Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ceasar II Guide
Ceasar II Guide
Word
For those users with access to Microsoft Word, CAESAR II provides the ability to send output reports directly to
Word. This permits the use of all of Words formatting features (font selection, margin control, etc.) and printer
support from CAESAR II. This feature is activated through use of the Microsoft Word button when producing a
report. Word is available as an output device to the Static and Dynamic Output Processors. Users can append
multiple reports to form a final report, by selecting the desired reports, clicking the Microsoft Word button, closing
Word, selecting the next report to be added, clicking the button again, etc. A table of contents, reflecting the
cumulatively produced reports, always appears on the first page of the Word document.
Select Case Names
Allows users to select either the CAESAR II Default Load Case names or the user-defined load case names for
output reports. Also available on the Options menu as Load Case Name. The user-defined load case names are
entered in the load case editor under the Load Options tab.
Select Node Name
Allows users to select formatting of node numbers and names to output to reports. Also available on the Options
menu.
Animation
Allows users to view graphic animation of the displacement solution.
Input
Returns to the piping input processor.
Enter Titles
Allows the user to enter report titles for this group of reports. CAESAR II allows the user to customize the report
with a two line title or description. This title may be assigned once for all load case reports sent to the printer or a
disk drive; or the title may be changed for each individual report before it is moved to the output device. When
CAESAR II receives this command a dialog prompts for the titles
Chapter 7 Static Output Processor 7-5
Report Titles
Note 28 characters of each entered title line are displayed for 80 column output reports and 50 characters of each entered
title line are displayed for 132 column output reports.
Button and Name Description
Plot
This command allows the user to superimpose analytical results onto a plot of the system model. This is described
in more detail later in the chapter.
More
Opens the Output Viewer Wizard to the right of the Static Output Processor. It aids the user in selecting specific
reports and reviewing their order before sending the output to the selected device.
7-6 Static Output Processor
Custom Reports Toolbar
The Custom Reports toolbar enables users to access a variety of functions that can be used to manipulate the generated
reports.
Button and Name Description
Add New Custom Report Template
Enables users to create new custom reports. At least one load case must be selected from the
Load Cases Analyzed list box to enable preview. After executing this command the Report
Template Editor dialog displays.
Edit Existing Custom Report Template
Enables users to modify and save existing custom reports, one at a time. At least one load case
must be selected from the Load Cases Analyzed list box in addition to the custom report name to
preview the report. After executing this command the Report Template Editor dialog displays.
Delete One or More Custom Report Templates
Enables users to permanently remove a custom report templates. This action can not be undone.
Reset Default Custom Report Templates
Enables users to replace the current custom report templates (whether CAESAR II or user defined)
with the CAESAR II Default Custom Report templates.
After executing this command, all the user defined or modified custom report templates will be
replaced by the CAESAR II default ones.
Note: This action affects ALL jobs system-wide and can not be undone.
View Custom Report On Screen
Enables users to view existing custom reports on screen. Any number of load cases analyzed and
any number of custom reports can be selected to view. Custom Reports are presented one at a
time for inspection. Users may scroll through the reports vertically and horizontally where
appropriate. Double clicking the column headers allows sorting of the results.
View Previous Report
Enables users to navigate through the reports. When all reports have been viewed, the Reports
Viewer dialog closes and returns control to the Static Output Processor.
View Next Report
Enables users to navigate through the reports. When all reports have been viewed, the Reports
Viewer dialog closes and returns control to the Static Output Processor.
Chapter 7 Static Output Processor 7-7
Custom Reports
Report Template Editor
After selecting the appropriate load case and custom report name and clicking Edit Existing or Add New Custom Report
Template the Report Template Editor dialog appears.
Report Template Editor Dialog
The Report Template Editor Dialog consists of two sections: the template editor to the left and the preview grid to the
right.
The template editor has a tree-like structure and resembles Window Explorers folder view. There are 8 major categories
available: Template Name and Template Settings for general report editing, and several output fields; Displacements,
Restraints, Global and Local Forces, Stresses, and Hanger Table Data.
The Template Name category allows users to specify the report name, enter a brief description of the report, and select the
report type. The report name followed by the template description display on the preview grid if the Include Report Name
option is checked under the Template Settings category.
7-8 Static Output Processor
There are 3 report types available:
Individual - generates output reports, one per selected load case, in the format similar to the standard Displacements or
Restraints reports.
Summary - generates a single output report for all the specified load cases as a summary, in the format similar to the
standard Restraint Summary report.
Code Compliance - generates an output stress check report for multiple load cases as a single report, similar to the
standard Code Compliance report.
Note Actual columns and their order on the reports are controlled solely by the user. Data from various categories can be
customized on a single report to suit user's needs.
Template Settings provides options for the report header and the report body text, formatting and alignment. The user may
wish to include or remove specific header data by toggling the check box next to a particular piece of information. The font
face, size, and color for both headers and the report body may be set here.
Note Any changes in the editor are immediately reflected in the preview window to the right.
Each of the following categories consists of related output data. For example, Displacements category contains three
translational (DX, DY, and DZ) and three rotational (RX, RY, and RZ) fields; Stresses contains Axial, Bending, and Code
stresses among other stress related fields. A number next to the field name indicates the Column Number this field will be
placed in. When nothing or zero value is specified, this column will not be included in the current report.
Each field contains following information that can be easily controlled by the user:
Field Name Description
Column Number Indicates the order of the fields in the output report.
Precision Indicates the number of decimal places to be displayed.
Sort Order Specifies whether the data in the column is in ascending, descending, or in no order. This gives the user flexibility of reviewing
reports for maximum (or minimum) values without extra effort.
Display Node Number Allows the user to control appearance of the node number; currently has only "general" formatting as an option.
Display Element Index Allows the user to control whether or not and where the Element Index appears; currently has only "general" formatting as an
option.
Display Units Allows the user to control whether or not and where the Units label is displayed; currently has only "general" formatting as an
option.
Font Allows the user to specify text font face, size and color for this field whenever special formatting is required. Note: The
generic font settings for the entire report should be set at the Template Settings -> Body category.
Align Values Allows the user to control left, right, or center alignment of the values in the column.
Field Caption Allows the user to customize the name of the field as it appears on the report by typing the new caption.
Column Width Allows the user to control the size of the column,
Note When a category or any particular field is highlighted in the editor, the help text for this field is displayed in the
Help box at the bottom of the editor section.
Chapter 7 Static Output Processor 7-9
The Preview Grid on the right of the Custom Report Template Editor dialog is interactive. Users may drag the columns
by their heading to arrange the order of the fields in the reports. Double clicking the column header will sort that columns
values in ascending or descending order. The dragged column number or sorted order value will automatically be saved in
the Column Number or Sort Order entry of that field in the editor tree. Clicking the column header once will highlight that
field in the editor tree, extend its contents and scroll it to view.
Note The Preview Grid is limited to the first 50 lines for performance speedup. The entire report will be available after
selecting the appropriate load case(s) and the custom report name on the Static Output Processor screen and clicking View
Report.
Any current changes to the custom report template can be saved by clicking Save. The custom report template can also be
saved under a different name by clicking Save As... The Save As... dialog appears prompting the user to enter the new
template name a brief description, and the report type. Clicking Preview Report enables users to remove the grid lines
from the Preview Grid. Clicking the same button again will add the grid lines for editing.
7-10 Static Output Processor
Report Options
For most load cases (except hanger design and fatigue) there are a variety of different report options that can be selected for
review.
Displacements
Translations and rotations for each degree of freedom are reported at each node in the model.
Chapter 7 Static Output Processor 7-11
Restraints
Forces and moments on each restraint in the model are reported. There is a separate report generated for each load case
selected.
Restraint Summary
Similar to the restraint report, this option provides force and moment data for all valid selected load cases together on one
report.
7-12 Static Output Processor
Global Element Forces
Forces and moments on the piping are reported for each node in the model.
Local Element Forces
These forces and moments have been transferring into the CAESAR II Local Coordinate system. Refer to the Technical
Reference Manual for information on this local coordinate system.
Chapter 7 Static Output Processor 7-13
Stresses
SIFs and Code Stresses are reported for each node in the model. The code stresses are compared to the Allowable stress at
each node as a percentage. Note that stresses are not computed at nodes on rigid elements for more information see the
figure on the following page.
7-14 Static Output Processor
Stress Summary
The highest stresses at each node are presented for all load cases selected in summary format for quick review,
Chapter 7 Static Output Processor 7-15
Code Compliance Report
Stress checks for multiple load cases may be included in a single report using the Code Compliance report, available from
the Static Output processor. For this report, the user selects all load cases of interest, and then highlights Code
Compliance under the Report Options. The resultant report shows the stress calculation for all load cases together, on an
element-by-element basis.
7-16 Static Output Processor
Cumulative Usage Report
The Cumulative Usage report is available only when there are one or more fatigue-type load cases present. Once the
Cumulative Usage report is generated, regardless of the number of load cases selected, showing the combined impact of
simulating selected fatigue loadings.
Chapter 7 Static Output Processor 7-17
General Computed Results
Load Case Report
The Load Case Report documents the Basic Names (as built in the Load Case Builder), User-Defined Names,
Combination Methods, Load Cycles, and Load Case Options (Output Status, Output Type, Snubber Status, Hanger Stiffness
Status, and Friction Multiplier) of the static load cases. This report is available from the General Computed Results
column of the Static Output Processor.
7-18 Static Output Processor
Hanger Table with Text
This report provides basic information regarding spring hangers either selected by CAESAR II or the user. Information
provided includes the node number, the number of springs required, the hanger table figure number and size, the hot load,
the theoretical installed load, which is what the hangers are set to in the field prior to pulling the pins, the actual installed
load, which is the load on the hanger when the pipe is empty, the spring rate from the catalog, and the horizontal movement
determined from the CAESAR II output. If constant effort supports are selected then the hanger constant effort force is
reported.
Input Echo
The input echo allows the user to select which portions of the input are to be reported in this output format. All basic
element data (geometry), operating conditions, material properties, and boundary conditions are available in this report
option.
Chapter 7 Static Output Processor 7-19
Miscellaneous Data
This report displays the Allowable Stress Summary, Bend Data, Nozzle Flexibility Data, Pipe Report, Thermal Expansion
Coefficients used during analysis, Bill of Materials, the Center of Gravity Report, and Wind and Wave input data.
Warnings
All warnings reported during the error checking process are summarized here.
7-20 Static Output Processor
Output Viewer Wizard
After clicking More >> in the lower right corner of the Static Output Processor, an Output Viewer Wizard dialog
displays to the right. The Output Viewer Wizard can be hidden again by clicking Less <<.
Output Viewer Wizard
The Output Viewer Wizard consists of the Report Order window and auxiliary operational buttons. It enables users to
add any report to the view by clicking Add or delete any report not needed by clicking Remove. Users can arrange the order
of the reports by moving them up or down by clicking Move Up or Move Down on the selected report.
Users may send a report to screen or to printer by checking the appropriate radio button in the upper section of the Output
Viewer Wizard dialog. After clicking Finish, the reports are automatically sent to the specified device in the order
displayed in the Report Order window.
If the user places a corresponding check mark in the Generate Table of Contents (TOC) box a (TOC) is appended to the
printed reports .
Note The TOC will display if Send to Screen was selected, regardless if the TOC check box was enabled or disabled.
Chapter 7 Static Output Processor 7-21
Printing or Saving Reports to a File Notes
The tabular results brought to the screen may be sent directly to a printer. Different combinations of load cases and report
types may be chosen, each followed by the File-Print command, to create a single report.
Button and Name Description
Prints hard copies of the reports. To print hard copies of multiple reports as a single report, use the Output
Viewer Wizard to populate the report order tree, click Send To Printer and then Finish.
File Save
Sends reports to a file (in ASCII format) rather than the printer. After initial selection, users are a file dialog
appears where users must select the file.name. To change the file name for a new report, select FILE-SAVE AS.
Typically, the set of output reports that a user might wish to print out for documentation purposes might be:
Load Case Report Purpose
SUSTAINED STRESS Code compliance
EXPANSION STRESS Code compliance
OPERATING DISPLACEMENTS Interference checks
OPERATING RESTRAINTS Hot restraint, equipment loads
SUSTAINED RESTRAINTS As-installed restraint, equipment loads
Note Load cases used for hanger sizing produce no reports. Also, the hanger table and hanger table with text reports are
printed only once even though more than one active load case may be highlighted.
To save multiple reports as a single report to a file, use the Output Viewer Wizard.
Save As Dialog
7-22 Static Output Processor
Note: The signs in all CAESAR II Reports show the forces and moments that act ON something. The Element
Force/Moment report shows the forces and moments that act ON each element to keep that element in static equilibrium.
The Restraint Force/Moment report shows the forces and moments that act ON each restraint.
Note: When sending reports to MSWord, if a file named "header.doc" exists in the \caesar\system directory, its contents
will be read and used as the page header when CAESAR II exports the report to MSWord. The intent is that "header.doc"
contains the company logo, address details and formatting for tables. The interface uses a style names "report table" which
users can setup in "header.doc".
Chapter 7 Static Output Processor 7-23
3D/HOOPS Graphics in the Static Output Processor
The Static Output Processor Graphics Engine is used to review analytic results in graphic mode. The Static Output 3D
Graphics Engine shares the same general capabilities as the Piping Input Processor's Graphics. It uses the same HOOPS
Standard Toolbar that enables users to zoom, orbit, pan, and several other options among them the ability to switch views
and modes.
Additional capabilities of the Static Output Graphics Engine can be found on the Output Toolbar and include the display
of displaced shapes, highlighting and zooming to maximum displacements, restraint loads, and stresses of the model. One of
the major advantages of the 3D Graphics over the original CAESAR II graphics is the graphical representation of stresses
by value and by percent using color.
Output Toolbar
A variety of CAESAR II Output Plot functions are accessed from the Show menu that is broken into sub-menus
Displacements, Restraints, Forces/Moments, and Stresses. Alternatively, these functions can be activated by clicking the
appropriate buttons
The CAESAR II Output Graphics Engine is extensive. Users are encouraged to experiment with all the output options,
noting which ones could be most appropriate for a given application. Some of the output options are discussed below.
Button and Name Description
Deflected Shape Overlays the scaled geometry with a different color into the current plot for the selected load case. Clicking the
arrow to the right of this button displays an additional menu with the selected feature checked and the Adjust
Deflection Scale option.
Adjust Deflection Scale Specifies the deflected shape plot scale factor.
Note: Entering a value that is too small may prevent visual detection of the deflected shape. Entering a scale
value that is too large may graphically "break" or discontinue the model. This option can also be accessed from
the Show menu, by clicking DISPLACEMENT/DEFLECTED SHAPE.
Maximum Displacements Places the actual magnitude of the X, Y, or Z displacements on the currently displayed model.
Note: The element containing the displaced node is highlighted, and the camera viewpoint is repositioned
(preserving the optical distance to the model) to bring the displaced node to the center of the view. It starts with
highest value for the given direction, after pressing Enter, the remaining values are placed in a similar manner
until all values are exhausted or become zero. Clicking the Maximum Displacements button again clears the
view of the displayed values and highlighting. This option can also be accessed from the Show menu, by clicking
DISPLACEMENT/MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT/(X, Y, OR Z). If none of the highlighted operations was previously used, the
default report shown will be the Stresses Report for currently selected load case.
7-24 Static Output Processor
Button and Name Description
Show Event Viewer Grid
Shows/hides the Event Viewer on the plot. One of the advantages of the Event Viewer Grid dialog is its ability
to navigate among the elements, navigate to various reports within a load case, and even viewing the reports for
other load cases. This is done in the Report Selection window on the left in the dialog. This window has a tree
structure similar in operation to Windows Explorer. Clicking the + sign for a particular load case will expand
the tree of its reports. Selecting the report displays the data in the grid view to the right. Selecting a node or an
element in the grid view (when Select Elements is enabled) highlights the corresponding element on the graphics
view, and zooms to the selected element if the corresponding Zoom to Selection is enabled. Similarly, clicking an
element on the graphics view highlights the corresponding data row in the report view of the Event Viewer
dialog. Thus, this is a bidirectional connection.
Changing the load case within the Event Viewer Grid dialog will update the graphics view (if applicable) and the
Load Case Selection pull-down box on the toolbar.
Select Elements
Allows the user to select one element at a time in the graphics. The Event Viewer dialog is also used in
conjunction with the Select Elements button. When Select Elements is active, or when users double click on an
element, CAESAR II highlights it and displays it in the Event Viewer dialog with the corresponding element
highlighted in the report grid.
Output Restraints Symbols
Adds restraints symbols to the plot. Restraints are plotted as arrowheads with the direction of the arrow indicating
the direction of the force exerted by the restraint on the piping geometry
Maximum Restraint Loads
Places the actual magnitude of the calculated restraint loads (corresponding to the particular button) for a selected
load case on the currently displayed geometry. The Maximum Restraints Loads button displays the load
magnitude value next to the node, the element containing the node is highlighted and is brought to the center of
the graphics view. The Zoom to Selection and Show Event Viewer Grid options are still available at the
discretion of the user. After pressing Enter any remaining values will be placed in a similar manner.
Maximum Code Stress
Displays the stress magnitudes in descending order one at a time.
Note: The Maximum Code Stress buttons operation is similar to the Maximum Displacements button, the
stress value is displayed next to the node and the element containing the node is highlighted and is moved to the
center of the view.
The Zoom to Selection and Show Event Viewer Grid options are still available at the discretion of the user.
After pressing Enter the 2nd, the 3rd, etc. highest value is placed in the similar manner with corresponding
element highlighting.
In addition to the "dry" numbers that could be found in a corresponding report, this option gives the user graphical
representation and distribution of large calculated code stresses throughout the system.
Overstress
Displays the overstressed point distribution for a particular load case. Nodes with a calculated "code stress to
allowable stress ratio" of 100% or more display in red; the remaining nodes/elements display in the color selected
for the lowest percent ratio. This feature is useful to quickly observe the overstressed areas in the model.
Note: Overstressed conditions are only detected for load cases where a code compliance check was done (i.e., where
there are allowable stresses available).
Note: Overstressed nodes will display in red in the Event Viewer Grid (if it is enabled).
Note: The model is still fully functional, it can be zoomed, panned, or rotated at the discretion of the user.
Button and Name Description
Code Stress Colors by
Value
Displays the piping system in a range of colors, where the color corresponds to a certain boundary value of the code
stress. This feature is used to quickly see the distribution of the code stresses in the model for a particular load case.
In addition to the model color highlight in the graphics view, the corresponding color key legend window is displayed in the
top left corner of the graphics view. The legend window can be resized and moved.
The colors and corresponding stress levels can be set in the CONFIGURATION/SETUP module, on the Plot Colors tab.
Chapter 7 Static Output Processor 7-25
Button and Name Description
Code Stress Colors by Percent
Displays the piping system in a range of colors, where the color corresponds to a certain percent ratio of code
stress to allowable stress. This option is only valid for load cases where a code compliance check was done (i.e.,
where there are allowable stresses available).
Code Stress Colors by Percent is similar to the Stress Colors by Value option and is generally used to quickly see the
distribution of the code stress to allowable ratios in the model for a particular load case. The legend window with the
corresponding color key also displays in the left upper corner of the graphics view. The legend window can be resized and
moved.
Clicking the arrow to the right of this button displays an additional menu with two options: Display and Adjust Settings .
Selecting the Display option displays the color distribution. Selecting the Adjust Settings option displays the Stress
Settings dialog where desired values and corresponding colors could be set or adjusted. These settings are related to the
particular job they are set for and are saved in the corresponding job_name.XML file in the current job data directory (see
3D/HOOPS Graphics in Piping Input Processor, 3D Graphics Configuration chapter for more information on the *.XML
file).
Code Stress Colors by Percent
7-26 Static Output Processor
Animation of Static Results Notes
CAESAR II allows the user to view the piping system as it moves to the displaced position of the basic load cases. To animate
the static results, execute the View-Animate command. The following screen appears:
Animated Graphic Screen
The Animated Plot menu has several plot selections. Motion and Volume Motion are the commands to activate the
animation. Motion uses centerline representation while Volume Motion produces 3D graphics. The desired load case may
be selected from the drop down list. Animations may be sped up or slowed down or stopped using the toolbars.
CAESAR II also enables users to save animated plots as HTML files by clicking FILE/SAVE AS ANIMATION. After saving these
files users can view them on any machine outside of CAESAR II.
Note The corresponding animation graphics file <job_name>.HSF must be transferred along with the HTML file for
proper display.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis
In This Chapter
Dynamic Capabilities in CAESAR II ...................................................... 8-2
Dynamic Analysis Input Processor Overview......................................... 8-5
Input Overview Based on Analysis Category.......................................... 8-7
Harmonic ................................................................................................. 8-9
Earthquake (Spectrum) ............................................................................ 8-12
Relief Loads (Spectrum).......................................................................... 8-17
DLF/Spectrum Generator - The Spectrum Wizard.................................. 8-18
Water Hammer/Slug Flow (Spectrum) .................................................... 8-32
Time History............................................................................................ 8-33
Error Handling and Analyzing the Job .................................................... 8-36
C H A P T E R 8
8-2 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Dynamic Capabilities in CAESAR II
The dynamic analysis capabilities found in CAESAR II include natural frequency calculations, harmonic analysis, response
spectrum analysis, and time history analysis. Included with the CAESAR II Dynamic modules are processors, which can
generate several types of dynamic loads. An example is the processor, which converts loading with respect to time into a
force response spectrum. This ability to define different types of dynamic effects improves the accuracy of dynamic
modeling and makes these methods suitable for a wider range of dynamic problems.
Natural frequency information can indicate the tendency of a piping system to respond to dynamic loads. A systems modal
natural frequencies typically should not be too close to equipment operating frequencies and, as a general rule, higher
natural frequencies usually cause less trouble than low natural frequencies. CAESAR II provides both calculation of a
systems modal natural frequencies, as well as animated plots of the associated mode shapes.
CAESAR II also provides for the analysis of dynamic loads that are cyclic in nature. Applications of harmonic analyses
include fluid pulsation in reciprocating pump lines or vibration due to rotating equipment. These loads are modeled as
concentrated forces or displacements at one or more points in the system. To provide the proper phase relationship between
multiple loads a phase angle can also be associated with these forces or displacements. Any number of forcing frequencies
may be analyzed allowing easy analysis of equipment start-up, and any operating modes. Harmonic responses represent the
maximum dynamic amplitude the piping system undergoes and have the same form as a static analysis - node deflections
and rotations, local forces and moments, restraint loads, and stresses. For example, if the results show an X displacement at
node 45 of 5.8 cm. then the dynamic motion due to the cyclic excitation would be from +5.8 cm. to -5.8 cm. at this point in
the system. The stresses shown are one half of, or one amplitude of, the full cyclic stress range.
The third type of dynamic analysis available in CAESAR II is the response spectrum method. The response spectrum method
allows an impulse type transient event to be characterized by a response vs. frequency spectra. Each mode of vibration of
the piping system is related to one response on the spectrum. These modal responses are summed together to produce the
total system response. The stresses for these analyses, summed with the sustained stresses, should be compared to the
occasional stress allowables defined by the piping code. Spectral analysis can be used in a wide variety of applications.
Ground motion associated with a seismic event is supplied as displacement, velocity, or acceleration response spectra. The
assumption is that all the supports move with the defined ground motion and the piping system catches up to the supports;
it is this inertial effect, which loads the system. The shock spectra, which define the ground motion, may vary between the
three global directions and may even change for different groups of supports (independent as opposed to uniform support
motion). Another response spectrum application is based on single point loading rather than a uniform inertial loading.
CAESAR II makes effective use of this technique to analyze a wide variety of impulse type transient loads. Relief valve
loads, water hammer loads, slug flow loads, and rapid valve closure type loads all cause single impulse dynamic loads at
various points in the piping system. The response to these dynamic forces can be confidently and conservatively predicted
using the force spectrum method.
The fourth type of dynamic analysis is time history analysis. This is one of the most accurate methods, in that it uses
numeric integration of the dynamic equation of motion to simulate the system response throughout the load duration.
CAESAR IIs Time History Analysis method can solve any type of dynamic loading, but due to its exact solution, requires
more resources (memory, calculation speed and time) than other methods. Therefore, it may not pay to use this method
when, for example the spectrum method offers sufficient accuracy.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-3
Model Modifications for Dynamic Analysis
The dynamic techniques employed by CAESAR II require strict linearity in the piping and structural systems. Dynamic
responses associated with nonlinear effects are not addressed. An example of a nonlinear effect is slapping, such as when a
pipe lifts off the rack at one moment and impacts the rack the next. For the dynamic model the pipe must be either held
down or allowed to move freely. The nonlinear restraints used in the static analysis must be set to be active or inactive for
the dynamic analysis. CAESAR II allows the user to set the nonlinear restraints to any configuration found in the static
results (this is done by specifying the number of the Static Load Case for Nonlinear Restraint Status). Most often the
user selects the operating case to set the nonlinear restraint configuration. For example, if a +Y support is active in the
static operating case (normally case 1 or 3), and the operating case is used to set the status of the nonlinear supports for
dynamics, CAESAR II installs a double-acting Y support at that location for the dynamic analysis. The pipe will not move up
or down at that point regardless of the dynamic load or tend to move.
