Luke Park's Guide to Korean Grammar

Korean Grammar for Smart Learners

Table of Contents
Welcome Korean Alphabets Korean Alphabets - Writing Practice Sentence Order Pronouns- This, It, That Nouns - Present, Past Nouns - Nominalizing Verbs Nouns - Numbers and Counting Adjectives - Present, Past Adjectives - Formal [Present, Past] Adjectives - Descriptive Adjectives - Connective Verbs - Present, Past Verbs - Formal [Present, Past] Verbs - Future [Will] Verbs - Continuous Verbs - Connective Verbs - Can Verbs - Have Verbs - Want Verbs - Descriptive I Verbs - Descriptive II Verbs - Speech Adverbs - Particles - , , , , Particles - // Particles - / Particles - , Particles - [only] Possessive - Conjunctions - And Conjunctions - But Conjunctions - Because, So Conjunctions - Because [] Conjunctions - If

Conjunctions - When Conjunctions - While 5W1H

Welcome to my blog! Welcome to my guide to Korean grammar! I hope that you find Korean grammar easy or at least it is not as difficult as you you first thought. I also hope that by studying these lessons you will develop new skills to read, write, speak and listen to Korean. This guide is unlike any Korean grammar books you find in the bookstore. I have tried to minimise any trivial explanations and made the rules easier to applicable. understand and readily applicable. I will put up many lessons that can be readily used in the real world. Many lessons will include spoken Korean which is quite different to written Korean in books. Another thing I hope you gain from these exercises is that by assimilating yourself into Korean culture you will gain understanding of how Koreans think and behave. Korean is a unique language that uses unique alphabets that differ from RomaAlphabetcharacterpopular languages such as Roma-Latin Alphabet-based, Chinese charactercharacterlanguages. Korean( ) based and Arabian character-based languages. Korean() was invented and developed by King Sejong and his scholars. Hangeul is simple in shape and easy to write. I value your comments and I welcome your feedbacks. Thank you and enjoy! Luke Park

Korean Alphabets
[ ] Hangeul [] - Korean Alphabets Here is a list of consonants and vowels in Korean. There are 14 consonants and 10 vowels, and there are further 5 double consonants and 11 double vowels. (In addition,

there are 11 final double consonants.) Please become familiar with these beautiful geometric shapes.

Click on the alphabets to listen to their respective pronunciations.

[Consonants] [Consonants] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = g n d l, r ( is a sound somewhere between l and r) m b s "no sound" when used as a first consonant, "ng" when used as a final consonant. j ch k t p h

[Vowels] [Vowels] = = = = = = = = = = a ya eo yeo o yo u yu eu i

[Double [Double consonants] = gg Click on the link to hear the difference between the sounds of , and . = dd Note the difference in sounds; , and . = bb Note the difference in sounds;, and . = ss Note the difference in sounds; and = jj Note the difference in sounds; , and

More links: , , , , [Double [Double Vowels] = = = = = = = = = = = ae yae (rarely used) e ye wa wae oe wo we (rarely used) wi ui

How To Form A Letter There are two ways to form a letter using any combination of 14 consonants and 10 vowels.
1. initial consonant + vowel 2. initial consonant + vowel + final consonant 1. Examples = + = ga = + = neo = + = do = + = lu/ru = + = meu = + = bi

2. Examples = + + = gag = + + = neon = + + = dod = + + = leul/reul = + + = jaeng

Letters with final consonants of , and , all sound the same. Thus , and will sound exactly the same.

Eg.

, , Their final consonants all sound the same. Click on the links to hear.

Now, below is a list of the final consonants and their respective sounds. Eg. // = // = ////// = = = = =

[] = fishing [] = kitchen [] = front [] = seed [] = day

For a more detailed explanation and audio files, click here.

When the initial consonant of second and/or third characters is , for example, and , the sound of the final consonant of each letter is pronounced with the next vowel. Because has no sound, is pronounced as and as . These are just made-up words to show you how these work. [] []

For more examples on this pronunciation, click on the link.

[Final [Final double consonants]

There are also 11 additional final double consonants. Their sounds are as follows. As you can see, the first consonant of the double consonants is pronounced. (except = , = and = ) I do not

recommend that you learn these exhaustively right away because that is a hard work and I rarely employed them in my grammar lessons anyway. So it would be better to come back to these when you come across them from time to time. Eg. = = = = = = = = = = =

[] = amount [] = sit [] = many [] = read [] = boil [] = spacious [] = a single way [] = lick [] = recite (a poem) [] = lose (a thing) [] = price

Excellent pronunciation lessons by Sogang Unversity

source: http://korean.sogang.ac.kr/

I also recommend listening to Korean audios and videos and try matching the sounds with the letters. That would be the quickest way to learn accurate pronunciations. You may want to watch these flash files and videos.

Sentence Order

Sentence Order A sentence in Korean begins with a subject and ends with a noun, a verb or an adjective. The suffix of a verb can be conjugated to form different tenses and other special forms many of which have been covered in this guide. It is therefore essential to learn basic conjugations. But you can start with a simple verb and change it to a past tense or a negative form. In Korean, there is a distinctive part of speech called, "particles for example, the particles" particles subject particle / and object particle /. Particles aid in identifying the subject, object etc. For notes on particles, see (Particles - , , , , ) S = Subject O = Object N = Noun V = Verb A = Adjective S+N
= I am a student = Lisa is a teacher = Andrew was a doctor = I am a middle school student [formal spoken form]

For more explanations on the S + N pattern, read Nouns - Present, Past

S+V = Ju-young runs [written form] = Ju-young runs [formal spoken form] = Ju-young vigorously runs

The adverb comes before the verb.

=I = Lisa = student = teacher = Ju-Young (a male name) = run

 = run (spoken form) = run (formal spoken form) = vigorously

For more on verbs, read Verbs - Present, Past & Verbs - Formal [Present, Past]

S+A = He is big = She is small = Anne is really pretty [written form] = Anne is really pretty [spoken form] = Anne is really pretty [formal spoken form] = The sea water is cold [formal spoken form] = The mountain is beautiful = The sky is really high and blue.

Read, Adjectives - Present, Past, Adjectives - Formal [Present, Past] & Adjectives - Connective

S+O+V = I ate an apple = Ji-sung drinks water ( 10) . = Young-hee ate snacks (last night around 10 o'clock). = The birds are singing songs. = Anna attends college (university) [written form] = Anna attends college (university) [spoken form]

Notice that the time( 10) is inserted between S and O.

