() (. .

()

()

(. . )

()

(. . ) ()

(. )

(.. )

(.. )
.

2
() (. . )
,

.


.
()

.

(.. )
.

.
(. )

3
() (. . )

(. . )

..

()

.

.

4
() (. . )
.



-


.
( )
..
..




..
( )
..
( )
..

..

- ..

5
() (. . )


Dr. Grant Olson
(Cornell University) .

Dr. Grant Olson State University of
New York Press, Albany .. (.. ) Buddhadhamma:
Natural Laws and Values for Life

..





..

.








..

6
() (. . )





Apple Macintosh
PC (
)

Apple
Macintosh PC





)
)
)
)
.
(.)
. : (.
)
.
: (
) (.)

7
() (. . )






(
)








( )


PC

(. . )

.

 () (. . )
..
..

()
..

..

..

..
..

.. ..
..

..

..

..

..
..
..

..
..
..

..
..

..

..
..

..
..
..,..
()
..

..
..
..
..

..
()
..
..
..

()
..
..
..
..
..
()
()
..
..
()
()
..
..
()
()
..
.

 () (. . )
..
()
..
..

..
()
..
..

()
()
..
.
()
.

.. ()
()
.

.. ()
()
.
..
.

()
()
..
..
()
()
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
..
.
..

.
..

()
.
---------------------

_______________________________________________________________

10
() (. . )

(religion)
(philosophy) (a way of life)

11
() (. . )



(
)






(
)

( )

12
() (. . )

13
() (. . )

14
() (. . )


()

.

.


(
)


.

.


.

15
() (. . )

, ,

16
() (. . )

17
() (. . )

()

18
() (. . )

19
() (. . )

20
() (. . )

?
.

(the Five Aggregates)

21
() (. . )
.
(Corporeality)

.
(Feeling Sensation)

.
(Perception)
(object)
.
(Mental Formations Volitional Activities)



.
(Consciousness)

:







? ............

...

22
() (. . )
? .........

...
............ (
) ............ ()

(objective)
(subjective)

23
() (. . )

?
.

(, )
.

24
() (. . )
. ( )
( )
( )

-
-
-
.
= ------------- --
[] = [()] []
[
]
.
= --------------- --
[] = [()] [][]
.
= -------- --
[] = [()] []
[]

25
() (. . )


?





(
) ()

() ()







. - - -
. -
,,
-
,,
-
. ,,
-
,, -
. ,,
-
,, -
. ,, - ,,
-
. ,,
- ,,
-

26
() (. . )

.
.
.

.
.
.
.

27
() (. . )
.

+
+ = --

(????) ()
()

(-)
() ()

28
() (. . )





()

()

.

? ?
.

29
() (. . )

.

,
, , (),

30
() (. . )
(), (),
(
) (
)

()

(- -)

= - - - ( - ) -
()

()

:
.



.


.
)
(
)

31
() (. . )
)




.


)

+
= - +

-
-

-







- (, ) (
, )

32
() (. . )
(,
)

.











. (
)
(conventional truth)

.

(ultimate truth)

33
() (. . )





hydrogen oxide (H2O) sodium chloride (NaCl) (

)



! ,
,



...


()

.




.
.

 () (. . )
.

34

; ? ()
.
.
.
.




)

35
() (. . )
(., ), ;
:
-
,
?
,
, ............
,

( :)
:-
?
...............
, .
? ,
, , ,
, , ,
;
............

? ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
; ............

... ... ,
...... ?

36
() (. . )

, ......

,
, ............

)
............... ......,
,

............... ...,
,

,
,


... ...
, ; - ; - ; - ; ; , ?
() , ; ()

, ;

,
; , ,
,

37
() (. . )
, , ()
, ; ......
.........

)
! ,

! ?
,
?

......
,
?

!
( )
( ) (
), (
), (
),
( :)

,

.........

38
() (. . )
, ;
;

.........

?
(),

; ......
... ...
...
?


;

)
?
, , ,
, , ,
, (
)
() ()
? ......
...
.;
. ,
(), ()
..

39
() (. . )

...
:
( ) ? ( ) ?
( ) ? ...... ......
?
: ,

( )
,
, , ...
( )







;

,
, ,
, ,
; (
)

40
() (. . )
. - -

. -

41
() (. . )

(= )

42
() (. . )
- - (
)

1.
2.
3.


