1

A SEMIAAR REASHARCH
OA
MEDICAL DIACAOS1IC SYS1EM FOR 1HE DIACAOSIS OF MALARIA

BY
EKENG-ITA OFFIONG EKENG
REG NO: O7/CSC/009
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
FACULTY OF SCIENCE

SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
CROSS RIVER UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
(CRUTECH),CALABAR
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF COURSE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc) DEGREE.
SEPTEMBER, 2011.











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CERTIFICATION



This is to certiIy that this research work was conducted by EKENG-ITA,
OFFIONG EKENG oI the department oI computer science, with registration number
07/CSC/009 under the supervision and guidance oI Mr.J.Obiddinu.









.......... ........
MR.J Obidinu DATE
(Supervisor)








............... ..............
(Head oI Department) DATE.












DEDICATION



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This research study is dedicated to the Almighty God Ior his IaithIulness and to my
beloved parents.












































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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I thank God Almighty Ior his grace upon my liIe
I must acknowledge the tremendous contribution oI certain persons to my liIe and the
successIul completion oI this seminar work.
My warm appreciation goes to my dear parents Mr. and Mrs. E.R Henshaw, my two lovely
sisters AIo and Bassey Ior their Love, Support and Encouragement throughout the period
oI my research
I also wish to use this opportunity to thank my dear uncle pastor Maurice EIIiom and his
dear wiIe Ior their support in so many ways. Not Iorgetting my dear brother and his Iamily
Mr. & Mrs.EIIiom Ior their love and prayer
I also wish to specially acknowledge my able seminar supervisor Mr. Julius Obidinu Ior
painstakingly going through my work, and Ior his encouragement and proIessional
guidance
Also to the seminar coordinator Mr.E.E.Umoh Ior always giving me a listening hear and
not Iorgetting my other lecturers too numerous to mention. Without their lectures there
wouldn`t have being any seminar. I want to also use this medium to appreciate my colleges
and Iriends oI whom I have in one way or the other beneIited Irom and have also
contributed to the success oI this work.
Finally, my proIound gratitude and thanks goes to the Almighty God who in his inIinite
mercies made the seminar a reality and made its end a success.



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ABSTRACT

Malaria diagnostic system is a web-based expert system Ior diagnosis oI malaria.
Health assistants in rural areas can use the system to diagnose malaria in patients when the
doctor is not there.
They do not need to be medical experts to diagnose common malaria disorders iI trained to
use this expert system.

The project is oI immense importance in providing medical care Iacilities to rural people.
Its importance is Ielt because medical doctors are not readily available in local hospitals.

The basic principle oI this system is to encode the knowledge oI medical doctors in the
Iorm oI rules and use this knowledge to solve new cases oI other patients.

To perIorm this, inputs that will be provided to the knowledge base oI the system include:
patients inIormation, symptoms, related questions, blood test, and malaria drugs.

The web-based expert system was built using PHP as programming language, MYSQL as
the data base platIorm and WAMP as a local server.















6



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

CertiIicate...............................................................................................................................I
Dedication ............................................................................................2
Acknowledgement.................................................................................................................3
Abstract...................................4
CHAPTER ONE
IA1RODUC1IOA AAD BACKCROUAD OF 1HE S1UDY

1.0 Introduction...............................8

1.1 Background oI study..........................8

1.2 problem statement...........................9

1.3 Objective oI study...........................9

1.4 scope and limitation.............................10

1.5 DeIinition oI terms.................................................................................................10

CHAPTER TWO

LI1ERA1URE REJIEW

2.0 Introduction .............................12

2.1 General overview on malaria.....................12

2.2 Types oI Expert Systems........................16

2.3 Categories oI Expert systems.......................17

2.4 Examples oI Expert System......................20

2.4 Overall aim oI developing expert systems.................20




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CHAPTER THREE


SYS1EM ME1HODOLOCY AAD AAALYSIS OF 1HE PRESEA1 AAD PROPOSED
SYS1EM


3.0 Introduction...........................22

3.1 Adopted Methodology.........................22

3.2 Description oI the existing system.....................24

3.3 description oI the proposed system..................24

3.4 The UML Diagram oI the proposed system................26

3.5 High Level Design oI the Proposed System.................27

3.6 Facts and methods.........................30

3.7 Data Ilow diagram..........................31
3.8 Summary and Conclusion.......................32
3.9 ReIerences.............................33














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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF STUDY

1.1 IA1RODUC1IOA
Malaria is an inIectious diseases caused by the parasite called plasmodium. It is transmitted
by the Iemale anopheles mosquito. It is a disease that can be treated in just48 hours yet can
cause Iatal complications iI the diagnosis and treatment are delayed.

