ဓမၼ၀ီရဂ်ာနယ္ အတြဲ (၁၇) အမွတ္ (၆)

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Address
Hlaing Kyi Phyu Dhamma Vira Publishing
House
Head Office: Blk (1), Rm(R6), Myanmar InfoTech,
Hlaing Ts, Yangon.
Branch Office: No. 50, 2nd Fl. Bank St,
Kyauktada Ts, Yangon.
Ph: 0980 23992 , 0950 01401
e-Mail - dhammavira@gmail.com
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tbd"rmyd#ur[mXme? XmerSL;^ygarmuq&mawmf
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Ak'a 'oemjyefyh mG ;a&;ynmXme? XmerSL;^ygarmuq&mawmf
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rk;d aumif;uifpmay?
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Empire Colour Repro
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v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m; - - - 20
t,f'Dwmtmabmf - - - - 3
OD;oDvmpm&
- - - - - - 5
b'EZedEom& - - - - - - - 4
t&SifEmp&d, - - - - - - 13
&SifP(zsmykH) - - - - - - - 6
t&Sif*kPao| - - - - - - - 28
t&SifP0&(omaygif;) - - 30
c&m(auw) - - - - - - - - 26
wuodkvfoQifoD&d - - - - - - 7
OD;a&Tatmif - - - - - - - - 1+39
[Hom0wD-OD;tkef;BudKif- - - - 10
Nidrf;csrf;OD; - - - - - - - - 15
cifarmifrkd;(awmifBuD;) - - - 18
aomif;ZH({'if) - - - - - - - 23
a&Tnmol(a&Tbkd) - - - - - - - 24
aZmfaemif - - - - - - - - - 38
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auwkrwD jr[Fom - - - - - 34
oef;oef;wifh - - - - - - - - 27
cifolZmjrifh - - - - - - - - 33
Akdvfaomif;({'if) - - - - - - 14
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{'if-0if;vGif - - - - - - - - 35
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EDITORIAL
"r0D&onf "ropmudk Tefjyonf/
jzwfoef;csdefed'gef;ESifh yxrykdif;rS
aumufEkwfcsuf
cGihfomcdkufrSm b0wefzdk;udktjrihfqHk;a&mufatmif jrihfwifMuyg

oHo&mwpfavQmufvHk; rdrdwdkY b0awGrSm udk,fydkifae&mqdkwmr&Sdyg/
arG;zGm;jcif;rStp aoqHk;jcif;tqHk;txd vlom;rsm;pGmwdkYonf kef;uefvIyf&Sm;ae
Mu&ygonf/ aezdkYae&m? tvkyfvkyfzdkYae&m? tyef;ajzzdkYae&mponfjzihf ae&mawG
vdt
k yf vsu&f MdS uNy;D xkad e&mrsm;udk olx
Y ufig tvkt,uf&mS azGaeMu&ygonf/ ae&m
aumif;&ol&Sdovdk &&mae&mav; rSDwG,fae&olrsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&Sdygonf/
avmuvlom;wdkYtwGuf rnfonfhtcgrQ NyD;jynhfpHkonf r&SdMuyg/ tNrJwrf;
vdktyfaeavh&SdMuygonf/ pm;? 0wf? ae? a&; twGuf tdk;? tdrf? wdkufwm? pD;p&m,mOf?
ZdrfcHp&mypnf;ponfjzihf vdkvm;rI 0JMoCwGif oHo&mvnfaeMu&ygonf/
&wmvnf;&Sdonf/ r&wmvnf;&Sdonf/ &wmrvdk? vdkwmr&Muojzihf
jzpfay:&aom avmb? a'go rsm;aMumihf yifyef;EGr;f e,faeMu&onf/ vlb
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awGUBuHKaeMu&aom tjzpftysufrsm;onf oHa0*&p&mrsm;ESihf jynhfvQrf;vsuf&Sd
aeygonf/ rodrIt0dZmawG zHk;vTrf;aeMu w&m;todudk r&MuEkdifao;bJ &Sdaeyg
onf/
trSeftm;jzihf avmuwGif r&Sdwmudk t&SdxifaeMuonf/ rydkifwmudk
tydkifxifaeMuonf/ b0twGuf wpfoufwmrqdkxm;bd em&Dydkif;? rdepfydkif;?