A second nonlinear effect is friction. Friction effects must also be linearized for use in dynamic analysis. By default
CAESAR II excludes the effects of friction from the dynamic analysis. If requested CAESAR II can approximate the friction
resistance to movement in the dynamic model by including spring stiffness normal to the restraint line of action. For a Y
restraint with friction, the friction stiffness would be added in the X and Z directions. The stiffness of these springs is a user-
defined function of the friction has calculated in the static analysis. For a Y restraint with friction, the friction stiffness
would be added in the X and Z directions. The stiffness of these springs is a user-defined function of the friction load
calculated in the static analysis. CAESAR II computes the friction stiffness by multiplying the normal force on the restraint
from the selected static case results, by the friction coefficient, and by the user-defined Stiffness Factor for Friction. For
example, if the normal force on the on the restraint from the static analysis is 350lb., the friction coefficient (mu) is 0.3, and
the user-defined Stiffness Factor for Friction is 50.0, then springs having a stiffness of 350*0.3*50.0=5250 lb./in are
inserted into the dynamic model in the two directions perpendicular to the friction restraint's line of action. Converting
friction damping into a stiffness is usually not mathematically legitimate, but can serve as a good engineering
approximation for dynamic friction in a wide variety of situations.
8-4 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Major Steps in Dynamic Input
Developing dynamic input for CAESAR II comprises four basic steps:
1. Specifying the load(s)
2. Modifying the mass and stiffness model
3. Setting the parameters that control the analysis
4. Starting and error checking the analysis
Except for starting the analysis, these steps may occur in any order. Due to the amount of data, which may be specified, it is
best to establish some sort of pattern in defining the input.
There is no reason to specify dynamic loads if only natural frequencies are to be counted or calculated. Harmonic analysis
requires the input of driving frequencies and forces or displacements to define and locate the sinusoidally varying point
loads. Creating the dynamic loads for spectra or time history analysis requires the most attention by the user. The response
spectra or time history profile must be defined, built, or selected. Force sets must be built for force response spectra and
time history analysis. Response spectra /time history (and force sets) are combined with other data to build the load cases to
be analyzed. Finally, additional load cases may be constructed by combining shock results with static results to check code
compliance on occasional stresses. CAESAR II provides several processors to simplify many of these tasks.
For dynamic analysis, CAESAR II converts each piping element from a continuous beam element between two nodes to a
stiffness between two masses. Additional stiffness is added at the mass (node) points to model anchors, restraints, hangers,
and other supports in the static analysis model. The masses assigned to each node are one half the sum of all element masses
framing into the node. These masses are used as translational inertias only. Rotational moments of inertia are ignored in the
dynamic mass model. (Their inclusion in the analysis would cause a large increase in solution time without a corresponding
improvement in the general accuracy of the analysis.)
In many instances the mass and stiffness established in the static model will be used without modification in the dynamic
analysis. Some situations, however, can be improved by the deletion of mass points or degrees of freedom. Usually this
occurs in analyses where the unnecessary masses are far from the area of interest in the model or where the unnecessary
degrees of freedom do not act in the direction of interest. Some piping systems have supports that are installed to suppress
vibration and do not effect the static analysis. These shock absorbers or snubbers can be entered (if not entered in statics)
during the dynamic input as additional stiffness.
The major function of the control parameter list is to set the type of analysis to be performed: calculation of natural
frequencies and mode shapes, harmonic analysis, spectral analysis, or time history. General settings for the analysis are also
defined in the control parameter list such as maximum frequency cutoff and mode summation methods. It is here, too, that
the static configuration for nonlinear restraints (if any) is defined, and the friction factor for including friction in the
dynamic run is entered (the default friction factor is 0.0, which implies that no friction stiffness will be used). The advanced
option allows the user to change the parameters governing the eigensolution (which does the modal extraction). These
parameters should only be altered under special circumstances.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-5
Dynamic Analysis Input Processor Overview
Entering the Dynamic Analysis Input Menu
The dynamic input module allows the user to specify the dynamic loads imposed on the piping system.
To perform a dynamic analysis, the static model must first be created and error checked through the CAESAR II Input
processor. Usually the model is also run through static analysis before the dynamic analysis begins but this is not a
requirement unless nonlinear supports or hanger selections are included in the model. If nonlinear supports are present the
static analysis must be run and the results made available before the dynamic analysis can be performed.
To enter the dynamics input, the proper job name must be current prior to selecting the Analysis-Dynamics file options of
the Main Menu.
Analysis-Dynamics Option
8-6 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Upon entering the dynamic input processor, the following screen appears.
Dynamic Input Processor
The type of analysis is indicated in the drop down list in the upper left portion of the screen (new jobs default to Other).
Input data is organized in pages according to type. Users can access these pages by selecting their title tabs. After data is
entered, the job can be saved, error checked only, or analyzed, using the menu commands or toolbars.
A variety of dynamic analysis options are available and require different types of input. To simplify the input process, the
user should select the analysis from the drop list. Once selected, the input screen changes to reflect the required inputs.
Dynamic Analysis Type Specification
Available commands during dynamic input processing are:
Button Description
File-Save Input Saves the current input data.
File-Check Input
Checks the input data for errors or inconsistencies.
File-Run Analysis
Starts the dynamic analysis.
Edit-Add Entry
Adds a new data line on the current input page (tab page).
Edit-Delete Entry
Deletes the selected data lines on the current input page.
DLF Spectrum Generator
Allows the user to generate a file containing a Dynamic Load Factor vs. Frequency Spectrum from a
Force vs. Time profile.
Tools-Relief Load Synthesis
Provides a utility for estimating loads, flows, and other results for gas or liquid relief valves.
Tools-Spectrum Data Points
Used to enter data points for user-defined spectra.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-7
Input Overview Based on Analysis Category
The multitude of dynamic analysis types available in CAESAR II can be somewhat intimidating at first. Selection of Analysis
Type from the pull down list displays only those tabs for which input is appropriate. Those items are discussed by analysis
type.
Modal
Specifying the Loads
Modal analysis simply extracts natural frequencies and shapes for the systems modes of vibration. Therefore no loadings
need to be or may be specified.
Lumped Masses
On this page, the user may add or delete mass from the mass model. Extra mass which may have been ignored as
insignificant in the static model (e.g. a flange pair) can be directly entered here. Also weights modeled as downward acting
concentrated forces, must be added here (CAESAR II does not assume that concentrated forces are system weights, i.e.,
forces due to gravity acting on a mass). Masses may also be deleted from the static mass model; this is the same as deleting
degrees-of-freedom. For the most part, mass deletion is a tool used to economize the analysis. If the system response to
some dynamic load is isolated to specific sections of the piping system, other sections of the system may be removed from
the dynamic model by removing their mass. Mass can also be deleted selectively for any of the three global coordinate
directions when deletion of directional degrees-of-freedom is desired.
For example, if a piping system includes a structural frame which supports the weight (the piping rests on the structure and
is connected to the structure only in the Y direction), these two systems (piping and structure) are independent of each other
in the X and Z directions, so the X and Z mass of the structure can be removed without affecting the piping models results.
With the X and Z masses removed, the calculations for the piping structural model proceed much faster.
Snubbers
Snubbers
8-8 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Certain supports, called snubbers, only resist dynamic loading, while allowing static displacement, such as that due to
thermal growth. It is on this page that snubbers can be included in the model. Snubbers must have their stiffness explicitly
entered (they do not default to rigid, since snubbers are typically not as stiff as other types of restraints).
Note: Snubbers may also be entered in the input processor rather than in the dynamic processor.
Control Parameters
Control Parameters
These parameters describe how the analysis will be conducted. In general, this page would be used to set the number of
modes of vibration to extract by specifying a maximum number, a cutoff frequency, or both. Details on these entries are
discussed in the Technical Reference Manual.
Advanced Parameters Show Screen
These parameters rarely need to be changed by the user. For more information, see the Technical Reference Manual.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-9
Harmonic
Specifying the Loads
Harmonic Loads - Excitation Frequency
Harmonic load definition is broken down into two parts: 1) definition of the excitation fraudulency or frequencies and 2)
location and magnitude of the force and/or displacement load(s). Three input tabs are available for specifying the loads.
Any number of individual frequencies, or frequency ranges (indicated by a starting, ending, and incremental frequency) may
be specified, one to a line. CAESAR II performs a separate analysis for each frequency requested.
Note The number of anticipated load cycles may be entered for each frequency range. If the number is entered, the load
cases are calculated with a fatigue stress type. Otherwise, the load cases are calculated with an occasional stress type.
Harmonic loads may be specified on the Harmonic Forces or Harmonic Displacements input tabs. These pages allow the
user to enter loads (either force or displacement), direction, phase angle and node(s).
Harmonic Forces
Harmonic Displacements
8-10 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Phasing can be important if more than one force or displacement is included. The phase angle (entered in degrees) relates
the timing of one load to another. For example, if two harmonic loads are acting along the same line but at different nodes,
the loads can be directed towards each other (i.e. in opposite directions), which would produce no net dynamic imbalance
on the system, or the loads could be directed in the same direction (i.e. to the right or to the left together), which would
produce a net dynamic imbalance in the system equal to the sum of the two forces. It is the phase angle, which primarily
determines this relationship. The harmonic load data
1500 X 0 10
1500 X 0 105
produces an in phase, or same direction dynamic load in the system (1500 lbf. in the X direction and zero phase at nodes
10 and 105), while
1500 X 0 10
1500 X 180 105
produces an out of phase, or opposite direction dynamic load on the system, which will tend to pull the system apart. The
two most common phased loadings are those due to rotating equipment and reciprocating pumps.
Rotating equipment may have an eccentricity, a speed, and a mass. These items must be converted into a harmonic load that
acts on the rotor at the theoretical mass centerline. The magnitude of the harmonic load is computed from:
Fn = (mass)(speed)2(eccentricity),
where (speed) is the angular velocity of the shaft in cycles per second. This load is applied along both axes perpendicular to
the shaft axis and at a 90 phase shift.
In the case of a reciprocating pump, the pump introduces a pressure wave into the line at some regular interval that is related
to the valving inside the pump and the pump speed. This pressure wave moves away from the pump at the speed of sound in
the fluid. These pressure waves will cause loads at each bend in the piping system. The load on each subsequent elbow in
the system starting from the first elbow will be phase shifted by an amount that is a function of the distance between the
elbows, from the first elbow to the current elbow. It is the amount of phase shift between elbow-elbow pairs that produces
the net unbalanced dynamic load in the piping. The phase shift, in degrees from the first elbow, is calculated from
phase = [(frequency)(length) / (speed of sound)]360
where frequency is the frequency of wave introduction at the pump, and length is the distance from the first elbow to the
current elbow under study. The magnitude of the pressure load at each elbow is
Harmonic Force = 0.5 (Pressure variation) (Area)
Note All specified loads are considered to act together (with phasing considerations) at each applied frequency.
Modifying Mass and Stiffness Model
Lumped masses and snubbers are modified in the same way as described for Modal Analysis.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-11
Control Parameters
Harmonic Control Parameters
These parameters describe how the analysis will be conducted. Undamped harmonic analysis may be done by setting
damping to 0.0. Details of these fields are discussed in the Technical Reference Manual.
8-12 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Earthquake (Spectrum)
Specifying the Loads
Earthquake loads are defined by defining one or more response spectra and applying them in a specified direction over part
or all of the piping system.
Spectrum Definitions
Response spectrum table values can be entered directly or built and stored as a file for use by CAESAR II. Data stored in a
file can be referenced by any job run on the machine. In either case, for a response table to be used by CAESAR II it must
first be defined in the Spectrum Definitions page.
There are two parts to the shock definition - 1) the statement of the name and type of data and 2) the table of actual
spectrum data points. The Spectrum Wizard also serves this purpose -providing the spectrum definitions and data points.
If the spectrum data is to be read from a file, the second part of the shock definition is not necessary. Spectrum Definition
describes the type of data in the spectrum (period or frequency vs. Force Multiplier/DLF, Acceleration, Velocity, or
Displacement) as well as the interpolation method for each axis. In order to define a spectrum, the user should add a blank
line.
Note To indicate that the spectrum is to be read from a file the symbol # should immediately precede the spectrum
name. (The name of the file is the name of the spectrum, without the # symbol, and no extension is allowed.) Subsequent
references to that spectrum do not use the # symbol.
Note The Spectrum Wizard automates common shock definitions, for more information refer to the DLF/Spectrum
Generator - The Spectrum Wizard section later in this chapter.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-13
If not read in from a file, the data points for a user-entered spectrum may be entered by using the Tools - Spectrum Data
Points command, selecting the spectrum name, and entering the data.
Likewise, clicking the Read From File button will read in data from any text file set up with two entries per range.
Data Points
CAESAR II also has several shock spectra built in. These spectra may be used as part of a shock load case without further
input.
ELCENTRO - Based on the May 18, 1940 El Centro California earthquake N-S component, and applies to elastic systems
with 5-10% damping. Values are taken from Biggs - Introduction to Structural Dynamics.
1.60H.5 - U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Regulatory Guide 1.60 Rev. 1, Dec. 1973 Horizontal Design Response Spectra
for 0.5% critically damped systems.
1.60H2 - Other AEC horizontal spectra for 2, 5, 7 and 10% critically damped systems.
1.60H5
1.60H7
1.60H10
1.60V.5 - Other AEC vertical spectra for 0.5, 2, 5, 7 and 10% critically damped systems.
1.60V2
1.60V5
1.60V7
1.60V10
UBCSOIL1 - Spectra from Uniform Building Code, 1991, soil type 1
UBCSOIL2 - Spectra from Uniform Building Code, 1991 soil type 2
8-14 Dynamic Input and Analysis
UBCSOIL3 - Spectra from Uniform Building Code, 1991 soil type 3
Note: Use of the Reg. Guide 1.60 or UBC spectra requires the input of the ZPA (zero period acceleration) in the Control
Parameters. This is the maximum ground acceleration at the site and is used to scale the spectrum curves. The default ZPA
is 0.5g.
Spectrum Load Cases
Spectrum Load Cases
Load cases consist of simultaneously applied spectra. Each spectrum in the shock case is assigned a direction and factor. For
earthquakes, the direction input defines the orientation of the uniform inertial loading (commonly earthquakes have 3
direction components: X, Y, and Z). The factor is used to modify the magnitude of the shock. For example, the seismic
evaluation of a piping system might include two Spectrum/Time History Load Cases: 1) 1.0 (100%) times of the El Centro
spectrum in the X direction and 0.67 (67%) times of the El Centro spectrum in the Y direction and 2) 1.0 in Z and 0.67 in Y.
CAESAR II also supports options for independent support motion earthquakes. Here, parts of the system are exposed to
different shocks. An example is a piping system supported both from ground and building supports. Because the building
will filter the earthquake, supports attached to the building will not be exposed to the same shock as the supports attached to
the ground. In this case two different shock inputs are required, one for the ground supports, and one for the building
supports. To specify an independent support motion shock the node range that defines a particular group of supports must
be given. Additionally, the maximum displacement (seismic anchor movements) of the support attachment point must be
specified.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-15
The example below shows first a typical uniform support earthquake specification, and second a typical independent
support motion earthquake:
* UNIFORM SUPPORT MOTION EARTHQUAKE INPUT
ELCENTRO 1 X
ELCENTRO 1 Z
ELCENTRO .667 Y
* INDEPENDENT SUPPORT MOTION EARTHQUAKE INPUT
HGROUND 1 X 1 100 1 0.25
HGROUND 1 Z 1 100 1 0.25
VGROUND 1 Y 1 100 1 0.167
HBUILDING 1 X 101 300 1 0.36
HBUILDING 1 Z 101 300 1 0.36
VBUILDING 1 Y 101 300 1 0.24
The uniform support motion earthquake above contains only components of the El Centro earthquake acting uniformly
through all of the supports. There is a 33% reduction in the earthquakes magnitude in the Y direction.
The independent support motion earthquake above has two different support groups: the 1-100 group, and the 101-300
group. The 1-100 group is exposed to a ground spectrum. The 101-300 group is exposed to a building spectrum. Different
horizontal and vertical components were given for both the ground and the building spectra. The last values specified are
the seismic support movements.
Stress types may be assigned to the spectrum load cases by selecting from the drop list. If the Fatigue stress type is selected,
the user should also enter the number of anticipated load cycles.
Static/Dynamic Combinations
Static/Dynamic Combinations
Each shock case produces an output report listing displacements, forces, moments, and stresses. For stresses, however, most
piping codes combine the occasional dynamic stresses with the sustained static stresses. It is the sustained plus occasional
stress sum that is compared to the occasional allowable stress. This occasional stress combination is provided through the
Static/Dynamic Combinations page. Each combination references the static load case number and the dynamic load case
number to be combined. The static load case number identifies one of the static load cases (usually the sustained case) in
the static output.
8-16 Dynamic Input and Analysis
In most cases this is static load case 4 if hanger sizing is included, or load case 2 if it is not. The numbers used to reference
the dynamic cases are set by the order of the dynamic load case input. Factors are specified with the static and dynamic case
numbers to increase or decrease the summed values. Any static/dynamic combination specified will produce an additional
dynamic output report. There can be any number of static or dynamic loads summed together in a single load case. Each
case to be added should be placed on a separate line. Both static only and dynamic only cases can be manipulated. There is
also independent control of the combination method. SRSS (Square Root of the Sum of the Squares) methods or ABS
methods can be used. The default is the ABS method. The input to sum 100% (1.0 times) of static case 2 with 100% (1.0
times) dynamic case 1 appears as follows:
S2 1.0
D1 1.0
Modifying Mass and Stiffness Model
Lumped Masses and Snubbers are modified in the same way as described for Modal Analysis.
Control Parameters
These parameters describe how the analysis is to be conducted. Particular attention should be paid to the modal summation
methodology Details are discussed in the Technical Reference Manual.
Advanced Parameters
These rarely need to be changed by the user. For more information see the Technical Reference Manual.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-17
Relief Loads (Spectrum)
Specifying the Loads
This method is set up to solve a relief valve loading through Force Spectrum Methodology. In order to analyze a piping
system for a relief valve loading, it is first necessary to estimate the force-time profile for the loading. This must then be
converted to a Force Multiplier (Dynamic Load Factor) spectrum. The applied force then must be applied in conjunction
with this spectrum.
Relief Load Synthesis
Relief Load Synthesis
If the user does not know the characteristics of the relief valve load, the Tools-Relief Load Synthesis Command provides a
calculation scratch pad based upon a model of a relief valve venting steam or liquid to atmosphere. This utility can be used
to estimate relief valve thrust loads, exit velocities, and pressures which can in turn be used to estimate the force vs. time
profile of the applied load. Once all data is entered, clicking the Calculate Results button performs the calculations. For
more information, see the Technical Reference Manual.
Means of estimating the Force-Time profile for a relief load are shown in the Applications Guide.
8-18 Dynamic Input and Analysis
DLF/Spectrum Generator - The Spectrum Wizard
Several common shock definitions are based on just a few parameters. Supplying these parameters to the DLF/Spectrum
Generator or Spectrum Wizard will produce these shock definitions. Three sources for seismic spectra are used - the
Uniform Building Code, ASCE 7 and the International Building Code - to build period versus g load spectra. Two types of
force response spectra (dynamic load factor versus frequency) are also built here - the safety relief valve response spectrum
found in B31.1 and a general force response spectrum derived from the user's own time history.
Clicking the icon in the dynamic analysis input processor opens the Spectrum Wizard. This icon is identified in the
following illustration:
The following window appears:
Each of the five spectra may be selected using the radio buttons on the left side of the window. A default spectrum name is
provided but any valid file name, without blanks, may be entered in its place. Once the input parameters are entered, the
spectrum is built for the analysis by clicking the Generate Spectrum button. To exit this processor, click Done.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-19
After clicking Generate Spectrum, the processor will display the spectrum data and await a user response - Save to File,
OK or Cancel. A completed shock spectrum is shown below:
Save to File
Saves the spectrum as a file with the same spectrum name in the current folder. Two files will be saved for the seismic
spectra, one horizontal and one vertical (distinguished by the suffix H or V at the end of the name). Be sure to specify a
unique spectrum name, as this processor will overwrite any existing files of the same name. It is not necessary to save the
spectrum data to a file to use the data in the current job. The OK button will do that. Use the Save to File button only if
you wish to reuse the data in other CAESAR II Dynamic analyses.
OK
By clicking OK, the processor will load the appropriate data in the Spectrum Definitions tab in the Dynamic Input and
move the data to the dynamic input. Once this processor is closed, the dynamic input will be updated; the spectrum
definitions will be listed and generated spectra can be reviewed by clicking the Enter/Edit Spectra Data button at the top
of the dynamic analysis input window.
Cancel
Clicking Cancel on this display will quit the display without loading the data into the dynamic input.
The specifics for each spectrum generator are discussed on the following page.
8-20 Dynamic Input and Analysis
UBC
Selecting this option creates earthquake spectra (horizontal and vertical) according to the 1997 Uniform Building Code.
Spectrum Name
This is the group name for the pair of seismic shock spectra that will be generated here. A suffix of H and V will be added
to indicate the horizontal and vertical spectrum, respectively. Once properly entered, these names will be listed in the
Spectrum Definitions tab and can be used to build Spectrum Load Cases. These names would also be used as data file
names if so requested. Do not include a space in the spectrum name.
The horizontal design response spectrum will be based on the curve shown in UBC Figure 16-3 (below). Ts=Cv/2.5Ca &
T0=Ts/5
The vertical spectrum will be set to 50% of ICa across the entire period range.
Importance Factor
This is the Seismic Importance Factor, I, as defined in Table 16-K. The calculated spectrum accelerations will be multiplied
by this value to generate the shock spectra. Values range from 1.0 to 1.25 based on the function of the structure.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-21
Seismic Coefficient Ca
Based on soil profile type and seismic zone factor, this is the "Zero Period Acceleration" for the site as defined in Table 16-
Q. Table values range from 0.06 to 0.66.
Seismic Coefficient Cv
Based on soil profile type and seismic zone factor, this parameter sets the ground acceleration at higher periods (lower
frequencies) for the site as defined in Table 16-R. Table values range from 0.06 to 1.92.
ASCE7
Selecting this option creates earthquake spectra (horizontal and vertical) according to the ASCE 7-02 Standard.
8-22 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Spectrum Name
This is the group name for the pair of seismic shock spectra that will be generated here. A suffix of H and V will be added
to indicate the horizontal and vertical spectrum, respectively. Once properly entered, these names will be listed in the
Spectrum Definitions tab and can be used to build Spectrum Load Cases. These names would also be used as data file
names if so requested. Do not include a space in the spectrum name.
The horizontal design response spectrum will be based on the curve shown in ASCE 7-02 Figure 9.4.1.2.6 (below).
Ts=SD1/SDS & T0=Ts/5. Above a period of 4 seconds, the horizontal spectrum acceleration changes.
The vertical spectrum will be set to 20% of SDS across the entire period range. Neither I nor R affects the vertical
spectrum.
Importance Factor
This is the Occupancy Importance Factor, I, as defined in Table 9.1.4. The calculated horizontal spectrum accelerations will
be multiplied by this value to generate the shock spectra. Values range from 1.0 to 1.5 based on the function of the structure
Site Coefficient Fa
Listed in Table 9.4.1.2.4a, Fa is based on site class (soil profile) and the mapped short period maximum considered
earthquake acceleration (SS). Table values range from 0.8 to 2.5. This value is used with the mapped short period
acceleration to set the response accelerations based on local soil conditions.
Site Coefficient Fv
Listed in Table 9.4.1.2.4b, Fv is based on site class (soil profile) and the mapped 1-second period maximum considered
earthquake acceleration (S1). Table values range from 0.8 to 3.5. This value is used with the mapped 1-second period
acceleration to set the response accelerations based on local soil conditions.
Mapped MCESRA at Short Period (SS)
This is the mapped ground acceleration (the maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration) at the system
location for a structure having a period of 0.2 second and 5% critical damping where the probability of its exceedance over
50 years is 2%. Short period accelerations are defined in the maps of Section 9.4.1.2.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-23
Mapped MCESRA at One Second (S1)
This is the mapped ground acceleration (the maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration) at the system
location for a structure having a period of 1 second and 5% critical damping where the probability of its exceedance over 50
years is 2%. One-second period accelerations are defined in the maps of Section 9.4.1.2.
Response Modification R
This is the Response Modification Coefficient, R, as defined in Table 9.5.2.2. The calculated horizontal spectrum
accelerations will be divided by this value to generate the shock spectra in accordance with Equation 9.5.6.5-3. This term
reflects system ductility. Values range from 3.0 to 8.0 for most plant structures and 3.5 for piping is not atypical.
IBC
Selecting this option creates earthquake spectra (horizontal and vertical) according to the International Building Code 2000
8-24 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Spectrum Name
This is the group name for the pair of seismic shock spectra that will be generated here. A suffix of H and V will be added
to indicate the horizontal and vertical spectrum, respectively. Once properly entered, these names will be listed in the
Spectrum Definitions tab and can be used to build Spectrum Load Cases. These names would also be used as data file
names if so requested. Do not include a space in the spectrum name.
