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Reference Tables For Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE: Specific Heats of Common Materials Radioactive Decay Data
Reference Tables For Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE: Specific Heats of Common Materials Radioactive Decay Data
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cm 1
2 3
MATERIAL
Liquid water Solid water (ice) Water vapor Dry air Basalt Granite Iron Copper Lead
SPECIFIC HEAT
(Joules/gram C)
C K
14
N
Ar Ca
40
40 40
238
206
Pb
87
Rb
87
Sr
10
Equations
Eccentricity = Gradient = distance between foci length of major axis
6 7 8 9 10
Properties of Water
Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g Density at 3.98C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
11
12
13 14
15 16
HYDROSPHERE
Percent by volume
TROPOSPHERE
Percent by volume
17
33.0
21.0
18 19 20 21
22 23
2010 EDITION
This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 20092010 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.
Eurypterus remipes
24 25
Lake Ontario
Tug Hill Plateau Erie-Ontario Lowlands (Plains)
Champlain Lowlands
Lake Erie
Allegheny Plateau The Catskills
u ea
Key
s) nd a pl U
at Pl
Major geographic province boundary Landscape region boundary State boundary International boundary
ala c hi an
Ap p
N Lo ewa w lan rk ds
C ntic a Atl
0
ew En (H gl ig and hl an Pr d ov
Miles 0 10 20 30 40 50 80 20 40 60 Kilometers
lain al P t oas
N W S E
s)
in c
Interior Lowlands
Adirondack Mountains
ar a River ag Ni
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition Dominantly sedimentary origin
CRETACEOUS and PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, basalt, and diabase (Palisades sill) PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales DEVONIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates SILURIAN also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite. SILURIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones
NG LO
S AND I SL
OUND
ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN
} }
}
}
}
Miles 0 10 20 30 40 50
W
N E
CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles Lines are generalized structure trends. MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks
80
S
20 40 60 Kilometers
we g ia
re tG es W
60
Kam c
. aC atk h a s ka C Al
. E
re tG as
l en r No
an d
nC .
Arctic Ocean
C.
. dC lan en
Canary C.
.
Florida C.
Ku
20
India
North
Equatorial Countercurrent
roshio
rn lifo
40
Oyash io
as
C.
Ag ulh
ra lia C .
Per u C.
60
Falkla nd
Antarctic Circumpo
lar Current
C.
r c ti Anta
B en gue la C.
40
st West Au
East Australi
Br a z il C .
4
Greenland
Arctic Circle (66.5 N)
20
40
60
80
80
C or ad br La
Asia
C.
.
North Pacific C.
North Atlantic C.
Europe
a
am re St lf
North America
C.
. ia C
Equatorial C.
Nor th
C.
Africa
Equatorial Guin ea C Countercurrent .
Africa
C.
Equatorial C. outh
North Equatorial
Equatorial Countercurrent
Equator
S
l C.
S o ut h Equatorial
20
th Sou
Equatoria
C.
South America
Antarctica
80
20
40
60
80
Key
Warm currents Cool currents
Tectonic Plates
Eurasian Plate
Mi dAt la n tic Rid ge
h Aleutian Trenc
Eurasian Plate
ian ab Ar late P
rican Ri f
a Tr ria n a e n ch
f st A
Ea
To n g a Tr e n c h
an
Tasman Hot Spot
idge
S
Ridg
di In st e e g hw id ut R o
Ind
ia n
Pa cifi cR
ou the
as t
st Ea
Scotia Plate
Bouvet Hot Spot
Antarctic Plate
Antarctic Plate
Sandwich Plate
Key
Transform plate boundary (transform fault)
Complex or uncertain plate boundary Divergent plate boundary (usually broken by transform faults along mid-ocean ridges) Convergent plate boundary (subduction zone)
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Pe
r
Mi d
Philippine Plate
Hawaii Hot Spot
Fiji Plate
Pacific Plate
Easter Island Hot Spot
Indian-Australian Plate
Nazca Plate
NOTE: Not all mantle hot spots, plates, and boundaries are shown.
