan Mogul) rSm usaemfwdk@.tqifhjrifhokawoerSL;ESifh wnf;jzwfoljzpfygonf? rdcsD*ef

*sufzf a[eef (Jeff Heynan) u a*smhcsfawmif;wuUodkvf/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;0efxrf;rsm;ausmif;rS tqifhjrifhausmif;

um;vfydkaq; (Carl Posey) u tm*sifwD;em;ESifh csDvDEdkifiH&SdyÉdyuQrsm;udk a&;om;&mY ulnDwnf;jzwfay;ol jzpfygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) i

w&kyfEdkifiHESifh rGef*dkvD;,m;EdkifiHrsm;ta=umif;twGufudkrl arm&pf &dkqmbD (Morris Rossabi) .tultnDudk &cJhonfrSm

t,fvfbwftdkif;pwdkif; tifpwDusL;&Sif;rS b&kpf *sifuif (Bruce Jenken) udkvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf?

rdrdwdk@udktxl;ulnDcJhaomolrSm *|efeDvD'Gef tufumrif (Jonnie Leedom-Ackerman) jzpfygonf? ol.

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) ii

“ydkI}uD;rm;aom tiftm;tpGrf;wck”&kyfjrifoH=um;rSwfwrf;Zmwfvrf;wGJjzpfajrmufap&eftwGuf nm%f

Tpmtkyfonf rsKd;quf (5) ck.EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ vlr_rwnfr+idrfjzpfr_rsm;/ ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk jzef@usuf

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) iii

“w&m;r#wr_ESifh tm%mwdk@onf twlwuGvm&efvdktyfygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap w&m;r#waomudpPrsm;u

(1981) ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv.wckaomaom=umnaecsrf;wGif/ vufcsfbm0ifqmESifh tjcm;aomaoG;pnf;nD!Gwf

tu,fI t=urf;zufr_onfom tm%mtiftm;jzpfcJhrnfqkyd gu/ tu,fI Todk@zdESdyfr_udk jyefvnfwkef@jyef&ef

vGefcJhaom&mpkESpf. aemufqHk;q,fpkESpfwGif/ bm0ifqmonf e,l;a,mufòrd@Y ESpfpOfpufwifbmvwdkif;wGif

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 1

ordkif;wavsmufTodk@&&Sdvmaom &vm'frSm}uD;rm;vSygonf? tjzpftysufrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf?

Ttjzpftysufrsm;tm;vHk;onf &k&Sm;wGifpwifcJhygonf? (1991) ckESpfwGif bdk;&pf,,fvfqifwifhum;ay:odk@

• (1905) ckESpfwGuf atmhodka'gufbkef;awmf}uD; a*sm*sDa*yGefu vkyfom; (150000) udk &k&Sm;EdkifiH.

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 2

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 3

TyÉdyuQrsm;tm;vHk;wGif t=urf;zufenf;udktoHk;rðyyJ/ atmifjrifEdkifaom tvm;tvmudkawG@&Sd&onf? xdk@

(1936) ckESpfwGif rdk[ef'wfpf*ENDxHodk@ xif&Sm;aomtmz&duef-tar&duefbkef;awmf}uD;wyg;ESifh ZeD;wdk@u vm

wcgw&H,lqwwf=uonfrSm t=urf;rzufaomv_yf&Sm;r_udk a&G;cs,fapcJhaomta=umif;onf/ usifh0wfydkif;qdkif

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 4

vGefcJhaom&mpkESpftwGif; yifv,fork'N&mrsm;jzwfausmfIjzpfyGg;cJhaom ppf}uD;rsm;rjzpfrD/ jzpfqJESifh ppf+yD;umv

Tpmtkyfygazmfjycsufrsm;onf +yD;cJhaom&mpkESpftwGif;jzpfysufcJhaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; wpdwfwydkif;

tcef; (1)? ‘tm%m&&Sda&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;’tcef;wGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm t=urf;rzufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh

tcef; (2)? ‘t=urf;zufr_udk ckcHjcif;’[laom tcef;Y jynfolrsm;u usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvmonfhppfwyfrsm;udk

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 5

tcef; (4)? ‘t=urf;zufr_ESifh tm%m’tcef;wGif wefjyefvefvmcJh&aom tjzpftysuf (2) ckudk oHk;oyfavhvm

Todk@aomtjzpftysufrsm;. Zmwfvrf;ausm&dk;wckwdkif;wGif/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh qef@usifzuftif

Ttjzpftysufrsm;wckESifh wck óud;oDwef;ovdk/ tquftpyf&Sdaer_udk &mpkESpfukefqHk;onfhwdkifatmif rjrifom