=I = apple = ate = water = drink = yesterday = night = last night 10 = 10 o'clock = approximately, around

 = ate = a bird = birds = song = sing = attend = attend (spoken form) = attend (formal spoken form)

For notes on particles, see (Particles - , , , , )

However, the main difference between Korean and English would be the possibility of the omission of a subject in a sentence. A subject may not be used in a sentence if it is known who or what the subject is. So, the sentences below are also correct and it is common in spoken Korean (conversations). = (am/is) a student = (am/is) a teacher = (am/is) a doctor = (am/is) a middle school student = runs = vigorously runs = is big = is small = is really pretty = ate an apple = drinks water ( 10) . = ate snacks (last night around 10 o'clock). = sing songs

This, It and That

This, It and That One of the most frequently used words are "this, it and that".
This =

 Eg.

It = That =

. = This is a pencil. . = It is a blackboard. . = That is a flower.

However, in spoken Korean, , and changes to , , for more convenience in pronunciation. . . .

"Here, there and over there" are used similarly to "This, it and that".

Formal Here = There = Over there =

Informal Here = There = Over there =

Eg. ? = where is here?/where is this place? . = Here is Seoul / This place is Seoul

is also reduced to for easier pronunciation. - -

Sam: ? Where is toilet? Cindy: . Over there. Sam: ! Over there is exit! Cindy: .. . . Ahh... here. Sorry

Nouns - Present, Past

[ ] Nouns [] - Present and Past Tenses

The table shows four different ways of saying something about an apple. There are two main categories in Korean; written and spoken forms. You would use the former mostly in literature and occasionally in conversation when you declare something, and the latter in ordinary conversations. The particle, (Particles - , , , , ), is attached to a noun in the negative forms. However, in the spoken form, can be omitted when speaking.

Note: The verb ending, is used for nouns without a final consonant, and for nouns with a final consonant. Likewise, in the spoken form, is used for nouns without final consonant and for nouns with a final consonant. Also note that the identifier particle is used for words with a final particle, consonant instead of which is used for words without a final consonant. = apple [//] = pencil [//]

Factual/Declarative (Written) Positive

Present

Past

Negative

Dialogue/Conversation (Spoken) Positive

Present

Past

( ()

Negative

( ()

( ()

( ()

[] = apple [() ] = not apple [] = was apple [() ] = was not apple

I would say " (An apple)" to somebody when I am pointing it out and informing them about it. For example, I could say, " (An apple!)" when I and Joe were walking on the road and I found it on the tree. Then Joe could follow on by saying ", (No, it's a pear)" Notice that this time "" was " , used because Joe is clarifying what's already been said/declared. Here is a scenario again:

: ! : ! (Luke found an apple on the tree beside the road while Luke and Joe were driving past an

orchard)
, . : , . (Joe looked at it and he knew that it was a pear and told Luke that it was a pear)

Luke: An apple! Joe: No, it's a pear.

Formal Form

The table of the spoken form above illustrates the informal usage of spoken Korean, especially between close friends or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations. The table below shows the formal usage that would be used commonly between adults between people in formal adults, situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.

Note: changes to in the present tense, and is added to the past tense.

Formal Spoken Form Positive

Present

Past ( () ( ()

Negative

( () ( ()

For formal written form, changes to , and to .

One thing to notice in this formal written form is that is not attached to . So it is NOT . For present positives, regardless of the presence of the final consonant, is used.

Formal Written Form Positive

Present

Past

Negative

Nouns - Nominalizing Verbs

Nouns - Nominalizing Verbs To convert a verb to a noun: 1. Take off a plain verb (For a list of plain verbs, see Verbs - Present/Past) 2. Add to it
= reading = writing = listening = speaking = going = coming = watching = eating = sleeping = running = buying = selling = standing = sitting = living = dying

Eg. , , , . = When we learn a foreign language, reading, writing, listening and speaking are all very important. = foreign language = When we learn (To learn how to use "when", see Conjunctions - When)

 = all = very = important . = Esther liked watching Milan's blue sky.

= Milan (A city in Italy) = blue = sky = like . = Buying and selling are the business's basis.

= business = basis, foundation

Nouns - Numbers and Counting

Nouns - Numbers and Counting

Here is a list of numbers and how to read them. The easiest way to learn numbers is to begin with 1 to 10. If you know 1 to 10 by heart, you can read pretty much any number. For example, 10[] + 4[] = 14[] therefore you read 14 as . 10 is , 20 is and 80 is .

1= 2= 3= 4= 5= 6= 7= 8= 9= 10 = 11 = 12 = 13 = 20 = 30 = 50 = 70 =

80 = 100 = 101 = 107 = 120 = 150 = 200 = 202 = 537 = (500 =, 30 = , 7 = ) 1000 = 2000 = 2500 = 10000 = 10500 = (10000 = , 500 = ) 13847 =

When you count the number of things, they have different pronunciations. In this case, tens have their own unique pronunciations.

1 = 2= 3= 4= 5 = 6 = 7 = 8 = 9 = 10 = 11 = 12 = 13 = 17 = 20 = 21 = 22 = 23 = 30 = 40 = 50 = 60 =

70 = 75 = (70 = , 5 = ) 80 = 90 = 100 =

Adjectives - Present, Past

[Adjectives] Present [Adjectives] - Present and Past Tenses There are two tables below to help you see that there are two categories in Korean. The first table shows the written form usually used in writings and the second table shows the spoken form normally used in conversations. There are two ways of expressing negatives and "~" form which is more convenient to use is more common than the other.
Factual/Declarative (Written) Positive Negative Present Past

Dialogue/Conversation (Spoken) Positive Negative

Present

Past

The List of Common Adjectives

Present Positive High Low Big Written Spoken Written Past Spoken

Small (size) Spacious Cramped Many Small (quantity) Kind Fast Slow Handsome Ugly Easy Difficult Interesting Boring Hot Cold Warm Cool Wonderful Beautiful Pretty Humble Lovely

I. Present Tense(Written) Past Tense(Written)

Rules

1. For an adjective with a final consonant, add or . (For an adjective with or , add , and for an adjective with or , add )

Eg. (high) (small: quantity)

2. For an adjective with , take it off and add and .

Eg. to (pretty) to (big)

3. For an adjective with , take it off and add and .

Eg. (slow) (good-looking/handsome)

adjective . 4. For an adjective with as a final consonant, take it off and add .

Eg. (beautiful) (cold: temperature) (hot) (cold: feeling)

Irregular Eg. (fast) (dry)

II. Present Tense(Written) Present Tense(Spoken)

 Rules

First of all, take off and then:

1. For an adjective with a final consonant, add for / adjectives, and for / adjectives. (Note: Rules 2 to 5 override this rule)

Eg.

change 2. For an adjective with as a final letter, change it to .

Eg.

3. For an adjective with as a final consonant, take it off and add .

Eg.

4. For an adjective with and no final consonant, change to .

Eg.

adjective 5. For an adjective with l and no final consonant, change to .

Eg.

Irregular

III. Past Tense(Written) Past Tense(Spoken)

Adjectives - Formal [Present, Past]

Formal Form While the spoken form in (Adjectives - Present, Past) is used between close friends or close when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations The formal form situations. is used commonly between adults by people in formal situations or when younger adults, people are speaking to older people. There are two ways of expressing negatives and "~" form which is more convenient to use is more common than the other.