tcsdefumvydkif;uav;om tokH;jyK&aom bwf(p)um;ay:rS xdkifcHkae&mav;udkyif
ae&m&avrvm;[k tmomirf;irf;&SdaeMuonfrSm vlYobm0yifjzpfaeygonf/
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r&Poabmw&m;u obm0ed,mrt&uyf ygvmaeygonf/
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rvGJraoG ao&rnfqdkaomf vlom;wdkif;onf aoenf;udk odxm;&ef
vd k t yf y g\/ taowwf r S taojrwf y grnf / aowwf a tmif aoyH k a oenf ;
avhusihfay;&mXme r&Sm;yg/ ,if;Xmersm;um; "r&dyfomrsm; pmayy&d,wfrsm;ESihf
usihfBuHtm;xkwfrIrsm;yif jzpfygonf/
w&m;xdkifonfqdkonfrSm aoenf;udk avhusihfaejcif;jzpfonf/ rdrd\ cEm
taMumif;udk trSefodatmif vkyfaejcif;omjzpfonf/ orm"dudkwnf ynmjzihfoHk;oyf
owdESihf,SOfum cEmudk,f&Sd kyfemrf"r\ jzpfysufudk qifjcifaejcif;yif jzpfonf/
ow0grsm; rvGJraoG ao&wmjcif; twlwl vlYbHkvlYb0onfum; tao
rOD;cif PfOD;zdkY tcGihfta&;omaom bHkb0jzpfae ,ckrdrdwdkYonf &&Sdxm;onfh
tcGihfaumif;tcg aumi;fudkwefzdk;&Sd&Sd toHk;cs&efvdktyfvSygonf/
]cGihfomcdkufrS rvdkufcsifvQif? trdkuf eihfjyif&Sdao;vdrfhvm;? cGihfom
wkef;rS rkef;vdkvQif tHI;eihfjyif&Sdao;vdrfhvm;? cGihfomqJrSrcJcsifvQif tvGJeihf
jyif&Sdao; vdrfhvm;} qdkaom v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;\ tqHk;trtwdkif; cGihfom
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vnf;aumif; vSn;f bD;onf 0efaqmifEmG ;\ajc&mokYd
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ol a X;om;onf wpf p k H w pf & mtvS L 'geES i f h
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vkyfEkdifwJhyk*dKvfBuD;awGursm; twr&SdwJh twyg;wJh?
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FORE ARTICLES
"r0D&onf t"rw&m;z,f&Sm;Edkif&ef jzpfonf/
&[ef;&Spfyg; usOf;us,fyGm; w&m;odjrif edAmef0if(3)

b'EZedEom& (o'raZmwdu"Z)
Ak'bk&m;&Sifu tusOf;rQa[mMum;
awmfrlaomw&m;ukd tus,fcsJUxGif odjrifEkdif
pGrf;aom PfBuD;&Sif&[ef;rsm;\taMumif;
a&;om;wifjy&m eHygwf(4)&[ef; ]tedpokwf}
okdYa&mufayNyD/ ,ck tedpokwfukdqufygrnf/
]]&[ef; tMuifoabmw&m;onf
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w&m;ukd kyf? a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmOf
wkdYonf rNrJ/ xkdrNrJaom kyf? a0'em? ocFg&?
