Chapter 8 Design of infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters. % % Program 8.1, p511.

m-file for the analog filter design % (Example 8.19) % program name: prog81.m % FN=1000/2; fc=300; % cut offf frequency N=5; % filter order [z, p, k]=buttap(N); % create an analog filter w=linspace(0, FN/fc, 1000); % plot the response of filter h=freqs(k*poly(z), poly(p), w); f=fc*w; plot(f, 20*log10(abs(h))), grid ylabel('Magnitude (dB)') xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') ============================================= % % Program 8.2, p511. m-file for the % impulse invariant filter (Example % program name: prog82.m % Fs=1000; fc=300; WC=2*pi*fc; N=5; [b,a]=butter(N,WC,'s'); [z, p, k]=butter(N, WC, 's'); [bz, az]=impinvar(b,a,Fs); [h, f]=freqz(bz, az, 512,Fs); plot(f, 20*log10(abs(h))), grid xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') ylabel('Magnitude (dB)') design of the 8.19) % % % % % sampling frequency cutoff frequency cutoff frequency in radian filter order create an analog filter

% determine coeffs of IIR filter

============================================== % % Program 8.3, p512. m-file for the design of the BZT filter % (Example 8.19) % program name: prog83.m % Fs=1000; % sampling frequency FN=Fs/2; fc=300; % cutoff frequency N=5; [z, p, k]=butter(N, fc/FN); [h, f]=freqz(k*poly(z), poly(p), 512, Fs); plot(f, 20*log10(abs(h))), grid ylabel('Magnitude (dB)') xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')

===================================================== % % m-file for Example 8B.1 (Program 8B.1, p564). % Program name: prog8b1.m % N=2; % Filter order Fs=1280; % Sampling frequency fc=150; % Cutoff frequency WC=2*pi*fc; % Cutoff frequency in radian % % Create an analogue filter % [b,a]=butter(N,WC,'s'); [z,p,k]=butter(N, WC, 's'); % % Convert analogue filter into Discrete IIR filter % [bz, az]=impinvar(b, a, Fs); %Determine coeffs of IIR filter subplot(2,1,1) % Plot magnitude freq. response [H, f]=freqz(bz, az, 512, Fs); plot(f, 20*log10(abs(H))) xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') ylabel('Magnitude Response (dB)') subplot(2,1,2) % Plot pole-zero diagram zplane(bz, az) zz=roots(bz); % Determine poles and zeros pz=roots(az); ============================================================ % % m-file for Example 8B.2 (Program % Program name: prog8b2.m % N=2; Fs=1280; FN=Fs/2; fc=150; Fc=fc/FN; [b,a]=butter(N,Fc); filter. [z,p,k]=butter(N, Fc); subplot(2,1,1) [H, f]=freqz(b, a, 512, Fs); plot(f, abs(H)) xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') ylabel('Magnitude Response ') subplot(2,1,2) zplane(b, a) b a

8B.2, p566). % Filter order % Sampling frequency % Cutoff frequency % Normalized Cutoff frequency % Create and digitize analogue % Plot magnitude freq. response

% Plot pole-zero diagram

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% m-file for Example 8B.3 (Program % Program name: prog8b3.m % Fs=2000; FN=Fs/2; fc1=200/FN; fc2=300/FN; [b,a]=butter(4,[fc1, fc2]); filter. [z,p,k]=butter(4, [fc1, fc2]); subplot(2,1,1) [H, f]=freqz(b, a, 512, Fs); plot(f, abs(H)) xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') ylabel('Magnitude Response ') subplot(2,1,2) zplane(b, a)

8B.3, p567) % Sampling frequency

% Create and digitize analogue % Plot magnitude freq. response

% Plot pole-zero diagram

========================================================= % % m-file for Example 8B.4 (Program 8B.4, p569) % Program name: prog8b4.m % Fs=8000; % Sampling frequency Ap=3; As=20; wp=500/4000; ws=2000/4000; [N, wc]=buttord(wp, ws, Ap, As); % Determine filter order [zz, pz, kz]=butter(N,500/4000); % Digitise filter [b, a]=butter(N, 500/4000); subplot(2,1,1) % Plot magnitude freq. response [H, f]=freqz(b, a, 512, Fs); plot(f, abs(H)) xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') ylabel('Magnitude Response ') subplot(2,1,2) % Plot pole-zero diagram zplane(b, a) ======================================================= % % m-file for Example 8B.5 (Program 8B.5, % Program name: prog8b5.m % Fs=8000; Ap=3; As=20; wp=2000/4000; ws=500/4000; [N, wc]=buttord(wp, ws, Ap, As); [zz, pz, kz]=butter(N,2000/4000, 'high'); [b, a]=butter(N, 2000/4000, 'high'); subplot(2,1,1) response [H, f]=freqz(b, a, 512, Fs); plot(f, abs(H)) xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') p571) % Sampling frequency

% Determine filter order % Digitise filter % Plot magnitude freq.

ylabel('Magnitude Response ') subplot(2,1,2) zplane(b, a)