Malaria is the leading cause oI death in children in AIrica, killing more than one
million children each year.

According to the centers Ior diseases control and prevention, malaria is the 5
th
cause
oI death Irom inIectious diseases worldwide. (AIter respiratory inIections,
HIV/AIDS, diarrheal diseases and tuberculosis).

It is on this basis that a malaria diagnostic system is considered important to assist
doctors` combat this pandemic called malaria.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

It is oIten said that health is wealth. There is no alternative to Sound and good
health in liIe, hence the need Ior a web base expert system which will provide
prompt diagnosis and treatment to a patient in the absence oI a medical doctor.
This research is narrowed to malaria diagnostic system. It seeks to develop an
expert system that checks the patient at initial level and diagnose the patient
disease.


9


This system starts with presenting malaria symptoms to the patient, and then based
on the symptoms chosen by the patient, the system identiIies the ailment and gives
the corresponding medicine. II the system is not deIinite about the name oI the
disease ,it ask some related questions to the patient .iI it is still not too sure then
blood test will be recommended.

1. 2 Problem statement
The Iunction oI medical doctors in the hospital is to examine and diagnose patients
and then prescribe the right dosage oI medicine Ior an aliment.
In rural settings, services oI medical doctors are not easy to come by.
ThereIore, an alternative method oI assisting patients in the absence oI a doctor is
considered necessary.
Consequently, there is a need Ior a medical diagnostic system which will present
the knowledge oI doctors in a particular Iield in the simplest possible manner that
could be easily accessed and at any time

1.3 OB1ECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The Iollowing are the objectives oI this research work:
1. To assist or ease the work oI medical doctors
2. To develop a web based expert system that can render Iirst aid or prompt
medical attention to patients in the absence oI a doctor




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1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONOF THE STUDY
Scope
This study looks at medical diagnostic system with particular reIerence to malaria
diagnosis. Also it covers how the proposed system intends to carry out its objective
and also captures the need Ior developing a malaria diagnosis system.
Limitations:
1. The person carrying out the diagnosis must be educated and computer
literate.
2. The system does not diagnose complex diseases.
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Symptoms: change in the body`s condition that indicates illness.
Expert system: is a knowledge- based computer program containing knowledge
oI human experts in a particular domain.
Parasite: the oxIord advanced learners dictionary deIines parasite as animal or
plant living on or in another and getting its Iood Irom it
Diseases: The oxIord Advance Learner`s Dictionary oI current English deIines
Disease as illness; disorder oI the body, mind or oI plants.
Malaria: is an inIectious disease caused by mosquito bites.
Inference Engine: InIerence engine: is a computer program that tries to derive
answers Irom a knowledge base.


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Knowledge-base: Knowledge-base is a special kind oI data base Ior knowledge
management, providing the means Ior the computerized collection, organization
and retrieval oI knowledge. Also a collection oI data representing the problems
and solutions.
Rule-base system: are used as a way to store and manipulate knowledge to
interpret inIormation in a useIul way. the are oIten used in artiIicial intelligence
application and research














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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction.
In this chapter, the researcher discuses the topic in detail, making reIerence to the
work done by other people in relation to the topic discussed.

2.1 General over view on malaria
Charles Louis (1880) states that Malaria is an inIectious disease caused by a
parasite, Plasmodium, which inIects red blood cells. Historical records suggest
malaria has inIected humans since the beginning oI mankind.
Walpole (1740) states that the name "mal aria" (meaning "bad air" in Italian) was
Iirst used in English when describing the disease. The term was shortened to
"malaria" in the 20th century.
C. Laveran ( 1880 ) was the Iirst to identiIy the parasites in human blood.
Ross (1889) discovered that mosquitoes transmitted malaria. OI the Iour common
species that cause malaria, the most serious type is Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
It can be liIe-threatening.
According to Mboera (2004) Plasmodium. falciparum, Plasmodium. knowlesi
may be deadly to anyone inIected. The other three common species oI malaria.
(Plasmodium. vivax, Plasmodium. malariae, and Plasmodium. ovale) are generally