The horizontal design response spectrum will be based on the curve shown in IBC 2000 Fig. 1615.1.4 (below).
Ts=SD1/SDS & T0=Ts/5
The vertical spectrum will be set to 20% of SDS (implied in 1617.1.2) across the entire period range.
Importance Factor
This is the Occupancy Importance Factor, IE, as defined in Section 1616.2 and shown in Table 1604.5. The calculated
spectrum accelerations will be multiplied by this value to generate the shock spectra. Values range from 1.0 to 1.5 based on
the function of the structure.
Site Coefficient Fa
Listed in Table 16.15.1.2(1), Fa is based on site class (soil profile) and the mapped short period maximum considered
earthquake acceleration (SS). Table values range from 0.8 to 2.5. This value is used with the mapped short period
acceleration to set the response accelerations based on local soil conditions.
Site Coefficient Fv
Listed in Table 1615.1.2(2), Fv is based on site class (soil profile) and the mapped 1-second period maximum considered
earthquake acceleration (S1). Table values range from 0.8 to 3.5. This value is used with the mapped 1-second period
acceleration to set the response accelerations based on local soil conditions.
Mapped MCESRA at Short Period (SS)
This is the mapped ground acceleration (the maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration) at the system
location for a structure having a period of 0.2 second and 5% critical damping where the probability of its exceedance over
50 years is 2%. Short period accelerations are defined in the maps of Section 1615.1.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-25
Mapped MCESRA at One Second (S1)
This is the mapped ground acceleration (the maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration) at the system
location for a structure having a period of 1 second and 5% critical damping where the probability of its exceedance over 50
years is 2%. One-second period accelerations are defined in the maps of Section 1615.1.
Response Modification R
This is the Response Modification Coefficient, R, as defined in Table 9.5.2.2. The calculated horizontal spectrum
accelerations will be divided by this value to generate the shock spectra in accordance with Equation 9.5.6.5-3. This term
reflects system ductility. Values range from 3.0 to 8.0 for most plant structures and 3.5 for piping is not atypical.
B31.1 Appendix II (Safety Valve) Force Response Spectrum
Selecting this option creates a normalized force response (Dynamic Load Factor) spectrum for loads from a safety valve
discharge into an open system in accordance with the non-mandatory rules of B31.1 Appendix II - Rules for the Design of
Safety Valve Installations.
8-26 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Spectrum Name
This is the name for the force response spectrum that will be generated here. Once properly entered, this name will be listed
in the Spectrum Definitions tab and can be used to build Spectrum Load Cases. This name would also be used as the data
file name if so requested. Do not include a space in the spectrum name.
The spectrum is based on the curve shown in B31.1 Appendix II, refer to Fig. II-3-2 (below).
Opening Time (milliseconds)
Enter the opening time of the relief valve.
User Defined Time History Waveform
Selecting this option creates a normalized force response (Dynamic Load Factor) spectrum based on a user-entered load vs.
time history.
Spectrum Name
This is the name given to the Force Response Spectrum created from the time history load defined here. Once properly
entered, this name will be listed in the Spectrum Definitions tab and can be used with Force Sets to build Spectrum Load
Cases. This name would also be used as the data file name if so requested. Do not include a space in the spectrum name.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-27
Max. Table Frequency
Enter the maximum frequency desired for the force response spectrum about to be generated. This upper limit should be
beyond the peak of the dynamic load factors calculated here. Ideally, the maximum table frequency will show a constant
dynamic load factor of 1.0
Number of Points
Enter the number of frequency/dynamic load factor pairs to be generated for your data. A value of twenty is typical.
Enter Pulse Data
Clicking this button displays a table in which the time history of the event is defined. In the following example a
"trapezoid" event is defined - at time 0 there is no load, this load ramps up to full load of 1.0 (the load is normalized here) in
80 milliseconds; the load remains constant for the next 920 msec (at the time 1000 msec) and then ramps down to zero over
250 msec.
8-28 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Generate Spectrum
Clicking this button will convert the time history into its equivalent force response spectrum in terms of Dynamic Load
Factor versus frequency (below). The buttons on this window perform the same tasks as those defined at the start of this
section.
Spectrum Definitions
Spectrum Definitions
Response spectrum table values can be entered directly or built and stored as a file for use by CAESAR II such as those
generated through the DLF Spectrum Generator. Data stored in a file can be referenced by any job run on the machine.
The Spectrum Wizard also serves this purpose -providing the spectrum definitions and data points. There are two parts to
the shock definition - 1) the statement of the name and type of data and 2) the table of actual spectrum data points. If the
spectrum data is to be read from a file, the second part of the shock definition is not necessary, instead, the symbol # should
precede the spectrum name to indicate that the data comes from a file on the hard disk. The name of the hard disk file is the
name of the shock spectrum without the symbol and without an extension; it must be located in the same directory as the
piping job.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-29
Note The Spectrum Wizard automates common shock definitions, for more information refer to the DLF/Spectrum
Generator - The Spectrum Wizard later in this chapter.
When using a file created by the DLF Spectrum Generator, the user must tell CAESAR II the type of data which resides in the
file. (The actual file only contains a table of data points.) This will always be Frequency vs. Force-Multiplier data, with
linear interpolation) so a typical definition might look like
#TESTFILE FREQ FORCE LIN LIN
This line tells CAESAR II that there is a file containing spectrum table points on the hard disk by the name of TESTFILE,
the table is comprised of frequency versus force multiplier data, and is to be interpolated linearly.
Note The data in this file may alternatively be read in directly from the Spectrum Data Points dialog box. In this case
the "#" should be omitted from the spectrum declaration.
Force Sets
Force Sets
Force spectrum analyses, such as a relief valve loading, differ from earthquake analyses in that there is no implicit definition
of the load distribution. For example, for earthquakes, the loading is uniform over the entire structure and proportional to
the pipes mass. With relief valves (and other point loadings) the load is not uniformly distributed and is not proportional to
the mass. A water hammer load, for example, is proportional to the speed of sound and the initial velocity of the fluid. Its
point of application is at subsequent elbow-elbow pairs. Force spectrum analyses require more information than the more
common earthquake simulations. This information is the load magnitude, direction, and location. Forces are grouped into
like-numbered force sets when these forces occur together, or need to be manipulated in the analysis together. Typical force
set input might appear as
-3400 Y 35 1
-1250 Y 35 2
where the -3400 and the -1250 are clearly the loads, Y is the direction, 35 is the node number, and the 1 and 2 are the
respective load cases. This might indicate two different loading levels of one particular load.
For a skewed load, the force spectrum input might appear as shown below:
-2134 Y 104 1
-2134 X 104 1
This demonstrates multiple components in a single pulse spectrum set. (In the case above the pulse spectrum set number is
1). These forces obviously belong in the same force set, since different components of a skewed load always occur together.
8-30 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Spectrum/Load Cases
Spectrum Load Cases
Spectrum Load Cases for force spectrum analyses are set up somewhat differently than Spectrum Load Cases for earthquake
analyses. The Spectrum Load Cases for force spectrum runs must link a Force Multiplier spectrum to a force set.
The load case definition consists of one or more lines on which a spectrum, scale factor (usually 1.0), direction, and force
set number is given.
TESTFILE 1.0 Y 1
Note The direction specified on this line does not need to be the direction of the load (which is specified in the force set).
This direction is used for labeling and designation of independent vs. dependent loadings.
More complex nuances of force spectrum load cases are discussed in the Technical Reference Manual. The complexity
increases as the number of components in the load case goes beyond 1, and as the time history phenomena being modeled
deviates from true impulse type loading.
Static/Dynamic Combinations
This is discussed under Earthquake.
Modifying Mass and Stiffness Model
Lumped masses and snubbers are modified in the same way as described for Modal Analysis.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-31
Control Parameters
Control Parameters
These parameters describe how the analysis is to be conducted. Particular attention should be paid to the modal summation
methodology. Details are discussed in the Technical Reference Manual.
Advanced
These rarely need to be changed by the user. For more information, see the Technical Reference Manual.
8-32 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Water Hammer/Slug Flow (Spectrum)
Specifying the Load
This method of solving water hammer or slug problems is the force spectrum method as used for relief valve loadings,
except the relief load synthesizer is not necessary. The user estimates a Force-Time profile, then turns it into a Force
Multiplier spectrum, which is then linked to Force sets in the load cases. Means of estimating the Force-Time profile are
shown in the Applications Guide; subsequent steps proceed as described for Relief Loads.
Pulse Table/DLF Spectrum Generation
This is discussed under Relief Loads.
Spectrum Definitions
This is done in the same way as described under Relief Loads.
Force Sets
These are set up in the same way as described under Relief Loads.
Spectrum Load Cases
Development of the load cases is identical to that discussed under Relief Loads.
Static/Dynamic Combinations
Static/Dynamic combinations are set up as discussed under Earthquake.
Modifying Mass and Stiffness Model
Lumped masses and snubbers are modified in the same way as described for Modal Analysis.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-33
Time History
Time history analysis is used to solve the dynamic equation of motion for the extracted nodes of vibration, the results of
which are then summed to find the system results.
Specifying The Load
Loadings are specified in terms of Force-Time profiles and force sets. The Force-Time profile is used to define the load
timing; the force set is used to define the load direction and location. Either the profile or the force set can be used to define
the magnitude.
Time History Profile Definitions
Profile Definitions
Time history profiles are defined in a way similar to the definition of response spectra -- the profile must be given a name,
data definitions (which must be Time vs. Force), and interpolation methods. As for response spectra, the data must also be
defined-either directly or by reading in from a file (in which case the file name must be preceded by the # symbol). The
profile data may either be either be entered with actual forces, or normalized to 1.0 (depending on how the force sets are
defined).
One force-time profile should be defined for each load which hits the piping system (i.e., each independent point load). The
loading case consists of one or more force profiles which may create a staggered loading on the system.
8-34 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Force Sets
Force Sets
Force sets are defined as described for Relief Loads. There should be one (or more) force set for each load profile defined.
Note If the force-time profiles were normalized to 1.0, the maximum magnitude of the loads should be entered here. If
the profiles were entered using their actual values, the force set values should be entered as 1.0.
Time History Load Cases
Time history load cases consist of the multiple linkages of force-time profiles to force sets, as described to Relief Loads.
Only a single load case may be defined for Time History analyses.
Note For Time History analysis, the direction entry is used only for labeling, rather than as an analytic input value.
Static/Dynamic Combinations
This is discussed under Earthquake.
Modifying Mass and Stiffness Models
Lumped masses and snubbers are modified as described for Modal Analysis.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-35
Control Parameters
Control Parameters
These parameters define how the analyses are to be conducted. Details are discussed in the Technical Reference Manual.
Advanced
These rarely need to be changed by the user. For more information see the Technical Reference Manual.
8-36 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Error Handling and Analyzing the Job
Button Description
Check Input
Reviews the entries on each page and notifies the user of any errors which must be fixed.
Run Analysis
Performs the error check, and then if no errors are found, performs the analysis. In this case, the next stop is normally the
output review.
Performing the Analysis
Each of the four dynamic analysis methods - modes, harmonic, spectrum, and Time History - has their own procedure for
producing results. All of these analyses, however, start in the same manner. Once the dynamic input is saved and checked,
CAESAR II follows an execution path similar to that found in Statics. The account number is requested if accounting is
activated, the ESL is accessed (limited run ESLs are decremented), the element and system stiffness matrices are assembled,
and load vectors are created where appropriate. For Dynamics, the system mass matrix is also generated. From this point the
processing progresses according to the type of analysis selected. Each of the four types of dynamic analyses are discussed
below.
Chapter 8 Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-37
Modes
Once dynamic initialization and the basic equation assembly is completed, CAESAR II enters the eigensolver. The
eigensolver calculates the natural frequencies and modes of vibration. Each natural frequency appears on the screen as it is
calculated. The elapsed time of the analysis is also listed with the frequency. The processor essentially searches for the
natural frequencies, starting with the lowest, and continues until the frequency cutoff is exceeded or the mode count reaches
its limit. Both the frequency cutoff and mode cutoff are dynamic analysis control parameters. The frequencies appear to pop
out in a random fashion, perhaps three in rapid succession and then one more several seconds later. The amount of time to
calculate (or find) these frequencies is a function of the system size, the grouping of the frequencies and the cutoff settings.
Eigensolution may be cancelled at any time, with the analysis continuing using the mode shapes selected up to that point.
After the last frequency is calculated, CAESAR II uses the Sturm Sequence Check to confirm that no modes were skipped.
If the check fails, the user may either return to the dynamic input or continue with the spectral analysis. (Sturm Sequence
Check failures are usually satisfied if the frequency cutoff is set to a value greater than the last frequency calculated.)
Eigensolver
After calculation, control is passed to the Dynamic Output Processor. Natural frequencies and mode shapes can be reviewed
in text format, or the node shapes can be displayed in and animated fashion.
Harmonic
For each forcing frequency listed in the dynamic input, CAESAR II performs a separate analysis. These analyses are similar
to static analyses and take the same amount of time to complete. At the completion of each solution the forcing frequency,
its largest calculated deflection, and the phase angle associated with it are listed on the screen. The root results for each
frequency, and the system deflections, are saved for further processing. Only twenty frequencies may be carried beyond this
point and into the output processor. When all frequencies are analyzed, CAESAR II presents the frequencies on the screen
and allows the user to select those needed (in terms of frequency and phase angle) for further analysis. This choice can be
made after checking deflections at pertinent nodes for those frequencies.
8-38 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Selection of Phase Angles
Phased solutions are generated when damping is considered or when the user enters phase angles in the dynamic input.
For all phased harmonic analyses, the user is given a choice of selecting from 18 separate phase angle solutions,
(including the cycle maxima and minima) for each excitation frequency. Each separate phase angle solution represents a
point in time during one complete cycle of the systems response. The primary difference between a solution with and
without phase angles is when phase angles are entered, there is no way of knowing beforehand just when the maximum
stresses, forces, and displacements are going to occur during the cycle. For this reason, the displacements and stresses are
often checked for a number of points during the cycle for each excitation frequency. The user must select these points
interactively when the harmonic solution ends. There will be a complete displacement, force, moment, and stress solution
for each frequency/phase selected for output. Since there are only 99 cases possible for any one harmonic output processing
session, the user with many excitation frequencies must use the interactive selection process judiciously. In most cases the
largest displacement solution will represent the largest stress solution, but this is not always guaranteed. The user is also
presented with the option of letting CAESAR II select the frequency/phase pairs offering the largest displacements on a
system basis. The displaced shapes for the remaining frequencies are then processed just like static cases with local force,
moment, and stress calculations. Control then shifts to an output processor identical to the static output processor. The out-
put processor also provides the user an animated display of the harmonic results. Users should remember that all harmonic
results are amplitudes. For example, if a harmonic stress is reported as 15200 psi, then the stress due to the dynamic load,
which will be superimposed onto any steady state component of the stress, can be expected to vary between +15200 psi and
-15200 psi. The total stress range due to this particular dynamic loading would be 30400 psi.
Spectrum
The spectrum analysis procedure can be broken down into three tasks - 1) calculate the systems natural frequencies, mode
shapes, and mass participation factors; 2) using the system frequencies, pull the corresponding response amplitudes from the
spectrum table and calculate the system response for each mode of vibration; 3) combine the modal responses and
directional components of the shock.
The first part of the analysis proceeds exactly as with the modal analysis.
After the natural frequencies are calculated, system displacements, forces, moments, and stresses are calculated on the
modal level and combined. Once all the results are collected, the dynamic analysis output screen appears. The spectral
results may be examined here, and the user may also review the natural frequencies and animated mode shapes.
Time History
The modal time history analysis follows steps similar to a spectrum analysis. The modes of vibration of the system are
computed, the dynamic equation of motion is solved through numeric integration techniques for each mode at a number of
successive time steps, with the modal results being summed, yielding system responses at each time step.
The output processor displays one load case (and optionally, one load combination) with the maximum loads developed
throughout the load application. There also are as many snap-shot cases as requested by the user.
Chapter 9 Dynamic Output Processing
In This Chapter
Entry into the Processor........................................................................... 9-2
Report Types............................................................................................ 9-5
Notes on Printing or Saving Reports to a File ......................................... 9-17
3D/HOOPs Graphics in the Animation Processor ................................... 9-18
C H A P T E R 9
9-2 Dynamic Output Processing
Entry into the Processor
The dynamic output processor is accessed directly following completion of the dynamic analysis, or it may be accessed
anytime subsequently from the Main Menu Output options.
Dynamic Analysis Output
There are four types of dynamic output results to process:
Harmonic results
Frequency/Modal results from a Mode-Only solution (this solution also exists if a spectrum solution was run).
Spectrum results, from earthquake, waterhammer, and relief valve solutions
Time History results
Chapter 9 Dynamic Output Processing 9-3
Harmonic results are reviewed using the static output processor, which is discussed in Chapter 7 (special notes on reviewing
harmonic results are presented later in this chapter). The other three solution types share the same dynamic output
processor. After entering this processor, a screen similar to that of the static output processor appears:
Dynamic Processor
The left-hand column shows the load cases that were analyzed. The top center column shows the reports available for those
load cases. The right-hand column shows General Results, or reports that are not associated with load cases.
For Spectrum analyses, the load cases listed constitute all of the Spectrum load cases as well as all of the static/dynamic
combinations. For Time History analysis, the listed loads are the results maxima case and each of the snap-shot cases
for the single Time History load case and each of the static/dynamic combinations.
9-4 Dynamic Output Processing
The user can select the reports and the load cases to be viewed by highlighting one or more load cases (if necessary) and
simultaneously one or more reports (reports that display in the right-hand column do not require that the report is
highlighted to print). (Selection is done by clicking, CTRL clicking, and SHIFT clicking with the mouse.) These reports
can then be sent to a printer, printed to file, saved to file or displayed.
A number of commands are available from this screen:
Option Description
File-Open
Opens a different job for output review. The user is prompted for the desired file; Modal/Spectrum results are stored in
*._s files, while Time History results are stored in *._t files.
Print
Prints the selected reports.
Save
Writes the selected reports to file, in ASCII format.
Animate
Allows the user to view animated motion. Modem and spectrum results allow animation of the mode shapes, while time
history analysis provides an animated simulation of the system response to the force-time profile.
Input
Returns to the piping input processor.
Title
Allows the user to enter report titles for this group of reports
View Load Cases
Provides a summary of each dynamic load case including the spectrum name, scale factor, direction cosines, and node
range.
View Reports
Displays the selected reports on the terminal. Each report selected is presented, one at a time, for inspection. Users may
scroll through the reports where necessary. Specific node numbers or results can be located and highlighted with the
FIND (Ctrl-F) command. To move to the next report click the right-arrow button.
Microsoft t Word
Provides the ability to send output reports directly to Microsoft Word . This feature is activated when producing a report
and enables the use of all of Words formatting (font selection, margin control, etc.) and printing features. Users can
append multiple reports to form a final report, by selecting the desired reports, clicking the button, closing Word,
selecting the next report to be added, clicking the button again, etc. A table of contents, is displayed reflecting the
cumulatively produced reports.
Chapter 9 Dynamic Output Processing 9-5
Report Types
There are two types of reports available from the dynamic output processor. There are those associated with specific load
cases (the Report Options shown in the center column) and those not associated with specific load cases (the General
Results in the right column).
Note For Modal analysis, there are no load cases, so the center column is blank
Reports associated with load cases are those associated with the spectral or time history displacement solution. The Report
Options are displacements, reactions, forces, moments and stresses.
Displacements
This report gives the magnitude of the displacement for each load case. For spectral results, due to summing methodology,
all displacement values in this report are positive. For time history analysis, the values are correctly signed.
The displacement report gives the maximum displacement that is anticipated due to the application of the dynamic shock.
For spectral analysis, note that all of the displacement values are positive. The direction of the displacement is
indeterminate, i.e. there will be a tendency for the system to oscillate due to the potential energy stored after undergoing
some maximum dynamic movement. The displacements printed are relative to the movement of the earth.
Restraints
This report gives the magnitude of the reactions for each load case. A typical entry is shown as follows:
NODE FX
5 716
649
2X(1)
The first line for each node contains the maximum load that occurred at some time during the dynamic event. The second
line for each node contains the maximum modal contribution to the load, and the third line for each node tells which mode
and loading was responsible for the maximum. This form of the report permits easy identification of the culprit modes.
The mode identification line is broken down as follows:
2 X (1)
mode load direction (load component)
For example, at node 5 the resultant dynamic load due to the shock was 716. The largest modal component (of the 716) was
649, due to mode 2, and produced by the first X direction component (either the first support motion set for displacement
response spectrum analysis or the first force set for force response spectrum analysis). This form of dynamic output report
allows us to know if there is a problem, and if there is, then which mode of vibration and load component is the major
contributor to the problem.
9-6 Dynamic Output Processing
If the component shows up as a (P), then it was the pseudostatic (seismic anchor movement) contribution of the loading that
resulted in the major component of the response. If the component shows up as an (M), this indicates that it was the missing
mass contribution. A typical restraint report follows:
Chapter 9 Dynamic Output Processing 9-7
Local Forces
This report gives elemental forces and moments in the element local a-b-c coordinate system. The a-b-c coordinate system
is defined as follows:
This report gives elemental forces and moments in the element local a-b-c coordinate system. The a-b-c coordinate system
is defined as follows:
For straight pipe not connected to an intersection:
a is along the element axis (i.e. perpendicular to the pipe cross-section)
b is axY, unless a is vertical and then b is along X
c is axb.
For bends and elbows, and for each segment end:
a is along the element axis (i.e. perpendicular to the pipe cross-section)
b is to the plane of the bend
c is axb
For intersections, and for each segment framing into the intersection:
a is along the element axis (i.e. perpendicular to the pipe cross-section)
b is to the plane of the intersection
c is axb
Note: X indicates the vector cross product.
Force, moment, and stress reports are similar to restraint reports in that each has the maximum response, followed by the
modal maximum, followed by the modal maximum load identifier. All force/moment reports are setup to represent the
forces and moments that act on the end of the element to keep the element in equilibrium.
9-8 Dynamic Output Processing
Global Forces
This report contains information identical to that given above for local forces except that it is oriented along the global X, Y,
and Z axes. A typical report follows:
Chapter 9 Dynamic Output Processing 9-9
Stresses
The stress report contains axial, bending, maximum octahedral, and code stresses as well as in-plane and out-of-plane stress
intensification factors. These reports contain mode, and modal maximum data as well. A typical report follows:
9-10 Dynamic Output Processing
Forces/Stresses
This report is intended to be a brief summary of the forces and code stresses for a particular load case. This report contains
maximum responses only, the calculated stress, and it's allowable.
Chapter 9 Dynamic Output Processing 9-11
Cumulative Usage
This report is available only when there are one or more Fatigue Stress types present. Only one report is generated,
regardless of the number of Fatigue load cases selected. The report shows, on an element-by-element basis, the impact of
each load case on the total Fatigue allowable, as well as the cumulative impact of all simultaneously selected load cases. If
the total Usage Factor exceeds 1.0; this implies Fatigue failure under that loading condition.
9-12 Dynamic Output Processing
The General Results reports comprise the following and are independent of the load cases selected. They are as follows:
Mass Participation Factors
This report gives one number for each mode and load direction for each dynamic load case. This value provides the user
with a feel for the effect the dynamic loading and the mass had on the particular mode. Neither the absolute magnitude
nor its sign has any significance, only the relationship between values for a single load case is important.
Chapter 9 Dynamic Output Processing 9-13
Natural Frequencies
Calculated modal natural frequencies are reported in Hertz and radians per second; period is reported in seconds.
9-14 Dynamic Output Processing
Modes Mass Normalized
A mass normalization procedure is used to compute valued magnitudes for mode shapes. A number of programs use this -
\normalization procedure, and this report was generated to make it easier for CAESAR II users to compare their results to
other programs results.
Modes Unity Normalized
This report scales the largest displacement in the mode shape to 1.0, with all other displacements and rotations scaled
accordingly. This mode report is the easiest way to get a feel for the shape of the mode.
The example shows two mode shapes from a small job. Users should note that in the first mode the largest single
component is in the Y direction (which we would expect from the earlier participation factor report), and in the second
mode the largest single component is in the Z direction.
Note Unity normalized means that the largest displacement component in the mode is set to 1.0 and all other
displacement values are scaled accordingly.
Chapter 9 Dynamic Output Processing 9-15
Included Mass Data
The Included Mass Data report displays the percent of the total system mass/force included in the extracted modes, and the
percent of system mass/force included in the missing mass correction (if any) for each of the individual shocks of each of
the dynamic load cases. This value gives an indication of the accuracy of the total system response captured by the dynamic
model, with 100% being the difficult to achieve ideal.
The first 3 items displayed by the report are the Load Case, the Shock Description, and the direction cosines. The next item,
the % Mass Included, shows the percentage of mass active in each of the X, Y, and Z directions. Following the % Mass
Included is the % Force Active. This value is computed by taking the algebraic sum in each of the global directions, and
then applying the SRSS method to each of the three directions. (The sums of the three directions are added vectorally.) The
final column displays the % Force Added. This value is obtained by taking the % Force Active and subtracting from 100.
