Valve - Pumps

CHNG 1
H THNG VAN
1.1 TNG QUAN V VAN
Van c s dng thm trong h thng ngt
chuyn hoc iu chnh dng cht lng. Da vo
chc nng ca van, s thay i trong trng thi
dng ca van, c th iu chnh c bng tay,
hoc t ng nh ci tn hiu t thit b iu
khin, hoc l van c th t ng tc ng
thay i ch ca h thng.
C rt nhiu loi van c s dng, tuy nhin
cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca chung
khng khc nhau nhiu, s khc nhau duy nht
c th k n l mc ch s dng v v tr lp
t cc loi van .
1.2 MT S LOAI VAN THNG DUNG
1. Van chn:
Van chn l loi van c dng ngn dng chy hoc
mt phn dng chy nhm t c mt dng chy mi
sau van. Yu cu c bn thit k mt van chn l a ra
tr lc dng ti thiu v tr hon ton m v t c
c tnh dng kn v tr hon ton ng. Van cng, van
cu, van bi, van bum, van mng c th p ng c tt
c cc yu cu trn nhng mc khc nhau, vi vy
c s dng rng ri trong vic ng, m dng cht
lng. Nhng kiu van trn, thc t c nh gi bng cc
thng s sau:
- Chnh p
- kn
- c tnh dng cht lng
- Kn h thng
- Yu cu tc ng
- Chi ph ban u
- Bo dng .
Van cng hay van ca (gate valve):
Van ca c thit k lm vic
nh mt van chn. Khi lm vic,
van loi ny thng l ng hon
ton hoc l m hon ton. Khi m
hon ton, cht lng hoc l kh
chy qua van trn mt ng
thng vi tr lc rt thp. Kt qu
tn tht p lc qua van l ti thiu.
Van ca khng nn dng iu
chnh hoc tit lu dng chy bi v
khng th t c s iu khin
chnh xc.
Hn na, vn tc dng
chy cao v tr van m
mt phn c th to nn
s mi mn ia v b
mt trong van. ia van
khng m hon ton
cng c th b rung
ng.
Van ca bao gm ba b phn chnh: Thn van,
c van v khung van. Thn van thng c
gn vi ng ng bng mt bch, c vt hoc
ni bng hn. C van bao gm cc phn chuyn
ng c ghp vo thn, thng thng l bng
bulng cho php bo dng v lau chi.
Khung van bao gm ty van, ca van, ia van v
van hnh nhn. Hai loi van ca c bn l
kiu van hnh nm v kiu van hai ia. Ngoi ra
cn c mt s kiu van ci tin t hai loi ia
trn.
Cu to mt s loi van ca:
Van cu (Globe valves):
Van cu truyn thng dng
chn dng chy. Mc d
van cu to nn tn tht
p lc cao hn van thng
(V d: van ca, x, bi. . . )
nhng n c th dng
trong trng hp tn tht
p lc khng phi l yu t
iu khin.
Van cu bao gm: van cu
kiu ch Y v van gc.
Cu to van cu
gm cc b phn
chnh nh: tay
vn, c van, ty
van, vng chn
ia c, thn van,
ia van, van.
Van cu thng c s dng
iu chnh lu lng. Di
lu lng iu chnh tn tht
p lc v ti trng lm vic
phi c tnh ton n khi
thit k van phng van
sm b hng v m bo vn
hnh thng sut. Van cu
thng l loi c ty ren trn,
tr van loi ln th c kt cu
b ngoi bt bulng bng n
gnh. Cu to Van cu cng
tng t van ca. Bo dng
van cu th tng i d dng
v ia van v van cng pha.

