Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Welker
Unit 1.4 Market Failure Negative Externalities
Practice Activity
Key terms:
● Marginal Private Benefit: Represents the benefits derived by the private consumers of
a particular good or service. This is the demand for the product.
● Marginal Social Benefit: Represents the benefits derived by the private consumers plus
any external benefits (positive or negative) placed on society deriving from the good’s
consumption. MSB equals the MPB plus any externalities (positive or negative) that
exist.
● Marginal Private Cost: Represents the private costs to the producers of a good or
service associated with the good’s production. This is the supply of the product.
● Marginal Social Cost: Represents the private costs of a good or service plus any
external costs imposed on society by the good’s production. MSC equals the MPC plus
any externalities (positive or negative) that exist.
1. Beef cattle produce methane, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.
a. Describe what makes this an example of a market failure
Global warming creates negative impacts on society and the environment,
regardless whether those who suffer eat or produce beef. This is a negative
externality of the production of beef.
b. Use marginal benefit and marginal cost analysis to illustrate the market failure in
the graph below. Identify the following on your graph:
■ The equilibrium level of output and price
■ The socially optimal level of output
■ The area of welfare loss at equilibrium
c. Explain how two of the following could be used by government to achieve a more
socially optimal outcome in the market:
■ Corrective taxes
■ Corrective subsidies
■ Government regulation
■ Tradeable permits
Government could levy a tax on cattle producers, which would increase the
private cost of raising cattle and reduce the supply, causing price of beef to
rise and equilibrium quantity to fall closer to the socially optimal level.
Alternatively, government could issue a limited number of permits for cattle
producers, who would have to purchase those permits, thereby limiting the
number of cattle raised and the amount of methane emitted.
2. A rise in the popularity of camping in the summer months increases the chances of
dangerous wildfires that threaten private property in California.
a. Describe what makes this an example of a market failure
Campers enjoy camping and will decide how many nights to camp based on
their private benefit. They will also make campfires taking into account only the
private costs and benefits of having fires. These decisions do not take into
account the potential risk to private property owners of fires, which are more
likely due to campers’ fires. Therefore, more fires will be had than what is
socially optimal.
b. Use marginal benefit and marginal cost analysis to illustrate the market failure in
the graph below. Identify the following on your graph:
■ The equilibrium level of output and price
■ The socially optimal level of output
■ The area of welfare loss at equilibrium
c. Explain how two of the following could be used by government to achieve a more
socially optimal outcome in the market:
■ Corrective taxes
■ Corrective subsidies
■ Government regulation
■ Tradeable permits
Government is unlikely to impose “taxes” on camping, however, they could limit
the access to public campgrounds during the season when the risk of fires is
greatest. Alternatively, government could simply ban campfires during the
summer months. They could also install proper fire pits in campgrounds that
would reduce the risk of fires spreading beyond the campground.
Heavy fines for campers who violate the ban would be necessary.
3. The construction of a new dam will wipe out several popular fishing streams, reducing
the number of tourists coming to an area for recreational purposes.
a. Describe what makes this an example of a market failure
Dams provide benefits to those who consume the electricity they produce and
are able to access water for irrigation or drinking. But the construction of the
dam imposes external costs on the environment, on recreational users of the
river who can no longer enjoy the amenity of the river, and those operating in
the tourist industry.
b. Use marginal benefit and marginal cost analysis to illustrate the market failure in
the graph below. Identify the following on your graph:
■ The equilibrium level of output and price
■ The socially optimal level of output
■ The area of welfare loss at equilibrium
c. Explain how two of the following could be used by government to achieve a more
socially optimal outcome in the market:
■ Corrective taxes
■ Corrective subsidies
■ Government regulation
■ Tradeable permits
Government should first require energy companies planning to build a damn to
conduct in depth studies to determine the social, economic and environmental
impacts of the dam’s construction. Then government should make sure that
the groups that are negatively affected are properly compensated for the
external costs imposed on them by the dam’s construction. The requirement
that the energy companies compensate the losers increases the private cost
of dam construction and automatically makes building dams less profitable,
reducing the number of dams constructed.
4. Children exposed to the lead paint used by Chinese toy manufacturers become sick.
a. Describe what makes this an example of a market failure
Lead paint is cheap and Chinese firms therefore prefer using it in their toys.
However, the health costs of the paint are not accounted for, thus more toys
are produced and their prices are lower than what is socially optimal.
b. Use marginal benefit and marginal cost analysis to illustrate the market failure in
the graph below. Identify the following on your graph:
■ The equilibrium level of output and price
■ The socially optimal level of output
■ The area of welfare loss at equilibrium
c. Explain how two of the following could be used by government to achieve a more
socially optimal outcome in the market:
■ Corrective taxes
■ Corrective subsidies
■ Government regulation
■ Tradeable permits
Government needs to determine which toy manufacturers are using lead paint,
and then impose strict regulations on those producers. In this case, a ban on
lead paint seems reasonable, since there are less harmful substitutes that could
easily be used. These more expensive substitutes will increase the private cost
of toy production and reduce the quantity demanded, but the quantity of toys
with lead paint coming into the country will fall.
Of course, heavy fines or legal consequences may be necessary for firms that
violate the ban.
5. Diamond production often involves the use of unpaid or very poorly paid workers who
work in incredibly dangerous condition.
a. Describe what makes this an example of a market failure
This is another negative production externalitly, since diamond mining harms
the workers in the mines, who are either forced to be there or exploited with
unfair wages.
b. Use marginal benefit and marginal cost analysis to illustrate the market failure in
the graph below. Identify the following on your graph:
■ The equilibrium level of output and price
■ The socially optimal level of output
■ The area of welfare loss at equilibrium
c. Explain how two of the following could be used by government to achieve a more
socially optimal outcome in the market:
■ Corrective taxes
■ Corrective subsidies
■ Government regulation
■ Tradeable permits
Awareness campaigns may be most effective to correct this market failure. The
governments of the countries where diamonds are mined are often corrupt and
ineffective at regulating those countries’ industries. But governments in the rich
world (where diamonds are demanded) could educate consumers about how
diamonds are mined, which may reduce demand for them. Also, like the lead
paint example, governments of the importing countries should investigate and
monitor the sources of diamonds and ban those imported from countries where
exploitative and slave practices are employed.
6. The demand for fur coats and accessories has threatened the wild populations of certain
species of animals.
a. Describe what makes this an example of a market failure
This is another negative production externality. Wearing fur coats does not hurt
animals, rather, the industry that produces them harms animals. Not all fur
coats are made from wild animals, but some are. The quantity of fur coats
produced and demanded is higher than the socially optimal quantity,
evidenced by the diminishing of wild populations of the animals used.
b. Use marginal benefit and marginal cost analysis to illustrate the market failure in
the graph below. Identify the following on your graph:
■ The equilibrium level of output and price
■ The socially optimal level of output
■ The area of welfare loss at equilibrium
c. Explain how two of the following could be used by government to achieve a more
socially optimal outcome in the market:
■ Corrective taxes
■ Corrective subsidies
■ Government regulation
■ Tradeable permits
Government could ban fur coats, but this would be too extreme since not all fur
coats are harmful to wild animals. Taxing them might be an option, but this also
could backfire since fur coats are a luxury good, for which demand is highly
elastic, and many companies that produce them in an environmentally
responsible way would suffer from a tax.
Similar to the diamond problem, raising awareness among consumers and
trying to reduce demand for fur coats made from endangered animal furs would
be the most effective type of government intervention. Perhaps a subsidy for
“faux fur” would lead more consumers to buy fake fur, reducing demand for real
fur.