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less serious and are usually not liIe-threatening. It is possible to be inIected with
more than one species oI Plasmodium at the same time.
R. Shiel (1880) Discussed Malaria Under The Following Sub Heading
What are malaria symptoms and signs?
The symptoms characteristic oI malaria include Iever, chills, muscle aches, and
headache. Some patients develop nausea, vomiting, cough, and diarrhea. Chills,
Iever, and sweating that repeat every one, two, or three days are typical. There
could sometimes be vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, and yellowing (jaundice) oI the
skin and whites oI the eyes which due to destruction oI red blood cells and liver
cells.
People with severe Plasmodium. falciparum malaria can develop bleeding
problems, shock, liver or kidney Iailure, central nervous system problems, coma,
and can die Irom the inIection or its complications. Cerebral malaria (coma, or
altered mental status or seizures) can occur with severe Plasmodium. falciparum
inIection. It is lethal iI not treated quickly; even with treatment, about 15-20
still die.
How is malaria transmitted?
The liIe cycle oI the malaria parasite (Plasmodium) is complicated and involves two
hosts, humans and Anopheles mosquitoes. The disease is transmitted to humans
when an inIected Anopheles mosquito bites a person and injects the malaria
parasites (sporozoites) into the blood. Sporozoites travel through the bloodstream to


14


the liver, mature, and eventually inIect the human red blood cells. While in red
blood cells, the parasites again develop until a mosquito takes a blood meal Irom an
inIected human and ingests human red blood cells containing the parasites. Then
the parasites reach the Anopheles mosquito's stomach and eventually invade the
mosquito salivary glands. When an Anopheles mosquito bites a human, these
sporozoites complete and repeat the complex Plasmodium liIe cycle. P,asmodium.
ovale and Plasmodium. vivax can Iurther complicate the cycle by producing
dormant stages (hypnozoites) that may not develop Ior weeks to years.
Where is malaria a particular problem?
Malaria is a particular problem and a major one in areas oI Asia, AIrica, and South
America. Unless precautions are taken, anyone living in or traveling to a country
where malaria is prevalent can get the disease. Malaria occurs in about 100
countries; approximately 40 oI the world population is at risk Ior contracting
malaria.
What is the treatment for malaria?
Three main Iactors determine treatments: the inIecting species oI Plasmodium
parasite, the clinical situation oI the patient (Ior example, adult, child, or pregnant
Iemale with either mild or severe malaria), and the drug susceptibility oI the
inIecting parasites.
Drug susceptibility is determined by the geographic area where the inIection was
acquired. DiIIerent areas oI the world have malaria types that are resistant to certain


13


medications. The correct drugs Ior each type oI malaria must be prescribed by a
doctor who is Iamiliar with malaria treatment protocols. Since people inIected with
Plasmodium. Falciparum parasite can die (oIten because oI delayed treatment).
Drug treatment oI malaria is not always easy. Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen) is
the drug oI choice Ior all malarial parasites except Ior chloroquine-resistant
Plasmodium strains. Although almost all strains oI plasmodium. malariae are
susceptible to chloroquine, plasmodium.
falciparum, Plateranosi. vivax, and even some Pl,ssmodium. ovale strains have
been reported as resistant to chloroquine. UnIortunately, resistance is usually noted
by drug-treatment Iailure in the individual patient.
There are, however, multiple drug-treatment protocols Ior treatment oI drug-
resistant Plasmodium strains (Ior example, quinine sulIate plus doxycycline
|Vibramycin, Oracea, Adoxa, Atridox| or tetracycline |Achromycin|, or
clindamycin |Cleocin|, or atovaquone-proguanil |Malarone|). There are specialized
labs that can test the patient's parasites Ior resistance, but this is not done Irequently.
Consequently, treatment is usually based on the majority oI Plasmodium species
diagnosed and its general drug-resistance pattern Ior the country or world region
where the patient became inIested. For example, Plasmodium. falciparum acquired
in the Middle East countries is usually susceptible to chloroquine, but iI it's
acquired in sub-Sahara AIrican countries, it's usually resistant to chloroquine.
The WHO's treatment policy, recently established in 2006, is to treat all cases oI
uncomplicated Plasmodium. falciparum paracite with artemisinin-derived


