BIOTECH FARMING

Manjit S. Kang Vice Chancellor Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

Share of different sectors in Indias Economy (2006-07)

Primary , 20.54%

(Agriculture)

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Tertiary, 54.74%

Secondary, 24.71%

( Services)

( Industry)

SUSTAINING AGRICULTURE
Development and release of highyielding crop varieties Development of efficient crop production and protection technologies

SUSTAINING AGRICULTURE
Use of quality agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides) Assured irrigation Developing crop varieties with greater water-use efficiency

 Biotechnology provides powerful tools for the sustainable development of agriculture, fisheries and forestry, as well as the food industry. When appropriately integrated with other technologies, it can be of significant assistance in meeting the needs of an expanding and increasingly urbanized population in the next millennium. (FAO, 2000)

BIOTECHNOLOGY ASPECTS: RELEVANCE TO AGRICULTURE

Tissue culture/micropropagation Haploid/ doubled-haploid breeding Transgenic technology DNA-marker technology

TISSUE CULTURE MICROPROPAGATION

Micropropagation involves the production of plants from very small (1 mm) plant parts through tissue culture. Micropropagation of selected ornamentals, field, fruit and forest plant species is one of the best and most successful examples of commercial applications of tissue-culture technology.

APPLICATIONS OF MICROPROPAGATION
1. PRODUCTION OF SUPER-ELITE PLANTING MATERIAL (SEED) OF VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED SPECIES. 2. QUICK SPREAD OF NEW VARIETIES OF VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED SPECIES. 3. REJUVENATION OF OLD VARIETIES OF VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED SPECIES.

MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCOLS

Micropropagation protocols developed at PAU: Total 17 species

DEVELOPED AT PAU

BANANA

Total plant species=17

MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCOLS Developed at P.A.U.

FIELD CROPS Sugarcane Potato FLOURICULTURAL PLANTS Gladiolus Chrysanthemum Carnation Lilium FRUIT CROPS Citrus Banana Strawberry FOREST CROPS Eucalyptus Neem Poplar Paulowinia

MEDICINAL PLANTS Mentha Brahmi Safed musli Aloe vera

MASS PROPAGATION THROUGH MICROPROPAGATION

Sugarcane Potato Mentha Banana

SUGACANE

POTATO

POTATO

MENTHA

BANANA

MICROPROPAGATION OF POTATO THROUGH MINITUBER PRODUCTION

POTATO (TC1 GENERATION) IN THE FIELD

TISSUE CULTURED

CONVENTIONAL

SPREAD OF MICROPROPAGATION TECHNOLOGY More than 500 million plants belonging to different plant species are annually produced through micopropagation in the world. There are more than 100 commercial tissue-culture units in India

HAPLOID/DOUBLED-HAPLOID BREEDING Production of haploids/doubled haploids through anther and pollen culture from F1 plants, and embryo culture from wide crosses is a very useful technique for shortening the breeding cycle and early release of varieties.

DOUBLED-HAPLOID BREEDING AT PAU

ANTHER CULTURE IN RICE

POLLEN CULTURE IN RICE

PRODUCTION OF WHEAT HAPLOIDS THROUGH WHEAT X MAIZE CROSSES

Field Trials of Anther & Pollen-Derived indica rice

APPLICATIONS
In vitro production of haploids/doubledhaploids from F1 plants results in truebreeding plants in less than one year, which otherwise takes 7 to 8 generations through conventional methods. Several cultivars are either in tests or have been released in rice, wheat, maize, rapeseed and mustard in China, Canada, Denmark, USA and France.

TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY
Useful genes cloned from viruses, bacteria, fungi, insects, animals, human beings and even the genes synthesized in the lab can be introduced into plants. Unlike conventional plant breeding, only the specific, cloned gene (s) is (are) being introduced without the co-transfer of undesirable genes from donor. No need for repeated backcrossing.

TRANS-ORGANISMS
VIRUS VIRUSES BACTERIA FUNGI INSECTS ANIMALS HUMAN HUMANS UNRELATED PLANTS

CLONED TRANSGENE(S) NORMAL PLANT

OR

GM (TRANSGENIC) PLANT
OR

NORMAL CROP

GM (TRANSGENIC) CROP

TRANSGENIC RESEARCH AT PAU

Development of Bt transgenic rice

Biologia Plantarum 50 (2): 311-314.