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
ure H eat and/or Press is m M e ta m or p h
M e lt i n g
Me
l ti n
SEDIMENTS
E r o s i on
n
10.0 1.0
Cobbles
6.4
Pebbles
0.2
MAGMA
So
li
ic di f
at
METAMORPHIC ROCK
io
IGNEOUS ROCK
CRYSTAL SIZE
Glassy
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Andesite
Granite
Diorite
Gabbro
Nonvesicular
Pegmatite
CHARACTERISTICS
100%
100%
75%
75%
Plagioclase feldspar (white to gray) Pyroxene (green) Biotite (black) Olivine (green)
50%
50%
25%
Amphibole (black)
25%
0%
0%
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition
Pebbles, cobbles, and/or boulders embedded in sand, silt, and/or clay Clastic (fragmental) Sand (0.006 to 0.2 cm) Silt (0.0004 to 0.006 cm) Clay (less than 0.0004 cm)
Rounded fragments Mostly quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals; may contain fragments of other rocks and minerals Angular fragments Fine to coarse Very fine grain Compact; may split easily
Halite Crystalline Fine to coarse crystals Gypsum Dolomite Crystalline or bioclastic Bioclastic Calcite Carbon
Precipitates of biologic origin or cemented shell fragments
Rock salt Crystals from chemical precipitates and evaporites Rock gypsum Dolostone Limestone Bituminous coal
Slate
Fine to medium
Phyllite
Schist
BANDING
Gneiss
Regional
Metamorphism of bituminous coal Various rocks changed by heat from nearby magma/lava Metamorphism of quartz sandstone
Anthracite coal
NONFOLIATED
Fine
Contact (heat)
Hornfels
Quartz Fine to coarse Regional Calcite and/or dolomite Various minerals or contact Coarse
Quartzite
Marble
Metaconglomerate
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
Eon
PHANEROZOIC
Million years ago 0
Era
Period
QUATERNARY
Epoch
Million years ago HOLOCENE 0 PLEISTOCENE 1.8 PLIOCENE
5.3 0.01
Life on Earth
Humans, mastodonts, mammoths Large carnivorous mammals Abundant grazing mammals Earliest grasses Many modern groups of mammals Mass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and many land plants
NY Rock Record
Sediment Bedrock
CENOZOIC
NEOGENE PALEOGENE
500
1000
L A T E PROTEROZOIC M I D D L E E A R L Y
First sexually reproducing organisms
MESOZOIC
CRETACEOUS
LATE
Earliest flowering plants Diverse bony fishes Earliest birds Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids 200
JURASSIC
MIDDLE EARLY
P R E C A M B R I A N
LATE
Earliest mammals Earliest dinosaurs Mass extinction of many land and marine organisms (including trilobites) Mammal-like reptiles Abundant reptiles 299 318 Extensive coal-forming forests Abundant amphibians Large and numerous scale trees and seed ferns (vascular plants); earliest reptiles Earliest amphibians and plant seeds Extinction of many marine organisms Earths first forests Earliest ammonoids and sharks Abundant fish 416 Earliest insects Earliest land plants and animals Abundant eurypterids
TRIASSIC
Oceanic oxygen begins to enter the atmosphere MIDDLE EARLY 251 LATE MIDDLE
2000
PALEOZOIC
PERMIAN
EARLY
CARBONIFEROUS
L A T E
3000
ARCHEAN
Oceanic oxygen produced by cyanobacteria combines with iron, forming iron oxide layers on ocean floor
PENNSYLVANIAN
MISSISSIPPIAN
359
DEVONIAN
MIDDLE EARLY
4000
E A R L Y
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
4600
LATE
CAMBRIAN
Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms) Earliest fishes Extinction of many primitive marine organisms Earliest trilobites Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied marine organisms)
1300
Abundant stromatolites
Tetragraptus Cryptolithus Centroceras Valcouroceras Eucalyptocrinus Coelophysis Stylonurus Dicellograptus Eurypterus Hexameroceras Manticoceras Ctenocrinus Phacops Elliptocephala
NAUTILOIDS
DINOSAURS
MAMMALS
BIRDS
Sands and clays underlying Long Island and Staten Island deposited on margin of Atlantic Ocean
VASCULAR PLANTS
Initial opening of Atlantic Ocean North America and Africa separate Intrusion of Palisades sill CORALS Pangaea begins to break up BRACHIOPODS