(
)

.
?

43
() (. . )

() ()

.
..............
.
.............
.
..............

... ... ...

()

44
() (. . )
(the Three Characteristics of Existence)

.
(Impermanence)

.
(Conflict)



.
(Soullessness Non-Self)











(

)

............ .........
... ()
............

.........
...

45
() (. . )
? (
)

?


?

............

( )

46
() (. . )

47
() (. . )















)

48
() (. . )

49
() (. . )

)






)

50
() (. . )
)

51
() (. . )

52
() (. . )

*
*

53
() (. . )
*

*
*

()

- - -

54
() (. . )

)







)

)




)




?

55
() (. . )

()

() () (
)

56
() (. . )
:


()

.




.


()

 () (. . )

)

.













...............................................................................................




.

()

57

 () (. . )
...................................................................................................

58

- -
-
-





( the
First Cause)



-
( - - - - - - - - - - )
()

(
)

59
() (. . )
()
- - - - - - - - - -


()
()

-


-

.


.
-

60
() (. . )
)

)
(
)





(the First Cause)



()

()

61
() (. . )



()



.


.

.




(
)

62
() (. . )

-
-

.


(
)
.


(

63
() (. . )






)
.


( )


(
)

() ()

-
-
-
-
-
-

64
() (. . )

()


- - -
- -


()
()

65
() (. . )

66
() (. . )





?

67
() (. . )

( ) (
) ()

68
() (. . )
.



.

















-

-




-

69
() (. . )

(
)
()

70
() (. . )

71
() (. . )



(
)

?



...



?


(= )






...

72
() (. . )

.
----------- ....
=

.


.
.
. ---
.

 () (. . )
.
. +()+
.
.
.
.
.
. - -

. = --- ( ) (
) --
. = ()

. = ~ ~ ~ ~
( )
.
= ( ;
) +
( )
. = - - - - -
-
.
= ~ ~ ~ ~
( )
.
= ~ ~ ~
~ ( )
.
= () ()
() () ()
() ( )
. = (
)

73

 () (. . )
(
)
(
)
(
)
. =
= ( ) (
)
.
=

. = ( )
( )

74

( -)




-
() () ( )

-

75
() (. . )
-



-



-
( ) (
) (
)
- ()
() ( )

-




-

() ()
()
()
-
()

76
() (. . )
()
()
-


-
()

.....


()
() () ()

()
()
()
()

77
() (. . )

: :

.


( )

(
)
)

=

)
=


)
=
(+ )
.


(= -)
(= -)
(
)
)

=

)

=


)
=

)

=
(+ )
.

78
() (. . )
)

- () ()

-








)









)
(+ )
-


-

79
() (. . )

- .
)

=
)
=
(= )
)
=
)
=
(= )

.
.

)


)
()

)

)


.

80
() (. . )











()









..
.

81
() (. . )



:



- =
= =
.

()

82
() (. . )
...
()





:-




. .....
.........
.... .. ... ()












.
.
(ignorance, lack of knowledge) =

.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

83
() (. . )

(volitional activities) =


(consciousness) =

(animated organism) =

(the six sense-bases) =

(contact) =
(feeling) =
(craving) =


(attachment, clinging) =
,

(process of becoming) =
(-the active process)
(-the passsive process)
(birth) =

(decay and death) =

84
() (. . )
.
-:







-:
(=
)

85
() (. . )
- :








)

( )



(concept)


)

()






() ()
() ()

86
() (. . )




(: - : +:)

-:








-:
( ) (
) (
)
-:
() ()
( )
-- --

- :

87
() (. . )
)
(craving for sense-pleasure)

)
(craving for self-existence)

)
(craving for non-existence or self-annihilation)









.
- :





.
- :

88
() (. . )

()

. -: -
-


--

89
() (. . )




( )

. - :

()

90
() (. . )
()

= ()










()
() ()

()

()

91
() (. . )

.
.



.
()
.


()
.

()
.






()


-

92
() (. . )













(inflowing impulses influxes biases)
(sense-gratification)
(existence self-centered pursuits)
(views)
(ignorance)

93
() (. . )

(
)

94
() (. . )

















( )

95
() (. . )

()

.
()
. (clinging to sensuality):

. (clinging to views):

96
() (. . )


. (clinging to mere rule and ritual):

...

. (clinging to the ego-belief):

97
() (. . )

98
() (. . )

.