% Plot pole-zero diagram

==================================================== % % m-file for Example 8B.6 (Program 8B.6, p572) % Program name: prog8b6.m % Band pass filter % Fs=1000; % Sampling frequency Ap=3; As=20; Wp=[200/500, 300/500]; % Band edge frequencies Ws=[50/500, 450/500]; [N, Wc]=buttord(Wp, Ws, Ap, As); % Determine filter order [zz, pz, kz]=butter(N,Wp); % Digitise filter [b, a]=butter(N, Wp); subplot(2,1,1) % Plot magnitude freq. response [H, f]=freqz(b, a, 512, Fs); plot(f, abs(H)) xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') ylabel('Magnitude Response ') subplot(2,1,2) % Plot pole-zero diagram zplane(b, a) ======================================================= % % % %

m-file for Example 8B.7 (Program 8B.7, p574) Program name: prog8b7.m Band stop filter % Sampling frequency

% Fs=1000; Ap=3; As=20; Wp=[50/500, 450/500]; Ws=[200/500, 300/500]; [N, Wc]=buttord(Wp, Ws, Ap, As); [zz, pz, kz]=butter(N,Ws, 'stop'); [b, a]=butter(N, Ws, 'stop'); subplot(2,1,1) [H, f]=freqz(b, a, 512, Fs); plot(f, abs(H)) xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') ylabel('Magnitude Response ') subplot(2,1,2) zplane(b, a)

% Band edge frequencies % Determine filter order % Digitise filter % Plot magnitude freq. response

% Plot pole-zero diagram

============================================================

% % m-file for the design Example 8B.8 (Program 8B.8, p576) % Program Name: prog8b8.m % Ap=0.25; As=45; Fs=100000; Wp=[20500/50000, 23500/50000]; % Band edge frequencies Ws=[19000/50000, 25000/50000]; [N,Wc]=ellipord(Wp, Ws, Ap, As); order [b, a]=ellip(N, Ap, As, Wc); coeffs [z, p, k]=ellip(N, Ap, As,Wc); zeros sos=zp2sos(z, p,k); order sections subplot(2,1,1) response [H, f]=freqz(b, a, 512, Fs); plot(f, 20*log10(abs(H))) xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') ylabel('Magnitude Response (dB)') subplot(2,1,2) diagram zplane(b, a) % % % % % Determine filter Determine filter Determine poles and Convert to second Plot magnitude freq.

Plot pole-zero

============================================================ function IIRBZT %Design program for IIR filters with Butterworth, Chebyshev, Inverse %Chebyshev or Elliptic Characteristic using bilinear transformation %output arguments: %n - estimated minimun filter order. %Wn - cutoff frequencies. %b,a - coefficients of digital filter %ftype - 'low' for lowpass filter % 'high' for highpass filter % 'bandpass' for bandpass filter % 'stop' for bandstop filter %ctype - 1 for Butterworth filter % 2 for Chebyshev filter % 3 for Inverse Chebyshev filter % 4 for Elliptic filter %steps of designing a digital filter implied in the called functions: % step 1: estimate the minimum order of the filter from specifications % step 2: get analog, pre-warped frequencies % step 3: convert to low-pass prototype estimate % step 4: Get n-th order analog lowpass prototype with desired filter characters % step 5: Transform to lowpass, bandpass, highpass, or bandstop of desired Wn % step 6: Use Bilinear transformation to find discrete equivalent:

clear all; format; Fs = 100000; %sampling frequency(Hz). Wp = [20500 23500]/(Fs/2); %passband edge frequency normalised by Fs/2. Ws = [19000 25000]/(Fs/2); %stopband edge frewquency normalised by Fs/2. Rp = 0.25; %passband attenuation in dB. Rs = 45; %stopband attenuation in dB ctype = 4; %character of filter ftype = 'bandpass'; %type of filter if ctype==1 [n,Wn]=buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs); [b,a]=butter(n,Wn,ftype); elseif ctype==2 [n,Wn]=cheb1ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs); [b,a]=cheby1(n,Rp,Wn,ftype); elseif ctype==3 [n,Wn]=cheb2ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs); [b,a]=cheby2(n,Rs,Wn,ftype); elseif ctype==4 [n,Wn]=ellipord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs); [b,a]=ellip(n,Rp,Rs,Wn,ftype); end %Output the result disp('Numerator coefficients (in descending powers of z):'); disp(b); disp('Denominator coefficients (in descending powers of z):'); disp(a); freqz(b,a,1024,Fs); ======================================================= function Impinv %Impulse invariance method of anolog-to-digital filter conversion %a,b -- s-plane coefficients %az,bz -- digital filter coefficients clear all; b = 1; a = [1.84496 1.920675 1]; [bz,az]=impinvar(b,a) Inv. freqz(bz,az,1024);

%get z-plane coefficients using impulse

======================================================= % % Program name - prob825.m (problem 8.25(1), p553) % Comparison of magnitude and phase responses of an analogue % and equivalent BZT and impulse invariant discrete-time filters % and pole-zero diagrams (elliptic low pass filter) % Fs=10000; FN=Fs/2; fp=1000; fs=3000; wp=fp*2*pi; ws=fs*2*pi; Ap=1; As=60; %