16


combination therapy (ACTs). ACTs are drug combinations (Ior example,
artesunate-amodiaquine, artesunate-meIloquine, artesunate-pyronaridine,
dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, and chlorproguanil-dapsoneartesunate) used to
treat drug-resistant Plasmodium. falciparum. UnIortunately, as oI 2009, a number
oI P. falciparum-inIected individuals have parasites resistant to ACT drugs.
2.0 Types of Expert Systems

There are diIIerent types oI expert systems we have;
Rule-based: are used as a way to store and manipulate knowledge to interpret
inIormation in a useIul way. They are oIten used in artiIicial intelligence
application and research.
A classic example oI a rule-based system is the domain-speciIic expert system that
uses rules you make deductions or choices. For example, an expert system might
help a doctor choose the correct diagnosis based on a cluster oI symptoms.
Logic based: is an expert system Ior Iault diagnosis oI power system using
inIerence engine
Object oriented: used Ior power system alarm processing
Hybrid systems: is complex to build. It is a dynamic system that exhibits both
continuous and discrete dynamic behavior .oIten, the term hybrid dynamic
systems such as those that combine neural nets and Iuzzy logic.
Real time expert system


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Frames based expert system


2.0 Categories of Expert System:

There are many diIIerent categories oI expert systems. The Iollowing list describes
the various types.
Diagnosis.
Diagnosis types oI expert systems are used to recommend remedies to illnesses,
trouble-shoot electronic or mechanical problems or as debugging tools.

Repair.
Expert systems that deIine repair strategies are also very common. As well as
diagnosing the problem they can suggest a plan Ior the repair oI the item. The repair
plan typically contains a scheduling structure and some control structure to validate
the repair process. Such systems have been employed in the automotive repair Iield
and similar areas.

Instruction.
Instructional expert systems have been used Ior individualised training or
instruction in a particular Iield. The system presents material in an order determined


18


by its evaluation oI the user`s ability and current knowledge and monitor`s the
progress oI the student, altering the sequence depending on this progress.

Interpretation.
Interpretive expert systems have the ability to analyse data to determine its
signiIicance or useIulness. The knowledge base oIten contains models oI real world
situations which it compares to its data. These are oIten used in exploration Ior
mineral, gas and oil deposits as well as in surveillance, image analysis and speech
understanding.

Prediction.
Predictive expert systems are used as a method to guess at the possible outcomes
oI observed situations, usually providing a probability Iactor. This is used oIten in
weather Iorecasting.

Design and Planning.
This allows experts to quickly develop solutions that save time. These systems do
not replace experts but act as a tool by perIorming tasks such as costing, building
design, material ordering and magazine design.




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Monitoring and Control.
In certain applications expert systems can be designed to monitor operations and
control certain Iunctions. These are particularly useIul where speed oI decision
making is vitally important, Ior example in the nuclear energy industry, air traIIic
control and the stock market.

Classification/Identification.
These systems help to classiIy the goals in the system by the identiIication oI
various Ieatures (these can by physical or non-physical) For example various types
oI animals are classiIied according to attributes such as habitat, Ieeding
inIormation, colour, breeding inIormation, relative size etc. These systems can be
used by bird watchers, Iishing enthusiasts, animal rescue shelters (to match animals
to prospective owners) to name a Iew.
Technical diagnostic type of expert system;
Technical diagnostic type oI expert system is combining artiIicial intelligence (AI)
techniques with equipment Iault diagnosis techniques. It uses special knowledge
and a method provided by experts which simulates the inIerence process oI the
experts, to solve various problems.






20


2.4 Examples of Expert Systems Already In Existence:
According to Julie.H and Miriam .K (1992) a speciIic example oI expert systems
Ior abnormal condition recognition expert systems perIorm Abnormal Condition
Recognition(ACR) or in order words diagnosis oI the condition oI an object or
process using a description oI the situation, knowledge oI the architecture (structure
and Iunctions) oI the subject, and other methods to establish the probable cause oI
incorrect operations this expert systems oIten times serves as consultants who not
only make the diagnosis, but also helps with debugging.
Mathemedics Inc. has developed medical diagnostic programmes Ior back aches,
chest, abdomen, and other signs/symptoms domains, and has considerable
experience with the creation oI eIIicient medical experts and decision support
systems.
Shop automated System oI Technical Diagnostic (SASTD) was created by
intellectual systems, inc. in Russia. SASTD is a real-time hybrid expert system Ior a
pipe line gas compressor station.
Expert System Ior Prediction and Forecast

2.5 Over all Aim of Developing Expert Systems:

1. An expert system does not take the place oI doctors but can Iunction in the
absence oI a doctor to render Iirst aid treatment to patients in cases oI
emergency.