: . (extreme realism)
. (nihilism)

99
() (. . )
?
() ()
()
(systems)
(dogmas)

:
?
:

: ?
:
: (-unity) ?
:
: (-plurality) ?
:



: .
(eternalism)
. (annihilationism)

: .

100
() (. . )
(self-generationism Karmic autogenesisism)
.
(other-generationism Karmic heterogenesisism)

:: ?
:
: ?
:
: ?
:
:
() ?
:
: ?
:
: ?
:
: ...

:
()

()




: ?
:

101
() (. . )
: ?
:
: ?
:
:
() ?
:
: () ?
:
: ?
:
: ...

:
()


()



( ) ?

( )

......

102
() (. . )
...... (
)
: .

(the extremist view of a self-identical
soul the monistic view of subject-object unity)
.

(the extremist view of
individual discontinuity the dualistic view of
subject-object distinction)
: () ?
: ()
: () ?
: ()



: ? ?
: ?
?

()
()


: ...............
............ ?
?
: ()

103
() (. . )

?
?



: ()?
:

?
?

: ? ()?
()?
: ...
? ?
?



( )
()
()

104
() (. . )




(the First Cause)
(the Supernatural)
: (
)
? ?
? ?
? ? ?
?
? ? ? ?






::

.
() ?
.
?
.
?
.
?
.
?
.
?
.
?

105
() (. . )
.
?
.
?
. ?
()
? () ()
?
:
.........

 () (. . )

106

.






:)
...... ...
... ...

107
() (. . )

)

:. (past-action determinism)

. (theistic
determinism)
.
(indeterminism accidentalism)

()
.
()
.
()
.
()
( )
?

......

108
() (. . )




( )
.. ...
....


( ) .
... ......










....... ..

109
() (. . )

() ()

()
()

110
() (. . )
?

(
)

?


()

...
............
.........





. ..
... ......
.........
() ()
... ... ...


...

111
() (. . )
)

.
:
)



)

-
-
)


)




)

) :-

112
() (. . )
()

) : ( )


() ()




()
...
()

113
() (. . )

) :





()

............ . ..


()


...
......... ............

...



) :-

114
() (. . )




() (
)




(-- )











( )





) :

115
() (. . )

)








.

.


) =
?




() (
)

:-

116
() (. . )

;
...

...
... ...

(
) ... ( ) ...


( )...

( )





()

( )



)

117
() (. . )


.

( )



( )
.
()

.
()




.
()


)

. : ?? ?+

. : ? ? ?+

.
() () (

118
() (. . )
)

. ()

( ) (
)

()
()

119
() (. . )

.
( )
) ()
()




()

120
() (. . )
)






...
()

()
()

()


()
()

121
() (. . )





...
()
()

()


()
()

()


.

:.

.

122
() (. . )
.




)

-


-

123
() (. . )






()

() ( -
)
()






() ()
() ()
() ()
()
()
()

()

124
() (. . )
)

-

.
. ()

()


- -


(+)

-

() ()
;
()
(), () (),
- - --
-
? /



()

125
() (. . )
(
) (
)

()
()

(=
) () (
)



(
)

)

? ?

?

126
() (. . )
? ?
(
)
.
()
( )
( )
( )
.


:
: ,



(=- + -,
- =)

127
() (. . )


. (=)
-
.
- (=)
: ?
- (=)
: ?
- (=)
: -
: --

( )














.

128
() (. . )

? ?

( )






. ()
(
)
/
(
)












-

129
() (. . )
-

-
(= )


(-
)

()

()

130
() (. . )

)





(-)



()

131
() (. . )

-
-



.
() () ()
.


--

-
.

()

()
()
()

132
() (. . )
.

--

.


- (
)
-
-

133
() (. . )
-
-

()

()
()



() ()

134
() (. . )
.

.






?






) -


.

.
()

135
() (. . )

.

.


: -----

: -- -
-

136
() (. . )



----------- --- -------

( )













-


() ()



-

137
() (. . )

----------

---- ----------

)
:-
.


.
............................

.
.
.
.
.
.

() (. . )
.............................
......
..
..
.................
.......

)
.
-
.
......................
.
..................
.
..............................

.
...............

.
......................

.
......................

.
................................. ()
.
...............

()

138

139
() (. . )


(=)


*




:


() ()

...?