Input Listing
This report, which may be displayed or printed, lists the input for the piping model or for the dynamic input.
Mass Model
The Mass Model Report shows how CAESAR II lumped masses for the dynamic runs. The mass lumping report should
show a fairly uniform distribution of masses. Large or irregular variations in the values shown should be investigated.
Usually these large values can be reduced by breaking down exceedingly long, straight runs of pipe.
The mass lumping report shown below is very uniform in distribution and should produce a good dynamic solution. Note
that CAESAR II ignores rotational terms.
9-16 Dynamic Output Processing
Boundary Conditions
The Active Boundary Condition Report shows the user how CAESAR II dealt with the nonlinear restraints in the job. It
shows which directional supports were included, which gaps were assumed closed, and just how friction resistance was
modeled.
Chapter 9 Dynamic Output Processing 9-17
Notes on Printing or Saving Reports to a File
The tabular results brought to the screen may be sent directly to a printer. To print a hard copy of the reports click
FILE-PRINT. To send reports to a file rather than the printer, the user should click the File-Save button. After initial
selection, the user is presented with a file dialog to select the name of the file. To change the file name for a new
report, the user should select FILE-SAVE AS.
Sends reports to Microsoft Word. The reports display in Microsoft Word where you can access Microsoft
Words feature set. All reports that are to be saved in the output file need not be declared at one time. Subsequent
reports sent to the file during the session are appended to the file started in the session. (These output files are only
closed when a new output device, file or printer is defined.) After closing the report, a table of contents is added.
9-18 Dynamic Output Processing
3D/HOOPs Graphics in the Animation Processor
The Animation module allows users to view animated motion of the system for static displacements or various dynamic
movements. The mode and spectrum results, for example, allow animation of the mode shapes, while time history analysis
provides an animated simulation of the system response to the force-time profile.
The animation options can be accessed from the CAESAR II Main Menu, by going to the OUTPUT/ANIMATION and
selecting the appropriate animation type from the sub-menu choices. In addition, the animation processor can also be
activated from each of the individual STATIC/DYNAMIC OUTPUT PROCESSORS by clicking the View Animation button.
Animation of any type has identical set of buttons and menu choices (similar to ones described in the Piping Input Graphics
Processor) that will be described herein. Any relevant differences will be described below for each corresponding animation
type. Launching the Animation Processor causes the following dialog to display.
Chapter 9 Dynamic Output Processing 9-19
The piping model is shown in its default state (volume mode, isometric view, orthographic projection). For the convenience
of the user, it can be displayed in any of the defined orthographic views Front/Back, Top/Bottom, Left/Right, or Isometric
by clicking the corresponding buttons. Similar to the Input Processor Graphics, the model can be interactively rotated,
zoomed, or panned. Zoom to Window and Zoom to Selection options are also available.
Perspective or orthographic projections can also be set. Node numbers can be displayed by clicking the Nodes button. The
desired load case or mode shape can be selected from the corresponding drop down list. The frequency of the load case
associated with the animation is shown at the top of the view plot whenever the Titles option (available from the Action
menu) is activated.
The animated plot menu displays several plot selections. Motion and Volume Motion are the commands to activate the
animation. Motion uses the centerline representation while Volume Motion produces the volume graphics image. Each of
the motion options causes the graphics processor to animate the current plot. If the Node Numbers button is clicked, the
node number text is moved together with the corresponding node. Once the plot is moving on the screen, it may be sped
up, slowed down, or stopped using appropriate toolbar button. After selecting a different load case or mode shape from the
drop down list, the motion automatically stops. One of the motion buttons should be clicked again to activate the model
movement.
Print Motion option (available from the File menu) prints all of the vibration positions of the current mode. It is not
available for the Time History animation. For clarity purposes, it is recommended to use the single line (Motion) option to
generate the printouts. The Volume Motion option generates a printout which is often too cluttered to be useful.
Save Animation to File
The animated graphics can be saved to a file by clicking the Create an Animation File button. Alternatively, this option can
be accessed from the dynamic plot menu File/Save Animation. After activating this option, the standard Windows Save As
Dialog will display prompting the user to enter the file name and directory to save the files. By default the current file name
and current data directory will be used. There will be two files cremated an *.HTML file and a *.HSF file. To view the
saved animation, find the corresponding *.HTML file and double click on it within Windows Explorer. The corresponding
*.HSF file containing the animation routines will be displayed. The *.HTML file contains useful buttons to play or pause
the animation. The model can also be viewed at different orthogonal planes, or returned to the isometric view.
Note The *.HTML is an interactive file.
The first time a CAESAR II created .HTML file is opened with Internet Explorer or other Internet browser, the user will
receive a message requesting permission to download a control from Tech Soft 3D. The user should answer Yes to allow
the download, after which the image will display. Once the model appears, right-clicking the model will show the available
viewing options, such as orbit, pan, zoom, and/or different render modes. The image can be printed or copied to the
clipboard as necessary.
Note Internet Explorer 5.0 and earlier may not display the image properly. Since Internet Explorer 5.0 is no longer
supported by Microsoft, COADE recommends Internet Explorer 6.0 or later.
Animation of Static Results - Displacements
CAESAR II allows the user to view the piping system as it moves to the displaced position for the basic load cases. To
animate the static results, execute the Options/View Animation menu choice from the Static Output Menu. Alternatively,
clicking View Animation allows the user to view graphic animation of the displacement solution.
Static animation graphics has all the model projection and motion toolbar options described earlier. The load case can be
selected from the drop down list. The title consists of the load case name followed by the file name and can be toggled on
and off from the Action menu.
9-20 Dynamic Output Processing
The Static Animation processor allows viewing of the single line and volume motion, controls the speed of the movement,
and the animation can be saved to a file as described above.
Note The static animation does not have much physical meaning behind it. This is just a one-time move produced from
the CAESAR II calculated displacements (from temperature growth, initial SUS system sag and/or any other related loads). It
is better to use the Deflected Shape button on the 3D/HOOPS Graphics view of the Static Output Processor toolbar. For
more information refer to 3D/HOOPS Graphics Tutorial for Static Output Processor, Deflected Shape.
Animation of Dynamic Results Modal/Spectrum
This option allows the user to view the calculated modes of vibration that correspond to particular natural frequencies of the
system. It is available from the Dynamic Output Processor after running the Modal analysis.
After invoking the Modal animation type, the system is displayed in its default state. The animation screen display the same
toolbar options described earlier. Natural frequencies can be selected from the drop down list to animate the corresponding
mode shape. The title shows the natural frequency in Hz followed by the current file name and the date.
Animated graphics for a particular mode shape (frequency) can be viewed in a single line or volume mode motion with
speed control, and/or saved to an HTML file for later presentation as described above.
Animation of Dynamic Results Harmonic
During the harmonic analysis, CAESAR II calculates the system response to the excitation frequency. This response can be
animated.
The Harmonics Animation module can be launched from the Harmonic Output Processor by clicking View Animation. The
system displays in its default isometric state. The animation screen displays the same toolbar options described earlier that
allow single line and volume motion as well as speed up and slow down options. Occasional cases corresponding to the
excitation frequencies may be selected from the drop down list. The title shows the currently selected frequency, file name,
and the date. The title may be disabled from the Action menu.
Animated graphics for each load case analyzed can be saved to an HTML file for later presentation.
Animation of Dynamic Results Time History
The Time History animation module can be launched from the CAESAR II Dynamic Output processor by clicking View
Animation. The system displays in the centerline isometric mode. The model can be rotated, zoomed, or panned and can be
set to different orthographic projections. The current time history time step and the job name are shown in the title on the
top of the graphics view.
Note, due to complexity of the time history calculations and to decrease the animation time, the animation is only available
in centerline mode.
Note The SAVE ANIMATION TO FILE option is not available in the time history animation for the same reason.
An additional feature of the Time History animation engine is the Element Viewer. The Element Viewer dialog displays
specific element information for a given time step. After clicking the Element Viewer button, the Element Info dialog
appears displaying the nodal displacements, forces, moments, code stress, and SIF information provided for the current
element at a current time step. Clicking the Next >> or << Previous buttons will change the information to correspond to the
next or previous element in the system for the same time step.
There are several ways to animate the model using the Motion button; clicking the Next Step / Previous Step buttons,
jumping to the beginning or the end of the time history animation; or using the Time Slider.
Chapter 9 Dynamic Output Processing 9-21
Clicking the Motion button will start the animation, the current time step will be displayed in the title line, and the task bar
at the bottom of the animation graphics view will show the progress. The animation speed can be increased, decreased, or
stopped by clicking the appropriate toolbar buttons.
Clicking the Next Time Step or Previous Time Step button while the Element Info dialog is active will update the dialog
information for the current element for the next or previous time step. If the animation is stopped, this will advance or back
space the animation one step.
Clicking View Animation again after stopping the animation will continue the time history motion from the location (the
time step) where the animation was stopped.
Clicking the Plot the First Time Step or Plot the Last Time Step button will bring the animation to the beginning or the end
correspondingly.
Dragging the Time Slider to the appropriate time step. The bars position adjusts automatically as the animation progresses
or users can click on the slider with the left mouse button and drag it along the time-line to find the desired time step or to
see the models displaced shape. If the Element Info dialog is active, the highlighted element information is updated to
correspond to the current time step.
9-22 Dynamic Output Processing
Time History Animation View with Element Viewer Dialog
Clicking the corresponding button can enable the node numbers however, it is recommended to have node numbering
disabled during operation of the animation processor. As the animated elements move, the node numbers are redrawn for
every position in the system thereby creating a blinking effect making it hard to follow the animation.
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler
In This Chapter
Overview of Structural Capability in CAESAR II................................... 10-2
3D/HOOPS Graphics............................................................................... 10-8
Sample Input............................................................................................ 10-10
Structural Steel Example #1 .................................................................... 10-11
Structural Steel Example #2 .................................................................... 10-18
Structural Steel Example #3 .................................................................... 10-31
C H A P T E R 1 0
10-2 Structural Steel Modeler
Overview of Structural Capability in CAESAR II
Structural Steel Frame
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-3
Start the CAESAR II Structural Element Preprocessor from the Main Menu by first opening an existing (or new)
structural file, and then using the Input-Structural command. The following screen appears:
Input - Structural Steel
Note Structural file names should be limited to eight characters (with no embedded spaces) since CAESAR II currently
is unable to include long file names in piping models. The structural file must also be located in the same directory as the
piping model.
10-4 Structural Steel Modeler
Input is interactive/batch keyword. This is a method of input most familiar to the finite element/structural analyst and
probably not so familiar to the piping engineer. Those users not already familiar with keyword type input should pay
particular attention to the examples, and make liberal use of the help functions ([F1]).
The general input format is:
<keyword>, <parameter #1>, <parameter #2>, ..., <parameter #n>
or
<keyword>, <key1=n1>, <key2 = n2>, ..., <key3 = n3>
For example......
FIX 5 ALL Fixes node 5, all degrees of freedom
SECID = 1,W10X49Defines properties for section #1.
EDIM 5 10 DY=12-0Define vertical member from 5 to 10.
Example Input
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-5
Since many structures have a considerable degree of repeatability, there are various forms, options, and deviations of the
above commands to help the user generate large structural models quickly and easily. For the most part however, and albeit
with a little more time and effort, the above method of single element generation is well suited to most pipers needs.
The most commonly used keywords display below:
EDIM Define structural element
FIX Define structural anchor (ALL) or restraint
LOAD Define concentrated forces
UNIF Define uniform loads
SECID Define cross section properties
A full explanation of all keywords is included in the Technical Reference Manual.
To delete a command highlight it and click Edit-Delete Card.
New lines may be created by selecting a keyword command from the menu or from the toolbars.
Certain commands set parameters that remain set for all further element generations. DEFAULT sets the default section and
material ID, ANGLE sets the default element orientation, and BEAMS, BRACES, and COLUMNS set the default end
connection type.
The full AISC database with over 900 cross-sectional shapes is available on a per-member-name basis, additionally the
user may define any arbitrary cross sectional shapes. The proper database (either AISC77.BIN, AISC89.BIN, UK. BIN,
AUST90.BIN, SAFRICA.BIN, KOREAN.BIN, or GERM91.BIN) must be selected using the Configuration/Setup
Module before starting the construction of a structural model. Sections may be selected from a tree structure, grouping
sections by type.
10-6 Structural Steel Modeler
Configuration/Setup
AISC names should be keyed in exactly as shown in the AISC handbook with the exception that fractions should be
represented as decimals to four decimal places, i.e. the angle L6X3-1/2X1/2 would be entered: L6X3.5000X0.5000.
Member end connection freedom is a concept used quite frequently in structural analysis that has no real parallel in piping
work. Several of the example problems contain free end connection specifications and should be studied for details.
Structural models may be run alone, or may be included in piping jobs.
To run a structural model alone:
1 After selecting a job name, enter the Structural Input processor using INPUT-STRUCTURAL from the Main Menu.
2 Enter the structural steel model and its loading use File-Save to exit model building, do error checking, and build
CAESAR II Execution files if there are no errors. After completing these steps return to the Main Menu.
3 Start CAESAR II up at the analysis level. Select the load cases to be analyzed. Do not use CAESAR IIs recommendations
unless a weight-concentrated load case is all that is needed.
4 When the analysis level finishes, enter the standard CAESAR II Output Processor. Displacements, forces, and
moments will be available for each structural element.
5 Run the Analysis Program to ensure that the most heavily loaded members still satisfy the code.
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-7
To include a structural model (or models) in a piping job:
1 Enter the structural steel input processor as described above.
2 Enter the structural steel model and its loading.
3 Use FILE-SAVE to exit model building, do error checking, and build the CAESAR II Execution files if there are no
errors.
4 Open the Piping Input file. After the piping model has been entered to the users satisfaction click Environment-
Include Structural Files.
5 From the Include Structural Files dialog use the Browse button to select the structural files to include in the piping
job.
6 Exit the preprocessor after all structural models have been properly included in the piping job.
7 Perform and error check of the model. Once error checking finishes without a fatal message, run the entire model. After
analysis, the structural elements are included in the piping output processor as though they were pipe, except that
stresses are not computed.
Note: A stand alone AISC Code Check Program is available to verify that forces and moments on standard structural
shapes do not exceed the various allowables as defined by the American Institute of Steel Construction.
10-8 Structural Steel Modeler
3D/HOOPS Graphics
The 3D/HOOPS Graphics Engine in the Structural Steel Modeler is mainly used to verify the model geometry for
completeness and accuracy. An Interactive Command Generator allows user-friendly entering and updating of the element
data, along with a graphics view that instantly reflects any changes.
The Structural Steel Modeler 3D Graphics Engine shares the same general capabilities as the Piping Input Processor's
Graphics. It uses the same HOOPS Standard Toolbar that enables users to zoom, orbit, pan, and several other options
among them the ability to switch orthographic views and volume to single line mode.
The Structural Steel Graphics Engine can also show or hide the supports and restraints, anchors, the compass, node
numbers, and element lengths. The restraints may also be changed in size relative to the structural elements.
The geometry displays on the screen to the right when the user defines enough information. For example, using Method 2 -
Node/Element Specification Generator, if only NODEs (absolute coordinates of a point in space) are generated, nothing can
be shown. However, when ELEM is defined (to specify a single element between two points in space), the corresponding
graphical element displays. When using Method 1 - Element Definition EDIM (similar to defining elements in the
CAESAR II Piping Input Processor), the corresponding graphical element displays after the EDIM command is
completed. For more information and a comparison of the two methods, refer to the CAESAR II Technical Reference Manual,
Chapter 4 Structural Steel Modeler.
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-9
The Structural Steel Command Generator may be resized and/or disabled to allow the graphics to fill the entire viewing
area. It may also be docked on or off the main frame. Once docked off, it can be removed from the view or closed. To
show/hide (open/close) the Structural Steel Commands Generator, click VIEW-INPUT.
Just as the Piping Input Graphics does, the Structural Steel Modeler has a Change Display Option that enables users to
change the default colors for all steel elements and restraints. For more information refer to the discussion in the Piping
Input 3D Graphics Processor.
Note Loads, such as Uniform or Wind, are not available in plot/graphics mode in the Structural Steel Modeler.
An additional feature of the Structural Steel Modeler is its ability to flip the coordinate system, on the fly. All relevant
user-entered data is also modified to comply with the newly selected coordinate system, either Y-up or Z-up.
10-10 Structural Steel Modeler
Sample Input
This section contains three Structural Steel Examples. These examples are presented so that the user can enter them into the
computer from the listed input. This is without question the best way to become familiar with the structural capability in
CAESAR II.
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-11
Structural Steel Example #1
Determine the stiffness of the structural steel support shown below. Use the estimated rigid support piping loads from the
piping analysis to back calculate each stiffness.
Structural Steel Example #1
A U-bolt pins the pipe to the top of the channel at node 20. The piping loads output from the pipe stress program are:
F x= -39.0 lbs.
F y= -1975.0 lbs.
F z= 1350.0 lbs.
10-12 Structural Steel Modeler
Select FILE-NEW from the CAESAR II Main Menu, click the Structural Input radio button and enter a job name (for
example SUPP). Then enter the CAESAR II Structural Steel Processor by selecting option Input-Structural from the
CAESAR II Main Menu. This brings up the blank data entry screen, ready to define the units.
Input - Structural Steel
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-13
At this time the user enters the keywords and parameters that define the model input. Input for the example is as follows:
10-14 Structural Steel Modeler
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-15
10-16 Structural Steel Modeler
The UNIT, MATID, SECID, EDIM, FIX, and LOAD structural element keywords display in the example below, for a full
explanation of keywords refer to the Technical Reference Manual.
UNIT ENGLISH.FIL
MATID 1 30E6 .3 11.6E6 36000. 0.283 ;SPECIFY MATERIAL
SECID 1 W16X26 ;DEFINE CROSS SECTIONS
SECID 2 MC8X22.800
SECID 3 L6X4X0.5000
EDIM 5 10 DY=144. SECID=1 ;DEFINE ELEMENTS
EDIM 10 15 DY=72. SECID=1
EDIM 15 20 DZ=70 SECID=2
EDIM 20 25 DZ=20 SECID=2
EDIM 25 10 DZ=-90 DY=-72 SECID=3
FIX 5 ALL ;SPECIFY SUPPORTS
;TRY A PLOT HERE
LOAD 20 FX=-39 FY=-1975 FZ=1350 ;SPECIFY LOADS
Input Structural Steel - Sample
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-17
The model can be checked and saved with the File-Save command. At this time the input is checked, and if no fatal errors
are found, the CAESAR II Execution files are written, and the model may be used in a piping analysis or analyzed by
itself. (For the purposes of this example the model will be analyzed by itself.)
When error checking has completed successfully, the user is returned to the CAESAR II Main Menu. When this is done,
the Analysis-Static menu option should be chosen. From this point, structural steel analysis is performed just like a piping
analysis.
Note: Don't forget to include F1 in the SUS load case.
Output from a structural analysis is comprised of displacements, forces, and moments. The desired results from the analysis
of SUPP are the displacements at node 20 of:
x = -9.63 in.
y = -0.44 in.
z = 0.88 in.
These displacements are excessive for a support which is to be assumed rigid in another analysis. The translational stiffness
for the support can be computed as follows:
Kx = 39.0 lb. / 9.63 in. = 4.05 lb./in ; Ky = 1975.0 lb. / 0.44 in. = 4488.64 lb./in.;
Kz = 1350.0 lb. / 0.88 in. = 1534.09 lb./in.
10-18 Structural Steel Modeler
Structural Steel Example #2
A support must be designed to limit the loads on the waste heat boilers flue gas nozzle connection. The maximum
allowable loads on the nozzle are:
Fshear = 500 lb. Faxial = 1500 lb.
Mbending = 5000 ft. lb. Mtorsion = 10000 ft. lb.
Check the piping and structure shown in the following four figures:
Structural Steel Example #2
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-19
Piping Dimensions
10-20 Structural Steel Modeler
Structure Nodes
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-21
Structure Dimensions
10-22 Structural Steel Modeler
Select a job name (for example SUPP2) and enter the structural input processor as described earlier. The structural input
screen appears:
Input - Structural Steel
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-23
At this time the user enters the keywords and parameters (using menu options and/or toolbars) that defines the model input,
and adds them to the file using the Edit-Add command.
The UNIT, MATID, SECID, EDIM, FIX, and LOAD structural element keywords display in the example below, for a full
explanation of keywords refer to the Technical Reference Manual.
Input for the example is as follows:
UNIT ENGLISH.FIL
SECID 1 W24X104 ;DEFINE SECTIONS
SECID 2 W18X50
MATID 1 YM=29E6 POIS=0.3 G=11.6E6 DENS=0.283 ;DEFINE MATERIALS
ANGLE=90 ;COLUMN ORIENTATION
EDIM 230 235 DY=10- ;VERTICAL COLUMNS
EDIM 235 220 DY=13-10
EDIM 200 205 DY=10-
EDIM 205 210 DY=13-10
EDIM 245 250 DX=8.392- DY=10- ;SLOPED COLUMNS
EDIM 260 255 DX=8.392- DY=10-
EDIM 250 220 DX=11.608- DY=13-10
EDIM 255 210 DX=11.608- DY=13-10
DEFAULT SECID=2;MAKE BEAMS DEFAULT SECTION
EDIM 235 240 DZ=-2.5-
EDIM 240 205 DZ=-2.5-
EDIM 220 215 DZ=-2.5-
EDIM 215 210 DZ= -2.5-
EDIM 250 255 DZ=-5-
;THE FINAL SET OF HORIZONTAL BEAMS ALONG THE X AXIS HAVE A STANDARD
;STRONG AXIS ORIENTATION
ANGLE=0.0
EDIM 250 235 DX=11.608-
EDIM 255 205 DX=11.608-
;ANCHOR THE BASE NODES
FIX 245 ALL
FIX 260 ALL
FIX 230 ALL
FIX 200 ALL
At any time during input the user can generate plots of the model by executing OPERATIONS-PLOT. Once the user is satisfied
that the model is correct, exiting with File-Save command checks and saves the model. If no fatal errors are found, then the
CAESAR II Execution files are written. The model may now be used in a piping analyses or analyzed by itself. (For the
purposes of this example the model will be analyzed with a piping model.)
10-24 Structural Steel Modeler
When error checking has completed successfully, the user is returned to the CAESAR II Main Menu. The user should
change the jobname to the name of the piping input filename (PIPE2 for this example) and enter the input for the piping
system to be analyzed.
The input for this job is shown below:
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-25
10-26 Structural Steel Modeler
To connect the pipe to the structure, follow these procedures:
1 The user must tell CAESAR II the name of the structural steel file to include. From the Input Spreadsheet select the
Kaux-Include Structural Files Menu option. The Include Structural Files Dialog appears.
2 Enter the name of the structural steel model to be included (SUPP2), by typing or browsing for it.
3 Define the connectivity between pipe and structural nodes using restraints with connecting nodes. For the example
problem, the node 115 in the pipe model should be tied to node 215 in the structural model in the X and Z directions
similarly; node 120 in the pipe model should be tied to node 240 in the structural model. These connecting nodes may
be defined from the piping spreadsheet on any convenient element. Auxiliary field input for these two connections is
shown as follows:
Restraint Auxiliary Data
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-27
If the pipe and structure do not plot properly relative to one-another then either:
a) The connecting nodes were not defined correctly.
b) The CONNECT_GEOMETRY_THRU_CNODES directive was not set to YES in the Configuration/Setup
module.
The properly plotted pipe and structure is shown below:
Structural Steel Example #2 Plot
10-28 Structural Steel Modeler
Once the pipe and structure are properly plotted relative to one-another, the piping input processor can be exited and error
checking performed. The error checker includes the pipe and structure together during checking. The execution files that are
written also include the structural data. In the output the pipe and structure are also plotted together and can only be
separated via the plot RANGE command.
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-29
The loads on the anchor at 5 are grossly excessive. The structural steel frame and pipe support structure as shown are not
satisfactory. Some displaced shape plots from the analysis are shown in the next figure:
Plot Showing Displacement
10-30 Structural Steel Modeler
In this example, displacement of the structure is small relative to the displacement of the pipe. The pipe is thermally
expanding out away from the boiler nozzle and down, away from the boiler nozzle.
Plot Showing Displacement
Using the RANGE command the structure is plotted without the pipe. The displaced shape of the structure shows that the
pipe is pulling the structure in the positive X direction at the top support and pushing the structure in the negative X
direction at the bottom support. These displacements will only result in higher loads on the boiler nozzle. The vertical
location of the structural supports should be studied more closely.
Perhaps vertical springs at 30 and 35 would help, along with a repositioning of the structural supports vertically, i.e. the
support at 120 should be moved down so that its line of action in the X direction more closely coincides with the center line
of the pipe between 25 and 40.
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-31
Structural Steel Example #3
Estimate the X, Y, and Z stiffness of the structure at the point 1000. (Note that, in general, the stiffness of a three-
dimensional structure, condensed down to the stiffness of a single point, must be represented by a 6 6 stiffness matrix. As a
first estimate, only the on-diagonal, translational stiffnesses are often estimated, as is being done here.)