Vi ia c nh, ia thng c
b mt phng p ngc vo
van ging nh mt ci np. Kiu
thit k van ny khng ph
hp vi tit lu p sut cao v
thay i.
Van cu l nhng van tn ti
thng xuyn nht. Nhng kiu
van khc cng c thn cu. Do
, cn da vo cu truc bn
trong xc nh kiu van. Li
vo v ra ca van c sp xp
theo nhng yu cu ca dng
chy.
Van cu truyn thng dng chn
dng chy. Mc d van cu to nn tn
tht p lc cao hn van thng nhng
van cu c th c dng trong trng
hp tn tht p lc khng phi l yu t
iu khin na.
Van cu thng s dng iu chnh
lu lng. Di lu lng iu chnh tn
tht p lc v ti trng lm vic phi
c tnh ton n khi thit k van
phng van sm b hng v m bo
vn hnh trong sut.
Van phi chu p sut cao v thay i
trong linh vc tit lu phi c thit k
kiu van phi rt c bit, thng s
dng hai loi van sau: Van cu c ln
in hnh ghp bch v van cu gc vi
mp bt bulng.
ia van truyn thng ngc vi
kiu ia cm, to ra lp tip xc
mng gia truyn thy hnh bp
mng v b mt ia. Din tch tip
xc hp ny rt kh b ph v v
vy lm kn p lc d dng. Kiu
thit k y cho php chn kn v
tit lu hp ly trong van cu quay,
ia v hnh nhn thng c
trng bng ng thau. Trong van
cu bng thp dng n nhit
vi 7500F. van thng c m
thp khng r. Cc b mt thng
c ti luyn nhit t c
c gi tr cng khc nhau.
Nhng loi vt liu khc, bao gm
v hp kim Coban cng c s
dng.
B mt van l nicken,
m bo chc chn ton b
b mt c tip xc khi
van ng. Vi nhng loi c
p lc thp hn mt phng
tip xc c duy tr bi
cc ia kho vt di. ia
quay mt cch t do quanh
ty van trnh lm xc
b mt ia v hnh
nhn. Ty van da vo mt
tm chn cng, trnh lm
xc ty van v ia im
tip xc.
2. Van iu chinh:
- Van iu chnh c s dng thm cho h
thng ng ng iu chnh dng cht lng,
ph thuc vo mc ch ban u l iu khin
dng chy, p lc hay l nhit m nhim v
t ra l tng hoc gim dng cht lng qua van
nhm tho mn tin hiu t b iu chnh p
sut, lu lng hoc nhit .
- Yu cu u tin ca mt van iu chnh l
iu chnh lu lng dng chy t v tr m n
ng trong di p sut lm vic m khng b
ph hu. Nhng van thit k c bit nh l
kim, van bum, van bi, van mng c kh nng
p ng nhng yu cu trn cc mc khc
nhau. Cc nh sn xut nn chn la gii hn
lm vic cho tng loi van c th.
Van nt: Van nt cn gi l
van ly, thng c dng
duy tr lu lng y
ging nh van ca ni cn
phi tc ng nhanh. N
thng c dng cho hi,
nc du, kh v cc p dng
ho cht lng. Van ht
thng khng c thit k
iu chnh lu lng. Nh vy
mt s loi van ny c
thit k mt cch c bit
dc dng cho mc ch ny,
c bit l cho tit lu dng
kh.
Thn v ia hnh cn mang
li nhng c tnh cn thit
cho van ht. Thit k cn
thn phn thn trong van
c th mang li hiu sut
dng chy rt cao. Ca ca
ia hnh cn thng l hnh
ch nht Tuy nhin, mt s
loi van c th kt cu cng
trn. Nhng kiu van ch
yu l dng bnh thng,
dng ng venturi ngn, ca
trn v nhiu ca.
u im ca van nt ni
chung c th c sa
cha nhanh chng hoc l
ra sch m khng cn