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2. A large data base oI knowledge can be added and kept up-to-date.
3. It can store more knowledge than a person.
4. The system cannot Iorget` or get Iacts wrong.
























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CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS OF THE PRESENT AND
PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.0 Introduction
This chapter introduces the reader to the Reader to the research and methodology
used in this work. It states the methodology adopted in carrying out this research,
how data were gathered, and also talks about the previous and existing system.
Methodology is the system oI methods Iollowed in a particular discipline. There are
diIIerent methodologies used in developing an expert system as stated below:
3.1 Adopted Methodology
There are diIIerent types oI expert systems as earlier discussed.
Based on the analysis oI the diIIerent types oI expert systems, this research makes
use oI the rule-based system and under the categories oI expert systems it uses the
technical diagnostic type oI expert system.
Rule-based expert system which makes use oI artiIicial intelligence and inIerence
engine. Now the question what is an expert system?
An expert system is a knowledge- based computer program containing knowledge
oI human experts in a particular domain/ Iield.



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Rule-based system: is used when problem area is narrow and the domain has well
understood theory.
Technical Diagnostic Type oI Expert System combines ArtiIicial Intelligence
techniques with equipment Iault diagnosis techniques. It uses special knowledge
and methods provided by experts which simulates the inIerence process oI the
system, to solve various problems.
Inference engine: is a computer program that tries to derive answers Irom a
knowledge base. It is the brain that expert systems use to reason about the
inIormation in the knowledge base Ior the ultimate purpose oI Iormulating new
conclusions.
Knowledge-base is a special kind oI data base Ior knowledge management,
providing the means Ior the computerized collection, organization and retrieval oI
knowledge. Also a collection oI data representing the problems and solutions.
ArtiIicial intelligence (AI) coined by John McCarthy (1956) deIines AI as the
science and engineering oI making intelligent machines.
In summary, because rule-based system is used when problem area is narrow and
domain has well understood theory that is why it has been considered most
appropriate Ior this research work considering the Iact that the problem area is
narrow and it has well under stood theory.





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3.2 Description of the existing system:
Our existing system is a human being (Doctor) who knows large number oI diseases
and their solutions. It takes decisions at the very same time when he identiIies the
disease.

Disadvantages of the existing system:
Because the existing system is a human being he could suIIer Irom human errors as
Iollows:
Tiredness
Memory limitation
Both the doctor and the patient should be present.

3.3 Description of the proposed system
The proposed system is an expert system that will oIIer Iirst aid treatment to a
patient in the absence oI a doctor.

Input for the Proposed System:
Login area
Patient`s Data
Symptoms oI malaria
Query (questions about patient`s Ieeling)
Malaria medicine
Blood test

Output of the proposed system:
Suggest patient`s disease
Give the required treatment




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Goals of the proposed system:
Accuracy: the level oI accuracy in the proposed system will be high because
whatever inIormation that is in the proposed system will be accurate because
it is gotten Irom experts in that Iield.
Reliability: the reliability oI the proposed system will be high due to the
above mentioned reason. The system will store inIormation properly.
Immediate retrieval oI inIormation: the objective oI the proposed system is
to provide a quick and eIIicient retrieval oI inIormation.
The system will be easy to operate.