*ENDu +Adwdo#tifydkif,mjynfh&Sifrsm;udk &ifqdkifqef@usifcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf;'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;&ifqdkifqef@usif

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 6

Todk@ vufawG@trSefw&m;udk ypfy,fI/ vlxktrsm;pdwfwGif t=urf;rzufaomv_yf&Sm;r_ESifhygwfoufI ,HkrSwf

vltrsm;pku cef@rSef;wGufcsufxm;=uonfrSm/ vmrnfh (21) &mpkonf/ jyif;xefaomyÉdyuQjzpfpOfrsm;udk &ifqdkif

vlom;rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;tcsif;csif;tpOfojzifh òydifqdkifae=u&aom urBmwGif/ yÉdyuQrsm;onf rvGJraoGjzpf

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 7

Tpmtkyfygazmfjycsufrsm;onf ESpfq,f&mpktwGif;jynfolrsm;u t=urf;zufr_roHk;yJ/ tm%m&,lEdkifa&;t

ordkif;a=umif;udk a&;om;azmfjycJh=ur_tm;vHk;wGif/ a&;om;azmfjy=uolrsm;. ordkif;tjrifu v$rf;rdk;r_&Sdygonf?

rdrdwdk@.,Hk=unfcsufrSm ,ckvuf&Sdvltrsm;odae=uaom t=urf;rzufckcHr_qdkif&mtodrsm;xuf/ ydkItm&Hkpdkuf

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 8

+Adwdo#tpdk;&. qm;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_udkqef@usif=uaomtdENd,vlrsKfd;rsm;/ emZDrsm;. ppfa&;qdkif&mukefydk@r_rsm;

vGefcJhaom&mpkESpf+yD;cJhcsdefwGif/ urBm&SdtoHv$ifhavvd_if;rsm;ESifh pmtkyfpifrsm;wGif/ tzsufqD;EdkifqHk;&mpkESpf[kac:

yÉdyuQrsm;ESifh ygwfoufIt=uD;rm;qHk;aom,HkrSwfrSm;csufrSm/ t=urf;zufr_onf tm%mtwGuftqHk;pGefyHkpH

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 9

tvGeftrif;Ekdifvkdrif;xufðyol tm%m&Sifrsm;onfyif æ ykdIay;xm;au|;xm;Edkifav/ ykdI emcH=u

tDwdefae; a' vm bltufwD (1577)

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 10

&k&S / 1905 ckESpf

ppfat;wkdufyGJukefqkH;t+yD;/ 'kwd,ajrmuf aEG&moDumvwckrS/ we*FaEGn wn. tarSmifxkxJwGif/

xkdae@eHeuftm&k%fOD;tcsdefwGifyif/ vDeif*&ufòrd@rS uGefjyLwmody`Hynm&SifwOD;jzpfonfh Avm&D ZmAkda&mhnD

us,fjyef@vSaom wkdif;jynf}uD;twGif;&Sd jynfoltm;vkH;wkd@onf a&'D,kdESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;rSaeI

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 11

‚if;. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ESifh ajymqkdcsufrsm;jzifh ,Jvfqifonf jynfolwkd@tm; tm%modrf;r_udk tHwk&ef

wifhum;wef;}uD;wckonf uvDeif y&kdpyuf (Kalinin Prospekt) vrf;twkdif; tdrfjzLawmfqDokd@ OD;wnfI

AkdvfrSL;tDAf'kduDarmhAfESifh ol@wyfcGJonf tdrfjzLawmf nmzuf&Sd uvDeifpuD; (Kalininskii) wHwm;teD;okd@

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 12

owif;pmq&mtawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; tnhHcH t&_H;ay;&efukd jiif;qkd=uavonf? wevFmae@ naewGif

tm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfolrsm;onf vufeuftiftm;wpkHw&mukd jyovkdufygu twkduftcH ðyvkyfrnfholrsm;ukd

|efeoef rdkg;vf (Jonathan Mogul) rSm usaemfwdk@.tqifhjrifhokawoerSL;ESifh wnf;jzwfoljzpfygonf? rdcsD*ef

sufzf a[eef (Jeff Heynan) u asmhcsfawmif;wuUodkvf/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;0efxrf;rsm;ausmif;rS tqifhjrifhausmif;

• (1905) ckESpfwGuf atmhodka'gufbkef;awmf}uD; asmsDa*yGefu vkyfom; (150000) udk &k&Sm;EdkifiH.

xkd@a=umifh bkef;awmf}uD; ayGef. toem;cHv$mwGifygaom vGwfvyfaom or~rsm;/ jynfol@vGwfvyf cGifhrsm;/

pdef@yDwmpbwf tpnf;t&kH;twGuf ZlbmawmhAf pkaqmif;cJhaomacgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS wOD;rSm asmfsD