thit phi tho thn van ra
khi h thng c ng.
N c th c s dng
trong linh vc t p sut
chn khng n 10.000 psi
v nhit t -50 n
1500F. Cc van nt c th
c trng vi rt nhiu
vt liu khc nhau, ph
hp vi nhiu ng dng
cho ho cht.
Van dng mng: Van
dng mng c rt nhiu
thun li trong nhng
ng dng vi p lc thp
m khng th t c
bng cc van khc. Dng
cht lng chy qua van
mt cch u n gim
thiu tn tht p lc.
Van ny rt ph hp vi
nhng ng dng hin i
vo linh vc tit lu, n
mang li c tnh lm kn
tuyt vi. Dng cht lng
c ngn khi nhng
phn lm vic ca van
ngn chn tp cht, ho
cht lng v s mi mn
cc kt cu c kh. Bi v
khng c r r dc theo
xung quanh ty van nn loi
van ny hon ton kn. c
tnh ny lm cho van tr
nn quan trng trong cc
ng dng, v n khng cho
php c r r ra khi hoc
t ngoi vo h thng.
Van mng bao gm
thn van c van
t dng chy,
mng van mm do
to nn mt vng p
lc phi trn van, mt
my nn kh dng
to p lc ln mng
ngc vi van, c
van v tay vn bo v
mng v thn van khi
c tc ng t my
nn.
p sut ti a m van mng chu
c l kh nng chu p lc ca
vt liu lm mng v nhit lm
vic. V vy, tui th thit k ca
van cng b nh hng bi mi
trng lm vic. Ngoi ra, p lc
thu lc ca h thng khi kim tra
phi ln hn p lc ti a m mng
c th chu c.
Van mng dng ng c th s dng
qu bng hnh cu chi van
cng vi hi nc v dung dch
kim m khng cn phi tho van
ra khi ng ng.
Van Bi (Ball valves):
Van bi l van xoay 1/4
vng, ng dng cho kh,
kh nn, cht lng v
va xy dng. Vic s
dng nhng vt liu lm
kn mm nh l nylon,
cao su tng hp, polime
to ra kh nng l kn
tuyt vi t -450 n
5000F.
Vn hnh van bi cng
ging nh van nt, chng
khng c mi ghp v to
ra kn tt. Van bi to
ra tr lc l tng cho
dng chy do c ca v
thn van rt trn tru v
u n. Cho nn, van bi
c s dng
ng/m hon ton trong
qu trnh xut nhp.
Cu to chnh ca van bi l
thn van, nt hnh cu v
. Van bi c th c
thit k 3 dng: ca van
ng Venturi, ca trn, ca
gim dn. Van ca trn c
ng knh trong bng
ng knh trong ca ng.
Trong kiu van ca Venturi
v ca gim dn, ca van
thng b hn ng ng.
Van Kim (Needle valves)
Van kim thng c
dng cho dng c o,
ng h, b ch bo v
thit b o m. Van kim
t c chnh xc cao
v v vy n thng c
dng trong cc ng dng
c nhit cao v p lc
cao.
Trong cu to van
kim, im di ca ty
van l u kim. Kim
c khp mt cch
chnh xc vo lng
van, v v vy m
bo hon ton kn v
tc ng m ng
nh nhng.
3. Van an ton v van h hp
Cc van an ton v van x p sut
l cc thit b t ng x p sut
s dng bo v qu p trong
ng ng v thit b. Van bo v
h thng bng cch x ra p lc d
tha. p sut bnh thng, ia
van c ng vo van v c
nh bi mt l xo b nn t
trc khi p lc h thng tng ln,
p lc to ra bi cht lng v ia
van tng gn bng p lc l xo. Khi
m cc p lc trn cn bng, cht
lng s chy ra qua ca van ra
ngoi. Cc van an ton thng
dng cho kh v c tnh khi m v
ng ca n thch hp vi c tinh
v s nguy him khi b nn ca
cht kh.