% Calculate filter coefficients and frequency responses [N, wc]=ellipord(wp, ws, Ap, As,'s'); % analog filter [B, A]=ellip(N, Ap, As, wc, 's'); [bBZT, aBZT]=bilinear(B,A,Fs); % BZT filter [bIIT,aIIT]=impinvar(B,A,Fs); % Impulse invariance filter % % Compute frequency response [Ha, wa]=freqs(B,A); [HBZT, fBZT]=freqz(bBZT, aBZT, 512, Fs); [HIIT, fIIT]=freqz(bIIT, aIIT, 512, Fs); % % Plot magnitude frequency responses % figure(1); % Plot analogue magnitude response plot(wa/(2*pi), 20*log10(abs(Ha))) hold on figure (1); plot(fBZT, 20*log10(abs(HBZT)), 'r:') % Plot BZT magnitude response hold on figure (1); plot(fIIT, 20*log10(abs(HIIT)), 'g:') % Plot Impinv magnitude response legend('Analog', 'BZT', 'Imp Invar'); axis([0 10000 -120 0]) ylabel('Magnitude (dB)') xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') title('Filter magnitude responses') hold off; % % Plot phase responses % figure(2); plot(wa/(2*pi), angle(Ha)*180/pi) % Plot analogue phase response hold on figure (2); plot(fBZT, angle(HBZT)*180/pi, 'r:') % Plot BZT phase response hold on figure(2); plot(fIIT, angle(HIIT)*180/pi, 'g.') %ImpInvar phase response legend('Analog', 'BZT','Imp Invar'); axis([0 10000 -360 360]) ylabel('Phase (Degrees)') xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') title('Filter Phase Responses') hold off % % Plot pole-zero diagrams % figure (3); zplane(bBZT, aBZT) title('Pole-zero diagram - BZT filter') figure (4); zplane(bIIT, aIIT) xmin=-1; xmax=1; ymin=-1; ymax=1; % Scale the z-plane for the Impulse Inva. axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) title('Pole-zero diagram - impulse invariance filter')

===================================================== % % Program name - prob8261a.m (modified problem 8.26(1), p553) % Comparison of characteristic features of discrete-time Butterworth, % Chebyshev 1,Chebyshev 2 and elliptic lowpass filters. % Fs=8000; fp=500/4000; fs=2000/5000; Ap=0.1; As=60; % % Calculate filter coefficients [N1, wc1]=buttord(fp, fs, Ap, As); % filter order [N2, wc2]=cheb1ord(fp, fs, Ap, As); [N3, wc3]=cheb2ord(fp, fs, Ap, As); [N4, wc4]=ellipord(fp, fs, Ap, As); [b1, a1]=butter(4, fp); % Butterworth filter [b2, a2]=cheby1(4, Ap, fp); [b3, a3]=cheby2(4, As, fs); [b4, a4]=ellip(4, Ap, As, fp); % % Calculate frequency responses % [H1, f1]=freqz(b1, a1, 512, Fs); [H2, f2]=freqz(b2, a2, 512, Fs); [H3, f3]=freqz(b3, a3, 512, Fs); [H4, f4]=freqz(b4, a4, 512, Fs); % % Plot magnitude frequency responses % figure (1); plot(f1, 20*log10(abs(H1)), 'r:') % Plot Butterworth magnitude response hold on figure (1); plot(f2, 20*log10(abs(H2)), 'b--') % Plot Cheby1 magnitude response hold on figure (1); plot(f3, 20*log10(abs(H3)), 'g-.') % Plot Cheby2 magnitude response hold on figure (1); plot(f4, 20*log10(abs(H4)), 'k-') % Plot elliptic magnitude response hold on legend('Butworth', 'Cheby1', 'Cheby2', 'Ellip'); axis([0 4000 -100 10]) ylabel('Magnitude (dB)') xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') title('Filter magnitude responses') hold off; % % Plot phase responses % figure (2); plot(f1, angle(H1)*180/pi, 'r:') % Plot BZT phase response hold on figure (2); plot(f2, angle(H2)*180/pi, 'b--') % Plot Cheby 1 phase response hold on figure (2); plot(f3, angle(H3)*180/pi, 'g-.') % Plot Cheby 2 phase response

hold on figure (2); plot(f4, angle(H4)*180/pi, 'k-') % Plot elliptic phase response hold on figure(2); legend('Butter', 'Cheby1','Cheby2', 'Ellip'); axis([0 4000 -360 360]) ylabel('Phase (Degrees)') xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') title('Filter Phase Responses') hold off % % Plot pole-zero diagrams % figure (3); zplane(b1, a1) title('Pole-zero diagram - Butterworth filter') figure (4); zplane(b2, a2) title('Pole-zero diagram - Chebyshev 1 filter') figure (5); zplane(b3, a3) title('Pole-zero diagram - Chebyshev 2 filter') figure (6); zplane(b4, a4) title('Pole-zero diagram - Elliptic filter') N1 N2 N3 N4 ==========================================================