Structural Steel Example #3
10-32 Structural Steel Modeler
Select a job name (for example SUPP3) and enter the structural input processor as described earlier. The structural input
screen appears.
At this time the user enters the keywords and parameters (using menu commands and/or toolbars) that define the model
input. Input for the example is shown below:
Example Input
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-33
At any time during input the user can generate plots of the model executing Operations-Plot. Once the user is satisfied that
the model has been entered properly, the model can be checked and saved with the File-Save command. If no fatal errors are
found, then the CAESAR II execution files are written. The model may now be used in a piping analysis or analyzed by
itself. (For the purposes of this example the model will be analyzed by itself.)
The structural input processor generates a number of lists to be used for documentation and checking. Click the List
Options tab for various list types.
Of particular interest in this model is the element orientation data that shows that the columns strong axis was indeed rotated
90 degrees. Also the free-end-connection lists show that the specification entered for the beams produced the desired results.
Elements and Properties
10-34 Structural Steel Modeler
Nodal Fixities
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-35
Nodal Loads
10-36 Structural Steel Modeler
Element Material Data
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-37
Element Geometry Data
10-38 Structural Steel Modeler
Element of Orientation Data
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-39
10-40 Structural Steel Modeler
When error checking has completed successfully, the user is returned to the CAESAR II Main Menu. The user should
change the current jobname to that of the structural filename. When this is done the Analysis-Static menu option should be
selected. From this point structural steel analysis is performed just like a piping analysis. Output from a structural analysis is
comprised of displacements, forces, and moments.
The displacement and force report for the (Force Only) load case follows. Note that the structure is stiffer in the X direction,
even though the Z dimension is greater due to the orientation of the columns. The Force/Moment report is particularly
interesting given that all of the beams have pinned ends. Note that most of the beams carry no load. This is because the
transfer of the load to the beams in this model is due to rotations at the column ends, and not translations. (Cross-braces
would eliminate this problem and cause the beams to pick up more of the load.) The 1000 end of the elements from 20-1000
and from 40-1000 carries a moment because it is not a pinned end connection. 1000 is just a point at midspan for the
application of the load.
Chapter 10 Structural Steel Modeler 10-41
10-42 Structural Steel Modeler
Chapter 11 Buried Pipe Modeling
In This Chapter
CAESAR II Underground Pipe Modeler ................................................. 11-2
Using the Underground Pipe Modeler ..................................................... 11-3
Notes on the Soil Model .......................................................................... 11-9
Recommended Procedures....................................................................... 11-11
Original Unburied Model ........................................................................ 11-12
C H A P T E R 1 1
11-2 Buried Pipe Modeling
CAESAR II Underground Pipe Modeler
The CAESAR II Underground Pipe Modeler is designed to simplify user input of buried pipe data. To achieve this
objective the Modeler performs the following functions for users:
Allows the direct input of soil properties. The Modeler contains the equations for buried pipe stiffnesses that are
outlined later in this chapter. These equations are used to calculate first the stiffnesses on a per length of pipe basis, and
then generate the restraints that simulate the discrete buried pipe restraint.
Breaks down straight and curved lengths of pipe to locate soil restraints. CAESAR II uses a zone concept to break down
straight and curved sections. Where transverse bearing is a concern (near bends, tees, and entry/exit points), soil
restraints are located in close proximity and where axial load dominates, soil restraints are spaced far apart.
Allows the direct input of user-defined soil stiffnesses on a per length of pipe basis. Input parameters include axial,
transverse, upward, and downward stiffnesses, as well as ultimate loads. Users can specify user-defined stiffnesses
separately, or in conjunction with CAESAR IIs automatically generated soil stiffnesses.
Chapter 11 Buried Pipe Modeling 11-3
Using the Underground Pipe Modeler
Users can start the Buried Pipe Modeler by selecting an existing job, and then choosing Input-Underground from the
CAESAR II Main Menu. The Modeler is designed to read a standard CAESAR II Input Data File that describes the
basic layout of the piping system as if it was not buried. From this basic input CAESAR II creates a second input data file that
contains the buried pipe model. This second input file typically contains a much larger number of elements and restraints
than the first job. The first job that serves as the pattern is termed the original job. The second file that contains the
element mesh refinement and the buried pipe restraints is termed the buried job. CAESAR II names the buried job by
appending a B to the name of the original job.
Note The original job must already exist and serves as the pattern for the buried pipe model building. The modeler
removes any restraints in the buried section during the process of creating the buried model. Any additional restraints can be
entered in the resulting buried model. The buried job, if it exists, is overwritten by the successful generation of a buried
pipe model. It is the buried job that is eventually run to compute displacements and stresses.
When the Buried Pipe Modeler is initially started, the following screen appears:
11-4 Buried Pipe Modeling
This spreadsheet is used to enter the buried element descriptions for the job. The buried element description spreadsheet
serves several functions:
allows users to define which part of the piping system is buried.
allows users to define mesh spacing at specific element ends.
allows the input of user-defined soil stiffnesses
Typical buried pipe displacements are considerably different than similar above ground displacements. Buried pipe deforms
laterally in areas immediately adjacent to changes in directions (i.e. bends and tees). In areas far removed from bends and
tees the deformation is primarily axial. The optimal size of an element (i.e. the distance between a single FROM and a TO
node) is very dependent on which of these deformation patterns is to be modeled Not having a continuous support model,
CAESAR II or the user, must locate additional point supports along a line to simulate this continuous support. So for a given
stiffness per unit length, either many, closely spaced, low stiffness supports are added or a few, distant and high stiffness
supports are added. Where the deformation is lateral, smaller elements are needed to properly distribute the forces from
the pipe to the soil. The length over which the pipe deflects laterally is termed the lateral bearing length and can be
calculated by the equation:
Lb = 0.75(H) [4EI/Ktr] 0.25
Where:
E = Pipe modulus of elasticity
I = Pipe moment of inertia
Ktr = Transverse soil stiffness on a per length basis, (defined later)
CAESAR II places three elements in the vicinity of this bearing span to properly model the local load distribution. The
bearing span lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 1 lengths. The axial displacement lengths in a piping system are
called the Zone 3 lengths, and the intermediate lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 2 lengths. Zone 3 element
lengths (to properly transmit axial loads) are computed by 100*Do, where Do is the outside diameter of the piping. The
Zone 2 mesh is comprised of up to 4 elements of increasing length; starting at 1.5 times the length of a Zone 1 element at its
Zone 1 end, and progressing in equal increments to the last which is 50*Do long at the Zone 3 end. A typical piping system,
and how CAESAR II views this element breakdown or mesh distribution is illustrated on the following page.
Chapter 11 Buried Pipe Modeling 11-5
Zone Definitions
A critical part of the modeling of an underground piping system is the proper definition of Zone 1 (or lateral) bearing
regions. These regions primarily occur:
On either side of a change in direction
For all pipes framing into an intersection
At points where the pipe enters or leaves the soil
CAESAR II automatically puts a Zone 1 mesh gradient at each side of the pipe framing into an elbow.
Note It is the users responsibility to tell CAESAR II where the other Zone 1 areas are located in the piping system.
11-6 Buried Pipe Modeling
The left side of the Buried Element Description Spreadsheet displays below:
Buried Element Description Spreadsheet
There are 13 columns in this spreadsheet The eight not shown above carry the user-defined soil stiffnesses and ultimate
loads. The first two columns contain element node numbers for each piping element included in the original system. The
second three columns are discussed in detail below:
Chapter 11 Buried Pipe Modeling 11-7
Soil Model No.This column is used to define which of the elements in the model are buried. A nonzero entry in this
column implies that the associated element is buried. A 1 in this column implies that the user wishes to enter user defined
stiffnesses, on a per length of pipe basis, at this point in the model. These stiffnesses must follow in column numbers 6
through 13. Any number greater than 1 in the SOIL MODEL NO. column points to a CAESAR II soil restraint model
generated using the equations outlined later under Soil Models from user entered soil data.
From/ To End Mesh TypeA check in either of these columns implies that a lateral loading mesh should be placed at the
corresponding element end. For example:
FROM TO SOIL FROM TO
NODE NODE MODEL MESH MESH
5 10 2 \
The element 5 to 10 is buried. CAESAR II will generate the soil stiffnesses from user-defined soil dataset #2, and the node 5
end will have a fine mesh so that lateral bearing will be properly modeled. Since CAESAR II automatically places lateral
bearing meshes adjacent to all buried elbows, the user must only be concerned with the identification of buried tees and
points of soil entry or exit. The figure below is illustrative:
Lateral Bearing Mesh Definitions
11-8 Buried Pipe Modeling
Please note the following:
The user has separated the node numbers in the original piping system by 10s or 20s instead of the usual 5. This is so
that CAESAR II can maintain the sequence of node numbers for the added moves.
From/To Lateral Bearing mesh specifications are not needed for nodes 30, 110 and 130, since CAESAR II places lateral
bearing meshes on each side of a bend by default.
A lateral bearing mesh is not needed at 90 because there is no tendency for the model to deflect in any direction NOT
axial to the pipe.
The tendency for lateral deflection must be defined for each element framing into an intersection (node 50).
Commands available in this module are:
Button Description
File Open
Opens a new piping file as the original job.
File-Change Buried Pipe
Job Name
Renames the buried job (in the event that the user does not wish to use the CAESAR II default of B appended to the
original job name).
File- Print
Prints the element description data spreadsheet.
Soil Models
Allows the user to specify soil data for CAESAR II to use in generating one or more soil restraint systems. This is
described in detail below.
Convert
Converts the original job into the buried job by meshing the existing elements and adding soil restraints. The
conversion process creates all of the necessary elements to satisfy the Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3 requirements, and
places restraints on the elements in these zones accordingly. All elbows are broken down into at least two curved
sections, and very long radius elbows are broken down into segments whose lengths are not longer than the elements
in the immediately adjacent Zone 1 pipe section. Node numbers are generated by adding 1 to the elements FROM
node number. CAESAR II checks before using a node number to make sure that it will be unique in the model. All
densities on buried pipe elements are zeroed, to simulate the continuous support of the pipe weight. A conversion log
is also generated, which details the process in full.
Chapter 11 Buried Pipe Modeling 11-9
Notes on the Soil Model
The following procedures for estimating soil distributed stiffnesses and ultimate loads should be used only when the analyst
does not have better data or methods suited to the particular site and problem. COADEs soil restraint modeling algorithm is
generally based on the ideas presented by L.C. Peng in his paper entitled Stress Analysis Methods for Underground
Pipelines, published in 1978 in Pipeline Industry.
Soil supports are modeled as bi-linear springs having an initial stiffness, an ultimate load, and a yield stiffness. The yield
stiffness is typically set close to zero, i.e. once the ultimate load on the soil is reached there is no further increase in load
even though the displacement may continue. The two basic ultimate loads that must be calculated to analyze buried pipe are
the axial and transverse ultimate loads. (Many researchers differentiate between horizontal, upward, and downward
transverse loads, but when the variance in predicted soil properties and methods are considered, this differentiation is often
not warranted. Note that CAESAR II allows the explicit entry of these data if so desired.)
Once the axial and lateral ultimate loads are known, the stiffness in these directions can be determined by dividing the
ultimate load by the yield displacement. Researchers have found that the yield displacement is related to both the buried
depth and the pipe diameter. The ultimate loads and stiffnesses computed are on a force per unit length of pipe basis.
Button Description
The user enters soil data by executing the Soil Models Command. This option allows the user to specify the
soil properties for the CAESAR II Buried Pipe Equations.
Note Valid soil model numbers start with 2. Soil model number 1 is reserved for user-defined soil stiffnesses. Up to 15
different soil models may be entered for a single job.
Upon entry, the soil modeler dialog appears. Either the friction coefficient or the undrained shear strength may be left blank.
Typically for clays the friction coefficient would be left blank and would be automatically estimated by CAESAR II as
Su/600 psf. Both sandy soils and clay-like soils may be defined here.
The soil restraint equations use these soil properties to generate restraint ultimate loads and stiffnesses. (The
TEMPERATURE CHANGE is optional. If entered the thermal strain is used to compute and print the theoretical virtual
anchor length.) These equations are:
Axial Ultimate Load (Fax)
Fax = D[ (2psH) + (tppt) + (tpf)(D/4) ]
11-10 Buried Pipe Modeling
Where:
B = Friction coefficient, typical values are:
.4 for silt
.5 for sand
.6 for gravel
.6 for clay or Su/600
Su = Undrained shear strength
D = Pipe diameter
ps = Soil density
H = Buried depth to the top of pipe
pp = Pipe density
t = Pipe nominal wall thickness
rf = Fluid density
Transverse Ultimate Load (Ftr)
Where:
oB= Angle of internal friction, typical values are:
27-45 for sand
26-35 for silt
0 for clay
OCM = Overburden Compaction Multiplier
If Su is given (i.e. have a clay-like soil), then Ftr as calculated above is multiplied by Su/250 psf.
Note that since in many cases the stiffer the soil, the more conservative the results, Ftr is multiplied by the OCM as well.
Many experienced pipeline engineers do not wish to add this "extra conservatism," and prefer to use values that are more in
line with those that have been used in the past. To do this, the OCM is the parameter that is usually adjusted.
Common practice has been to reduce it (from its default of 8) to values from 5 to 7, depending on the degree of compaction
of the backfill. Backfill efficiency can be approximated by the Proctor Number, defined in most soils textbooks. (The
Proctor Number is a ratio of unit weights.) The standard practice when the Proctor Number is known is to multiply the
default value 8 by the Proctor Number. This result should then be used as the compaction multiplier.
Yield Displacement (yd):
yd = Yield Displacement Factor x (H+D)
Note The Yield Displacement Factor defaults to 0.015.
Axial Stiffness (Kax) on a per length of pipe basis:
Kax=Fax / yd
Transverse Stiffness (Ktr) on a per length of pipe basis:
Ktr=Ftr / yd
Once the user clicks OK, the soil data is saved in a file entitled .SOI.
Chapter 11 Buried Pipe Modeling 11-11
Recommended Procedures
The recommended procedure for using the buried pipe modeler is outlined below:
1 Select the original job and enter the buried pipe modeler. The original job must already exist, and will serve as the basis
for the new buried pipe model. The original model should only contain the basic geometry of the piping system to be
buried. The modeler will remove any existing restraints (in the buried portion). Add any underground restraints to the
buried model. Rename the buried job if CAESAR II default name is not appropriate.
2 Enter the soil data using Soil Models.
3 Describe the sections of the piping system that are buried, and define any required fine mesh areas using the buried
element data spreadsheet.
4 Convert the original model into the buried model by clicking Convert Input. This step produces a detailed description
of the conversion.
5 Exit the Buried Pipe Modeler and return to the CAESAR II Main Menu. From here the user may perform the
analysis of the buried pipe job.
A fairly simple buried-pipe example problem is shown in the following section. This example illustrates the features of the
modeler and should in no-way be taken as a guide for recommended underground piping design.
11-12 Buried Pipe Modeling
Original Unburied Model
The following input listing represents the unburied model shown above.
Chapter 11 Buried Pipe Modeling 11-13
Terminal nodes 100 and 1900 are above ground. Nodes 1250 and 1650 (on the sloped runs) mark the soil entry and exit
points.
Soil Model Number 2, a sandy soil, is entered.
11-14 Buried Pipe Modeling
Elements 1250-1300 through 1600-1650 are buried using soil model number 2. Zone 1 meshing is indicated at the entry and
exit points.
Chapter 11 Buried Pipe Modeling 11-15
Clicking Convert starts the conversion to a buried model.
11-16 Buried Pipe Modeling
The screen listing can also be printed.
Chapter 11 Buried Pipe Modeling 11-17
The original unburied model is shown along with the "buried" model below. Note the added restraints around the elbows
and along the straight runs.
11-18 Buried Pipe Modeling
Note the bi-linear restraints added to the buried model. The stiffness used is based upon the distance to the next node.
Chapter 11 Buried Pipe Modeling 11-19
Note that the first buried element, 1250-1251, has no density.
The buried job can now be analyzed.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance
In This Chapter
Intersection Stress Intensification Factors ............................................... 12-3
Bend Stress Intensification Factors.......................................................... 12-6
WRC 107 Vessel Stresses........................................................................ 12-10
WRC Bulletin 297 ................................................................................... 12-17
Flange Leakage/Stress Calculations ........................................................ 12-20
Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines, B31G.................................. 12-28
Expansion Joint Rating............................................................................ 12-32
Structural Steel Checks - AISC ............................................................... 12-39
NEMA SM23 (Steam Turbines) .............................................................. 12-47
API 610 (Centrifugal Pumps) .................................................................. 12-54
API 617 (Centrifugal Compressors) ........................................................ 12-60
API 661 (Air Cooled Heat Exchangers) .................................................. 12-62
Heat Exchange Institute Standard For Closed Feedwater Heaters........... 12-67
API 560 (Fired Heaters for General Refinery Services) .......................... 12-68
The CAESAR II Equipment and Component Compliance Analytical Modules are executed from the CAESAR II Main
Menu using the Analysis Menu. Vessels, flanges, turbines, compressors, pumps and heat exchangers can be checked for
excessive piping loads in accordance with appropriate standards. Input is via tabbed spreadsheets, and help screens are
available for each data cell (launched with [F1] or the ? key). Output reports can be sent to the printer, terminal or files.
Often suction (inlet), discharge (exhaust), and extraction lines are analyzed for forces and moments in separate runs of a
pipe stress program. Once all of the loadings for a particular piece of equipment are computed, the equipment program is
executed to determine if these loads are acceptable in accordance with the governing code. The user enters the equipments
basic geometry and the loads on its nozzles computed from the piping program. The equipment analysis determines if these
loads are excessive.
One convenient feature of the CAESAR II Equipment programs is that nozzles on equipment can be analyzed separately.
Often times a user will only have suction side loads, and often the particular dimensions of the pump are unknown, or are
difficult to obtain. In these cases, CAESAR II accepts zeros or no-entries for the unknown data and will still generate a
single-nozzle equipment check report. Therefore, while overall compliance may not be evaluated, the user can still check
the individual nozzle limits. This is a valuable tool to have, as in this case the user is looking more for load guidance, rather
than for some fixed or precise limit on allowables.
C H A P T E R 1 2
12-2 Equipment Component and Compliance
Analysis Menu
All of these program modules share the same interface for easy transition. The individual modules are described following
section.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-3
Intersection Stress Intensification Factors
With this module, intersection stress intensification factors (SIFs) can be computed for any of the three-pipe type
intersections available in CAESAR II:
Intersection Types
12-4 Equipment Component and Compliance
A sample input spreadsheet is shown below.
Intersection Stress Intensification Factors
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-5
Stress intensification factors are reported for a range of different configuration values.
Intersection Stress Intensification Factors - Report
12-6 Equipment Component and Compliance
Bend Stress Intensification Factors
This module provides a scratch pad for determining stress intensification factors (SIFs) for various bend configurations
under different codes.
Bend stress intensification factors can be computed for
Pipe bends without any additional attachments. These calculations are done exactly according to the piping code being
used.
Mitered pipe bends. These calculations are done exactly according to the piping code being used.
Pipe bends with a trunnion attachment. These calculations are taken from the paper Stress Indices for Piping Elbows
with Trunnion Attachments for Moment and Axial Loads, by Hankinson, Budlong and Albano, in the PVP Vol. 129,
1987.
The bend stress intensification factor input spreadsheet is shown below:
Bend Stress Intensification Spreadsheet
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-7
Input here is fairly straight forward; if there is a question about a particular data entry, the help screens should be queried. In
most cases data that does not apply is left blank. For example, to review the SIFs for a bend that does not have a trunnion,
the three trunnion related input fields should be left blank.
Bend Stress Intensification Factors - Trunnion
12-8 Equipment Component and Compliance
Pressure Stiffening
The pressure stiffening option in the input is provided so the user can see the effect that pressure stiffening has on the
bends flexibility factor and stress intensification factor. This option is controlled by the user in CAESAR II via the setup file,
but is most commonly left to the default condition. The default is different for each piping code because some of the codes
mention pressure stiffening explicitly and some do not.
Pressure stiffening has its most significant effect in larger diameter bends adjacent to sensitive equipment (compressors).
Including pressure stiffening where it is not included by default will draw more of the system moment to the nozzle adjacent
to the bend.
Flanges Attached to Bend Ends
This is essentially the number of rigid fittings that are attached to the end of the bend preventing the ovalization of the bend.
It is the ovalization that provides for a large amount of the bends flexibility.
BS-806 (The British Power Piping Code) recommends that flanges or valves (or any rigid cross-sectional fitting) that are
within two diameters of the ending weldpoint of the bend be considered as being attached to the end of the bend for this
calculation.
Bends with Trunnions
There are certain limits that must be satisfied before SIFs can be calculated on trunnions. These limits come directly from
the paper by Hankinson, Budlong and Albano, and they are:
t/T > 0.2 and t/T s 2.0
D/T > 20 and D/T s 60
d/D > 0.3 and d/D s 0.8
Where:
t = Wall Thickness of the Trunnion
T = Wall Thickness of the Bend
d = Outside Diameter of the Trunnion
D = Outside Diameter of the Bend
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-9
Stress Concentrations and Intensification
The stress intensification calculation for bends with trunnions is based on the relationship between the ASME NB stress
indices C2, K2, and the B31 code i factor (or stress intensification factor). That relationship has long been taken to be
(m)(i) = (C2)(K2)
Where:
m = multiplier, usually either 1.7 or 2.
i = B31 stress intensification factor
C2 = ASME NB secondary stress index
K2 = ASME NB peak stress index
The peak stress index (K2) is commonly known as the stress concentration factor, and is so-called in CAESAR II. Simply
put, this factor is the ratio of the highest point stress at an intensification (i.e. at an intersection or an elbow) and the nominal
local computed stress at the same point. Peak stresses typically only exist in a very small volume of material, on the order of
fractions of the wall thickness of the part.
Because most piping components are formed without crude notches, gross imperfections or other anomalies, the peak stress
index is kept well in control. Where a smooth transition radius is provided which is at least t/2, where (t) is the characteristic
thickness of the part, the peak stress index is typically taken as 1.0. At unfinished welds, sockets, and where no transition
radius is provided the peak stress index approaches values of 2.0.
Note If the user enters a trunnion (where there will be a weld between the trunnion and the elbow), and does not enter a
stress concentration factor (the third input for the trunnion), CAESAR II assumes a stress concentration factor of 2.0.
12-10 Equipment Component and Compliance
WRC 107 Vessel Stresses
The Welding Research Council Bulletin 107 (WRC 107) has been used extensively since 1965 by design engineers to
estimate local stresses in vessel/attachment junctions.
Notc There are three editions of WRC 107 available from the program; the default is set by the user in the Configure-
Setup option.
WRC 107 Bulletin provides an analytical tool to evaluate the vessel stresses in the immediate vicinity of a nozzle. This
method can be used to compute the stresses at both the inner and outer surfaces of the vessel wall, and report the stresses in
the longitudinal and circumferential axes of the vessel/nozzle intersection. The convention adopted by WRC 107 to define
the applicable orientations of the applied loads and stresses for both spherical and cylindrical vessels are shown in the figure
below.
Spherical Shells
Cylindrical Shells
To Acoivc OPX Acco:
1. P-axis: Along Nozzle centerline and positive entering vessel.
2. M1-axis: Perpendicular to nozzle centerline along convenient global axis.
3. M2-axis: Cross P-axis into M1 axis and the result is M2-axis.
To Acoivc OPX Acco:
1. P-axis: Along Nozzle centerline and positive entering vessel.
2. MC-axis: Along vessel centerline and positive to correspond with any parallel
global axis.
3. M2-axis: Cross the P-axis with MC axis and result is ML-axis.
To Acoivc OPX Etpcoo Hoivto:
uupper, means stress on outside of vessel wall at junction.
llower, means stress on inside of vessel at junction.
APosition on vessel at junction, along negative M1 axis.
BPosition on vessel at junction, along positive M2 axis.
CPosition on vessel at junction, along positive M2 axis.
DPosition on vessel at junction, along negative M2 axis.
To Acoivc OPX Etpcoo Hoivto:
uupper, means stress on outside of vessel wall at junction.
llower, means stress on inside of vessel at junction.
APosition on vessel at junction, along negative MC axis.
BPosition on vessel at junction, along positive MC axis.
CPosition on vessel at junction, along positive ML axis.
DPosition on vessel at junction, along negative ML axis.
Note: Shear axis "VC" is parallel, and in the same direction as the bending axis
"ML." Shear axis "VL" is parallel, and in the opposite direction as the bending axis
"MC."
WRC Axes Orientation
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-11
It has also been a common practice to use WRC 107 to conservatively estimate vessel shell stress state at the edge of a
reinforcing pad, if any. The stress state in the vessel wall when the nozzle has a reinforcing pad can be estimated by
considering a solid plug, with an outside diameter equal to the O.D. of the reinforcing pad, subjected to the same nozzle
loading.
Notc Before attempting to use WRC 107 to evaluate the stress state of any nozzle/vessel junction, the user should always
make sure that the geometric restrictions limiting the application of WRC 107 are not exceeded. These vary according to the
attachment and vessel types. The user is referred to the WRC 107 bulletin directory for this information.