Just add
Formal Spoken Form Positive Negative Present Past

Below is a table showing the formal written form. It is factual and declarative and so it is usually used in formal speeches, presentations and conferences. The news anchors and reporters also use this form while the newspaper articles use the informal form. Many fairy tales and children's stories use this form, too.

Formal Written Form Positive Negative

Present

Past

Rules I. Present Tense Formal Written Form (Present)

First Take off an adjective, then:

. 1. For adjectives without a final consonant, add .

Eg. = fast = big = kind = slow

. 2. For adjectives with a final consonant, just add .

Eg. = small = many = easy = cold

II. Past Tense Formal Written Form (Past)

Take off the past tense and add = was hot (temperature) = was cold = was fast = was small (size) = was good

= was fun = was easy

Adjectives - Descriptive Form

Adjectives - Descriptive Form The Table of Common Adjectives and Their Descriptive Forms
Written Form High Low Big Small (size) Spacious Cramped Many Plain Positive Descriptive

Small (quantity) Kind Fast Slow Handsome Ugly Easy Difficult Interesting Boring Hot Cold Warm Cool

Wonderful Beautiful Pretty Humble Loving Red Yellow

When adjectives are used in front of nouns, they must be converted to descriptive forms and the following rules apply.

Rules
First, Take off and then,

1. Add to any one letter word with a final consonant. (Note: rules 2 and 3 override this rule.)

Eg. a small dwarf a thin arm a high sky

2. Add to any adjective ending with .

Eg. delicious food a good-looking car

a fun movie

3. If the final consonant of a final letter is or , replace it with .

Eg. a long pencil a red apple

4. If the final consonant of a final letter is , take it off and add .

Eg. = easy an easy problem/question = beautiful a beautiful flower = cold = hot

Exception: , NOT

consonant, 5. If the last letter doesn't have a final consonant, just add .

Eg. a cool car/nice car pretty shoes

Irregular a good man

However, this descriptive form is usually used in writings. In spoken Korean, it is more natural to say

"beautiful flowers" as ' ' rather than ' '

Spoken Korean (Adjectives - Present/Past)

The flower is beautiful. The car is good-looking. The question is easy.

And the more casual pattern would exclude / particles.

If you replace of a plain adjective with , for example, ?, it means "the flower is beautiful, isn't it?" ? (That) flower is beautiful isn't it? ? (That) car is good-looking, isn't it? ? (That) problem is easy, isn't it?

Formal Form

While the spoken form above is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger adults, people in informal situations The formal form is used commonly between adults by people in formal situations. situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.

Just add at the end of a sentence. The flower is beautiful The car is good-looking The question is easy ? The flower is beautiful isn't it? ? The car is cool, isn't it? ? The problem is easy, isn't it?

Note: is usually contracted and pronounced as . ? ? ?

Adjectives - Connective
Adjectives - Connective Form Rule Take off an adjective and add to it.

Written Form High Low Big Small (size) Spacious Cramped Many Small (quantity) Kind Fast Slow Handsome Ugly Easy Difficult Interesting Boring Hot Cold Warm Cool

Present

Connective

Wonderful Beautiful Pretty Humble Loving

The connective form of adjectives is used:

1. To list adjectives 2. To link one sentence to the next.

1. To list adjectives
If I am to say "kind, beautiful and humble" the adjectives must be changed to their connective forms except the last adjective which determines the tense of a sentence. Therefore, kind, beautiful and humble was kind, beautiful and humble

As you can see the last adjective determines the tense of each sentence.

2. To link one sentence to the next.

The example below shows that three sentences can be linked together by using the connective forms of adjectives. . (Yuri is kind) . (Mina is beautiful) . (Jinsu is humble)

, , .

= Yuri is kind, Mina is beautiful and Jinsu is humble.

Formal Form

While the spoken form above is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger

people in informal situations The formal form is used commonly between adults by people in formal situations. adults, situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.

Add at the end of sentences . (Yuri is kind) . (Mina is beautiful) . (Jinsu is humble)

, , .

= Yuri is kind, Mina is beautiful and Jinsu is humble.

Verbs - Present, Past

Verbs - Present and Past Tenses [Verbs] The plain form of verbs is almost never used in both written and spoken Korean. The only instance where the plain form is used is when it's listed in the dictionary. The plain form is the most basic form which can be conjugated to produce many other derivatives and tenses of verbs. There are two ways of expressing negatives and "~" form is more commonly used in spoken Korean. Examples of a plain form of verbs
= do = run = eat = go

Factual/Declarative (Written) Positive Negative

Plain

Present

Past

Dialogue/Conversation

Plain

Present

Past

(Spoken) Positive Negative

Note: The bold letters above indicate which one of the two alternatives is more commonly used in each context.

A Table of Commonly Used Verbs

Written Plain Run Eat Go Stand Come Sit Buy Sell Grow Throw Borrow Lend Present Past Spoken Present Past

Play Write Read Listen Live

Die

I. Plain Form Present Tense (Written)

Rules

1. For verbs with a final consonant, replace with

Eg. = eat eat an apple = walk A human-being walks = believe I believe Jesus

without 2. For verbs without a final consonant, replace with .

Eg. = sleep = Now birds sleep (= Now birds are sleeping) = go = Min-a goes to school

3. For verbs with as a final consonant, replace with .

Eg. = sell This shop sells fruits = live Ji-u lives here

II. Plain Form Past Tense (Written)

Rules

First Take off a verb, then:

1. For verbs without a final consonant, just add .

Eg. : + = = bought : + = = went : + = = grew

Note: becomes , NOT .

2. For verbs with a final consonant, add or . (For a verb with or , add , and for a verb with , or , add )

Eg. : + = = flew : + = = drove (a car), urged on (a horse) : + = = ate : + = = died : + = = pushed

3. For verbs with as a final verb, change it to and add .

Eg. : = threw : = borrowed : = to be loaded

4. For verbs with as a final vowel, replace it with and .

Eg. : = grew : = wrote : = sprouted

Irregular Verbs

Eg.

III. Plain Form Present Tense (Spoken)

Rules

1. For verbs with / and no final consonant, just take off.

Eg.

Exceptions: A verb with as a final letter, changes to .

Eg. (do) (want) (save)

2. For verbs with / and no final consonant, add for verbs and for verbs.

Eg. (procrastinate)

3. For a verb with as a final letter, add to a letter before and changes to for / verbs and for // verbs.

Eg.