0dnmOfwkdY ]vkdcsifrI} ukdy,f&rnf [k teuf
t"dym,fukdodvkdufavonf/
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jzpfaomt"dym ,fudk oko
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cEmig;yg;ukd jrifvm onf/
lyH tedpH- kyfonfrNrJygwum;/
a0'em tedpH- cHpm;rIa0'emrsm;
vnf; rNrJygwum;/
onm tedp-H rSwo
f m;rIonmvnf;
rNrJyg wum;/
ocFg&m tedpm- jyKjyifpD&ifrIocFg&
vnf; rNrJyg wum;/
0d n mPH ted p H - od r I 0d n mPf
(0dnmOf) vnf; rNrJygwum;/
cE m ig;yg;pvk H ; onf t&S n f p G J
wnf N rJ a ejcif ; oabmr&S d / ysuf c sd e f v Qif
ysuf p D ; \/ Ak ' b k & m;&S i f rNrJ a omw&m;uk d
ty,fckdif;jcif;onf cEmig;yg;ukdty,fckdif;
jcif;omjzpfonf/
]ewd cE orm 'kum} cEmESifhwl
aomqif;&J'kur&Sd/ ("ry')
cE m uk d r y,f E k d i f M uonf h t wG u f
ow0gawG[m 0#foHo&mxJrSm qkHvnfaom
EGm; &[wfcsm;uJhokdY r&yfrem;vnfywfae&Sm
&ayonf / oH o &m0#f r S vG w f a jrmuf
ed A m ef a &muf atmif y k d Y a qmif a y;vk d
Ak'b
&k m;&Siu
f cEmig;yg;wkYd vkcd siw
f yfrufru
I dk
y,fowfEkdifjcif; jzpfavonf/
xkaYd Mumifh &[ef;u ]]odygNyb
D &k m;..
odygNyDbk&m;}} [k avQmufxm;jcif;jzpf\/
5 ?? 'kuokwf
Ak'bk&m;/
/ ]]&[ef; tMuifoabmw&m;
onf qif;&J\/ xkdqif;&Jaom oabmw&m;
oifonf vkdcsifrIukdy,f&rnf/
yr&[ef;/ / ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;(u) ]kyf} onf ]qif;&J} \/
wynfhawmfonf qif;&Jaom xkdkyf
]vkdcsifrI} ukdy,f&ygrnf/
(c) ]a0'em} onf ]qif;&J} \/
wynfhawmfonf xkdqif;&Jaoma0'em
(*) ]onm} onf ]qif;&J} \/
wynfhawmfonf xkdqif;&Jaomonm
(C) ]ocFg&} onf ]qif;&J} \/
wynfhawmfonf xkdqif;&JaomocFg&
(i) ]0dnmOf} onf ]qif;&J} \/
wynfhawmfonf xkdqif;&Jaom0dnmOf
jrwf p G m bk & m; wynf h a wmf o nf
t&Sifbk&m; tusOf;tm;jzifha[mMum;awmfrl
aomw&m;ukd tus,fcsJUxGifodjrifyg\bk&m;/
Ak'b
&k m;u ]]aumif;aypG-aumif;aypG-aumif;
aypG/ igbk&m; tusOf;rQa[mMum;onfukd
tus,ftm;jzifh aumif;pGmoday\}} [k csD;usL;
awmfrl\/
]]qif ; &J a omw&m;}} qk d & m k y f ?
a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmOf [kqkdtyfaom
cEmig;yg;wkdYukd ]qif;&J}[k &[ef;uodjrif
vkduf\/ ]qif;&JrI} qkdonfrSm qif;&Jp&mtrSD
tcH&Sdom qif;&Jjzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/
qif ; &J j cif ; \
ausmaxmuf a emuf c H
qif ; &J p &mr&S d v Qif xk d q if ; &J j cif ; [l o nf
jzpfay:rvmEkdifay/
rD;onf avmifuRrf;wwfaomowd
&Sdaomfvnf; ausmufzsmukdrl ravmifuRrf;Ekdif
ay/ taMumif;aomfum; avmifuRrf;p&mrD;p
r&SdaomaMumifhjzpf\/ qif;&Jjcif;onfvnf;
cEmig;yg;wnf;[laom qif;&Jp&m&Sdaeaom
aMumifhomvQif qif;&Jjcif;jzpf\/ cEmig;yg;
r&SdvQif qif;&Jjcif;vnf;r&Sdacs/
Ak ' b k & m;u igh t m; qif ; &J j cif ;
oabmw&m; vkdcsifrI? wyfrufrIukdty,f
ckdif;jcif;rSm qif;&Jrnfukdpdk;&drfaomaMumihf