Van x p thng dng
cho cht lng. Chc nng
ca cc van ny ging
nh van x p an ton.
Ch khc cht lng khng
gin n nn khng c lc
ny pht sinh thm tc
ng vo ia, v vy lc
ny van gim bng p lc
h thng. Van s ng
khi p lc thp di p
lc t sn.
Phng php hiu chnh
van an ton:
Lp van an ton vo b
gi gm c ng ch T, c
lp p k v rc co lp
ng mm nn kh
hoc nhin liu vo. Cn
c thng s p k hin
th iu chnh vt iu
chnh nn l xo ng m
sp pp.
Van H hp:
Van h hp thng
lp trn mi b
cha du nhm t
ng ng m van
khi xut nhp
nhin liu vo b,
trong qu trnh
tn cha nhm
m bo an ton
cho b.

Cu to:
- B ngn tia la.
- Sup pp hut, y.
- i trng.
Nguyn ly lam vic:
-Th ra: Khi nhp nhin liu vo b, p sut trong b ln
hn p sut ngoi tri do vy s to mt p lc dn ln
van l binh ngn tia la in y ia sp pp ngoi m
ra (th t ng), khi ngng nhp hoc b c p sut
cn bng vi p sut ngoi tri van t ng ng sp p
li.
- Ht vo: Khi xut nhin liu i, lc trong b vi du
s to ra chn khng, p sut trong b nh hn p sut
ngoi tri. Khng kh s t ngoi qua sp p ca van th
ht vo trong b cho n khi p sut trong b cn bng
vi bn ngoi thi ng thi lc sp p van th ng
li.
- Binh ngn tia la:
Tc dng dng ngn ngn la t bn
ngoi vo trong b. Cu to ca binh ngn
tia la gm v bng thp hinh tr v c
cun li ngn tia la v mi che ma.
Cc mt li c kch thc v chiu cao
sao cho c th chia ngn la thnh nhiu
tia nh v dp tt trong li.
Hiu chnh van h hp:
a. Th p lc dng: nhm xc nh s lng i
trng cho van an ton. Dng ng bch ring lm
thnh b, trn b g t mt p k, bc ng
mm vo rc co b g, dng bm nn kh vo
van h hp, qua s ch ca p k theo di s t
m ca sup pp dng v quyt nh thm bt
i trng.
b. Th p lc m tng t nh trn ta dng thit
b rt kh ra khi van an ton, cn c vo s
ch ca chn khng k v s lm vic ca sp
pp m m quyt nh thm bt i trng.
CHNG 5
H THNG BM MAY NEN
2.1 Nguyn ly hoat ng chung cua
Bm May nen
Nguyn ly th tch c ng dng thit k v ch to
bm v my nn. i vi bm thi lu th l cc cht lng,
cn i vi my nn thi lu th l cc cht kh hay hi.
Nguyn ly chnh ca my l to ra mt dung tch thay i
t nh n ln v ngc li Khi dung tch ca my t gi
tr bng khng tng dn n gi tr ln nht c th c
l qu trinh hut lu th. Khi dung tch gim dn v gi tr
khng l qu trinh nn v y lu th. C mt ln hut v
y, my vn chuyn c mt lu lng lu th nht
nh. Dung tch ny ph thuc vo cu to v vng quay
ca my cng nh tnh cht v p lc ca lu th. Trong
qu trinh my hot ng s thay i trng thi ca lu
th lun tun theo nh lut sau y:
PV= const v PV
k
= const (k = 1,4)
2.2 PHN LOAI MAY BM
Theo nguyn ly lm vic bm c chia lm hai loi:
Bm th tch v bm ng hc.
Bm th tch thc hin qu tinh hut y cht lng ra
khi bm do thay i th tch ca khng gian lm vic
nh mt b phn chuyn ng tnh tin (pittng) hoc
quay (rto), do th nng v p sut cht lng tng ln.
Loi ny gm c bm pittng, bm rto (bm rng kh,
bm cnh trt, bm trc vt)
Bm ng hc hut v y cht lng, nh vy lm
tng p sut cht lng do cung cp ng lng nh va
p ca cc cnh (bm ly tm, bm hng trc) hoc nh
ma sats ca tc nhn lm vic (bm xoy lc bm tia,
bm trc vt) hoc nh tc dng ca trng in t
(bm in t) hoc cc trng lc khc.
2.3 CAC THNG S C BAN CUA MAY BM
1. Nng sut (lu lng)
Nng sut ca bm l th tch cht lng m bm
cung cp vo ng trong mt n v thi gian. Lu
lng c ky hiu l Q v thng o bng m3/s;
l/s, m3/h.
2. Cng sut bm
Cng sut ca bm l cng sut tiu hao to
ra lu lng Q v chiu cao p lc H v c xc
nh theo cng thc:
Kw

= =
q q
3
i
N .g.H.Q
N 10 .( )
3. Chiu cao ap lc hay ap lc cua bm
Chiu cao p lc l lng tng nng lng ring ca cht
lng khi i t ming hut n ming y ca bm v
thng c tnh bng mt ct cht lng (i khi cng
c tnh bng mt ct nc) v c ky hiu l H.

Trong :
z1 chiu cao hut, m
z2 Chiu cao y, m
p2, p1 - p sut thng pha y v thng v hut
N/m; l hiu sut p sut hai u ng, l khi
lng ring ca cht lng (kg/m3)
, ,- tr lc thu lc trong ng hut v trong ng
y.