(divide) (cut) (climb) (massage) (roll) (cross)

4. For a verb with l and no final consonant, change to .

Eg. = lose = win = throw

5. For a verb with a final consonant, first take off then add for / verbs, and for / verbs.

Eg. = sit = eat

Irregular = listen

IV. Past Tense (Written) Past Tense (Spoken)

simply change to . = ran = ate = went = came = drank

Verbs - Formal [Present, Past]

Verbs - Formal Form While the spoken form in (Verbs - Present, Past) is used between close friends or close

when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations The formal form situations. is used commonly between adults by people in formal situations or when younger adults, people are speaking to older people. There are two ways of expressing negatives and "~" form which is more convenient to use is more common than the other. Just add at the end of a sentence.
Formal Spoken Form Positive Negative Present Past

(go) (stand) (buy) (grow) (do) (want) (save) (sit) (eat)

Below is a table showing the formal written form. It is factual and declarative and so it is usually used in formal speeches, presentations and conferences. The news anchors and reporters also use this form while the newspaper articles use the informal form. Many fairy tales and children's stories use this form, too.

Formal Written Form Positive Negative

Present

Past

Rules

I. Plain Form Formal Written Form (Present)

First Take off a plain verb, then:

. 1. For verbs without a final consonant, add .

Eg. = buy = go = grow = do = throw = write = borrow

. 2. For verbs with a final consonant, just add .

Eg. = eat = die = listen = read

. 3. For verbs with as a final consonant, change to and add .

Eg. = fly = play = push

II. Past Tense Formal Written Form (Past)

Take off the past tense of a verb and add = went = came = ate = ran = wrote = read

= watched

Verbs - Future [Will]

[~ ] Verbs - Will [~] Study the rules and the table below. It should be easy to follow. There are two ways of expressing negatives and "~" form which is more convenient to use is more common than the other.

will do Written Form

won't do

Spoken Form

Note: The bold letters are the more commonly used form of the two alternatives in each box.

Rules: Will

1. Take off a verb without a final consonant and attach to it. eg. (will do) (will go) (will sleep)

2. Take off a verb with a final consonant and attach to it. eg. (will eat) (will wear) (will sit)

Rules: Won't
Take off a verb and attach to it.

eg. (won't do) (won't go) (won't sleep) (won't eat) (won't wear) (won't sit)

Example Sentences ? = Will you go home? = John will enter the museum = I will play the guitar in my room = Sarah will swim = David will beat Goliath

= home = John = enter = guitar = play (the instrument) = Sarah = swim = David = Goliath

Question Form

Raise the tone of your voice at the last syllable to turn it into a question form. ? (Will you watch Olympics?) ? (Will you do(play) soccer?) ? (Will you wash?/Will you take a shower?/Will you take a bath?) ? (Will you sleep already?) ? (Won't you go to school?) ? (Won't you have lunch?) ? (Won't you read this book?)

Formal Form

While the spoken form above is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations The formal form is used commonly between adults by people in formal situations. adults, situations or when younger people are speaking to older people. I. Informal (Spoken) Formal (Spoken)

Rule:
eg. = I will do = I will eat = I won't run

Formal Spoken Form

Will do

Won't do

? = Will you go home? = John will enter the museum = I will play the guitar in my room = Sarah will swim = David will beat Goliath ? (Will you watch Olympics?) ? (Will you do(play) soccer?) ? (Will you wash?/Will you take a shower?/Will you take a bath?) ? (Will you sleep already?) ? (Won't you go to school?) ? (Won't you have lunch?) ? (Won't you read this book?)

II. Informal (Written) Formal (Written)

Rule:
eg. = I will do

= I will eat = I won't run

Will do Formal Written Form

Won't do

Verbs - Contiunous
[~ ] Verbs - Contiunous [~ ] There are two ways of expressing negatives and "~" form which is more convenient to use is more common than the other.
Written Form Positive Negative Plain Form Present Continuous

Written Form Positive Negative

Past

Past Continuous

Rules

Take off and add for the positive form and for the negative form.

Note: Replace with / to change a written form to its spoken form.

Eg. = is writing = Peter is writing a book. = is listening

= Paul is listening to a sermon = I am eating lunch = Julia is not running = The baby was not sleeping = The English guardsman was standing continuously in front of the Buckingham Palace.

Spoken Form

Spoken Form Positive Negative

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Formal Form

While the spoken form above is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations The formal form is used commonly between adults by people in formal situations. adults, situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.

Just add at the end of a sentence.

Formal Spoken Form Positive Negative

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Formal Spoken Form Formal Written Form Rule: changes to

Formal Written Form Positive Negative

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Verbs - Connective Form

Verbs - Connective Form Rule Take off a verb and add to it. Common The Table of Common Verbs and Their Connective Forms
Written Form Plain Run Eat Go Stand Come Sit Buy Sell Grow Throw Borrow Lend Play Write Read Listen to Live Die Connective

The connective form of verbs is used:

1. To list verbs 2. To link one sentence to the next.

1. To list verbs
For example, to say "run, eat and go," the verbs are changed to their connective forms except the last verb which determines the tense of a sentence. Therefore, run, eat and go ran, ate and went running, eating and going will run, eat and go want to run, eat and go

As you can see the last verb decides the tense of each sentence.

2. To link one sentence to the next.

The example below shows that three sentences can be linked together by using the connective forms of verbs. . (Yuri goes to school) . (Jinsu plays outside) . (Mina reads)

, , .

= Yuri goes to school, Jinsu plays outside and Mina reads.

However, when verbs are used to link sentences, the tense of each verb is independent and the last verb does not affect the tense of other verbs. . (Yuri went to school) . (Jinsu will play outside) . (Mina reads (=Mina is reading)

, , . = Yuri went to school, Jinsu will play outside and Mina is reading.

More examples
Eg. I ate and slept read and heard = do = play[muck around] = first (of all) Do homework first then play . = This shop sells and buys meat. = shop = this shop = meat

Verbs - Can
[~ ] Verbs - Can [~ ]
Informal Written Spoken Can do Could do

Informal Written Spoken

Can't do

Couldn't do

Note: In spoken Korean, and are more commonly used than and .

Rules
. 1. Take off a plain form of verbs without a final consonant and attach . For verbs which . have as a final consonant, attach .

Eg. (can do) (can go) (can see) (can drink) (can run) (can sleep) (can play/muck around) (can live) (can fly)

add . 2.Take off a verb with a final consonant and add .

Eg. (can eat) (can wear) (can sit) (can catch)

Exceptions (can hear) (can walk)

"can't 3. Insert in front of the spoken form of positive informal verbs to express "can't do" and "couldn't do."

Eg. (can't do) (can't come) (can't see) (can't go) (can't hear) (can't eat) (couldn't go) (couldn't hear) (couldn't eat)

Example Sentences = A cheetah can run fast.

= A lark can fly in the sky. = Solomon can solve a difficult riddle. . = A pet cannot enter the museum. = I can play the guitar. = I can't eat seafood. = Because I was sick, I couldn't go to school.