(the Middle Path
Middle Way) ()
. (the extreme of sensual indulgence
extreme hedonism)
. (the extreme of selfmortification extreme asceticism)

140
() (. . )














(
)

()


*

141
() (. . )

?





() +
(, )





()

*

...

142
() (. . )
()

?
()

?

*


...
......
. ..

?
?
( )
?
...

143
() (. . )
( )

?
(
)

*
/- (
)
. (Right View Right Understanding)

144
() (. . )
.
(Right Thought)
.
(Right Speech)
.
(Right Action)
.
(Right Livelihood)
.
(Right Effort)
.

(Right Mindfulness)
.
(Right Concentration)

*









() ()

(
) ( )


() ()
()

145
() (. . )


.
. ( )
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.








*

(the Threefold Training)
.
(Training in Higher Morality)
. (Training in Higher Mentality
Concentration)
. (Training in
Higher Wisdom)

( )
. ()

146
() (. . )
. ()
.
()

(
)







(-)




(-)

()
()
()

147
() (. . )




*


. ()
. ()
. ()

( )

? (
)
.........

148
() (. . )

?

?


.........

............


....................................

:


?


?

149
() (. . )
?

-

-

150
() (. . )



()
()

-- -






( )
( )

)
-

:.

.


(emotion)
.

151
() (. . )

()

152
() (. . )
(
)

()

()
() ()

()

)

()
)
()

153
() (. . )
)

-



.
.
)

)

)



(

154
() (. . )

)
-
1-




()



?

- () ()
- ()
- ()
- ()
- ()
- ()
- ()
- ()
- ()
- ( )

155
() (. . )
()

:


() ?

(
)
?

156
() (. . )
:

:
?
?

:


?

() ()
()
()
()





()
-

157
() (. . )

-2



.

.
()
.
. ()






()

158
() (. . )

( )

() ( )

()



.........
() ...
......
(
)







()

?

159
() (. . )

?



?








() (
)
()




()
?
(
)

 () (. . )

160

3-

:

:.

...
.
...
.
...
.
...
.

...
.........
...
...
...

161
() (. . )

:



-

- (
)
( )
-
...
-
...

-
() ()
...
()
- ()

...
...
() ()

162
() (. . )

...
( ) ...

...

-
- ()

- ...


() ()
?

... ... ...
...

() (
)

4-

163
() (. . )

:


: ()
...

?
.
.
... ?
.
.
... ?
.

.

() ?
.

164
() (. . )

()
...
()




()
()



.

...
.

...
.
... ...
.
... ...
.
... ...

165
() (. . )

:

:

()






()




- ...
-
-
-
-
-

5-

 () (. . )

166

:

() ?
:
............

(
)

:


?
: ...

: ...
?
:
: ... ?
:
: () (
)

167
() (. . )


:
?
:
............




:
. ... ... .. () ?
: ...

...
...

. ... ... ... ..

:


... ?
...
...
... ( )

168
() (. . )

. =
(hearing or learning from others)
. =

(analytical reflection, critical reflection, systematic
attention)

()




()

(=)

169
() (. . )

. () ...

. () ...

.

()

... ...

170
() (. . )









...

...
.


.
( )



.

.


.

171
() (. . )












...

(
)
( ) ( )

172
() (. . )

()



---------

()
()




----

()

. ( )
. (
. ( )
. ( )
. ( )

173
() (. . )


.

?


?


... - ...
()
() () () ()
. ..



.



.


.

174
() (. . )

()

175
() (. . )

(negative) (passive)





() ( )

.

176
() (. . )


---







( )

(
)



( )




= =

177
() (. . )

(/
) () ()

) ()

) ()






(positive) (active) (
- - - -
)

178
() (. . )
()
() () (=)


.

( )

)
)
.

179
() (. . )

( )

()

180
() (. . )

( )
( )


( )






()
()

181
() (. . )



:







....

......
() ......


......
...

. . .

182
() (. . )
. ?
)

. ?
)

)

.
?

.


.

...
.

...

183
() (. . )










() (
) ()


()

( )

.
.

184
() (. . )
.

.
(
)
.
.



.

.

.

. ( )

...
...

185
() (. . )






(negative)
(positive)

(negative)
(positive)
(subjective) (an ethic of thoughts)
(passive)

( )
(ethic)

(negative)
()

186
() (. . )
?

negative passive subjective an ethic of
thoughts


.