CRINOIDS
GASTROPODS
AMMONOIDS
232 million years ago Alleghenian orogeny caused by collision of North America and Africa along transform margin, forming Pangaea
TRILOBITES
GRAPTOLITES
EURYPTERIDS
G I
PLACODERM FISH
R X V U Y Z
Catskill delta forms Erosion of Acadian Mountains Acadian orogeny caused by collision of North America and Avalon and closing of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston delta forms Taconian orogeny caused by closing of western part of Iapetus Ocean and collision between North America and volcanic island arc Widespread deposition over most of New York along edge of Iapetus Ocean
E B D
H K
T J
Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean Erosion of Grenville Mountains Grenville orogeny: metamorphism of bedrock now exposed in the Adirondacks and Hudson Highlands
Condor
OCE
AN
AT
DENSITY (g/cm3)
TLANT MID-A GE RID IC
NO RT H
LI
RE LE) HE NT SP MA O IC TH ST
AM ER
IC A
3.45.6
CR RIG UST ID MA NT AS TH LE E
NO SP HE R
LA (P
LE NT MA
STI FF ER
OU TE (I
CASCADES
PACIFIC OCEAN
RO N
&
RE) L CO KE IC
RE ) COCKEL I
9.912.2
TRENCH
IN N
(IRO ER N& N
12.813.1
EARTHS CENTER
3 2 1 0 7000 6000
RE TU RA E T MP IN TE PO OR RI NG TI TE IN EL M
TEMPERATURE (C)
10
PARTIAL MELTING
24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16
TRAVEL TIME (min)
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EPICENTER DISTANCE ( 103 km)
11
Dewpoint (C)
Dry-Bulb Temperature (C) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C) 0 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 33 28 24 21 18 14 12 10 7 5 3 1 1 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 19 21 23 25 27 29 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
36 28 22 18 14 12 8 6 3 1 1 3 6 8 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
29 22 17 29 13 20 9 15 24 6 11 17 4 7 11 19 1 4 7 13 21 1 2 5 9 14 4 1 2 5 9 14 28 6 4 1 2 5 9 16 9 6 4 1 2 5 10 17 11 9 7 4 1 1 6 10 17 13 11 9 7 4 2 2 5 10 19 2 5 10 19 15 14 12 10 7 4 2 3 1 5 10 19 17 16 14 12 10 8 5 6 2 1 5 10 18 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 9 6 3 0 4 9 22 20 18 17 15 13 11 11 9 7 4 1 3 24 22 21 19 17 16 14 14 12 10 8 5 1 26 24 23 21 19 18 16
11 23 33 41 48 54 58 63 67 70 72 74 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 86
13 20 32 37 45 51 56 59 62 65 67 69 71 72 74 75 76 77 78 79
11 20 28 36 42 46 51 54 57 60 62 64 66 68 69 70 71 72
1 11 20 27 35 39 43 48 50 54 56 58 60 62 64 65 66
6 14 22 28 33 38 41 45 48 51 53 55 57 59 61
10 17 24 28 33 37 40 44 46 49 51 53 55
6 13 19 25 29 33 36 40 42 45 47 49
4 10 16 21 26 30 33 36 39 42 44
2 8 14 19 23 27 30 34 36 39
1 7 12 17 21 25 28 31 34
1 6 11 15 20 23 26 29
5 10 14 18 21 25
4 9 13 17 20
4 9 12 16
12
Temperature
Fahrenheit (F) 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 Room temperature 60 10 Water freezes 40 0 20 0 20 40 60 10 20 30 40 50 Celsius (C) 110 Water boils 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Kelvin (K) 380
Pressure
millibars
(mb)
inches
(in of Hg*)
1040.0 1036.0
370 360 350 340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240
992.0 1004.0 29.60 1000.0 996.0 29.50 29.40 29.30 29.20 29.10 1020.0 1016.0 1032.0 1028.0 30.30 1024.0 30.20 30.10 30.00 29.90 29.80 1008.0 29.70
One atmosphere
1012.0
230 220
988.0 984.0
29.00 980.0 976.0 28.90 28.80 28.70 28.60 28.50 *Hg = mercury
28
1 2
27
Present Weather
Air Masses
cA continental arctic Cold Warm Stationary Occluded cP continental polar cT continental tropical mT maritime tropical mP maritime polar
Fronts
Hurricane
Drizzle
Rain
Smog
Hail
Tornado
Snow
Sleet
Freezing rain
Fog
Haze
Snow showers
13
km 160
mi 100
Temperature Zones
Atmospheric Pressure
Thermosphere
120 75
(extends to 600 km)
80
50
Mesopause
Mesosphere
Stratopause
40
25
Stratosphere
Tropopause
Water Vapor
Sea Level 0
0
100 90 0 55
Troposphere
100 15 0 1.0 0 20 40
Temperature (C)
Pressure (atm)
Concentration (g/m3)
Tropopause Polar front jet stream
DRY
N.E.
