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Preface
This is the presentation of a project in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in hardware engineering presented to Department of Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Isfahan. The title of project is Design and Implementing a 1-to-4 PBX System Using a Microcontroller. The project started since September 2002 and lasted until May 2003. Ive done lots of its work in my home without any laboratory facility. So I hope Ive done something acceptable. There are some useful technical documents about my project like hardware schematics, a project report (but in Farsi) and its software in assembly language. All of them can be found in the projects web site. I like to acknowledge everybody (especially my family) that helped my in my project.
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Abstract
Telephone centers or more precisely, branch exchange systems, are electrical and electronical systems that are responsible for establishing telephony communications. Their behavior can be explained by making conversations between connected phones. Private Branch eXchanges (PBXs) are some kind of such systems that are mainly used in companies, organizations and other private complexes. In this project, Ive designed and implemented a PBX system that is capable of switching 4 phones (lines) and an external connection (trunk). A microcontroller from MCS-51TM family is used for handling and controlling the whole system. The switching unit is realized via 3 analog conversation circuits (one for each conversation connection). The hardware is implemented on 8 breadboards and the software is in the MCS-51TM assembly language.
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Introduction
Contents
Switching Theory Telephone Switching System About The Phonesets
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Packet this kind of switching makes a virtual path not a physically one.
The data must be digital and encapsulated in packets. A packets is a collection of data bits plus control bits that constructs its frames. The switching can be performed by a simple PC or some specially designed digital processing systems. So we can only transmit digital data or digitized analog data.
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Tip & Ring These are two wires that carries electrical voice signals
(in analog form). The positive one is called Ring and the negative is Tip.
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Phone 1 Phone 2
Phone I
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Phone 1 Phone 2
Trunk 1 Trunk 2
GX 1 GX 2
Phone I
Trunk J
GX J
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Tone the phoneset sends some special wave with predefined timings and
frequencies to show the dialed no. It this mode the dc-loop always exists.
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Ring back tone a discrete wave synchronous with ring wave to inform
the requester that the requested phone is ringing.
Busy tone a discrete wave which means the requested phone is busy. Invalid tone a discrete one which means the dialed number is invalid.
Usually, its frequency is higher than the other tones.
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The Project
Contents
Title Behavior Design Considerations Hardware Software Sample Processes
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Title
Design and Implementing a 1-to-4 PBX System Using a Microcontroller.
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Behavior (1)
Connections The system is connected to 4 normal phones and 1
external line (from local GX). The monitor panel is the monitoring leds on the projects boards. The input power is 220V, 50Hz ac voltage. The optional data processing system is not implemented in this version of project (see next slide for details).
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Behavior (2)
Tones The system has 4 tones:
Dial tone system is ready for dialing. Ring back tone requested phone is ringing. Busy tone requested phone is busy. Invalid tone dialed no is invalid.
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Behavior: Connections
Monitor Panel
Trunk 1
GX 1
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Trunk ring policy If a ring is sent to the trunk (by the local GX) the
system checks line 1 then 2 to find first free phone and sends the ring to the found phone in order to connect it to the trunk. Therefore in this project, operator can be neglected.
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Hardware: Structure
Line 1 Line 2 Trunk 1 Line 3 Line 4
Line Unit
Monitoring Signals
Switch Unit
Control Unit
Trunk Unit
Data Signals
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Hardware: Units
Power Supply Unit This unit is responsible for supplying the
necessary voltages that other units need. This unit must supply the voice carrier voltage applied to the phoneset, so must be designed with care.
Line Unit This unit interfaces the system with phonesets. It detects the
dialing & phone mode and also send ring signal. In this unit, tip and ring of each phone (for use in switch unit) is constructed.
Trunk Unit It interfaces with trunk and has responsibilities similar to line
unit. The tip and ring of trunk (for use in switch unit) is constructed.
Switch Unit It has some conversation circuits and switches the phones
and trunk (under control of control unit) i.e their tip and ring wires.
Control Unit This unit controls the whole system. It gets detect signals
from line and trunk units and sends control signals to switch unit and (if necessary) to line and trunk units.
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Relays The main switch components that is used in this project are
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Line boards Each line board contains 2 line interface circuits that
interfaces a phoneset to the system and do the following tasks:
Detecting the phone mode (Off-hook or On-hook), also useful for detecting pulse dialing signals. Applying the ring to phone, if necessary. Carry tip and ring wires to switch unit for switching. Showing the phone mode and phone ring signal by two leds.
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Control Unit
Control board Line 0&1 board
Line Unit
L0_RNG L0_INTR L0_DTCT L1_RNG L1_INTR L1_DTCT L2_RNG
Line 2&3 board
Switch Unit
Conversation Circuit 0 board
Trunk Unit
T0_CNCT T0_RDTCT
Trunk 0 board
T0_TIP
T0_RING
Hardware: Photo
Software: Structure
Line Ports Trunk Ports
Switch Ports
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Trunk Hardware Interface Unit This unit is similar to Line one but
interfaces the trunk ports.
Line Control Unit This unit controls each line by getting messages
from line interfaces and central control. In this unit the applied signals to the phone is constructed and it watches over any change concerning with the line (phone).
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Switch Control Unit This unit has a collection of useful routines for
handling and monitoring the switching.
Central Control Unit This unit is responsible for making interroutine communication and higher policies are held in this unit. This unit applies number assignments and connects the three above control units to each other.
Ring & Tone Generator Unit This unit generates all of the tones
and waves that is needed in the software including: ring wave, dial tone, busy tone, ring back tone and invalid tone.
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StIdle Normal state of the phone i.e on-hook. StDialTone The handset is picked up and the dial tone must be
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EvPutdown
StRingback Tone
EvEOD+EvNoLineRB EvTalk Accept EvToneReq(TnRingback) EvToneReq(TnNo)
EvAllRel EvTalkCancel
EvPutdown
StTalk
EvPickup EvTalkAccept
EvAllRel
EvEOR
StRing
EvConvReq EvToneReq(TnDial)
EvSOR
StIdle
EvPutdown
EvPickup
StDialTone
EvAllRel
EvSOD
StDialing
EvToneReq(TnNo) EvPutdown
EvDigitDialed
EvPutdown
StInvalid Tone
EvAllRel
EvEOD+EvNoInvalid
EvToneReq(TnInvalid)
EvPutdown
StBusy Tone
EvAllRel EvTrunkRel
EvPutdown
StTrunk
EvEOD+EvNoTrunkOK
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Summary
Summary (1)
Development Suggestions:
The switch unit can be implemented using digital technology. It needs major changes in hardware and software. Tone dialing can be supported by adding some hardware component to line boards. Of course some software modification is needed. Operator is another possible addition that can be implemented using a new hardware unit and its software drivers. Lots of services like diverting, auto answering, conferencing and monitoring and also logging can be supported by system just by adding required software routines.
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Summary (2)
Conclusion:
This project is an electrical and electronical circuit switching system, a PBX i.e a Private Branch eXchange that is implemented in analog technology. Mixture of electronics, communication, software and hardware theories and technologies are used to construct the project.
More Information:
All of project documents are in electronic form and are stored as PC files, please refer to them for more technical information. For information of the used microcontroller, please refer to the Intel official site: www.intel.com.
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