SPECTROSCOPY Spectroscopy is a branch of science that deals with the study of interaction of electro-magnetic radiations with matter.

The most important consequence of such interaction is that energy is either released or absorbed by the matter in discrete amount called as quanta. The emission and absorption process takes place through the electromagnetic spectrum from gamma ray region to radio-frequency region. Spectroscopy is one of the most important tools for the study of molecular and atomic structure and is applicable to a wide range of sample. It is studied under two heads:1). Atomic spectroscopy: - It is a branch of spectroscopy that deals with the interaction of electro-magnetic radiation of atoms which arte in their lowest energy state. 2). Molecular spectroscopy: - It is the branch of spectroscopy that deals with the study electro-magnetic radiation of molecules. Molecular spectra extend from visible light region through infra-red region into microwave region. The instrument that records the intensity of radiation is called as spectrophotometer or simply spectrometer. NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy):It is the branch of spectroscopy in which radio frequency waves induced transitions in magnetic energy levels of nuclei of molecules. The magnetic energy levels are created by keeping nuclei in magnetic field. Without magnetic field they posses same energy and transition is not possible. When magnetic field is applied, then transitions take place in different energy levels. NMR spectroscopy gives following information: (1)- The different chemical environment of different protons present in a molecule. (2)- The relation between number of signals in spectra and the number of different types of protons. (3)- Position of the signals (kinds of protons). (4)- Intensity of the signals. (5)- Splitation of signals and area under the peak. Number of signals (Equivalent and non-equivalent protons):In a given molecule proton ion same environment and same applied magnetic field strength are called as magnetically equivalent protons while protons in different environment and different applied magnetic field strength are called as magnetically non equivalent protons.

The number of signals in NMR spectra tells how many types of protons are present in the molecule. Each signal in NMR spectra is corresponding to the set of equivalent protons.