Polar front
60 N
WET
S.W. Winds
DRY
N.E. Winds
30 N
WET
S.E. Winds
DRY
N.W. Winds
30 S
WET
S.E.
60 S
DRY
Electromagnetic Spectrum
X rays Gamma rays Ultraviolet Infrared Microwaves Radio waves
Increasing wavelength
(Not drawn to scale)
14
Characteristics of Stars
(Name in italics refers to star represented by a .) (Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.) 1,000,000
Deneb
100,000
Betelgeuse
Massive Stars
Rigel Spica
SUPERGIANTS
(Intermediate stage)
10,000
1,000
Polaris
GIANTS
(Intermediate stage)
Aldebaran
100 10
Luminosity
MA IN
(E a
Pollux
rly QU s ta E N ge C )
SE
0.1
40 Eridani B
0.01
WHITE DWARFS
0.001 0.0001 30,000 Blue 20,000 Blue White 10,000 8,000 White 6,000 Yellow 4,000
(Late stage)
Small Stars
Color
SUN MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS JUPITER SATURN URANUS NEPTUNE EARTHS MOON
1,392,000 4,879 12,104 12,756 6,794 142,984 120,536 51,118 49,528 3,476
333,000.00 0.06 0.82 1.00 0.11 317.83 95.16 14.54 17.15 0.01
1.4 5.4 5.2 5.5 3.9 1.3 0.7 1.3 1.8 3.3
15
LUSTER
USE(S) pencil lead, lubricants ore of lead, batteries ore of iron, steel ore of sulfur ore of iron, jewelry ceramics, paper sulfuric acid plaster of paris, drywall paint, roofing food additive, melts ice construction materials cement, lime building stones hydrofluoric acid mineral collections, jewelry
COMPOSITION* C PbS Fe3O4 FeS2 Fe2O3 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 S CaSO42H2O KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 NaCl K(Mg,Fe)3 AlSi3O10(OH)2 CaCO3 CaMg(CO3)2 CaF2 (Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al) (Si,Al)2O6
MINERAL NAME Graphite Galena Magnetite Pyrite Hematite Talc Sulfur Selenite gypsum Muscovite mica Halite Biotite mica Calcite Dolomite Fluorite Pyroxene (commonly augite) Amphibole (commonly hornblende) Potassium feldspar (commonly orthoclase) Plagioclase feldspar Olivine Quartz Garnet
Metallic luster
black to silver brassy yellow metallic silver or earthy red white to green yellow to amber white to pink or gray colorless to yellow colorless to white black to dark brown colorless or variable colorless or variable colorless or variable black to dark green black to dark green white to pink white to gray green to gray or brown colorless or variable dark red to green Al = aluminum C = carbon Ca = calcium
Either
Nonmetallic luster
mineral collections, CaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3 jewelry Si6O22(O,OH)2 ceramics, glass ceramics, glass furnace bricks, jewelry glass, jewelry, electronics jewelry (NYS gem), abrasives Na = sodium O = oxygen Pb = lead KAlSi3O8 (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 SiO2 Fe3Al2Si3O12 S = sulfur Si = silicon Ti = titanium
*Chemical symbols:
16