= cheetah = fast, quickly = fly = lark = John = museum = enter = guitar = play (the instrument) = Sarah = swim = Solomon = difficult = riddle = solve = sick = seafood

Formal Form

Formal Written Spoken

Can do

Could do

Formal Written Spoken

Can't do

Couldn't do

Note:

The informal spoken form is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger adults, people in informal situations The formal form is used commonly between adults by people in formal situations.

situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.

and are more commonly used than and .

Rules
1. Informal (Written) Formal (Written) . - Replace with .

2. Informal (Spoken) Formal (Spoken)

- Attach at the end of a sentence.

Example Sentences = A cheetah can run fast. = A lark can fly in the sky. = Solomon can solve a difficult riddle. . = A pet cannot enter the museum. = I can play the guitar. = I can't eat seafood. = Because I was sick, I couldn't go to school.

Verbs - Have
( ) ( ) Verbs - Have () / Don't have () There are two ways of expressing negatives and "~" form which is more convenient to use is more common than the other.

Written Form

Have

Don't have

Spoken Form

Have

Don't have

() Have ()

Expressing that you have/own something is easy to do. You use a verb, . essentially means "there is." Although there is a word for "have" which is " ". It is not commonly used in spoken Korean because it is just too long to say so we use instead "". written form spoken form

Sentences
Written Form = I have a book (Lit. There is a book) = I have a mobile phone = I have a watch = I have a book = I have a mobile phone

Spoken Form () () () () ()

Note: 1. Use / with "" and / with " ". 2. The object particles are normally unspoken.

When you have a brother or sister, you CANNOT use " " because it implies the ownership. You don't own a brother or sister but simply there is a brother or sister in your family. So you must use .

For example, Written Form (I have a younger brother)

(I have a younger sister)

Spoken Form () (I have a younger brother) () (I have an older brother) () (I have an older sister)

( ) Don't have ()

means "don't have" or literally "there isn't." The negative form of is or more commonly .

For example, Written Form have don't have (Lit. there isn't) have don't have

Spoken Form have don't have (Lit. there isn't) have don't have

Sentences
Written Form (I don't have a book) (I don't have a mobile phone) (I don't have a watch) (I don't have/own a book) (I don't have/own a mobile phone)

Spoken Form ()

() () () ()

Question Form

In spoken Korean, you'd simply change your intonation by raising the tone at the last letter. To practice this, you'd need to watch Korean dramas or other TV programmes. Listen carefully to actors' intonation when they're asking or questioning. () ? (Do you have a younger brother?) () ? (Do you have an older brother?) () ? (Do you have an older sister?) () ? (Don't you have a book?) () ? (Don't you have a mobile phone?) () ? (Don't you have a watch?)

Formal Form

While the spoken form above is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger adults, people in informal situations The formal form is used commonly between adults by people in formal situations ations. situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.

I. Informal (Spoken) Formal (Spoken)

Just add at the end of a sentence.

Formal Spoken Form

Have

Don't have

? (Do you have a younger brother?) ? (Do you have an older brother?) ? (Do you have an older sister?) ? (Don't you have a book?)

? (Don't you have a mobile phone?) ? (Don't you have a watch?)

II. Informal (Written) Formal (Written)

Formal Written Form

Have

Don't have

Verbs - Want
[~ ] Verbs - Want [~ ]
Informal Written Form Positive Negative Present Past

Informal Spoken Form Positive Negative

Present

Past

Note: and both mean "I don't want to do." However, In written Korean, is more commonly used whereas in spoken Korean, is more commonly used. literally means "I hate to do."

The bold letters indicate which one is more commonly used.

Rule
/ / / / / Take off a plain form of verbs and attach / / / / / etc.

Examples (Written Form) = I want to do. = I want to eat. = I wanted to fly. = I did't want to play. = I didn't want to drink. = I didn't want to eat a banana. = I wanted to fly in the sky.

Examples (Spoken Form) = I want to do. = I want to eat. = I wanted to fly. = I don't want to play. = I didn't want to drink. = I don't want to eat a banana. = I didn't want to fly in the sky.

Questions (Spoken Form) ? = Do you want to sleep? . . = Yes, I want to sleep. ? = What do you want to eat? . = I want to eat noodles. ? = Where do you want to go? . = I want to go to a park.

Formal Form

Formal Written Form Positive

Present

Past

Negative

Formal Spoken Form Positive Negative

Present

Past

Note: The informal spoken form is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations The formal form is used commonly between adults, by people in situations. adults formal situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.

Rules
. For the formal written form, the suffix , , is replaced by . For the formal spoken form, attach at the end of a sentence.

Examples (Written Form) = I want to do. = I want to eat. = I wanted to fly. = I did't want to play. = I didn't want to drink.

Examples (Spoken form) = I want to do. = I want to eat. = I wanted to fly. = I did't want to play. = I didn't want to drink.

More examples ? = Do you want to sleep? . . = Yes, I want to sleep. ? = What do you want to eat? . = I want to eat noodles.

? = Where do you want to go? . = I want to go to a park.

In addition: When talking about a third person, ' ' is used instead of , and ' ' instead of .

Examples = Luke wants to go to the theatre. = Sunmi wants to drink an apple juice.

Verbs - Descriptive Form I

Verbs - Descriptive Form I The descriptive form I of verbs takes the meaning of "~ing." (ie. Continuous), or is used as a present tense clause involving "which, that, who etc.".

Written Form Positive Negative

Plain

Descriptive I

The Table of Common Verbs and Their Descriptive Forms I Written Form Run Eat Go Stand Come Sit Buy Sell Plain Descriptive I

Grow Throw Borrow Lend Play Write Read Listen to Live Die

These descriptive forms I are used in front of nouns to describe them, and form a present tense clause involving "who, which, that" of English. For example, the descriptive form I of is and means a "train which goes". Literally, means "going" therefore = a going train.

Rules

First, take off a verb and then,

1. add

Eg. = eating a dwarf who eats an apple (= Lit. an apple-eating dwarf) = sleeping a princess who sleeps (= Lit. A sleeping princess) = dying a soldier who is dying (= Lit. a dying soldier) = not believing/unbelieving Thomas who does not believe (= Lit. unbelieving Thomas)

2. Take off a verb with a final consonant, and add .

Eg.

= selling A shop which sells antiques (= Lit. An antique-selling shop) A place where I'm living (= Lit. A living place)

More examples = A cactus which grows in the desert (= Lit. A desert-growing cactus) . = All the books that I read are informative.

Verbs - Descriptive Form II

Verbs - Descriptive Form II The descriptive form II of verbs takes the meaning of "~ed." (ie. past tense) or is used "~ed." as a past tense clause involving "who, which, that etc.".