26



3.4 UML DIAGRAM (Unified modeling language)







































LCCln LCCln
C8LA1L
A1lLn1
MAnACL
uA1A8ASL
LCCCu1
ulACnCS1lC
A8LA
LCCCu1 CPLCk
u8uCS
MLulCAL ulAnCS1lC
S1S?S1LM
AuMln
A1lLn1


27



3.5 HIGH LEVEL DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

LOGIN
STAGE 1










NO











?LS
?LS
nC
S1C
S1A81
S1A8
SLLLC1 uSL8 1?L
Ln1L8 LCCln uL1AlLS
lS LCCln
uL1AlLS
vALlu?
CLn AuMln
A8LA
lS uSL8
An
AuMln ?
CLn A1lLn1
A8LA


28




STAGE 2








































S1A81
Ln1L8 A1lLn1
uA1A
8LClS1L8 A1lLn1
ulSLA? A1lLn1
8LClS18A1lCn
lnlC8MA1lCn
S1C
ADMIN AkLA kLGIS1Lk A NLW A1ILN1


29








































CeL user 8esponse
lALSL
Choose SympLoms
S1A81
MaLch SympLoms WlLh 1haL Cf
Malarla ln 1he uaLa 8ase
uCLS S?M1CMS
MA1CP Wl1P
1PA1 Cl MALA8lA
ln 1PL uA1A
8ASL?
ulsplay Malarla
SuspecLed
ulsplay CuesLlons
8elaLed 1o
Malarla SympLoms
ulsplay Co
lor 8lood
LesL
ulSLA? MALA8lA
CCnll8MLu Wl1P
u8uCS 1C 8L 1AkLn
ls user
8esponse
Lrue or
false?
SLop
nC
18uL
?LS
S1AGL 3 A1ILN1 DIAGNCS1IC AkLA


30




3.6 FACTS AND METHODS ADOPTED

Medical experts Irom general hospital were interviewed and data describing the
evolution cycle oI malaria and the method oI treatment were collected.
The obtained data was used to build the existing knowledge base oI the system.

MYSQL was used as a data base platIorm Ior representation oI the obtained
knowledge and PHP 5.0 was used as the programming language.
And WAMP was used as local server.

































31





























A1ILN1 INICkMA1ICN
USLk ]DCC1Ck
A1ILN1
1
2
3
4
6 GIVL 1nL
NAML CI
DISLASL
MLDCINLS 1C
1nL A1lLn1
kLSLN1
A1ILN1'S
CVLkALLkLSUL1
kCVIDL
SM1CMS
LCG IN 1C 1nL
SS1LM
LCG IN 1C 1nL
SS1LM

A
1
I
L
N
1

I
N
I
C
k
M
A
1
I
C
N

DISLASL
LCGIN
S
CnLCk 1nL USLk
NAML AND
ASSWCkD
(AU1nLN1ICA1ICN)
3
6
LCG IN 1C 1nL
SS1LM
1
2
4
CnLCk 1nL USLk
NAML AND
ASSWCkD
(AU1nLN1ICA1ICN)
3
6
CnLCk 1nL USLk
NAML AND
ASSWCkD
(AU1nLN1ICA1ICN)
DA1A ILCW DIAGkAM
CnLCk ICk
MALAkIA CN
1nL 8ASIS CI
SM1CMS
MALAkIA

DIAGNCSIS SS1LM

GIVL 1nL
NAML CI
DISLASL
MLDCINLS 1C
1nL A1lLn1
DISLASL
LCG IN 1C 1nL
SS1LM
1
2
7
3
6


32



3.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:
This research is based on the Iact that malaria has claimed a lot oI lives and has also
being discovered to be the leading cause oI death right Irom the beginning oI
mankind.
It is on this basis that a web-based expert system that will assist doctors in the
diagnosis and treatment oI malaria is being developed.
The expert system built will make use oI rule based expert system, using WAMP
as its local server and will contain in its knowledge base, symptoms oI malaria, as
well as blood test and right medicine Ior the treatment oI malaria.
The idea behind this system is to render prompt treatment to patients in the absence
oI a medical doctor but does not take the place oI doctors.












33



kLILkLNCLS
AcLual Lxamples of LxperL SysLems
WebMlsslourl edu/!onassend/Cour
new Approach 1o LxperL SysLem LxplanaLlons
8eLrleved on AugusL 6 2011 vla /hLLp//wwwcongenLexcom/papers/explanaLlon
Malarla SympLoms and Sclence Lxperlenced
8eLrleved vla /hLLp//wwwMedlclne neLcom/Malarla/arLlclehLm
Malarla SympLoms 1reaLmenL Cycle prevenLlon
8eLrleved vla /http://www.Medicine net.com/Malaria/article.htm
Rule-Base Expert System
Retrieved Via /http: //www SoItComputing.net/Iussy













34