= + + + + +

2 2
2 1 2 1
1 2 th td
p p v v
H z z h h
.g 2.g
2 1
p p
.g

th
h
td
h
Trong :

vh, vd - vn tc cht lng trong ng hut v ng y
- h s tr lc ma st trong ng hut v ng y
l1, l2 chiu di ng hut v chiu di ng y, m
d1, d2 - ng knh ng hut v ng y, m
- tng tr lc trong ng hut v trong ng y
v2, v1 vn tc cht lng thng y v thng
hut,
l hiu s p sut ng hc (ng nng)
gia pha hut v pha y
= +

2
h 1 1
th h
1
v .l
h ( )
2g d
= +

2
d 2 2
td d
2
v .l
h ( )
2g d

1 2
,

h d
,
2 2
h d
v v
2g
4. Hiu sut
Hiu sut l t s gia cng sut c ch Ni v cng sut
bm:

- Hiu sut thu lc, tnh ti s mt mt nng lng
do ma st trong ni b bm:

hb tr lc thu lc ca bm, m
- hiu sut th tch, tnh ti s mt mt nng lng
do mt phn cht lng chy ngc t pha y v pha
hut trong ni b bm:

q = = q q q
i
t v c
N
. .
N
q
t
q =
+
t
b
H
H h
q
v
q =
+ A
v
Q
Q Q
- hiu sut c kh, k ti tn hao nng lng
khc phc ma st trong cc c cu ca bm nh
bi ca hp m v b mt ngoi ca gung ng vi
cht lng ( bm ly tm):

- Lng cht lng chy ngc li trong
bm (m3/s) v cng sut khc phc ma st c hc
trong bm, kw
Nct cng sut ch th, kw
Gi tr ca cng sut chung ph thuc vo cu to
ca bm, vo cht lng ch to, vo mc mi
mn v vo iu kin vn hnh. Hin nay ngi ta
ch to c bm pittng vi = 0,60 0,92; cc
bm ly tm vi = 0,68 0,90; cc bm hng trc
vi = 0,70 0,85. Bm cng ln thi hiu sut
chung cng cao.
q
c
A
q = =
ct
v
N N N
N N
A A Q, N
q
q
q
5. H s quay nhanh
H s quay nhanh ca bm l s vng quay ca bm mu tc dng
n, mt cp ng dng hinh hc vi n v c p lc HM = 1 m,
nng sut QM = 0,075 m3/s. Nh vy h s quay nhanh c xc
nh theo cng thc:
(vg/ph)
Trong :
n
s
s vng quay cu bm, vg/Vit phng trinh dao ng
Q nng sut ca bm, m3/s
H chiu cao p lc ca bm, m
Da vo h s quay nhanh thnh theo cng thc trn ta c th la
chn c bm thch hp theo bng di y:
Loi bm n
s
, vg/ph
Bm pittng v rto < 50
Bm ly tm 50 - 300
Bm hng cho 300 - 500
Bm hng trc 500 - 1200
=
s
0,75
3,65n Q
n
H
6. Ct p ht chng xm thc NPSH:
NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) tm gi l ct p ht u
vo l mt trong cc thng s quan trng trong lp t v
vn hnh bm. Nu ct p ht u vo bm nh so vi yu
cu th khi bm lm vic hay xy ra hin tng xm thc
bm.
Xm thc l s ph hu lin tc ca lu cht i vi b mt
vt liu bm, l do ct p ht u vo hu ch NPSHA
nh lm p sut u vo bm gim xung bng p sut bay
hi tng ng vi nhit hin ti ca cht lng. S bay
hi mnh lit ca cht lng to ra khi lng bt rt ln lin
tc tch ra khi b mt vt liu tip xc vi dng chy ng
thi cc ht cht lng khng ngng lao vo th ch cc
bt kh tch ra nn va p thu lc rt ln lm r v ph
hu kim loi. trnh ri vo vng hai pha v tch kh,
ngi ta phi to cho cht lng mt lng p sut b sung
b cho s tn hao trn bng cch to ct p thu tinh Hs
gia bn cha v ni t bm.

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Valve - Pumps

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CHNG 1

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