GENETIC ENGINEERING OF RICE FOR GREATER WATER-USE EFFICIENCY

Biologia Plantarum (In press)

Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Sugarcane

B C

D A C F D

T1 GENERATION OF SELECTED TRANSGENIC T1 GENERATION OF SELECTED TRANSGENIC SUGARCANE PLANTS SUGARCANE PLANTS

INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF TRANSGENIC CROPS

Total countries growing transgenic crops =25 Total area under transgenic crops in the world= 125 MH Total crops: 10 Total area under transgenic crops in India = 7.6 MH Area under Bt cotton in Punjab: About 5.5 lakh hectares (~0.5 MH) (i.e., about 90 % area is under Bt cotton)

Indias Status James Clive: 2008

USA: Soy, maize, cotton, canola, squash,
papaya, alfalfa, sugarbeet

Argentina: Soy, maize, cotton Brazil: Soy, maize, cotton India: Cotton Canada: Canola, maize, soy, sugarbeet China: Cotton, tomato, poplar, peunia,
papaya, sweet pepper

Bt Cotton
Bt Non Bt

Bt COTTON IN PUNJAB
PAU has recommended 6 Bt cotton hybrids developed by different seed companies for cultivation in Punjab. Total area under cotton: 6.5 Lakh hectares (Area under Bt cotton : 90%). Pesticides have been reduced by almost 90%. State is heading for a white-gold revolution.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS FOR FUTURE

High-lycopene tomato o Tomato with high flavonols / flavonoids as anti-oxidants o Bt Brinjal o Cavity-fighting apples

GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS FOR FUTURE

Golden rice Iron-pumping rice Golden brassica Proteinaceous potatoes Decaffeinated tea & coffee

MOLECULAR-MARKER TECHNOLOGY
Development of saturated linkage maps DNA fingerprinting for varietal identification Phylogenetic and evolutionary studies Molecular markers and heterosis breeding

MOLECULAR-MARKER TECHNOLOGY
Gene tagging Marker-assisted selection Marker-assisted alien-gene introgression Map-based gene cloning

Molecular linkage map of diploid wheat Triticum monococcum

1A
0.0 18.5 19.6 23.6 25.1 33.9 52.3 57.8 58.7 60.6 68.5 81.2 84.9 87.5 90.1 91.3

2A
mwg851 ksuD18 BE498358 wmc382 barc124.1 gwm636 psr666 psr108 wmc177 fba198 fba178 wmC664 fba272 BE497494 BE499478 gwm275 BE406808 wmc474 BE406584 gwm515 gwm1011 gwm1045 BE406923 gwm71 cfd26 wmc420 BE425962 psr630 barc5 psr681 psr933 wmc407 wmc170 psr331 fba374 psr540 cfd267 cfd223 gwm382 gwm311 barc122

3A
0.0 3.3 0.0 4.1 5.6 6.2 16.5 33.0 46.2 53.4 54.0

4A
psr921 gwm397 wm614 wmc89 barc106 cfd71 0.0 18.1 18.7 19.3 21.9 49.0 59.5 60.6 64.3 83.0 88.0 94.5 96.3 117.0 125.9 130.0 135.8 140.7 144.3 147.2 150.0 150.9 154.8 157.1 178.6 201.4 207.4 211.0 222.2 224.2

5A
BE496903 barc186 barc1 wmc150.2 cfd40 barc117 gwm443 BE499835 gwm205 gwm154 barc141 gwm186 wmc371 cfd2.2 barc151 cfd12 gwm271 psr426 cfd2a psr549. 1 barc124.2 cfa2163 barc142 cfa2141 wmc470.2 bcd98 KsuG14 cfd39 gwm126 gwm6 cfd47 wmc74 0.0 1.2 1.8 13.0 26.7 32.5 44.0 46.2 57.1 60.1 63.4 67.8 89.0

6A
cfd190 wmc96.2 barc37 barc113 gwm570 wmc179 gwm1017 wmc417 gwm617 gwm427 gwm1089 psr966 psr687 barc104

7A

0.0 27.4 42.7 47.9 49.2 53.6 55.7 59.3 59.8 60.3 66.6 69.2 74.2 78.5 80.8 83.7 86.9 91.6 101.4 116.2 126.9 131.2 135.9 171.2

BE489323 bcd130 gdm33 gwm33 cfd58 gwm136 cfa2153 BE444890 mwg710.2 psr549.2 mwg2021.1 gwm1104 BE442682 barC604 BE499835 cfa2158 cfd21 BE443401 BE443103 BE591682 BE495292 barc9 gdm36 cfd65 cfd59 wmc470.1 gwm135 BE443103