FORE ARTICLES
"r0D&onf Ak'w&m;jzifh avmuudk apmihfa&Smufonf/
jzpf o nf / qif ; &J jcif ; \wnf & mjzpf a om
cE m ig;yg;uk d tpG e f Y c k d i f ; jcif ; jzpf o nf /
&[ef;onf okdYem;vnfoabm ayguf\/
tusOf ; a[maomw&m;uk d tus,f c sJ U xG i f
odjrifvu
dk \
f / xkaYd Mumif-h ]]odygNyb
D &k m;? odygNyD
bk&m;}} [kavQmufxm;vkdufavownf;/
6 ?? tewokwf
Ak'bk&m;/ / ]]&[ef; tMuifoabmw&m;
onf ukd,fr[kwf? twr[kwf/ oifonf
xkdtwr[kwfaomoabmw&m; vkdcsifrIukd
y,f&rnf}}
q|r&[ef;/ /(u) ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; ]kyf} onf
]ukd,f} r[kwf/ twr[kwf/ wynfhawmfonf
ukd,fr[kwfaom (ukd,frydkifaom) xkdkyf
]vdkcsifrI} ukdy,fygrnf/
(c) ]a0'em} onf ]uk,
fd rf [kw}f uk,
d f
rykdif/ wynfhawmfonf xkdudk,fykdifr[kwfaom
a0'em ]vkdcsifrI} ukdy,frnf/
(*) ]onm} onf ]uk,
d rf [kw}f ? ud,
k f
rykdif/ wynfhawmfonf xkdukd,frykdifqkdifaom
onm ]vkdcsifrI} ukdy,fygrnf/
(C) ]ocFg&} onf ]ukd,fr[kwf}?
uk,
d f rykid /f wynfah wmfonf xku
d ,
dk rf ykid af om
ocFg& ]vkdcsifrI} ukdy,fygrnf/
(i) ]0dnmOf} onf ]uk,
d rf [kw}f ? uk,
d f
rykid /f wynfah wmfonf xku
d ,
dk rf ykid af om 0dnmOf
]vkdcsifrI} ukdy,fygrnf/
ok d Y ponf j zif h q|r&[ef ; u
Ak'bk&m; tusOf;tm;jzifha[mMum;csD;jrifhawmf
rlaomw&m;udk tus,fcsJUxGifodjrifvkdufNyD
jzpf ]od y gNyD b k & m;? od y gNyD b k & m;}
[kavQmufxm; vkdufaomtcg Ak'bk&m;u]]aumif;aypG? aumif;aypG? aumif;aypG}} [k
tjcm;&[ef ; rsm;uJ h o k d Y om"k t Ek a rm'em
ac:awmfrlNyD; csD;rGrf;vkdufavownf;/
(quf v uf a zmf j yygrnf / )
earm or m or K '
rk H & G m aeZm
usrf ; uk d ; - ted p o k w f ? tew o k w f
Ak'*Dwdum
q&mawmf OD;oDvmpm&
(kd;rwdrf r[matmifajrausmif;)
wd '[& 0w K
Ak'& iS af wmfjrwfonf om0wjd ynf aZw0efausmif;awmfaeawmfral omtcg olwyg;wkYd
tvSL'geay;onfukd uJh&JUIwfcswwfaom wd&[ef;i,fukd taMumif;jyK ]]''gwd a0
,xmo'H}} paom ESpf*gxmudk a[mawmf rl\/
''gwd a0 ,xmo'H?
,xm yom'eH Zaem/
ww a,m ruFk b0wd?
ya&oH ygeabmZae?
e aom 'd0g 0g &wd H0g?
orm"dr"d*pw/d
, apwH orkpdEH?
rlvCpH orl[wH/
o a0 'd0g 0g &wd H0g?
orm"dr"d*pw/d
jref r muAsm
vlrsm;Munfqkduf yk*Kdvfom?
o'gtavsmuf 0rf;ajrmufvSLwm?
olwyg;tm; aomufpm;zG,f&m?
xkdvl Id;[kdufrJhrsufESm?
rom,mbd xkdonfholrSm?
aeYncif; pdwf&if;rwnfyg/
People give according to their faith and as they are pleased. Whoever therein
is envious of others' food and drink, gains no peace either by day or by night.
pum;ajy/
//vltaygif;wkdYonf tMuifyk*Kdvf ,kHMunfav;pm;o'gyGm;onfhtavsmuf
trSefpifppf vSL'gef;ay;urf;ukef\/ olwyg;wkdY\ pm;aomufzG,frsm; ay;vSLauR;arG;&m
rsufESmId;um rom,maomolonf aeYa&m nOfhyg b,ftcgrS pdwf\wnfNidrfrIukdr&Ekdifay/
jref r muAsm
olrsm;vSL'gef; ay;urf;rIukd?
