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1. Bacilli a.Streptobacilli b. Bacilli 2. Cocci a. Cocci b. Doplococci c. Streptococci d. Staphylococci e. Sarcina ( 3D ) Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish f. Gaffkya ( 2D ) Kakrani
3 Spirl
a. Vibrio b. Spirillum
c. Spirochete
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Cytoplasm
Special
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Appendages
1. flagella Some rods and spiral form have this.
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Flagella movement(1)
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Flagella movement(2)
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Flagella movement(3)
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b).Origin (continued)
The structure of the bacterial flagella allows it to spin like a propeller and thereby propel the bacterial cell; clockwise or counter clockwise ( Eucaryotic , wave like motion. Bacterial flagella provides the bacterium with mechanism for swimming toward or away from chemical stimuli, a behavior is knows as CHEMOTAXIX, chemosenors in the cell envelope can detect certain chemicals and signal the flagella to respond.
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c). position
monotrichous
lophotrichous
peritrichous
d). structure
protein in nature: subunit flagellin
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2. Pili or Fimbriae Shorter than flagella and straighter , smaller. Only on some gram- bacteria. a). function: adhere. One of the invasive mechanism on bacteria. Some pathogens cause diseases due to this. If mutant (fimbriae) not virulent. Prevent phagocytosis.
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pili - sex factor. If they make pili, they are + or donors of F factor.
It is necessary for bacterial conjugation resulting in the transfer of DNA from one cell to another.
It have been implicated in the ability of bacteria to recognize specific receptor sites on the host cell membrane. In addition, number of bacteria virus infect only those bacteria have F Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish pilus. Kakrani 21
2. Bacterial Cell Wall General structure: mucopolysaccharide i.e. peptidoglycan. It is made by Nacetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid. tetrapeptide ( L-alanine- isoglutamine-lysinealanine) is attached. The entire cell wall structure is cross linked by covalent bonds. This provide the rigidity necessary to maintain the integrity of the cell.
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Structure of peptidoglycan(1)
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Structure of peptidoglycan(2)
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(a).
Function of TA:
* Antigenic determinant * Participate in the supply of Mg to the cell by binding Mg++ * regulate normal cell division. For most part, protein is not found as a constituent of the G+ cell wall except M protein on group streptococci
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(b) Gram Thin peptidoglycan Tetrapeptide cross linkage A second membrane structure: protein and lipopolysaccharide.
Structure of peptidoglycan(3)
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glucosamine- glucosamine-long
FA FA FA FA
Chemistry of LPS
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2. Cell Membrane
Function:
a. control permeability
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Transport proteins
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III. Cytoplasm
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3. Mesosomes A large invaginations of the plasma membrane, irregular in shape. a. increase in membrane surface, which may be useful as a site for enzyme activity in respiration and transport. b. may participate in cell replication by serving as a place of attachment for the bacterial chromosome.
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4. Inclusions
Not separate by a membrane but distinct. Granules of various kinds:
* glycogen,
*polyhydroxybutyric acid droplets (PHB) i.e. fat droplets * inorganic metaphosphate (metachromatic granules) - in general, starvation of cell for almost any nutrients
PHB
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5. Chromatophores Only in photosynthetic bacteria and blue green algae. Prok. no chloroplast, pigment found in
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IV. Special Structure * Endospores Spore former: sporobactobacilli and sporosarcinae - no medical importance. bacillus and clostridium have medical importance.
* Position: median, sub-terminal and terminal have small water, high calcium content and dipicolinic acid (calcium dipicolinate) extremely resistant to heat, UV, chemicals etc. may be due to many S containing A.A for disulfide groups.
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After the active growth period approaching the stationary growth phase, a structure called forespore develops within the cells. It consists of coat, cortex and nuclear structure.
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Endospores
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Dipicolinic acid
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Vegetative/spore-containing cells(1)
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Vegetative/spore-containing cells(2)
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