BY:

STUDENT TRAINER: MRS RUPALI

CLASS : 9TH
GROUP LEADER : LOVELY KUMAR
STUDENTS: SONIA
MONIKA
SHEKHAR
GOVT. HIGH SCHOOL
BASTI BAWA KHEL,JALANDHAR.
 CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 TYPES

 WORKING

 PROPERTIES

 SOUND SYSTEM

 RESULT

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 Audio means "of sound" or "of the
reproduction of sound". Specifically, it refers to
the range of frequencies detectable by the
human ear (approximately 20Hz to 20 kHz).
 Audio work involves the production,
manipulation, recording, and reproduction of
sound waves. To be able to understand audio,
you must have a good understanding of two
things:
 Sound Waves: What they are, how they are
produced and how we hear them.
 Sound Equipment: What the different
components are, what they do, how to choose
the correct equipment and use it properly.
 TYPES
 The field of audio is vast, with many areas of
specialty. Hobbyists use audio for all sorts of
things, and audio professionals can be found
in a huge range of vocations. Some common
areas of audio work include:
 Studio Sound Engineer
 Live Sound Engineer
 Musician
 Music Producer
 DJ
 Radio technician
 Film/Television Sound Recordist
 Field Sound Engineer
 Audio Editor
 Post-Production Audio Creator
 WORKING
 Sound waves travel through air in
much the same way as water waves
travel through water. In fact, since
water waves are easy to see and
understand, they are often used as
an analogy to illustrate how sound
waves behave.
 In the diagram below, the black dots represent air
molecules. As the loudspeaker vibrates, it causes the
surrounding molecules to vibrate in a particular
pattern represented by the waveform. The vibrating
air then causes the listener's eardrum to vibrate in the
same pattern. Viola - Sound!
Variations in Air Pressure and Corresponding
Waveform
 PROPERTIES OF WAVES
 Wave Properties
 All waves have certain properties - three important
ones are shown here:
 Wavelength: The distance between any point on a
wave and the equivalent point on the next phase.
Literally, the length of the wave.
 Amplitude: The strength or power of a wave signal.
The "height" of a wave when viewed as a graph.
 Higher amplitudes are interpreted as a higher volume -
hence the name "amplifier" for a device which
increases amplitude.
 Frequency: The number of times the wavelength
occurs in one second. Measured in kilohertz (Khz), or
cycles per second. The faster the sound source
vibrates, the higher the frequency.
 Higher frequencies are interpreted as a higher pitch.
For example, when you sing in a high-pitched voice
you are forcing your vocal chords to vibrate quickly
 HOW SOUND WAVES
INTEREACT WITH EACH OTHER
 When different waves collide (e.g. sound from
different sources) they interfere with each other.
This is called, unsurprisingly, wave interference.
 Phasing
 The following table illustrates how sound waves (or
any other waves) interfere with each other
depending on their phase relationship:


 Sound waves which are exactly in phase add

together to produce a stronger wave.
 Sound waves which are exactly 180 degrees out of
phase cancel each other out and produce silence
(this is how many noise-cancellation devices work).
 Sound waves which have varying phase relationships
produce differing sound effects
 SOUND SYSTEM
 Working with audio means working with sound
systems. Naturally, the range of systems available for
different applications is enormous. However, all
electronic audio systems are based around one very
simple concept: To take sound waves, convert them
into an electric current and manipulate them as
desired, then convert them back into sound waves.
 A very simple sound system is shown in the diagram
below. It is made up of two types of component:
 Transducer - A device which converts energy from
one form into another. The two types of transducers
we will deal with are microphones (which convert
acoustical energy into electrical energy) and speakers
(which convert electrical energy into acoustical
energy).
 Amplifier - A device which takes a signal and
increases it's power (i.e. it increases the amplitude
 WORKING
 The next diagram shows a slightly more elaborate
system, which includes:
 Signal processors - devices and software which
allow the manipulation of the signal in various
ways. The most common processors are tonal
adjusters such as bass and treble controls.
 Record and playback section - devices which
convert a signal to a storage format for later
reproduction. Recorders are available in many
different forms, including magnetic tape, optical
CD, computer hard drive, etc.
•
DIAGRAM
 RESULT
 The audio signal from the transducer
(microphone) is passed through one
or more processing units, which
prepare it for recording (or directly
for amplification).
 The signTal is fed to a recording
device for storage.
 The stored signal is played back and
fed to more processors.
 The signal is amplified and fed to a
loudspeaker
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
 WE ARE THANKUL TO OUR TEACHER
WHO HELP US IN COMPLETING THIS
PROJECT.

THANKS