0.0 21.4 25.1 33.6 34.3 49.8

wmc147 gwm757 barc57 barc12 wmc11 cfd79

0.0

gwm471

Ba2
cfa2173 gwm494 mwg2021.2 cdo484

36.2 47.9

barc70 gwm635

76.6 95.5 96.7 105.6 125.6 126.2 126.5 126.8 133.1 134.3 138.9 150.9 153.4 168.6 170.5

Gnu_A
barC618 gwm779 wmc150.1 wmc79 barc19 barc67 wmC669 cfa2134 psr570 gwm1121 psr74 wmc492 barc152 wmc96.3

72.6 93.5 100.9 102.0 103.7 106.7 122.2 123.9 135.0 138.3 142.6 145.4 149.8 153.8 163.7 192.1 0.0 11.8 0.0

cfd31 cfa2049 wm6 gwm130 barc154 cfa2028 wmc405 wmc58 cfa2174

79.9

mwg676

94.7

RC_A
gwm573 wmc17 cfd68 wmc96.1 gwm473 barC69 mwg710.3 gwm332 cfa2019 gwm344

96.0 115.5 117.4 127.0 127.4 127.6 131.2 132.3 136.8 150.4 183.7 0.0 0.6 8.9

216.0 228.6 232.3 235.2 244.1 252.5

bcd131 wmc153 cfa2170 cfd62 wmc326 wmc322

34.7

wmC673

283.3

gwm391

Developed at PAU

Chrom 2
Chrom 1
42.7 47.9 49.2 53.6 55.7 59.3 59.8 60.3 66.6 69.2 74.2 78.5 80.8 83.7 86.9 91.6 101.4 116.2 gdm33 gwm33 cfd58 gwm136 cfa2153 BE444890 mwg710b Psr549b mwg2021a gwm1104 BE442682 barc204 BE499835 cfa2158 cfd21 BE443401 BE443103 BE591682 BE495292 barc9 gdm36
58.7 60.6 68.5 81.2 84.9 87.5 90.1 91.3 fba198 fba178 wmC664 fba272 BE497494 BE499478 gwm275 BE406808 wmc474 BE406584 gwm515 gwm1011 gwm1045 BE406923 gwm71 cfd26 wmc420 BE425962 psr630 barc5 psr681 psr933 wmc407 wmc170 psr331 fba374 psr540 cfd267

Cereal cyst nematode resistance gene mapped in T. monococcum

CreM.pau-1A

94.7

96.0 115.5 117.4 127.0 127.4 127.6 131.2 132.3 136.8 150.4

Stripe rust resistance gene mapped in T. monococcum

YrM.pau-2A

PYRAMIDING OF BACTERIAL BLIGHT RESITANCE GENES IN RICE THROUGH MAS

xa5

xa13

Xa21
Pusa 44 pyramid lines Pusa 44 pyramid lines

Pusa 44

PR106 pyramid lines PR106 pyramid lines

PR114

Pyramiding of Bacterial Blight resistance genes, xa5, xa13 and Xa21 in the background of PR106 and Pusa 44

BB reaction (artificial inoculation) of released varieties and pyramid lines

PR106

PR116

PR118

B 370

25 25 26 26 27 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 29 28

P2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

45 46

44 45

MAS: Basmati rice Improvement

B 370
P2

B 370

P2

Xa21

xa13

RM339

Linked to amylose content

Semidwarf plants obtained in the BC1F3 progenies of the crosses Basmati 370/ IET 17948//Basmati 370 and Basmati 386/ IET 17948//Basmati 386

MAS: Pyramiding Leaf Rust ( Lr) genes in wheat

PBW 343 Lr24 Lr28

MAS: Leaf rust reaction of Lr24 +Lr28 pyramid lines

PBW343

Pyramid lines

Microbial biotechnology
Biofertilizers Biopesticides Bioherbicides

Biofertilizers
PAU has developed seven Rhizobium cultures for seven leguminous crops The technology has been transferred to Department of Agriculture, Punjab. Certain fungi are also being investigated for use as biofertilizers

Biopesticides
PAU has isolated some strains of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Bacillus subtilis and Fusarium for biocontrol of soil-borne plant pathogens of potato, chickpea, rice and sunflower. Fungus to control nematodes in soil

Biopesticides
The potato seed-tuber treatment with Trichoderma has been recommended for control of black scurf disease of potato in Punjab.

Summary: AgBiotech products

Micropropagated plants Transgenic crops Pyramided lines/varieties Gene Chips Biofertilizers Biopesticides Bioherbicides Disease diagnostic kits

Innovate

THANKS