Written Form Positive Negative

Plain

Descriptive II

The Table of Common Verbs and Their Descriptive Forms II

Written Form Run Eat Go Stand Come Sit Buy Sell Grow

Plain

Descriptive II

Throw Borrow Lend Play Write Read Listen to Live Die

Verbs can be used in front of nouns to describe them, and form a past tense clause involving "who, which, that" of English. For example, the descriptive form II of is and means a "train which left". Literally, means "left" therefore = a left train

Rules

First, First, take off a verb and then,

1. For verbs with a final consonant, add

Eg. = ate a dwarf who ate an apple = died/dead a dead soldier (= a soldier who died) = disbelieved Thomas who disbelieved = read (past tense) an article that I read

2. For verbs without a final consonant and verbs with as a final consonant, replace it with as a final consonant.

Eg.

= borrowed a book which I borrowed (Lit. a borrowed book) = wrote = the gospel which St. Luke wrote = stopped = a place where the bus stopped

Sentences: Negatives
= didn't wait a servant who didn't wait for the Lord = didn't eat = a dog who didn't eat food = didn't give up = Job who didn't give up till the end

Verbs - Spoken Form

Verbs The Spoken Form of Verbs The following dialogue between two close friends involve the informal spoken forms of verbs. = = well = shopping yes = am = pm = I'll go first

This dialogue should be easy to comprehend. = The conversation starts : , ? : . : ?

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

. . ? 9 . ? . ? . . ? . ~ ? . ? . ? 3 . ? . . . ~ ~

Sang-u: Ji-u, what are you doing? Ji-u: I'm eating. Sang-u: Where are you going? Ji-u: I'm going to school. Sang-u: When are you going? Ji-u: At 9 o'clock. Sang-u: Why? [are you going to school?] Ji-u: I study at school. Sang-u: Is it fun? Ji-u: Yes, it's fun. Sang-u: How do you study? Ji-u: My teacher teaches me. Sang-u: Ahh... really? Ji-u: Yeap. How about you? Sang-u: I'll go shopping Ji-u: When? Sang-u: At 3 o'clock pm. Ji-u: Did you have a meal? Sang-u: Yes. I have. I'll go first then. Bye~ Ji-u: Bye~ This is a conversation between Sang-u and Ji-u. This is a type of conversation that is common between close friends, yet it is extremely simple to understand even for beginners of Korean. So pay attention to how these "spoken forms" are used.

 A list of written forms and their respective spoken forms. Written Form - Spoken Form [For detailed explanation, refer to (Verbs - Present, Past)]

go = - come = - do = - eat = - give = - receive = - play = - sleep = - run = - teach = - learn = - These spoken forms are informal so you should only use them with very close friends.

Adverbs -
Adverbs -
Adjective Positive Negative Present Adverb

Note: is more commonly used in written Korean while is more common in spoken Korean.

Rules
tense 1. Take off an adjective of the present tense and attach / to it. 2. Attach to a positive form of adverbs to turn it into its negative form.

Written

Present

Adverb

High Low Big Small (size) Spacious Delicious Many Small (quantity) Kind Fast Slow Handsome

, ,

Note:

Adverbs come just before verbs to describe actions.

, and each have two adverbial forms. , and are more commonly used than , and .

sentences Example sentences = I ate my steak deliciously. = A tortoise walks slowly = I ate a big meal. (Lit. I ate a meal a lot.) ! = Let's go home quickly! . = Cheol-su ran fast to the finish line. = Seong-u made a large cake. (Lit. Seong-u made his cake big.) = The higher a bird flies, the farther it sees. (Lit. A bird which flies high sees afar.)

Particles Particles - , , , ,
/ [Subject Particle]

/ is used at the beginning of a sentence and introduces the subject/topic. is used for verbs without a final consonant, and for verbs with a final consonant. This is for the convenience of pronunciation. It is easier to say than , and alternatively, it is easier to say than . = = = Eg.
= I am kind = You are big = He was small = sky is high = human is intelligent = I ate = I studied = John left

I You He = She

[Additive Particle]

is used in the similar way as /. However adds the meaning of "also and too." Note also that is referring to the subject and not the rest of the sentence. ie. NOT verbs

Eg. = I, too, am kind = You, too, are big = He, too, was small. = sky also is high = human also is intelligent = I, too, ate = I, too, studied = John, too, left

Note:

Eg. = David was a king. = Solomon, too, was a king.

The additive meaning refers to and the sentence above shows that not only was David a king but Solomon, too, was a king. always refers to the subject it has been attached to.

If we want to attach the additive meaning not to the subject but to the rest of the sentence then is used instead at the beginning of a sentence.

Eg. = David was a shepherd. = David was also a king.

refers to and NOT the subject . Therefore David was both a shepherd and king.

/ [Object Particle]

/ is the object particle. It is used for a word that is the object of the verb.

Eg. = I ate noodles [Lit. noodles ate] = read a book = drank coke TV = watched TV

The only difference between and is that is used for nouns with no final consonant, and for nouns without a final consonant for pronunciation's sake.

/ [Identifier Particle]

/ is used similarly as / but / is used when it is necessary to identify the person/thing.

Eg. = I bought [ when used before ] = I bought

They both mean "I bought" but identifies the subject, "I", and so puts more emphasis on the subject rather than the rest of the sentece whereas emphasizes . So in , it is

more concerned about "WHO" bought while is more concerned about what I "DID" "DID".

= I bought [It wasn't anyone else but it was I who bought] = I bought [I bought rather than doing something else]

It is like in English where a person is raising his intonation on "I" to identify oneself as a person who did something.

Eg.

Who bought a new t-shirt?

= I bought

Note: it is wrong to say, , because the person is asking who it was that bought.

What did you do in the city?

. [I bought shoes shoes]

Note: The person is asking what I did in the city and so it is unnecessary to use the identifier particle. The person asking the question already knows that it was I who did something in the city. Therefore is used rather than .

Here again, is used for words without a final consonant and for words with a final consonant. TV . = Dad watched TV. = I drank . = Little brother ate. = The sky is high. = The house is big.

[Time/Place Particle]

is used for any words related to time and place. particle is used between the subject and the verb.

= Sam = Korea = Jenny 5 = May [Thus 1 is January, 2 is February and so on.] = Sam, to Korea, went. [Sam went to Korea] 5 = Jenny, in May, came. [Jenny came in May]

You can also make a long sentence.

5 . = Jenny, to Korea, in May, at AM, came. [Jenny came to Korea in May, AM.]

Note: is used for words both with or without a final consonant. = at school = at hospital

/ Particles - //
/ Particles - // [Dative Particle] The dative particle, /, is mainly used for someone/something to whom you are giving something. is a honorific form, is a formal form and is an informal form. Eg. 1 = To my father, I gave a present. = = Father present = give (honorific form) = gave (honorific form)

Eg.2 = To my dad, I gave a present. = = Dad present = give (honorific form) = gave (honorific form)

Eg.3 . = To older sister, I gave water = older sister = water = give = gave ()// is used when you are receiving something from someone.

