Engine displacement

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One complete cycle of a four cylinder, four stroke engine. The volume displaced is marked in orange.

Engine displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of an internal combustion engine in a single movement from top dead centre (TDC) to bottom dead centre (BDC). It is commonly specified in cubic centimeters (cc), litres (l), or (mainly in North America) cubic inches (CID). Engine displacement does not include the total volume of the combustion chamber.
Contents
[hide]

1 Definition 2 Units of measure 3 Governmental regulations 4 Automotive model names 5 See also 6 References

[edit]Definition
Engine displacement is determined from the bore and stroke of an engine's cylinders. The bore is the diameter of the circular chambers cut into the cylinder block.

Examples: The 427 Chevy bore is 4.312 in, and the stroke is 3.65 in, therefore the displacement for this 8cylinder engine is: 3.1416/4 * 4.3122 * 3.65 * 8 = 426.4 CID.

If the bore is 10 cm and the stroke is 5 cm with 4 cylinders, the calculation is: 3.1416/4 * 102 * 5 * 4 = 1570 cm3 = 1.57 liters

[edit]Units

of measure

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (July 2009) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)
In the United States, the cubic inch was the commonly used unit of measurement until the 1980s by the manufacturers to express the displacement of engines for cars, trucks, etc. (e.g., the "426" in 426 HEMI refers to 426 cubic inches displaced). It is still used for this purpose in the context of the classic-car hobby, auto racing, and so forth.[citation needed] The automotive industry nowadays uses the International System of Units / le Systme international d'units (SI), a modern metric system for this purpose worldwide (e.g. 6.1 litre HEMI). However, in markets accustomed to cubic inches, the actual displacement measurements of an engine are still given by many manufacturers in these units, usually along with metric value; e.g. the 6.1 litre HEMI's published displacement is 370.0 CID/6,059 cc.[1][2][3][4] Some examples of common CID-to-litre conversions are given below. Note that nominal sizes are not always precisely equal to actual sizes. This principle is frequently seen in engineering, tool standardization, etc. (for ease of use), and in marketing (when a big round number sounds more impressive, is more memorable, etc.).

make ( division)

cubic inch displacemen t (CID) - (actual) (nearest 1)

cubic inch displacement (CID) - (nominal)

Internationa l System of Internationa Units (SI) l System of - (actual) Units (SI) (nearest - (nominal) 0.01)

Honda, Kawasaki, others

something close to 61 CID

N/A (not marketed in CID)

[something close to SI nominal]

1000 cc (= 1.0 litre)

Honda, Kawasaki, others

something close to 98 CID

N/A (not marketed in CID)

[something close to SI nominal]

1600 cc (= 1.6 litre)

Honda, Kawasaki, others; Ford

something close to 122 CID

N/A (not marketed in CID)

[something close to SI nominal]

2000 cc (= 2.0 litre)

GM (Pontiac, Buick, 151 CID Oldsmobile, GMC, others)

N/A (not marketed in CID)

[something close to SI nominal]

2.5 litre

Toyota, Ford, something Chrysler, close to others 183 CID

N/A (not marketed in CID)

[something close to SI nominal]

3.0 litre

AMC, Jeep, 241.573 CID 242 CID Chrysler (I6)

3,959 cc

4.0 litre

Ford

something close to 244 CID

N/A (not marketed in CID)

[something close to SI nominal]

4.0 litre

Ford (Ford, Mercury), GM (Chevrolet, GMC)

[something close to CID 250 CID nominal]

4.10 litre

4.1 litre

AMC, Jeep, [something International close to CID 258 CID Harvester nominal]

4.22 litre

4.2 litre

GM (Chevrolet, GMC, Oldsmobile)

[something close to CID 262 CID nominal]

4.33 litre

4.3 litre

Ford (Ford, Mercury)

[something close to CID 289 CID nominal]

4.74 litre

N/A (not marketed in SI)

Ford (Ford trucks and vans)

[something close to CID 300 CID nominal]

4.92 litre

4.9 litre

[something GM (Pontiac) close to CID 301 CID nominal]

4.9 litre

N/A (not marketed in SI)

Ford, GM (Chevrolet)

[something 302 CID close to CID (302 Windsor, 302 Cleveland,Chevrolet 30 4.95 litre nominal] 2)

5.0 litre

GM 303 CID (Oldsmobile)

AMC, Jeep, [something International close to CID 304 CID Harvester nominal]

4.98 litre

5.0 litre

GM (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick)

[something close to CID 305 CID nominal]

5.0 litre

N/A (not marketed in S/I)

GM (Chevrolet; Buick)

307 CID

307 CID

5.03 litre

N/A (not marketed in SI)

GM 307 CID (Oldsmobile)

N/A (not marketed in CID)

5.03 litre

5.0 litre

Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)

[something close to CID 318 CID nominal]

5.21 litre

5.2 litre

AMC, GM (Chevrolet)

327 CID

327 CID

5.36 litre

N/A (not marketed in

SI)

GM 330 CID (Oldsmobile)

Buick, Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)