WRC 107 should probably not be used when the nozzle is very light or when the parameters in the WRC 107 data curves
are unreasonably exceeded. Output from the WRC 107 program includes the figure numbers for the curves accessed, the
curve abscissa, and the values retrieved. The user is urged to check these outputs against the actual curve in WRC 107 to get
a feel for the accuracy of the stresses calculated. For example, if parameters for a particular problem are always near or
past the end of the figures curve data, then the calculated stresses may not be reliable.
WRC 107 can be activated by selecting ANALYSIS - WRC 107/297 from the Main Menu. The user may be prompted to enter a
job name, and then the following data entry screen appears:
Analysis - WRC 107
12-12 Equipment Component and Compliance
The input data is accumulated by the processor in four spreadsheets. The first sheet displays the title block, the second and
third sheets collect the vessel and the nozzle (attachment) geometry data, respectively. From the Vessel Data tab click the
WRC 107 radio button. The WRC 107 Version/Year and Use Interactive Control checkboxes can also be enabled from
this spreadsheet.
The Hot and Cold Allowable Stress Intensities of the vessel as defined per ASME VII, Division 2 can be entered manually
or updated from the Material Database by providing the Material Name and Operating Temperature in the corresponding
fields. Any allowable values entered manually or modified by the user, display in red.
Vessel Data
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-13
Nozzle Data
12-14 Equipment Component and Compliance
The nozzle loading is specified on the last spreadsheet, according to specific load cases, which include sustained, expansion
and occasional cases. These loads are found in the CAESAR II Output Restraint Load Summary under the corresponding
load cases or may be extracted from the static output files automatically by clicking the Get From Output... button. The
WRC 107 specific local input coordinate system has been incorporated into the program; so the loads may be input in either
the Global CAESAR II convention, or in the Local WRC 107 coordinate system. To enter loads in WRC 107 convention,
click the WRC 107 radio button. If the Global CAESAR II convention is used, the vessel and nozzle centerline direction
cosines must be present. Note, the positive direction is the Nozzle centerline vector pointing from the nozzle connection
towards the vessel centerline. The loads convention may be freely converted from global to local and back provided the
direction cosines are present.
Nozzle Loads (SUS)
Nozzle curves in WRC Bulletin 107 cover essentially all applications of nozzles in vessels or piping; however, should any
of the interpolation parameters, i.e. Beta, etc. fall outside the limits of the available curves, some extrapolation of the WRC
method must be used. The current default is to use the last value in the particular WRC table. If one wishes to control the
extrapolation methodology interactively, you may do so by changing the WRC 107 default from USE LAST CURVE
VALUE to INTERACTIVE CONTROL on the Computation Control tab located inside the Configure-Setup module
of the Main Menu or directly in the WRC 107 input file, on the Vessel Data tab.
After entering all data, the WRC 107 analysis may be initiated through the Analyze-WRC 107/297 menu option or by
clicking the Local Stress Analysis button on the toolbar. CAESAR II will automatically performs the ASME Section VIII,
Div. 2 summation.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-15
Output reports may be viewed at the terminal or printed. Clicking the button, performs the initial WRC 107 calculation
and summation and sends the result to MicroSoft Word.
WRC 107 Stress Summations
Because the stresses computed by WRC 107 are highly localized, they do not fall immediately under the B31 code rules as
defined by B31.1 or B31.3. The Appendix 4-1 of ASME Section VIII, Division 2 (Mandatory Design Based on Stress
Analysis) does however provide a detailed approach for dealing with these local stresses. The analysis procedure outlined
in the aforementioned code is used in CAESAR II to perform the stress evaluation. In order to evaluate the stresses through an
elastic analysis, three stress combinations (summations) must be made:
Pm
Pm + Pl + Pb
Pm + Pl + Pb + Q
Where Pm is defined as the general membrane stress due to internal pressure removed from discontinuities, and can be
estimated for the vessel wall from the expression (PD) / (4t) for the longitudinal component and (PD) / (2t) for the hoop
component, where P is the design pressure of the system. The allowable for Pm is kSmh where Smh is the allowable stress
intensity (See the CAESAR II Technical Reference Manual for definition). The value of k can be taken from Table AD-150.1
of the code (which ranges from 1.0 for sustained loads to 1.2 for sustained plus wind loads or sustained plus earthquake
loads). Pl is the local membrane stress at the junction due to the sustained piping loads, Pb is the local bending stress
(defined as zero at the nozzle to vessel connections per Section VIII, Division 2 of ASME Code), while Q is defined as the
secondary stress, due to thermal expansion piping loads, or the bending stress due to internal pressure thrust and sustained
piping loads. The allowable stress intensity for the second stress combination is 1.5kSmh, as defined by the Figure 4-130.1 of
the Code, while Smh is the hot stress intensity allowable at the given design temperature. Both Pl and Q will be calculated by
the WRC 107 program. The third combination actually defines the range of the stress intensity, and its allowable is
limited to 1.5(Smc+Smh). See the Technical Reference Manual for a detailed discussion.
This summation is done automatically following the WRC 107 analysis. This calculation provides a comparison of the
stress intensities to the entered allowables, along with a corresponding PASS-FAIL ruling. Failed items display in red.
12-16 Equipment Component and Compliance
The WRC 107 Analysis module can provide a graphical representation of the nozzle and its imposed loads. This can be
accessed via the button on the toolbar.
WRC 107 Analysis Module
The displayed load case (SUS, EXP, and OCC) can be varied by selecting from the choices listed on the drop-down menu.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-17
WRC Bulletin 297
Published in August of 1984, Welding Research Council (WRC) 297 attempts to extend the existing analysis tools for the
evaluation of stresses in cylinder-to-cylinder intersections. WRC 297 differs from the widely used WRC 107 primarily in
that WRC 297 is designed for larger d/D ratios (up to 0.5), and that WRC 297 also computes stresses in the nozzle and the
vessel. (WRC 107 only computes stresses in the vessel.)
The CAESAR II WRC 297 module shares the same interface with WRC 107. To enable the WRC 297 analysis, from the
Vessel tab, click the WRC 297 radio button. The module provides spreadsheets for vessel data, nozzle data, and imposed
loads. Vessel and Nozzle data fields function the same way as those in WRC 107. Currently WRC 297 supports one set of
loads. The loads may be entered in either Global CAESAR II convention, or in the Local WRC 107 coordinate system. If
Global CAESAR II convention is selected vessel and nozzle direction cosines must be present in order to convert the loads
into the Local WRC 297 convention as discussed in the WRC 297 bulletin.
Analysis - WRC 297
12-18 Equipment Component and Compliance
Nozzle Screen
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-19
.
WRC 297 - Loads
The CAESAR II version of WRC 297 also adds the pressure component of the stress using Lames equations, multiplied by
the stress intensification factors found in ASME Section VIII, Div. 2, Table AD-560.7. The pressure stress calculation is not
a part of the WRC 297 bulletin, but is added here as a convenience for the user.
Note CAESAR II also utilizes, through the piping input processor, the nozzle flexibility calculations described in WRC
297 refer to Chapter 3 of the Technical Reference Manual.
When provided with the necessary input, CAESAR II calculates the stress components at the four locations on the vessel
around the nozzle and also the corresponding locations on the nozzle. Stresses are calculated on both the outer and inner
surfaces (upper and lower). These stress components are resolved into stress intensities at these 16 points around the
connection. Refer to the WRC 107 discussion for more information on the allowable limits for these stresses and output
processing.
12-20 Equipment Component and Compliance
Flange Leakage/Stress Calculations
The Flange Leakage/Stress Calculations are started by selecting the Main Menu option ANALYSIS-FLANGES.
There have been primarily two different ways to calculate stress and one way to estimate leakage for flanges that have
received general application over the past 20 years. The stress calculation methods are from the following sources:
ASME Section VIII
ANSI B16.5 Rating Tables
The leakage calculations were also based on the B16.5 rating table approach. Leakage is a function of the relative
stiffnesses of the flange, gasket and bolting. Using the B16.5 estimated stress calculations to predict leakage does not
consider the gasket type, stiffness of the flange, or the stiffness of the bolting. Using B16.5 to estimate leakage makes the
tendency to leak proportional to the allowable stress in the flange, i.e. a flange with a higher allowable will be able to resist
higher moments without leakage. Leakage is very weakly tied to allowable stress, if at all.
The CAESAR II Flange Leakage Calculation is COADEs first attempt to improve upon the solution of this difficult
analysis problem. Equations were written to model the flexibility of the annular plate that is the flange, and its ability to
rotate under moment, axial force, and pressure. The results compare favorably with three dimensional finite element
analysis of the flange junction. These correlations assume that the distance between the inside diameter of the flange and the
center of the effective gasket loading diameter is smaller than the distance between the effective gasket loading diameter
and the bolt circle diameter, i.e. that (G-ID) < (BC-G), where, G is the effective gasket loading diameter, ID is the inside
diameter of the flange, and BC is the diameter of the bolt circle.
Several trends have been noticed as flange calculations have been made:
The thinner the flange, the greater the tendency to leak.
Larger diameter flanges have a greater tendency to leak.
Stiffer gaskets have a greater tendency to leak.
Leakage is a function of bolt tightening stress.
Input for the Flange Module is broken into four sections. The first section describes flange geometry.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-21
Flange Analysis
12-22 Equipment Component and Compliance
The second section contains data on the bolts and gasket.
Bolts and Gasket
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-23
The third section is used to enter material and stress-related data.
Material and Stress Data
12-24 Equipment Component and Compliance
The fourth section contains the imposed loads.
Imposed Loads
Note on Bolt Tightening Stress
This is a critical item for leakage determination and for computing stresses in the flange. The ASME Code bases it's stress
calculations on a prespecified, fixed equation for the bolt stress. The resulting value is however often not related to the
actual tightening stress that appears in the flange when the bolts are tightened. For this reason, the initial bolt stress input
field that appears in the first section of data input, Bolt Initial Tightening Stress, is used only for the flexibility/leakage
determination. The value for the bolt tightening stress used in the ASME Flange Stress Calculations is as defined by the
ASME Code:
Bolt Load = Hydrostatic End Force + Force for Leaktight Joint
If the Bolt Initial Tightening Stress field is left blank, CAESAR II uses the value
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-25
where 45,000 psi is a constant and d is the nominal diameter of the bolt (correction is made for metric units).
This is a rule of thumb tightening stress that will typically be applied by field personnel tightening the bolts. This computed
value is printed in the output from the flange program. It is interesting to compare this value to the bolt stress printed in the
ASME stress report (also in the output). It is not unusual for the rule-of-thumb tightening stress to be larger than the
ASME required stress. When the ASME required stress is entered into the Bolt Initial Tightening Stress data field, a
comparison of the leakage safety factors can be made and the sensitivity of the joint to the tightening torque can be
ascertained. Users are strongly encouraged to play with these numbers to get a feel for the relationship between all of the
factors involved.
Using the CAESAR II Flange Modeler
Only the following input parameters are required to get a leakage report. These parameters include
Flange Inside Diameter
Flange Thickness
Bolt Circle Diameter
Number Of Bolts
Bolt Diameter
Effective Gasket Diameter
Uncompressed Gasket Thickness
Effective Gasket Width
Leak Pressure Ratio
Effective Gasket Modulus
Externally Applied Moment
Externally Applied Force
Pressure
The help screens (press [F1] or ? at the data cell) are very useful for all of the input items and should be used liberally here
when there are questions. Unique input cells are discussed as follows:
Leak Pressure Ratio
This value is taken directly from Table 2-5.1 in the ASME Section VIII code. This table is reproduced in the help screens.
This value is more commonly recognized as m, and is termed the Gasket Factor in the ASME code. This is a very
important number for leakage determination, as it represents the ratio of the pressure required to prevent leakage over the
line pressure.
Effective Gasket Modulus
Typical values are between 300,000 and 400,000 psi for spiral wound gaskets. The higher the modulus the greater the
tendency for the program to predict leakage. Errors on the high side when estimating this value will lead to a more
conservative design.
12-26 Equipment Component and Compliance
Flange Rating
This is an optional input, but results in some very interesting output. As mentioned above, it has been a widely used practice
in the industry to use the ANSI B16.5 and API 605 temperature/pressure rating tables as a gauge for leakage. Because these
rating tables are based on allowable stresses, and were not intended for leakage prediction, the leakage predictions that
resulted were a function of the allowable stress for the flange material, and not the flexibility, i.e. modulus of elasticity of
the flange. To give the user a feel for this old practice, the minimum and maximum rating table values from ANSI and
API were stored and are used to print minimum and maximum leakage safety factors that would be predicted from this
method. Example output that the user will get upon entering the flange rating is shown as follows:
EQUIVALENT PRESSURE MODEL -
Equivalent Pressure (lb./sq.in.) 1639.85
ANSI/API Min Equivalent Pressure Allowed 1080.00
ANSI/API Max Equivalent Pressure Allowed 1815.00
This output shows that leakage, according to this older method, occurred if a carbon steel flange was used, and leakage did
not occur if an alloy flange was used. (Of course both flanges would have essentially the same flexibility tendency to
leak.)
The following input parameters are used only for the ASME Section VIII Division 1 stress calculations:
Flange Type
Flange Outside Diameter
Design Temperature
Small End Hub Thickness
Large End Hub Thickness
Hub Length
Flange Allowables
Bolt Allowables
Gasket Seating Stress
Optional Allowable Multipliers
Flange Face & Gasket Dimensions
The flange type can be selected from the icons on the first spreadsheet.
Material allowables may be acquired from the Section VIII, Division 1 material library that is accessed from the pull-down
list.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-27
An input listing for a typical flange analysis is shown below:
CA E S A R I I MISCELLANEOUS REPORT ECHO
Flange Inside Diameter [B](in.) 30.560
Flange Thickness [t](in.) 4.060
Flange Rating (Optional) 300.000
Bolt Circle Diameter (in.) 38.500
Number of Bolts 32.000
Bolt Diameter (in.) 1.500
Bolt Initial Tightening Stress(lb./sq.in.)
Effective Gasket Diameter [G] (in.) 33.888
Uncompressed Gasket Thickness (in.) 0.063
Basic Gasket Width [b0] (in.) 0.375
Leak Pressure Ratio [m] 2.750
Effective Gasket Modulus(b./sq.in.) 300,000.000
Externally Applied Moment (optional)(in.lb.) 24,000.000
Externally Applied Force (optional)(lb.) 1,000.000
Pressure [P](lb./sq.in.) 400.000
The following inputs are required only if the user wishes to perform stress calcs as per Sect VIII Div. 1
Flange Type (1-8, see ?-Help or Alt-P to plot) 1.000
Flange Outside Diameter [A](in.) 41.500
Design TemperatureF 650.000
Small End Hub Thickness [g0](in.) 1.690
Large End Hub Thickness [g1](in.) 3.440
Hub Length [h](in.) 6.620
Flange Allowable @Design Temperature(lb./sq.in.) 17,500.000
Flange Allowable @Ambient Temperature(lb./sq.in.) 17,500.000
Flange Modulus of Elasticity @Design(lb./sq.in.) 0.279E+08
Flange Modulus of Elasticity @Ambient(lb./sq.in.) 0.279E+08
Bolt Allowable @Design Temperature(lb./sq.in.) 25,000.000
Bolt Allowable @Ambient Temperature(lb./sq.in.) 25,000.000
Gasket Seating Stress [y](lb./sq.in.) 3,700.000
Flange Allowable Stress Multiplier 1.000
Bolt Allowable Stress Multiplier (VIII Div 2 4-1411.000
Disable Leakage Calculations (Y/N) N
Flange Face OD or Lapjt Cnt OD(in.) 34.500
Flange Face ID or Lapjt Cnt ID(in.) 33.000
Gasket Outer Diameter (in.) 36.000
Gasket Inner Diameter (in.) 33.000
Nubbin Width (in.)
Facing Sketch 1.000
Facing Column 2.000 Disable Leakage Calculations (Y/N) N
12-28 Equipment Component and Compliance
Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines, B31G
The B31G criterion provides a methodology whereby corroded pipelines can be evaluated to determine when specific pipe
segments must be replaced. The original B31G document incorporates a healthy dose of conservatism and as a result,
additional work has been performed to modify the original criteria. This additional work can be found in project report PR-
3805, by Battelle, Inc. The details of the original B31G criteria as well as the modified methods are discussed in detail in
this report.
CAESAR II implements these B31G computations from the Main Menu select Analysis-B31G. The user is then presented
with two spreadsheets on which the problem specific data can be entered.
CAESAR II determines the following values according to the original B31G criteria and four modified methods.
These values are
the hoop stress to cause failure
the maximum allowed operating pressure
the maximum allowed flaw length
The four modified methods vary in the manner in which the corroded area is estimated. These methods are
.85dLThe corroded area is approximated as 0.85 times the maximum pit depth times the flaw length.
ExactThe corroded area is determined numerically using the trapezoid method.
EquivalentThe corroded area is determined by multiplying the average pit depth by the flaw length. Additionally, an
equivalent flaw length (flaw length * average pit depth / maximum pit depth) is used in the computation of the Folias
factor.
EffectiveThis method also uses a numerical trapezoid summation, however, various sub lengths of the total flaw
length are used to arrive at a worst case condition. Note that if the sub length which produces the worst case coincides
with the total length, the Exact and Effective methods yield the same result.
The input screens from the B31G processor are shown below. All input cells have associated help text for user convenience.
Note that most of the data required by this processor is acquired through actual field measurements.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-29
Data Spreadsheet
12-30 Equipment Component and Compliance
A maximum of twenty pit measurements may be entered on the Measurements spreadsheet.
Measurements Spreadsheet
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-31
Once the data has been entered, the Analyze menu option initiates the computations. A typical output report is shown as follows.
The data in the input and the resulting output are consistent with the example from the PR-3-805 report on page B-19. For
additional information or backup on these computations, an intermediate computation file is generated.
For additional information on this processor, please refer to either the B31G document or the Battelle project report PR-3-
805.
12-32 Equipment Component and Compliance
Expansion Joint Rating
CAESAR II provides a computation module which computes a limit for the total displacement per corrugation of an
expansion joint. According to EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), the maximum permitted amount of axial
movement per corrugation is defined as erated where
ex + ey + eq < erated
The terms in the above equation are defined as:
ex = The axial displacement per corrugation resulting from imposed axial movements.
ey = The axial displacement per corrugation resulting from imposed lateral deflections.
eq = The axial displacement per corrugation resulting from imposed angular rotation, i.e. bending.
erated= The maximum permitted amount of axial movement per corrugation. This value should be obtained from the
Expansion Joint Manufacturers catalog.
In addition, EJMA states,
Also, [as an expansion joint is rotated or deflected laterally] it should be noted that one side of the bellows attains a larger
projected area than the opposite side. Under the action of the applied pressure, unbalanced forces are set up which tend to
distort the expansion joint further. In order to control the effects of these two factors a second limit is established by the
manufacturer upon the amount of angular rotation and/or lateral deflection which may be imposed upon the expansion joint.
This limit may be less than the rated movement. Therefore, in the selection of an expansion joint, care must be exercised to
avoid exceeding either of these manufacturers limits.
This CAESAR II computation module is provided to assist the expansion joint user in satisfying these limitations. This
module computes the terms defined in the above equation and the movement of the joint ends relative to each other. These
relative movements are reported in both the local joint coordinate system and the global coordinate system.
The expansion joint rating module can be entered by selecting MAIN MENU ANALYSIS -EXPANSION JOINT RATING option.
The user is then presented with two input spreadsheets on which the joint geometry and end displacements are specified.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-33
Geometry Spreadsheet
12-34 Equipment Component and Compliance
Displacements and Rotation
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-35
12-36 Equipment Component and Compliance
A report displaying both the input echo and the output calculations are shown as follows. The units used for the coordinate
and displacement values are the length units defined in the active units file. Rotations are in units of degrees.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-37
C A E S A R II MISCELLANEOUS REPORT ECHO
EJMA EXPANSION JOINT RATING
Node Number for FROM end 120.000
Node Number for TO end 125.000
Number of Convolutions 4.000
Flexible Joint Length (in.)4.447
Effective Diameter(in.)4.996
X Coordinate of from end (in.).000
Y Coordinate of from end (in.).000
Z Coordinate of from end (in.).000
X Coordinate of to end (in.)4.447
X Displacement of from end (in.).300
Y Displacement of from end (in.).250
Z Displacement of from end (in.).000
X Rotation of from end (deg).000
Y Rotation of from end (deg)1.222
Z Rotation of from end (deg).030
X Displacement of to end (in.)-.100
Y Displacement of to end (in.).120
Z Displacement of to end (in.).000
X Rotation of to end (deg).000
Y Rotation of to end (deg)-.020
Z Rotation of to end (deg).890
OUTPUT:
AXIAL DISPLACEMENTS PER CONVOLUTION
Axial Displacement.100
Axial Displacement due to Lateral .133
Axial Displacement due to Rotation.016
Axial Displacement TOTAL.250
RELATIVE MOVEMENTS OF END i WITH RESPECT TO END j
(Local Joint Coordinate System)
Relative Axial Displacement, x.401
Relative Lateral Displacement, y.158
Relative Bending, theta (deg)1.511
Relative Torsion (deg) .019
RELATIVE MOVEMENTS OF END i WITH RESPECT TO END j
(Global Piping Coordinate System)
Relative X Displacement-.399
Relative Y Displacement-.132
Relative Z Displacement.095
Relative Rotation about X (deg).000
Relative Rotation about Y (deg)-1.242
Relative Rotation about Z (deg).860
12-38 Equipment Component and Compliance
In the previous output, the axial displacement total in the report is the total axial displacement per corrugation due to axial,
lateral, and rotational displacement of the expansion joint ends. This is the value that would be compared to the rated axial
displacement per corrugation. If e(total) is greater than the rated axial displacement per corrugation, then there is the possibility
of premature bellows failure. Be sure that the displacement rating from the manufacturer is on a per corrugation basis. If not
then multiply the axial displacement total by the number of corrugations and compare this value to the manufacturers
allowable axial displacement. Note that most manufacturers allowed rating is for some set number of cycles (often 10,000).
If the actual number of cycles is less, then the allowed movement can often be greater. Similarly, if the actual number of
cycles is greater than 10,000, then the allowed movement can be smaller. In special situations manufacturers should almost
always be consulted because many factors can affect allowed bellows movement.
The y in the report is the total relative lateral displacement of one end of the bellows with respect to the other, and theta
is the total relative angular rotation of one end of the bellows with respect to the other. (Note that CAESAR II does not
include x into the denominator for the lateral displacement calculations as outlined in EJMA.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-39
Structural Steel Checks - AISC
Code compliance for structural steel shapes is performed according to the AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction)
code. This code check uses the forces and moments at the ends of the structural members, computes stresses, and
allowables, and determines a unity check value. If the unity check value is less than 1.0, the member is acceptable for
the given loading conditions.
CAESAR II performs the AISC unity check according to either the 1977 or the 1989 edition of the AISC code.
Note Member properties are obtained from the AISC database and used to compute the actual and allowable stress values
for the axial and bending terms comprising the unity check equations. The specific database is set using the Configure-
Setup module. The database must be either AISC77.BIN or AISC89.BIN.
To perform unity check calculations from the Main Menu click Analyze - AISC.
Global Parameters
After launching this module, the user is presented with the Global Input spreadsheet.
Global Input Spreadsheet
12-40 Equipment Component and Compliance
This screen is used to enter data that applies to all members being evaluated. Particular fields are:
Structural Code
The entry in this field should be either AISC 1977 or AISC 1989 respectively. Users should set this entry to match the
database in use.
Allowable Stress Increase Factor
The Allowable Stress Increase Factor is a multiplication factor applied to the computed values of the axial and bending
allowable stresses. Typically this value is 1.0. However, in extreme events the AISC code permits the allowable stresses to
be increased by a factor. Normally a 1/3 increase is applied to the computed allowables, making the Allowable Stress
Increase Factor = 1.33. Examples of extreme events are earthquakes and 100 year storms. For more details see the AISC
code, section 1.5.6.
Stress Reduction Factors Cmy and Cmz
Cmy and Cmz are interaction formula coefficients for the strong and weak axis of the elements (in-plane and out-of-plane).
0.85 for compression members in frames subject to joint translation (sidesway).
For restrained compression members in frames braced against sidesway and not subject to transverse loading between
supports in the plane of bending: 0.6 - 0.4(M1/M2); but not less than 0.4
Where (M1/M2) is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends, of that portion of the member unbraced in the
plane of bending under consideration.
For compression members in frames braced against joint translation in the plane of loading and subject to transverse
loading between supports, the value of Cmy may be determined by rational analysis. However, in lieu of such analysis,
the following values are suggested per the AISC code:
0.85 for members whose ends are restrained against rotation in the plane of bending
1.0 for members whose ends are unrestrained against rotation in the plane of bending
Youngs Modulus
The slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram. For structural steel this value is usually 29,000,000 psi.
Material Yield Strength
The specified minimum yield stress of the steel being used.
