Amity Business School

Amity Business School

MBA, Semester 1 MP&OB Ms. Anshu Yadav

Learning
Learning can be defined as relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of practice or experience
Learning
Involves change- better or worse Is relatively permanent

Is acquired through experience

Definitions: Learning is:

1. a persisting change in human performance or performance potential . . . (brought) about as a result of the learners interaction with the environment (Driscoll, 1994, pp. 8-9). 2. the relatively permanent change in a persons knowledge or behavior due to experience (Mayer, 1982, p. 1040). 3. an enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience (Shuell, 1986, p. 412).
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Characteristics
Learning is goal directed or purposive Learning is active process Learning is individual

Learning is creative
Learning is transferable

It is outcome of interaction of individual with total

situation
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Theories of Learning
Black box theory Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive Learning Social Learning

Black Box
Stimulus Response

Classical Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.
Key Concepts Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response
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Ivan P. Pavlov

Unconditioned Stimulus

Unconditioned Response

Unconditioned Stimulus

Unconditioned Response

Neutral Stimulus

Unconditioned Stimulus

Unconditioned Response

Neutral Stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus

Conditioned Response

Cont..
Stimulus Substitution Extinction and spontaneous recovery Stimulus generalisation and Discrimination

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Operant Conditioning
Reward Punishment

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Operant Conditioning
The theory that behavior is a function of its consequences and is learned through experience. Operant behavior: voluntary or learned behaviors
Behaviors are learned by making rewards contingent to behaviors. Behavior that is rewarded (positively reinforced) is likely to be repeated. Behavior that is punished or ignored is less likely to be repeated.
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B.F. Skinner

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Reinforcement- Behaviour Modification

Positive reinforcement Providing a reward for a desired behavior. Negative reinforcement Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs. Punishment Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior. Extinction Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation.

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Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated.

Intermittent Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated.

Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)

Fixed-Interval Schedule Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals. Variable-Interval Schedule Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.