[something close to CID 340 CID nominal]

5.57 litre

N/A (not marketed in SI)

GM (GMC, Chevrolet, Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, others)

[something close to CID 350 CID nominal]

5.74 litre

5.7 litre

Ford (Ford, Mercury)

[something close to CID 351 CID (Cleveland or Windsor) nominal]

5.75 litre

5.8 litre

AMC, Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)

[something close to CID 360 CID nominal]

5.90 litre

5.9 litre

Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)

[something close to CID 383 CID nominal]

6.28 litre

N/A (not marketed in SI)

[something GM (Pontiac) close to CID 389 CID nominal]

6.5 litre

N/A (not marketed in SI)

AMC, Ford, GM (Cadillac)

[something close to CID 390 CID nominal]

6.39 litre

N/A (not marketed in SI)

GM 394 CID (Oldsmobile)

GM (Chevrolet)

[sometimes 396 CID, sometimes 402 CID]

396 CID

6.49 litre

N/A (not marketed in SI)

GM (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile)

[something close to CID 400 CID nominal]

6.55 litre

N/A (not marketed in SI)

GM (Buick)

401 CID

GM (Chevrolet)

[something close to CID 409 CID nominal]

6.70 litre

N/A (not marketed in SI)

[something GM (Pontiac) close to CID 421 CID nominal]

6.90 litre

N/A (not marketed in SI)

GM 425 CID (Oldsmobile)

Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)

[something close to CID 426 CID (Wedge or Hemi) nominal]

6.98 litre

7.0 litre

Ford (Ford, Mercury)

[something close to CID 427 CID nominal]

7.00 litre

7.0 litre

GM [something (Pontiac),For close to CID 428 CID d (Ford, nominal] Mercury)

7.01 litre

7.0 litre

Ford (Ford, Mercury)

[something close to CID 429 CID nominal]

7.03 litre

7.0 litre

Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)

[something close to CID 440 CID nominal]

7.21 litre

7.2 litre

GM (GMC, Chevrolet)

[something close to CID 454 CID nominal]

7.44 litre

7.4 litre

GM (Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac)

[something close to CID 455 CID nominal]

7.46 litre

N/A (not marketed in SI)

Ford (Ford [trucks and vans]; Lincoln [cars])

[something close to CID 460 CID nominal]

7.54 litre

7.5 litre

GM (Cadillac)

[something close to CID 472 CID nominal]

7.73 litre

7.7 litre

GM (Cadillac)

[something close to CID 500 CID nominal]

8.19 litre

8.2 litre

Chrysler (Dodge)

506.5 CID

505 CID

8285 cc

8.3 litre

Chrysler (Dodge)

509.8 CID

510 CID

8354 cc

8.4 litre

GM (GM [something 572 CID Performance close to CID

9373 cc

9.4 litre

Parts)

nominal]

[edit]Governmental

regulations

Taxation of automobiles is sometimes based on engine displacement, rather than the actual power output. Displacement is a basic fundamental of engine design, whereas power output depends a great deal on other factors, particularly on how the car manufacturer has tuned the engine from new. This has encouraged the development of other methods to increase engine power, such as variable valve timing and turbochargers. There are four major regulatory constraints for automobiles: the European, British, Japanese, and American. The method used in some European countries, and which predates the EU, has a level of taxation for engines over one 1.0 litre, and another at the level of about 1.6 litres. The British system of taxation depends upon vehicle emissions for cars registered after 1 March 2001, but for cars registered before this date, it depends on engine size. Cars under 1549 cc qualify for a cheaper rate of tax.[5] The Japanese method is similar to the European taxation by classes of displacement, plus a vehicle weight tax. The United States does not tax a vehicle based on the displacement of the engine (this is also true in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand). Engine displacement is important in determining whether or not smaller vehicles need to be registered with the state and whether or not a license is required to operate such a vehicle. A common threshold is 50cc. In the Netherlands[6] and in Sweden, road tax is based on vehicle weight. However, Swedish cars registered in 2008, or later, are taxed based on carbon dioxide emissions.[citation needed] Displacement is also used to distinguish categories of (heavier) and lighter motorbikes with respect to driving licence and insurance requirements. In France and some other EU countries, mopeds of less than 50 cm3 displacement (and usually with a two-stroke engine), can be driven with minimum qualifications (previously, they could be driven by any person over 14). This led to all light motorbikes having a displacement of about 49.9 cm3. Some people tuned the engine by increasing the cylinder bore, increasing displacement; such mopeds cannot be driven legally on public roads since they do no longer conform to the original specifications and may go faster than 45 km/h. Wankel engines, due to the amount of power and emissions they create for their displacement, are generally taxed as 1.5 times their stated physical displacement (1.3 litres becomes effectively 2.0, 2.0 becomes effectively 3.0), although actual power outputs are far greater (the 1.3 litre 13B

can produce power comparable to a 3.0 V6 engine, and the 2.0 litre 20B can produce power comparable to a 4.0 V8 engine).[citation needed] As such, racing regulations actually use a much higher conversion factor.

[edit]Automotive

model names