Bending Coefficient
The bending coefficient Cb shall be taken as 1.0 in computing the value of Fby and Fbz for use in Formula 1.6-1a. Cb shall
also be unity when the bending moment at any point in an unbraced length is larger than the moment at either end of the
same length. Otherwise, Cb shall be
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.3(M1/M2)
2
but not more than 2.3 where (M1/M2) is the ratio of the smaller to larger
moments at the ends.
Form Factor Qa
The form factor is an allowable axial stress reduction factor equal to the effective area divided by the actual area. (Consult
the latest edition of the AISC code for the current computation methods for the effective area.)
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-41
Allow Sidesway
The ability of a frame or structure to experience sidesway (joint translation) affects the computation of several of the
coefficients used in the unity check equations. Additionally, for frames braced against sidesway, moments at each end of the
member are required. Normally sidesway is allowed (i.e., the box is checked).
Resize Members Whose Unity Check Value Is . . .
This check box determines whether or not the AISC program attempts to resize specific members as a result of the unity
check computations. Activating this option requires the user to specify a desired minimum unity check and a desired
maximum unity check. If the computed unity check falls outside this range, the program resizes the member appropriately.
The final member size is shown in the output report.
Minimum Desired Unity Check
This is a required entry if the redesign option has been activated. This entry defines the minimum acceptable unity check
allowed. If a unity check falls below this point, the element is resized to a smaller shape.
Maximum Desired Unity Check
This is a required entry if the redesign option has been activated. This entry defines the maximum acceptable unity check
allowed. If a unity check falls above this point, the element is resized to a larger shape.
12-42 Equipment Component and Compliance
Local Member Data
Local Member Data must be entered for each member being evaluated.
Local Member Data Spreadsheet
Particular fields are the following:
Member Start Node
The member start node is the i end of a structural element. The node number entered should be an integer value between 1
and 32,000. This is a required entry.
Member End Node
The member end node is the j end of a structural element. The node number entered should be an integer value between 1
and 32,000. This is a required entry.
Member Type
The member type is the AISC shape label found in the AISC manual. The shape label is used to acquire the member
geometric properties from the database. The label entered in this field must match exactly the label in the database for
properties to be obtained. Use the on line help to list typical member designations.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-43
Since many of the angle labels can be found in the single angles, the double angles (long legs back to back), and the double
angles (short legs back to back), require an angle type to tell them apart. This cell should contain a D for double angles
with equal legs, and double angles with long legs back to back. This cell should contain a B for double angles with short
legs back to back.
In- And Out-Of-Plane Fixity Coefficients Ky And Kz
The coefficients used to compute the strong and weak axis slenderness ratios, respectively are
End Conditions Theoretical K Recommended Design K
fixed-fixed 0.5 0.65
fixed-pinned 0.7 0.8
fixed-sliding 1.0 1.2
pinned-pinned 1.0 1.0
fixed-free 2.0 2.1
pinned-sliding 2.0 2.0
Unsupported Axial Length
This length is the length used to determine the buckling strength of the member. Typically, this is the total length of the
member.
Unsupported Length (In-Plane Bending)
This length is the length of the member between braces or supports which prevent bending about the strong axis of the
member.
Unsupported Length (Out-Of-Plane Bending)
This length is the length of the member between braces or supports which prevent bending about the weak axis of the
member.
Double Angle Spacing
Double angles normally have a gap or space separating the adjacent legs. The spacing as defined in the AISC manual must
be 0.0, .375, or .75 inches.
Youngs Modulus
The slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram. For structural steel this value is usually 29,000,000 psi. This
value of Youngs modulus overrides the value specified on the global input spreadsheet.
Material Yield Strength
The specified minimum yield stress of the steel being used. This value of the material yield strength overrides the value
specified on the global input spreadsheet.
12-44 Equipment Component and Compliance
Axial Member Force
This is the force (tension or compression) which acts along the axis of the member. The sign of the number is not
significant, since a worst case load condition will be assumed, i.e. all positive loads.
In-Plane Bending Moment
The maximum bending moment in the member (when sidesway is permitted) which will cause bending about the strong
axis Y-Y of the member. The sign of the number is not significant, since a worst case load condition will be assumed, i.e. all
positive loads.
Out-of-Plane Bending Moment
The maximum bending moment in the member (when sidesway is permitted) which will cause bending about the weak axis
Z-Z of the member. The sign of the number is not significant, since a worst case load condition will be assumed, i.e. all
positive loads.
In-Plane Small Bending Moment
For structures braced against sidesway, the end moments must be specified. This value is the smaller of the two in-plane
bending moments which cause bending about the strong axis Y-Y of the member.
In-Plane Large Bending Moment
For structures braced against sidesway, the end moments must be specified. This value is the larger of the two in-plane
bending moments which cause bending about the strong axis Y-Y of the member.
Out-of-Plane Small Bending Moment
For structures braced against sidesway, the end moments must be specified. This value is the smaller of the two out-of-plane
bending moments which cause bending about the weak axis Z-Z of the member.
Out-of-Plane Large Bending Moment
For structures braced against sidesway, the end moments must be specified. This value is the larger of the two out-of-plane
bending moments which cause bending about the weak axis Z-Z of the member.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-45
AISC Output Reports
The output reports can be directed to either the terminal or a printer. The output report begins with a one page summary
describing the current global data and units. This summary is shown on the following page:
AISC Output Summary
12-46 Equipment Component and Compliance
The remaining pages in the output report show the data for the individual members. The last column of the report contains
the most important data (namely the unity check value) and the governing AISC equation. Two sample member output
reports are shown in the following figures. The first report is applicable to jobs where sidesway is allowed, the second
report is applicable to jobs where sidesway is prevented.
Member Output Report, Sidesway Permitted
Differences Between the 1977 and 1989 AISC Codes
There are a few differences between the 1977 and 1989 AISC Code Revisions that affect unity check computation. The
most noticeable difference between these two revisions is that the 1989 code provides a method for computing the unity
check on single angles. This procedure (which was not addressed in the 1977 code) can be found in a special code section
following the commentary. The steps necessary to compute the unity check for single angles can be followed by reviewing
the message file (generated upon user request).
The other differences between these two code revisions deal with members in compression. Several constants for Qs have
been altered, and a new factor kc has been added. kc is a compression element restraint coefficient defined in the 1989
edition of the code.
Because of these code differences, CAESAR II stores the name of the active database in the input file for the AISC Program
when the data file is first created. Attempting to switch databases or compute unity checks on angles using the 1977 code
will generate error messages and the program will abort. Users are urged to consult the applicable AISC Manuals when
using this program.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-47
NEMA SM23 (Steam Turbines)
There are two types of force/moment allowables computed during a NEMA run:
Individual nozzle allowables.
Cumulative equipment allowables.
Each individual suction, discharge, and extraction nozzle must satisfy the equation:
3F + M < 500De
Where:
F = resultant force on the particular nozzle.
M = resultant moment on the particular nozzle.
De = effective nominal pipe size of the connection.
A typical discharge nozzle calculation is shown as follows:
12-48 Equipment Component and Compliance
For cumulative equipment allowables NEMA SM23 states "the combined resultants of the forces and moments of the inlet,
extraction, and exhaust connections resolved at the centerline of the exhaust connection", be within a certain multiple of
Dc; where Dc is the diameter of an opening whose area is equal to the sum of the areas of all of the individual equipment
connections. A typical turbine cumulative (summation) equipment calculation is shown as follows:
SFX, SFY, and SFZ are the respective components of the forces from all connections resolved at the discharge nozzle.
FC(RSLT) is the result of these forces. SMX, SMY and SMZ are the respective components of the moments from all
connections resolved at the discharge nozzle. Dc is the diameter of the equivalent opening as discussed above.
NEMA Turbine Example
Consider a turbine where node 35 represents the inlet nozzle and node 50 represents the outlet nozzle.
The output from a CAESAR II analysis of this piping system includes the forces and moments acting on the pipe elements
that attach to the turbine:
NODE FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
30 -108 -49 -93 73 188 603
35 108 67 93 162 -47 -481
50 -192 7 -11 369 -522 39
55 192 -63 11 78 117 -56
To find the forces acting on the turbine at points 35 and 50 simply reverse the sign of the forces that act on the piping:
LOADS ON TURBINE @ 35 -108 -67 -93 -162 47 481
LOADS ON TURBINE @ 50 192 -7 11 -369 522 -39
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-49
Aside from the description, there is only one input spreadsheet for the NEMA turbine. Applied loads should be entered in
global coordinates or extracted directly from the CAESAR II output file (using the on-screen button). This interface enables
iterative addiction of an arbitrary number of nozzles to the model. To add a nozzle, click Add Nozzle.
NEMA Input Inlet
12-50 Equipment Component and Compliance
NEMA Input Exhaust
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-51
The first page of the output is the input echo, the second and some of the remaining pages display the individual nozzle
calculations while, the last page displays the summation calculations.
Note The actual number of output pages will vary and depends on the number of nozzles defined in the input.
NEMA Input Echo Report
12-52 Equipment Component and Compliance
The NEMA output report for the above turbine example shows that the turbine passed. The highest summation load is only
56% of the allowable. If the turbine had failed, the symbol **FAILED** would have displayed, in red, under the
STATUS column opposite to the load combination that was excessive.
NEMA Output Nozzle Calculations
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-53
NEMA Output Summation Calcs
12-54 Equipment Component and Compliance
API 610 (Centrifugal Pumps)
In August of 1995, API released the 8th edition of API 610 for centrifugal pumps for general refinery service.
The API 610 load satisfaction criteria is outlined below:
If clause F.1.1 is satisfied, then the pump is O.K. Clause F.1.1 states that the individual component nozzle loads must fall
below the allowables listed in the Nozzle Loadings table (Table 2) shown below:
If clause F.1.1 is NOT satisfied, but clauses F.1.2.1, F.1.2.2, and F.1.2.3 ARE satisfied then the pump is still O.K.
Clause F.1.2.1 states that the individual component forces and moments acting on each pump nozzle flange shall not exceed
the range specified in Table 2 by a factor of more than 2. Referring to the API 610 report, the user can see if F.1.2.1 is
satisfied by comparing the Force/Moment Ratio to 2. If the ratio exceeds 2, the nozzle status is reported as FAILING.
The F.1.2.2 and the F.1.2.3 requirements give equations relating the resultant forces and moments on each nozzle, as well as
on the pump base point respectively. The requirements of these equations, and whether or not they have satisfied API 610,
are shown on the bottom of the report.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-55
The following example is taken from the API 610 code and shows the review of an overhung end-suction process pump in
English units. The three CAESAR II input screens are shown, followed by the program output.
API 610 Input Data
12-56 Equipment Component and Compliance
API 610 Suction Nozzle
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-57
API 610 Discharge Nozzle
12-58 Equipment Component and Compliance
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-59
Vertical In-Line Pumps
Note that on the first screen there is a check box for a vertical in-line pump. This is to be used when the pump is the vertical
in-line type supported only by the attached piping. API states that if this is the case then 2.0 times the loads from Table 2
can be used. However, even if the pump fails the 2.0 Table 2 criteria, it may still pass. If the principal stress on the nozzle is
less than 6,000 psi, then that nozzle passes. If the principal stress on either nozzle is greater than 6,000 psi, the overall status
will be reported as Failed.
In API 610 there is an example problem which illustrates the way that the stresses are computed on these in-line pump
nozzles. The two basic equations for determining stress are
stresses (s) = Force / Area + Moment / Section Modulus
Shear Stresses (t) = Force / Area + Torque * distance / J
Where J is the polar moment of inertia.
In equation number 2, both terms of the equation will always add together. On the other hand, the Force/Area term in
equation 1 will depend on the sign of the force (tension or compression) that the user enters in the force and moment
spreadsheet. The sign of the force is determined from the user-entered Centerline Direction Cosine, which for vertical in-
line pumps should be entered in the direction extending from the discharge to the suction nozzle. The distances that are
usually entered for pedestal mounted pumps can be left blank since they are not used.
12-60 Equipment Component and Compliance
API 617 (Centrifugal Compressors)
The requirements of this standard are identical to those of NEMA SM-23 (1991), except that all of the NEMA allowables
are increased by 85%.
API 617 Allowables = 1.85 * NEMA SM-23 Allowables
The input screens for this evaluation display below:
API 617 Input
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-61
API 617 Suction/Discharge Input
12-62 Equipment Component and Compliance
API 661 (Air Cooled Heat Exchangers)
This calculation covers the allowed loads on the vertical, co-linear nozzles (item 9 in the figure) found on most single, or
multi-bundled air cooled heat exchangers.
The several figures from API 661 illustrate the type of open exchanger body analyzed by this standard.
API 661 Heat Exchangers
The input for API 661 is self-explanatory.
The Heat Exchangers figure and the Resultant Force/Multiplier inputs for Spreadsheet #1 are optional (default equals 1).
The two requirements for API 661 to be satisfied are as follows:
5.1.11.1 - Each nozzle in the corroded condition shall be capable of withstanding the moments and forces defined in Heat
Exchangers figure.
5.1.11.2 - The sum of the forces and moments on each fixed header (i.e. each individual bundle) will be less than 1,500 lb.
transverse to the bundle, 2,500 lb. axial to the bundle, and 3,000 pound axial on the nozzle centerline. The allowed moments
are 3,000, 2,000, and 4,000 ft.lb. respectively. This recognizes that the application of these moments and forces will cause
movement and that this movement will tend to reduce the actual loads.
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-63
API 661 Input Data
12-64 Equipment Component and Compliance
API 661 Inlet Nozzle Data
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-65
API 661 Outlet Nozzle Data
12-66 Equipment Component and Compliance
A typical API 661 report is shown as follows:
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-67
Heat Exchange Institute Standard For Closed Feedwater Heaters
This module of the CAESAR II Rotating Equipment program provides a method for evaluating the allowable loads on
shell type heat exchanger nozzles. Section 3.14 of the HEI bulletin discusses the computational methods utilized to compute
these allowable loads.
The method employed by HEI is a simplification of the WRC 107 method, in which the allowable loads have been
linearized to show the relationship between the maximum permitted radial force and the maximum permitted moment
vector. If this relationship is plotted (using the moments as the abscissa and the forces as the ordinate), a straight line can be
drawn between the maximum permitted force and the maximum permitted moment vector, forming a triangle with the axes.
Then for any set of applied forces and moments, the nozzle passes if the location of these loads falls inside the triangle.
Conversely, the nozzle fails if the location of the loads falls outside the triangle.
The CAESAR II HEI output has been modified to include both the plot of the allowables and the location of the current
load set on this plot.
The HEI bulletin states that the effect of internal pressure has been included in the combined stresses; however, the effect of
the pressure on the nozzle thrust has not. This requires combination with the other radial loads. CAESAR II automatically
computes the pressure thrust and adds it to the radial force if the Add Pressure Thrust check box is enabled.
A sample input for the HEI module is shown below. Note that since the pressure is greater than zero, a pressure thrust force
will be computed and combined with the radial force.
HEI Nozzle/Vessel Input
12-68 Equipment Component and Compliance
API 560 (Fired Heaters for General Refinery Services)
This module of the CAESAR II Rotating Equipment Program provides a method for evaluating the allowable loads on
Fired Heaters.
Input consists of the tube nominal diameter and the forces and moments acting on the tube, as shown in the figure below:
API 560 Input Data
Chapter 12 Equipment Component and Compliance 12-69
Upon execution of the analysis, CAESAR II compares the input forces and moments to the allowables as published in API
560 Example output is shown below.
API 560 Equipment Report
Index
3
3D Graphic Highlights 5-50
3D Graphic Highlights - Materials, Diameters,
Wall Thickness, Insulation 5-50
3D Graphics Configuration 5-43
3D Graphics Highlights
Displacements, Forces, Uniform Loads,
Wind/Wave Loads 5-52
Temp.and Press. 5-51
Temperature and Pressure 5-51
3D Graphics Interactive Feature
Walk Through 5-56
3D HOOPs Graphics 10-8
3-D Modeler 5-39
3D/HOOPS Graphics 10-8
3D/HOOPs Graphics in the Animation Processor
9-18
3D/HOOPS Graphics in the Animation Processor
9-18
3D/HOOPS Graphics in the Output Processor 7-
23
3D/HOOPS Graphics in the Static Output
Processor 7-23
3D/HOOPS in the Animation Processor 9-18
A
About the CAESAR II documentation 1-5
About the CAESAR II Documentation 1-5
ABS 6-21
ABS Method 8-15
ACCEPTANCE OF TERMS OF AGREEMENT
BY THE USER 2
Actual cold loads 6-23
Adjust Deflection Scale 7-23
Advanced 8-31, 8-35
Advanced parameters 8-16
Advanced Parameters 8-16
Advanced parameters show screen 8-8
Advanced Parameters Show Screen 8-8
AISC code comparisons 12-46
AISC database 10-2
AISC output reports 12-45
AISC Output Reports 12-45
AISC unity checks
Allow sidesway 12-39
Allowable stress increase factor 12-39
Bending coefficient 12-39
Double angle spacing 12-42
Fixity coefficients 12-42
Form factor qa 12-39
Member type 12-42
Stress reduction factors 12-39
Structural code 12-39
Algebraic 6-21
Allowable stress increase factor 12-39
Allowable stresses 5-18
Allowable Stresses 5-18
Alpha tolerance 5-6
Ambient temperature 5-6
Analysis menu 4-6
Analysis Menu 4-6
Analyzing the dynamics job
Eigensolver 8-37
Mode shapes 8-37
Performing a harmonic analysis
For 8-37
Pha 8-37
Performing a modal analysis
Eigens 8-37
Freque 8-37
Modes 8-37
Natura 8-37
Sturm 8-37
Performing a spectral analysis
Mas 8-38
Selection of phase angles
Harmonic 8-38
Angle spacing, double 12-42
Animation
Motion 7-26
Animation of Dynamic Results odal/Spectrum 9-
19
Animation of Dynamic Results-Harmonic 9-19
Animation of Dynamic Resultsime History 9-19
Animation of Dynamic Results-Modal/Spectrum
9-19
Animation of Dynamic Results-Time History 9-
19
Animation of static results 7-26
Animation of Static Results - Displacements 9-
19
Animation of Static Results Notes 7-26
Announcing Builds 1-7
2 Index
ANSI B16.5 12-25
API 560 (fired heaters for general refinery
services) 12-68
API 560 (Fired Heaters for General Refinery
Services) 12-68
API 605 rating tables 12-25
API 610
Centrifugal pumps
Load Satisfaction Criteria, API 610 12-54
API 610 (centrifugal pumps) 12-54
API 610 (Centrifugal Pumps) 12-54
API 617 (centrifugal compressors) 12-60
API 617 (Centrifugal Compressors) 12-60
API 661 (air cooled heat exchangers) 12-62
API 661 (Air Cooled Heat Exchangers) 12-62
Application guide 1-5
Applications of CAESAR II 1-3
Archive 6-12
Archiving and reinstalling 1-8
Archiving and Reinstalling an Old, Patched
Version 1-8
ASCE #7 wind loads 6-9
ASCE7 8-21
Auxiliary data area 5-9
Auxiliary Data Area 5-9
Auxiliary data fields
Auxiliary screens 5-9
Expansion joint
Effective diameter of b 5-13
Pressure thrust in expa 5-13
Axial length, Unsupported 12-42
Axial member force 12-42
B
B31.1 Appendix II (Safety Valve) Force Response
Spectrum 8-25
Backfill 11-9
Backfill efficiency 11-9
Bandwidth 6-12
Basic load cases 6-15
Basic operation 3-5
Basic Operation 3-5
Batch run 6-2
Bend data 5-10
Bend Data 5-10
Bend stress intensification factors 12-6
Bend Stress Intensification Factors 12-6
Bending coefficient 12-39
Bending moment, In-plane 12-42
Bending moment, Out-of-plane 12-42
Bending stress 12-15
Bends with trunnions 12-8
Bends with Trunnions 12-8
Bilinear springs 11-9
Bilinear supports 11-9
Bolt tightening stress 12-24
Bolts and gasket 12-20
Boundary conditions 5-7, 9-5
Boundary Conditions 5-7
BS-806 12-8
Building static load cases 6-5
Building Static Load Cases 6-8
Building the load cases 3-11
Building the Load Cases 3-11
Builds, Version 1-7
Buried pipe displacements 11-3
Buried pipe example 11-12
Buried Pipe Modeling 11-1
Buried pipe restraints 11-3
C
CADWorx/PIPE 1-4
CAESAR II Installation 2-5
CAESAR II LICENSE AGREEMENT 2
CAESAR II Quick Start 3-2
CAESAR II Technical Changes 1-12
CAESAR II Underground Pipe Modeler 11-2
CAESAR II, About 1-2
Can Builds Be Applied To Any Version? 1-7
Center of gravity report 3-9
Tutorial 3-9
Checking the installation 2-5
Code compliance 8-3
Code Compliance Report 7-15
Code Stress Colors by Percent 7-23