Again, () is an honorific form, is formal and is informal. Eg.1 = From the president, I received a prize.

Eg.2 = From mum, I received a letter = = = mum letter receive = received

Eg. 2 = From older brother, I heard news = older brother = news = hear = heard

/ Particles - /
/ Particles - / (Exception: Use for words that have a final consonant and for words that don't. (Exception: Use for words that have as a final consonant.) e.g. = by truck = by/with a computer = by/with pencil / I. / is used for tools/methods/transport with which you do something. Eg.1

= With scissors, I cut a paper. = With a pencil, I drew a picture. = With a bow, I did hunting.

= scissors = paper = cut = cut (past) = pencil = picture = draw = drew = bow = hunting = do = did = do hunting

Eg. 2 = With his good brain, David beat Goliath. = By my imagination, I saw the heaven. = With its large beak, the gull caught a fish.

= David = good = head (brain) = Goliath = win/beat = imagination = heaven = see = saw = a gull = big, large = beak = fish = catch = caught

Eg. 3 = By a plane, I went to an island.

1 = By car, it takes an hour to school. KTX 3 = By KTX, it takes 3 hours to go from Seoul to Busan.

= plane = island = go = went = car = school = hour = take (time) = take (time) KTX = Korea Train Express

/ II. / is used for a destination/place for which you are headed. = I am headed for the heaven = a door for entering the heaven = Naomi left for Moab = Jim went home.

The difference between / and / is that / emphasises where one is headed/has gone whereas / doesn't. = I went home. (I didn't go to any other place.)

, Particles - , [From, to; at/in]

, , [From, to] and are used after places/times just like "from" and "to" in English. Example sentences
= From home to school 1 2 = From 1pm to 2pm = I came from England = I climbed up to the summit of the mountain. = Come back by evening

= England

 = mountain summit = evening

[At/in] [At/in]

is used after places to mean that something is happening at a particular place.

Example sentences . = At school, we played American football. = At a Japanese restaurant, I ate sushi. = In a park, we played badminton. = In my room, I studied. = In the bathroom, I had a shower.

= American football = Japanese restaurant = sushi = park = badminton = room = study (noun) = studied = bathroom/toilet = shower = had a shower (Lit. did a shower) Note: In spoken Korean, / is usually omitted. For example: (I studied) ( I had a shower) (I had dinner)

Particles - [only]
[Only Particle]

 essentially means "only" and it is used after a noun. Sometimes, is used before a noun to emphasize the "only-ness."
. = Only I left. TV . = Only Dad watched TV. . = Only Ruth came to Israel. . = I drank only water. . = Stephen bought only shoes. . . = Only I ate. . = Only Paul studied Korean. . = Only John left.

can be also used for nominalized verbs.(Nouns - Nominalizing Verbs) In this case, is attched after a nominalized verb.

Eg. . = I did only eating. 1 . = Paul, for a week, did only studying Korean. . = The koala, which I saw at the zoo, did only sleeping.

= The koala, which I saw at the zoo For a detailed explanation of the descriptive verb, see (Verbs - Descriptive I)

Possessive -
Possessive - Rule Add to a noun. (Note: mainly used in a written form) Eg.
+ = my + = your + = his + = her

However, in most spoken Korean, they are simplified for easier pronunciation.

Eg. (pronounced ) / , (not commonly used) (who) (whose)

For all possessives, only and () are commonly used in spoken Korean. In most cases is omitted.

Eg. Eg My car = Your shoes = (pronounced ) Michael's car = (written form) or (spoken form)

Notice that has been omitted, and has been simplified to . ? (Whose car is it?) () (You can either answer by saying or )

In spoken Korean, 'he/she' or 'his/her' are rarely (almost never) used. Instead, his/her name is addressed as a subject in a first sentence, and then omitted for sentences following. This is the same for possessive forms. Instead of 'his/her', 'Michael's/Lisa's' are used.

Eg. Lisa's friend1: . (Lisa's handbag is really pretty) Lisa's friend2: ? . (Really? I, too, want to buy that)

Another thing to note is that is attached to a personal name if a noun being possessed is a group/organisation. (Spoken Form) Lisa's friend1: (Lisa's house is really big) Lisa's friend2: . (Lisa's school, too, is big)

Note: A school, house, company and country are some of the 'group/organisation' nouns that require attached to a personal name which are being possessive. Any other personal items such as one's bag, car and so on do not need attached to a personal name.

Conjunctions - And
[and] can only be used between sentences. Yesterday = Book = Banana = read = read[past] = sleep = slept = Eg.
. . [Yesterday, read book. And slept.] . . [Banana is delicious. And sweet.]

The two sentences are linked by but they are still separate. To link two or more sentences into one sentence, please refer to Verbs - Connective.

/ ['and' for nouns]

/ is used for nouns. Use after nouns without a final consonant, and for nouns with a final consonant. / is only used to join nouns.

Eg. = Sea and Mountain = You and I = rice and bread = book, pencil and paper

Conjunctions - But
[But] can only be used between sentences. Book = Banana =

read = want to read = wanted to read = (Verbs - Want) sleep = slept = like = (plain) like = (present) (Verbs - Present/Past) Eg.
. . [I wanted to read a book. But I slept.] . . [Banana is delicious. But I don't like it]

The two sentences are linked by but they are still separate.

~/~ [But] /~

To link two or more sentences into one sentence, ~ or ~ are used.

For verbs, add to Verbs - Descriptive I For adjectives, add to Adjectives - Descriptive

Eg. = write but , = I write words but I cannot read = live but , = It lives in the water but it cannot live on the ground = difficult but = A foreign language is difficult to learn but it's interesting.

For verbs and adjectives, add to a plain form without .

Eg. = write but , = I write words but I cannot read = live but , = It lives in the water but it cannot live on the ground = difficult but

= A foreign language is difficult to learn but it's interesting.

Conjunctions - Because, So
[~ Conjunctions - Because and So [~] ~ has many usages and "because and so" is one of them.

Rules
Add to a spoken form of the present tense of verbs or adjectives. (Adjectives Present/Past, Verbs - Present/Past)
= Because (I) do / (I) do and so

= Because (you) go / (you) go and so = Because (you) leave / (you) leave and so = Because (I) like / (I) like and so = Because (you) eat / (you) eat and so = Because (I) catch / (I) catch and so = Because (he's) fast / (he's) fast and so = Because (it's) high / (it's) high and so = Because (she's) small / (she's) small and so = Because (it's) big / (it's) big and so

Example Sentences = Because I play basketball, I'm tall. = I play basketball and so I'm tall. = Because he's gone to Korea, now he's not in America. = He's gone to Korea and so he's not in America. = Because a tree is big, I like it. = A tree is big and so I like it. = Because I like science, I went to college. = I like science and so I went to college.

= Because the building is high, we have to use an elevator. = The building is high and so we have to use an elevator.