187
() (. . )

.






.








.

188
() (. . )

( )
.


.

(-training rule)
(divine commandment)
.

(confidence)

(faith)

189
() (. . )
.



.

.



()
(retribution) (reward)
(punishment)
(judgment)
.


(good, moral meritorious)

(skilful wholesome)
(evil)

(unskilful unwholesome)

/
(sin)
.

190
() (. . )
)

)

(
)

(-)
(-)




.

.
- -

191
() (. . )


( )
.


(
)

.

.


?
)
()

)

)
()

192
() (. . )
? ()





. ()
. ()
. ()
. ()

. ()
()

(
)
.

.

( )




)
( )
)
( )

 () (. . )

193

...


?







()

:
() ?

:
?

() (. . )
?
:

:
?

?
:

:
?

?
:

:


?
:

:

194

?
)

195
() (. . )
)

? ()
()



)
(, )
)
(, )
)
(, )
)
(, )

196
() (. . )










()

...




...
...

197
() (. . )




.

()
.
()
.

()
.

()

. ...
. ...
. ...
. ...
......
()

: (
)()?
:
: ?
:

...

198
() (. . )
......
...


()

() ()

()

: (
) ()
()
()
?
()
?
()

199
() (. . )

() ()

200
() (. . )
()

(negative)
(positive)





(
)

:.

.


.


.
( )

 () (. . )

201

)
:.

.

.


.

.

202
() (. . )
.

.


.

.

.

.
.


.

.
(=
) (=)



)
()

203
() (. . )



.
= (
)
.
= ( )
.
= ( )

(psychiatrist)



.
. (
) ( )

204
() (. . )
.

.





. --



. . .








(objective) (subjective)
.
.


(subjective)

205
() (. . )
. .

(objective) (subjective)

(unconscious drives unconscious motivations)

.

.

() ()
(anxiety)

206
() (. . )

-


...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
()

:
?
:

: ?
:
:
()


:

207
() (. . )
.

. (momentary concentration)

. (neighbourhood concentration)
. (attainment concentration)




(
)


(absorption)



.

208
() (. . )
)
( )
)
( )
)
( )
)
( )
.

)
(-space )
)
()
)
()
)
()

.

()

.

.


.

209
() (. . )
.

.





.

.

.

)



.



.


.


(

210
() (. . )
) ( )
(
)

-

-

( )
) -

.







.

211
() (. . )

) -; -
()




(-)

. (
)


.

)
( - magical powers)
)
(- clairaudience divine ear)
)
(- telepathy mind-reading)
)
(
- divine eye clairvoyance knowledge of the decease and rebirth of beings)
)
(- reminiscence of previous lives)
)
(- knowledge of the extinction of all cankers)
(
) ()

212
() (. . )





()




.

()
.
(
)
.

.

.

213
() (. . )

-



-

-





-

214
() (. . )

-





-

( - - )

215
() (. . )

.
.

[.. //]

216
() (. . )
()
[.. //]
.
[.. //]

.

[.. //]

[.. //]

. . . . . . . . . . . .

[.. //]

 () (. . )

217

/


( )
( )

218
() (. . )

.

) / ( )
) / ( - )

)
)




.

-


.

219
() (. . )

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

( )

220
() (. . )

:



. /
( )
( )
. / ( )
. / ( )

.
-

.





.

221
() (. . )

/ ()

: () +
() + ()-

() -
() -
() -





.

222
() (. . )

.
.
.
.
.











()

223
() (. . )








.




)

)


-
-




- - -
-

224
() (. . )

.



()

()
()
()
( )

.
()
(
)



()

225
() (. . )

.


/

226
() (. . )
/

227
() (. . )







.
.

228
() (. . )




()
. (=)

. (=)

. (=)

. (=)

. (=)

. (=)


. (=
)

229
() (. . )

[]















/


- //

230
() (. . )


-


( )
( )
- /
()

) ()
) ()

 () (. . )

231

()



()

()

232
() (. . )

(
)

- () ()
()




()
() ?

 () (. . )

233

.
.

.

()

?

. ()



.

234
() (. . )
() ()

(
)
. (=)


. (=)

. (=)




. (=)



""

235
() (. . )

[.. //]
() ?
( )
[ ]

( )
[ ( )]
*(FOOTNOTE)


(FOOTNOTE)

..