Code Stress Colors by Value 7-23
Code stresses for dynamics 9-5
Cold loads 6-23
Column reports 7-2
Combination load cases 6-15
Combination Method 8-15
Combination Methods 6-21
Concentrated forces 8-2
Configuration 2-5
Connecting nodes 10-18
Construction element 5-6
Control parameters 8-3, 8-8, 8-11, 8-16, 8-31, 8-
35
Control Parameters 8-8, 8-11, 8-16, 8-31, 8-35
Corroded pipelines, B31G
Calculating corroded area 12-28
Flaw Lengt 12-28
Cumulative usage 9-5
Index 3
Cumulative Usage Report 7-16
Custom Reports 7-7
Custom Reports Toolbar 7-6, 7-10
Customizable Toolbar 5-3, 5-4
Customize Toolbar 5-3
Cutoff frequency 8-8
Cyclic stress range 8-2
D
Damping 8-11
Data fields 5-4
Data Fields 5-4
Definition of a load case 6-15
Definition of a Load Case 6-15
Deflected Shape 7-23
Densities 5-8
Design
CADWorx/PIPE 1-4
Detecting/Checking Builds 1-8
Diagnostics menu 4-9
Diagnostics Menu 4-9
Differences Between the 1977 and 1989 AISC
Codes 12-46
DISCLAIMER - CAESAR II 4
Disp 6-20
Disp/Force 6-20
Disp/Force/Stress 6-20
Disp/Stress 6-20
Displacement load case 6-22
Displacements 5-14, 7-10, 9-5
DLF spectrum generator 8-28
DLF/Spectrum Generator 8-18
DLF/Spectrum Generator - The Spectrum Wizard
8-18
Double angle spacing 12-42
Driving frequencies 8-3
Dynamic amplitude 8-2
Dynamic analysis input processor 8-5
Dynamic analysis types 8-5
Dynamic input commands 8-5
Initiating dynamic input 8-5
Prerequisites for dynamic inp 8-5
Dynamic Analysis Input Processor Overview 8-5
Dynamic capabilities
Harmonic analysis 8-2
Concentrated forces 8-2
Cyclic stress range 8-2
Dynamic amplitude 8-2
Equipment start-up 8-2
Fluid pulsation 8-2
Forcing frequencies 8-2
Phase angle 8-2
Rotating equipment 8-2
Vibration 8-2
Modal analysis 8-2
Mode shapes 8-2
Natural frequency 8-2
Spectrum analysis 8-2
Impulse analysis 8-2
Relief valve 8-2
Response spectrum meth 8-2
Response vs. frequency 8-2
Sustained stresses in 8-2
Time history analysis 8-2
Dynamic capabilities in CAESAR II 8-2
Dynamic Capabilities in CAESAR II 8-2
Dynamic imbalance 8-9
Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-1
Dynamic load case number 8-15
Dynamic load factor 8-17
Dynamic load specification 8-3
Dynamic Output Processing 9-1
Dynamic output processor 9-2
4 Index
Boundary conditions 9-5
Friction resista 9-5
Nonlinear restra 9-5
Forces/stresses, dynamics 9-5
Global forces, dynamics 9-5
Harmonic results 9-2
General results 9-2
Included mass data 9-5
% Force active 9-5
% Force added 9-5
% Mass included 9-5
Extracted modes 9-5
Missing mass corr 9-5
System response 9-5
Local forces, dynamics 9-5
Mass model 9-5
Lumped masses 9-5
Mass participation factors 9-5
Modes mass normalized 9-5
Modes unity normalized 9-5
Natural frequencies 9-5
Report types, dynamics
Displacements 9-5
Report option 9-5
Restraints, dynamics 9-5
Maximum load on 9-5
Maximum modal c 9-5
Mode identifica 9-5
Spectrum results 9-2
Static/dynamic comb 9-2
Stresses, dynamics 9-5
Code stresses for 9-5
Stress intensific 9-5
Stress report 9-5
Time history results 9-2
E
Earthquake (spectrum) 8-12
Earthquake (Spectrum) 8-12
Earthquake input spectrum
Spectrum definitions 8-12
Response spect 8-12
Shock definiti 8-12
Spectrum data 8-12
Spectrum name 8-12
Spectrum load cases
Earthquake 8-14
El Centro earth 8-14
Independent sup 8-14
Spectrum load cases example 8-14
Static/dynamic combinations
ABS 8-15
Combina 8-15
Hanger 8-15
Occasio 8-15
Piping 8-15
SRSS 8-15
Sustain 8-15
Earthquakes 8-29
Edit Dynamic Load Case 5-26
Edit menu 5-26
Edit Menu 5-26
Edit Static Load Case 5-26
Effective diameter 5-13
Effective gasket modulus 12-25
Eigensolution 8-3
Eigensolver 8-37
EJMA (expansion joint manufacturers association)
12-32
El centro 8-12
Element Direction Cosines 5-5
Element length 11-3
Element lengths 5-4
Element Lengths 5-4
End connections 10-2
Entering the dynamic analysis input menu 8-5
Entering the Dynamic Analysis Input Menu 8-5
Entering the static output processor 7-2
Entering the Static Output Processor 7-2
ENTIRE AGREEMENT 3
Entry into the processor 9-2
Entry into the Processor 9-2
Environment menu 5-36
Environment Menu 5-36
Equipment and component evaluation 12-1
Index 5
Bend SIFs
Trunnion 12-6
Bends with trunnions
Trunn 12-8
Equipment checks 12-1
Flanges attached to bend en 12-8
Intersection SIFs 12-3
Pressure stiffening
Flexib 12-8
Stress 12-8
Stress concentrations and i 12-9
Equipment Component and Compliance 12-1
Equipment start-up 8-2
Error Check 6-2
Error checking 6-2
Errors, warnings, and notes 6-2
Error Checking 6-2
Error Checking Static Load Cases 6-1
Error checking the model 3-9
Error Checking the Model 3-9
Error handling and analyzing the job 8-36
Error Handling and Analyzing the Job 8-36
Errors
Errors and warnings 3-9
ESL 8-36
ESL installation on a network 2-15
ESL Installation on a Network 2-15
ESL menu 4-10
ESL Menu 4-10
Excitation frequency 8-9
Executing static analysis 3-12
Executing Static Analysis 3-12
Execution of static analysis 6-12
Execution of Static Analysis 6-12
Expansion joint 5-6, 5-13, 5-31
Expansion Joint 5-13
Expansion joint rating 12-32
Ejma 12-32
Maximum axial movement 12-32
Maximum lateral deflection 12-32
Maximum rotation 12-32
Output 12-32
Expansion Joint Rating 12-32
Expansion load cases 3-11, 6-22
EXPORT RESTRICTIONS 4
External software lock
ESL updating 4-10
Local ESL 2-15
Network ESL 2-15
Extracted modes 9-5
F
Fatal error dialog 6-3
Fatal Error Message 6-3
Fatigue (FAT) 6-5, 6-15
Fatigue curve 5-18
Fatigue curve data 5-18
Fatigue curve dialog 5-18
Fatigue failure 9-5
Fatigue load cases 9-5
Fatigue loadings 7-16
Fatigue stress types 6-5, 8-9, 8-14, 9-5
Fatigue-type load cases 7-16
File menu 4-3, 5-24
File Menu 4-3, 5-24
Limiting the Amount of Displayed Info 5-53
Fixity coefficients ky and kz 12-42
Fixity coefficients, AISC 12-42
Flange leakage/stress calculations 12-20
Flange leakage 12-20
Methodology 12-20
Flange rating
ANSI B16.5 12-25
API 605 12-25
Rating Table 12-25
Leak pressure ratio
Gasket 12-25
Flange Leakage/Stress Calculations 12-20
Flange modeler 12-25
Flange rating 12-25
Flanges 5-9
Flanges attached to bend ends 12-8
Flanges Attached to Bend Ends 12-8
Flaw length 12-28
Flexible nozzles 5-20
Flexible Nozzles 5-20
Fluid pulsation 8-2
Force 6-20
Force sets 8-3, 8-29, 8-32, 8-34
Force Sets 8-29, 8-32, 8-34
Force spectrum methodology 8-17
Force Stress 6-20
Forces 5-15
Forces/stresses 9-5
Force-time profiles 8-32, 8-33
Forcing frequency 8-2, 8-37
Form factor QA 12-39
Frequency 8-9
Frequency cutoff 8-37
6 Index
Friction Multiplier 6-20
Friction resistance 9-5
Full run 1-9
Full Run 1-9
G
Gasket factor 12-25
GENERAL 3
General Computed Results 7-17
Global element forces 7-12
Global Element Forces 7-12
Global forces 9-5
Global parameters 12-39
Global Parameters 12-39
H
Hanger 5-21, 6-23
Hanger Design 6-20
Hanger design control data 5-31
Hanger selection
Actual cold loads 6-23
Additional hanger 6-23
Design load cases 6-23
Hanger sizing load cases 6-23
Hot load 6-23
Operating load cases 6-23
Recommended load cases 6-23
Restrained weight 6-23
Spring hanger design 6-23
Hanger sizing 6-23, 8-15
Hanger Stiffness 6-20
Hanger Table with Text 7-18
Hangers 5-21
Hardware requirements 2-3
Harmonic 8-9, 8-37
Harmonic analysis 8-2, 8-3
Harmonic analysis input
Harmonic displacements 8-9
Harmonic forces 8-9
Harmonic load definition 8-9
Excitation f 8-9
Phasing of harmonic loads
Damping 8-11
Frequency 8-9
Harmonic co 8-11
Harmonic fo 8-9
Pressure wa 8-9
Reciprocati 8-9
Rotating eq 8-9
Harmonic control parameters 8-11
Harmonic displacements 8-9
Harmonic force 8-9
Harmonic loads 8-9
Harmonic results 8-38, 9-2
Harmonic stress 8-38
Heat Exchange Institute Standard For Closed
Feedwater Heaters 12-67
Heat exchangers 12-62
HEI standard for closed feedwater heaters 12-67
Help menu 4-12
Help Menu 4-12
HOOPS Toolbar Manipulations 5-49
HOOPS License Grant 4
Hot load 6-23
I
IBC 8-23
Identifying Builds 1-7
IGE/TD/12 5-5
Impulse 8-30
Impulse analysis 8-2
Included mass data 9-5
Incore solution 6-12
Independent support motion 8-14
Index numbers, structural steel input 10-2
In-plane bending moment 12-42
In-plane large bending moment 12-42
In-plane small bending moment 12-42
Input Echo 7-18
Input listing 9-5
Input menu 4-5
Input Menu 4-5
Input overview based on analysis category 8-7
Input Overview Based on Analysis Category 8-7
Installation 2-1, 2-5
Installation menu options 2-5
Index 7
Installing Builds 1-7
Installing CAESAR II 2-4
Installing CAESAR II in Silent Mode 2-13
Installing CAESAR II Overview 2-4
Insulation density 5-8
Intersection stress intensification factors 12-3
Intersection Stress Intensification Factors 12-3
Introduction 1-1
K
Kaux menu items
Include Piping Input Files 5-36
Include structural input files 5-36
Review sifs 5-36
Review SIFs at Bend Node 5-36
Special execution parameters 5-36
Kaux-include structural files 10-2
L
Lateral bearing length 11-3
Leak pressure ratio 12-25
Lease 1-9
LICENSE GRANT 2
License types
Full run 1-9
Lease 1-9
Limited run 1-9
LIMITATIONS OF REMEDIES 3
Limited run 1-9
Limited Run 1-9
LIMITED WARRANTY 2
Limiting the Amount of Displayed Info. Find
Node, Range, Cuttin 5-53
Load case list 6-5
Load Case Options Tab 6-19
Load Case Report 7-17
Load cases 3-2, 3-13, 5-6, 5-7, 5-21, 5-24, 6-5,
6-12, 6-15, 6-23, 7-2, 7-16, 7-21, 7-26, 8-
9, 8-12, 8-30, 8-38, 9-2, 9-5, 10-2, 10-31,
12-10
Basic load cases 3-11
Combination load cases 3-11, 6-15
Example of load cases 6-15
Expansion load case 6-22
Occasional load cases 6-22
Operating load cases 6-22
Recommended load cases 3-11
Stress category 6-15
Stress types 6-15
Sustained load case 6-22
Types of load cases 3-11
Types of loads 6-15
Load cycles 6-15
Load, Ultimate 11-9
Loading conditions 5-7
Loading Conditions 5-7
Local element forces 7-12
Local Element Forces 7-12
Local forces 9-5
Local member data 12-42
Local Member Data 12-42
Lumped masses 8-7
M
Main menu 4-2
Analysis
Menu items 4-6
File 3-2
Default data directory 4-3
Input file types 4-3
New command 4-3
Open command 4-3
Select an existing job file 4-3
Input
Data entry 3-5
Input menu items 4-5
Main Menu 4-1
Major Steps in Dynamic Input 8-4
Mass and stiffness model 8-3
Mass and stiffness model, Modifying 8-10, 8-16,
8-30, 8-32, 8-34
Mass correction, Missing 9-5
Mass model 8-7, 9-5
Mass participation factors 8-38, 9-5
Material elastic properties 5-8
Material Elastic Properties 5-8
Material fatigue curve 5-18
Material name 5-8
8 Index
Material number 5-8
Material yield strength 12-39, 12-42
Max 6-21
Maximum Code Stress 7-23
Maximum desired unity check 12-39
Maximum Displacements 7-23
Maximum Restraints Loads 7-23
Member data, Local 12-42
Member end node 12-42
Member start node 12-42
Member type 12-42
Membrane stress 12-15
Menu commands 5-24
Menu Commands 5-24
Min 6-21
Minimum desired unity check 12-39
Miscellaneous Data 7-19
Missing mass correction 9-5
Modal 8-7
Modal analysis 8-2
Modal analysis input
Control parameters
Cutoff frequency 8-8
Modes of vibration 8-8
Lumped masses 8-7
Modes of vibration 8-7
Natural frequencies 8-7
System response 8-7
Mass model 8-7
Modes of vibration 8-7
Natural frequencies 8-7
System response 8-7
Mode identification line 9-5
Mode shapes 8-2, 8-37
Model menu 5-31
Model Menu 5-31
Model menu items
Expansion joints 5-31
Hanger design control data 5-31
Title 5-31
Valve 5-31
Model modifications for dynamic analysis
Control parameter 8-3
Dynamics 8-3
Conversion 8-3
Mass and st 8-3
Specifying loads 8-3
Cod 8-3
Dri 8-3
Dyn 8-3
For 8-3
Har 8-3
Loa 8-3
Nat 8-3
Occ 8-3
Poi 8-3
Sho 8-3
Sta 8-3
Model Modifications for Dynamic Analysis 8-3
Modes 8-37
Modes mass normalized 9-5
Modes of vibration 8-7, 8-8, 8-37
Modes unity normalized 9-5
Modifying mass and stiffness model 8-10, 8-16,
8-30, 8-32, 8-34
Modifying Mass and Stiffness Model 8-10, 8-16,
8-30, 8-32
Modifying Mass and Stiffness Models 8-34
More 7-2
Motion 7-26
N
Natural frequencies 8-3, 8-7, 8-37, 9-5
NEMA SM23
Steam turbines
Cumulative equipment calculations, N 12-47
NEMA SM23 (Steam Turbines) 12-47
NEMA turbine example 12-48
NEMA Turbine Example 12-48
Network ESLs 2-16
Node Names 5-22
Node numbers 5-4
Node Numbers 5-4
Nominal pipe size 5-5
Nonlinear restraints 6-12, 9-5
Note dialog 6-8
Note Message 6-5, 6-8
Note on Bolt Tightening Stress 12-24
Notes on CAESAR II Load Cases 6-15
Index 9
Notes on Network ESLs 2-16
Notes on Printing or Saving Reports to a File 7-
21, 9-17
Notes on the Soil Model 11-9
Novell file server ESL installation 2-15
Novell File Server ESL Installation 2-15
Novell workstation ESL installation 2-15
Novell Workstation ESL Installation 2-15
Nozzle data 12-10
Nozzle flexibility 12-17
Nozzle loads 12-10
Nozzle screen 12-17
O
Obtaining Builds 1-7
Occasional dynamic stresses 8-15
Occasional load cases 6-22
Occasional stress 8-2, 8-3, 8-15
Offsets 5-23
Operating conditions
Temperatures and pressures 5-6
Operating Conditions
Temperatures and Pressures 5-6
Operating load cases 6-22
Original Unburied Model 11-12
Out-of-plane bending moment 12-42
Out-of-plane large bending moment 12-42
Out-of-plane small bending moment 12-42
Output menu 4-7
Output Menu 4-7
Output Type 6-20
Output Viewer Wizard 7-20
Ovalization, bends 12-8
Overstress 7-23
Overview 2-2
Overview of Structural Capability in CAESAR II
10-2
P
Peak stress index 12-9
Performing the analysis 8-36
Performing the Analysis 8-36
Phase angle 8-2, 8-9, 8-37
Phasing 8-9
Pipe modeler 11-3
Pipe section properties 5-5
Pipe Section Properties 5-5
Piping codes for earthquakes 8-15
Piping dimensions 10-18
Piping input 3-5
Alpha tolerance 5-6
Ambient temperature 5-6
Construction element 5-6
Densities 5-8
Expansion joints 5-6
Input spreadsheet 5-2
Insulation density 5-8
Material name 5-8
Material number 5-8
Nominal pipe size 5-5
Rigid elements 5-6
Sif & tees 5-6
Specific gravity 5-8
Stress intensification factors 5-6
Thermal strains 5-6
Piping Input 5-1
Piping input generation 3-5
Piping Input Generation 3-5
Piping job 10-2
Piping material 5-8
Piping Material 5-8
Plot 5-39
Plotting
Static output review 3-13
Tutorial 3-5
Point loads 8-3
Preface 2
Pressure stiffening 12-8
Pressure Stiffening 12-8
Pressure thrust 5-13
Pressure vs. elevation table 6-9
Pressure wave 8-9
Printing or saving reports to a file 9-17
Printing or Saving Reports to a File Notes 7-21
Proctor number 11-9
Produced Results Data 6-20
Program Changes 1-10
Program support 1-6
Technical support phone numbers 1-6
Training 1-6
Program support/user assistance 1-6
Program Support/User Assistance 1-6
Providing wind data 6-9
Providing Wind Data 6-9
Pulse table/DLF spectrum generation 8-18, 8-32
Pulse Table/DLF Spectrum Generation 8-32
Q
Quick start 3-2
Quick Start and Basic Operation 3-1
10 Index
R
Reciprocating pumps 8-9
Recommended load cases 6-22
Recommended Load Cases 6-22
Recommended load cases for hanger selection 6-
23
Recommended Load Cases for Hanger Selection
6-23
Recommended procedures 11-11
Recommended Procedures 11-11
Relief load synthesis 8-17
Relief Load Synthesis 8-17
Relief load synthesizer 8-32
Relief loads (spectrum) 8-17
Relief Loads (Spectrum) 8-17
Relief loads spectrum
Force sets for relief loads
Earthquakes 8-29
Relief valv 8-29
Skewed load 8-29
Water hamme 8-29
Relief load synthesis
Dynamic load fact 8-17
Force spectrum me 8-17
Relief valve 8-17
Thrust loads 8-17
Spectrum definitions
DLF spectrum gener 8-28
Spectrum data 8-28
Spectrum load cases
Impulse 8-30
Time history 8-30
Relief valve 8-2, 8-17, 8-29, 8-32
Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines, B31G
12-28
Remaining strength of corroded pipelines,B31g
12-28
Report options 7-10
Report Options 7-10
Report Template Editor 7-7
Report types 9-5
Report Types 9-5
Resize members 12-39
Response spectrum method 8-2
Response spectrum table 8-12
Response vs. frequency spectra 8-2
Restrained weight 6-23
Restraint auxiliary data 10-18
Restraint summary 7-11
Restraint Summary 7-11
Restraints 5-12, 7-11, 9-5
Review Current Units 5-26
Review Units 5-26
Rigid elements 5-6
Rigid weight 5-11
Rigid Weight 5-11
Rotating equipment 8-2, 8-9
S
Sample input 10-10
Sample Input 10-10
Save Animation to File 9-19
Save As Graphics Image 5-53
Scalar 6-21
Screens 5-9
Seismic analysis 8-2
Select by Single Click 7-23
Select Case Names 7-2
Selection of phase angles 8-38
Selection of Phase Angles 8-38
Shape factor, wind 6-9
Shock definition 8-12
Shock results 8-3
Shock spectra 8-2
Show Event Viewer Gr 7-23
Sidesway 12-39
Sidesway, AISC 12-39
SIFs & tees 5-6
SignMax 6-21
SignMin 6-21
Skewed load 8-29
Slug flow
Specifying the load
Force sets, slug flow 8-32
Force-time profile 8-32
Load cases, slug flow 8-32
Relief load synthesizer 8-32
Relief valve 8-32
Water hammer 8-32
Slug flow analysis 8-2
Snubbers 8-7
Snubbers Active 6-20
Software revision procedures 1-7
Software Revision Procedures 1-7
Soil model 11-9
Soil model numbers 11-9
Soil Models 11-3
Index 11
Soil properties 11-2
Soil stiffnesses 11-2
Soil supports 11-9
Special element information 5-6
Special Element Information 5-6
Special execution parameters 5-36
Specific gravity 5-8
Specifying hydrodynamic parameters 6-11
Specifying Hydrodynamic Parameters 6-11
Specifying loads, dynamics 8-3
Specifying the Load 8-32
Specifying The Load 8-33
Specifying the loads 8-7, 8-9, 8-12, 8-17, 8-32,
8-33
Specifying the Loads 8-9, 8-12, 8-17
Spectrum 8-38
Spectrum analysis 8-2
Spectrum data 8-12, 8-28
Spectrum definitions 8-28, 8-32
Spectrum Definitions 8-28, 8-32
Spectrum load cases 8-14, 8-30, 8-32, 9-2
Spectrum Load Cases 8-14, 8-32
Spectrum name 8-12
Spectrum results 9-2
Spectrum/Load Cases 8-30
Spreadsheet overview 5-2
Spreadsheet Overview 5-2
Spring hanger design 6-23
SRSS 6-21, 8-15
Start, CAESAR II 3-2
Starting CAESAR II 3-2
Static load case number 8-15
Static load cases
Building static load cases 6-5
Limitations of the load case editor 6-5
Recommended load cases 6-5
Static output plot 10-18
Static output processor
132 column reports 7-2
Animation of static solution 7-2
Commands in static output 7-2
Initiating the static output processor 7-2
Plotting statics 7-2
Report options 7-2
Report titles 7-2
View-reports 7-2
Static Output Processor 7-1
Static output review 3-13
Plotting static output 3-13
Static Output Review 3-13
Static results 8-3
Static solution methodology 6-12
Archive 6-12
Incore solution
Bandwidth 6-12
Nonlinear restrai 6-12
Static analysis
Stiffness matrix 6-12
Static/dynamic combinations 8-15, 8-30, 8-32, 8-
34, 9-2
Static/Dynamic Combinations 8-15, 8-30, 8-32,
8-34
Stiffness matrix 6-12
Stiffness model, Modifying 8-10, 8-16, 8-30, 8-
32, 8-34
Stress 6-20
Stress category 6-15
Stress concentration factor 12-9
Stress Concentrations and Intensification 12-9
Stress concentrations and intensifications 12-9
Stress increase factor
AISC 12-39
Stress increase factor, Allowable 12-39
Stress intensification factors 5-6, 9-5
Stress intensification factors/tees 5-19
Stress Intensification Factors/Tees 5-19
Stress reduction factors cmy and cmz 12-39
Stress reduction factors, aisc 12-39
Stress report 9-5
Stress Summary 7-14
Stress types 3-11, 6-5, 6-15, 8-14
Stresses 7-13, 9-5
Stresses, Allowable 5-18
Structural capability in CAESAR II 10-2
Structural code 12-39
Structural code, AISC 12-39
Structural files, Include 5-36
Structural steel checks - AISC 12-39
Structural Steel Checks - AISC 12-39
Structural steel example 10-11, 10-18, 10-31
Structural Steel Example #1 10-11
Structural Steel Example #2 10-18
Structural Steel Example #3 10-31
Structural steel input 10-2
12 Index
AISC database, structural steel input 10-2
Connecting pipe to structure 10-18
Connectin 10-18
Displaced 10-18
Editing structural steel input 10-2
End connections,structural steel input 10-2
Format of structural steel input 10-2
Include in piping job 10-2
Include a struct 10-2
Kaux-include str 10-2
Index numbers, structural steel input 10-2
Initiate structural steel input
Struct 10-2
Initiating structural steel input 10-2
Help 10-2
Keywords in structural steel input 10-2
Running structural steel input 10-2
Static output plot 10-18
Range command 10-18
Structural Steel Modeler 10-1
Structure dimensions 10-18
Structure nodes 10-18
Sturm sequence check 8-37
Sustained load cases 6-22
Sustained stresses 8-2, 8-15
Sustained sustained load cases 3-11
System and hardware requirements 2-3
System and Hardware Requirements 2-3
System requirements 2-3
System response 8-7, 9-5
T
Technical Changes 1-12
Technical reference manual 1-5
Technical support phone numbers 1-6
TERM 2
The CAESAR II Main Menu 4-2
The Spectrum Wizard 8-18
Thermal load case 6-22
Thermal strains 5-6
Thrust loads 8-17
Time history 8-30, 8-33, 8-38
Force-time profiles 8-33
Vibration 8-33
Time History 8-33, 8-38
Time history analysis 8-2
Time history load case 9-2
Time history load cases 8-14, 8-34
Time History Load Cases 8-34
Time history profile definitions 8-33
Time History Profile Definitions 8-33
Time history results 9-2
Time vs. force 8-33
Title 5-31
Tools menu 4-8
Tools Menu 4-8
Training 1-6
Trunnion 12-6, 12-8
Tutorial
Center of gravity report, tutorial 3-9
Plotting, tutorial 3-5
Sample model input, tutorial 3-5
U
UBC 8-20
Underground pipe modeler 11-2, 11-3
Underground pipe/buried pipe
Bilinear supports 11-9
Bilinear sprin 11-9
Soil supports 11-9
Ultimate load 11-9
Yield displace 11-9
Yield stiffnes 11-9
Convert input command 11-3
Element length 11-3
Buried pipe displ 11-3
Lateral bearing l 11-3
Meshing
Lateral bearing meshes 11-3
Overburden Compaction Multiplier 11-9
Soil model numbers 11-9
Spreadsheet
Buried element descr 11-3
Underground pipe modeler 11-2
Buried 11-3
Soil pr 11-2
Soil st 11-2
Zones 11-3
Lateral bearing regions 11-3
Uniform loads 5-16
Uniform Loads 5-16
Unsupported axial length 12-42
Unsupported length (in-plane bending) 12-42
Unsupported length (out-of-plane bending) 12-
42
Updates and license types 1-9
Index 13
Updates and License Types 1-9
Usage factor 9-5
User assistance
Technical support phone numbers 1-6
Training 1-6
User Control of Produced Results Data 6-20
User Defined Time History Waveform 8-26
User-Controlled Combination Methods 6-21
Using the CAESAR II Flange Modeler 12-25
Using the Underground Pipe Modeler 11-3
V
Valve 5-31
Velocity vs. elevation table 6-9
Vertical in-line pumps 12-59
Vertical In-Line Pumps 12-59
Vessel attachment stresses/WRC 107
Input data, WRC 107 12-10
Nozzle data, WRC 107 12-10
Nozzle loads, WRC 107 12-10
Curv 12-10
Inte 12-10
Reinforcing pad 12-10
Stress summations, WRC 107 12-15
Vessel data 12-10
Vibration 8-2, 8-33
View Menu 4-11
View Output 5-26
W
Warning Message 6-4
Warnings 7-19
Water hammer 8-29
Specifying the load
Force sets, slug flow 8-32
Force-time profile 8-32
Load cases, slug flow 8-32
Relief load synthesizer 8-32
Relief valve 8-32
Slug problems 8-32
Water hammer analysis 8-2
Water hammer/slug flow (spectrum) 8-32
Water Hammer/Slug Flow (Spectrum) 8-32
Welding Research Council Bulletin 297 12-17
What are the Applications of CAESAR II? 1-3
What Distinguishes CAESAR II From Other Pipe
Stress Packages? 1-4
What is CAESAR II? 1-2
What is Contained In A Specific Build? 1-7
Wind data
ASCE #7 wind loads 6-9
Methods of wind loading 6-9
Pressure vs. elevation table 6-9
Shape factor 6-9
Velocity vs. elevation table 6-9
Wind/wave 5-17
Wind/Wave 5-17
Windows server installation 2-15
Windows Server Installation 2-15
WRC 107 (vessel stresses) 12-10
WRC 107 stress summations 12-15
WRC 107 Stress Summations 12-15
WRC 107 Vessel Stresses 12-10
WRC 297
Nozzle flexibility 12-17
Nozzle screen 12-17
WRC axes orientation 12-10
WRC Bulletin 297 12-17
Y
Yield displacement 11-9
Yield stiffness 11-9
Young's modulus 12-39, 12-42
Z
Zone definitions 11-3
COADE Inc.
12777 Jones Road Suite 480
Houston, Texas 77070
Phone: (281)890-4566
Fax: (281)890-3301
Email: sales@coade.com
Web: www.coade.com
CAESAR II
Technical Reference
Version 5.10
Last Revised 111/2007