= basketball = Korea = America = tree = science = college/university = building = elevator

[ ] Conjunctions - So []

A sentence containing ~ can be divided into two separate sentences and is used to link them.

Example sentences . . = I play basketball. So I'm tall. . . = He's gone to Korea. So he's not in America. . . = A tree is big. So I like it. . . = I like science. So I went to college. . . = The building is high. So we have to use an elevator.

[ ] Conjunctions - Because []
[ , ] ; Conjunctions - Because [; , ] is more frequently used in written Korean and ~ is favoured in spoken Korean because of its brevity.

Rules
Take off a plain form and past tenses of verbs and adjectives and then attach . . (But NOT a present tense of verbs ie. is wrong! is right!)
= Because I do

= Because I go = Because I buy = Because I see = Because I eat = Because I like = Because I did = Because I went = Because I ate = Because it's big = Because it's small = Because it's hot = Because it's cold = Because there is a lot = Because it's long = Because it's delicious = Because it was high = Because it was pretty = Because it was fast = Because it was strong

Example sentences ~ - Compare and contrast and ~. . = Because I like Chinese food, I ate Chinese food. (Written Korean) . = Because I like Chinese food, I ate Chinese food. (Spoken Korean) = Because I like Chinese food, I ate Chinese food. (Spoken Korean) Conjunctions - Because, So . = Because I go to school early in the morning, I got up early. = Because I go to school early in the morning, I got up early. . = Because the winter is cold, people wear warm clothes. = Because the winter is cold, people wear warm clothes. . = Because on the internet, there is a lot of false information, we should be careful about what we read. . = Because on the internet, there is a lot of false information, we should be careful about what we read

Note: The object particle, /, is omitted and some words are abbreviated in the spoken form. For example,

Although it is less commonly used, a sentence containing two clauses can be divided into two sentences using and . is attached to the front of a second clause and replaces . . . = I ate Chinese food because I like Chinese food. . () . = I ate Chinese food because I like Chinese food. . . = I got up early because I go to school early in the morning. . () . = I got up early because I go to school early in the morning.

Note: is abbreviated to or it is altogether omitted in spoken Korean. is mainly used in literature and the news reporters use it often. However, people still use occasionally in conversations instead of ~, especially when one wants to explain and reason.

Conjunctions - If
[~ ] Conjunctions - If [~/] ~/ is used after a verb and the clause containing ~ must always come first and its meaning is "if I do such and such."

Rules
off 1. Take off a plain verb and add to it.
= If (I) do = If (you) go

= If (you) throw

2. Take off a verb with a final consonant and add to it. Eg. = If I go to school, I can study. = If you go to med school, you can become a doctor. = If you bring (me) a book, I will read (it) to you. = If (I) like = If (you) eat = If (I) catch

= school = can do = med school = doctor = can become = book = bring = read

Conjunctions - When
[~ Conjunctions - When [~ ] Rules verbs(Verbs - Present/Past) then: First, take off a plain form of verbs( )

~ 1. Add ~ to verbs with a final consonant

= when I eat = when I sit = when I believe = when I die

~ 2. Add ~ to verbs without a final consonant. = when I go

= when I come = when I sleep = when I buy

~ 3. Add ~ to verbs with as a final consonant Eg. . = When we were eating dinner, the rain came. . = When you sit on the chair, be careful. . = When the soldier was dying, he left a message. . = When I go to school, I go by car. . = When I come home, I visit my friend's house. . = When we sleep, we dream. = When people buy food, they go to a supermarket. = when I sell = when I live = when I play (muck around)

Take off and add ~ to the past tense of verbs ~ Eg. Note: came. . = When we were eating dinner, the rain came . . = When we were eating dinner, the rain came. . = When I lived in Chicago, I learned English. , = When we played outside, the weather was good. = when I ate = when I sat = when I believed = when I died = when I sold = when I lived = when I played (mucked around)

both or can be used and they mean the same thing. This is because the final verb, determines the tense of a sentence. The former is a more casual , form than the latter.

Conjunctions - While
[~( ] Conjunctions - While [~()]

Rules
1. Take off a plain form of verbs with no final consonant and add to it.
= while doing = while going = while giving = while buying = while watching = while speaking = while drinking = while sleeping

2. Take off a plain form of verbs with a final consonant and add to it. = while eating = while receiving = while looking for = while reading

Exceptions = while walking = while listening

Example sentences

Written Korean . = While doing exercise, I watched Matrix. . = While listening to music, I studied geography. . = While sleeping, Homer snored. . = At Starbucks, while reading a magazine, Minji drank coffee. . = While going to work by car, Junho listened to radio.

Spoken Korean . = While doing exercise, I watched Matrix . = While listening to music, I studied geography. () . = While sleeping, Homer snored. () . = At Starbucks, while reading a magazine, Minji drank coffee. () . = While going to work by car, Junho listened to radio.

= Matrix (The movie) = music, song = geography = Homer (a male name as in Simpsons) = Minji (a female name) = Starbucks = magazine = coffee = work, company = radio = Junho (a male name) Note: The spoken Korean usually omits a subject because it is usually understood by the speakers as to who they are talking about. For example, if I were talking about myself, I wouldn't need to use to say something about me because it is assumed that I am talking about me. Likewise, the third person subjects like and can also be omitted when a person being talked about is already known by people having a conversation. The object particle, /, is omitted in spoken Korean.

5W1H
Where, 5W1H - When, Where, Who, What, How and Why Note: Please refer to Verbs - Present/Past for the spoken form of verbs. When, where, who, what, how and why are very useful words to make a question and they are convenient to use in conversations with friends. Here are some simple sentences. You may hear these this pattern of the speech a lot from Korean dramas,

animations, and people. To show you how they are used, I've made simple sentences using the verb,"go".
When: ? = When do you go? (Lit. when go?) Where: ? = Where do you go? Who: ? = Who is going? What: ? = What is going? How: ? = How do you go? Why: ? = Why do you go?

Note: The subject is usually omitted.

Eg. Sam: I will go to school. Jenny: ? [Here, it would mean 'When will you go?'] Sam: Peter told me that we are going to a museum! Jenny: ? [When are we going?] ? = When do you come? ? = Why do you hit me? ? = Why do you cry? ? = What do I give to you? or What do you give to me? [Depends on the context]

Honorific Form

While the spoken form above is used between close friends or when older people are talking to younger adults ults, people in informal situations The honorific form is used commonly between adults by people in formal situations. situations or when younger people are speaking to older people.

Just add at the end of a sentence. When: ? = When do you go? (Lit. when go?) Where: ? = Where do you go? Who: ? = Who is going? What: ? = What is going? How: ? = How do you go? Why: ? = Why do you go? ? = When do you come?

? = Why do you hit me? ? = Why do you cry? ? = What do I give to you? or What do you give to me? [Depends on the context]