rsufESmrom jzpfvmnpfykd?
tjrpfujzKwf y,fEIwfvlAkdvf?
aeYncif; pdwf&if;wnfMunfqkd/
But he who has this (feeling) fully cut off, uprooted and destroyed, gains
peace by day and by night.
pum;ajy/
/ tMuifyk*Kdvftm;vnf; olwyg;wdkY auR;arG;ukokdvfukd tjrpfygrusef
atmif (t&[wr*fjzifh) jzwfawmuftyfNyD;aomolonf aeYa&mnOfhyg tcgcyfodrf; pdwf\
NidrfoufwnfMunfrIukd&\/
DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES
"r0D&onf Nidrf;csrf;aompdwfjzpfwnf&ef &Gnf&G,fonf/
&S i f P (zsmyk H )
ausmif;? ouFe;f ? qGr;f ? aq; wnf;[l

aom ypnf;av;yg;ukd trSDjyK jynfhpkHaptyf
aomoD v onf ]yp , oE d d w oD v } yif
jzpf a yonf / &[ef ; ES i f h o mraPwk d Y o nf
ausmif;? ouFef;? aq; paom ypnf;av;yg;
ESifhuif;vGwfr&ojzifh rokH;pGJbJaerjzpf?
okH;pGJaeMurnfomjzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh ypnf;
av;yg;ukdokH;pGJ&mwGif tmywd = tjypfuif;
vGwfap&ef avmb? a'go? arm[ paom
tukokdvfw&m;rsm;r0if Ekdifatmif ypnf;
av;yg;wkEYd iS o
hf ufqidk af om oabmjzifq
h ifjcif
okH;pGJaeMu&ayonf/
ouF e f ; uk d q if j cif j cif ;
vS y wif h w ,f a pvk d a ompd w f j zif h
tukov
dk jf zpfaMumif; raumif;aomESv;Hk roGi;f
ygbJ ouF e f ; ES i h f a vsmf a omtaMumif ; uk d
qifjcifNyD;
]]tat;uk d y ,f a zsmuf j cif ; iS m
ouFef;ukdokH;aqmifyg\/ aeyl ponfwkdYukd
umuG,fjcif;iSm ouFef;ukdokH;aqmifyg\/
jcif? rSwf? av? aeyl? a>r? uif;? oef; ponfwkdY
\tawGUtxdudk y,fazsmufjcif;iSm ouFe;f
ukd ok;H aqmifyg\}}[kq
dk qifjcifo;Hk aqmifMu
&\/ uJo
h Ydk qifjcifo;Hk aqmifjcif;rSm avmb?
a'go? arm[ paom tukov
dk w
f &m;wkYd rjzpf
yGm;&efjzpf\/
qG r f ; uk d q if j cif j cif ;
qGrf; abmZOf csKdcsOf&om
tjzmjzm wkv
Yd nf; ]]uav;oli,f
rsm;uJ h o k d Y jrL;wl ; aysmf y g;&ef
&nf o ef qG r f ; uk d ig ok H ;
aqmifonf r[kwf ig a,musmf ;
[k tm;rmefwufz&Ydk ef &nfoef
qG r f ; uk d igok H ; aqmif o nf
r[kwf? ukd,fvuf t*Fg jynfhNzdK;
vSyap&ef&nfoef qGrf;ukd
igok;H aqmifonf r[kw?f taoG;
ta&mif t qif ; vS y ap&ef & nf o ef
qGr;f ukd igok;H aqmifonfr[kw?f cEmuk,
d f
t&S n f w nf w H h r QwEk d i f a p&ef & nf o ef
qGrf;ukd igokH;aqmifyg\/ qmavmifjcif;
n O f ; qJ r I u k d azsmuf y ,f E k d i f & ef qG r f ; uk d
igokH;aqmifyg\/ jrwfaomtusifhukd usifhBuH
jcif;jzifh csD;ajrmufEkdifapjcif;iSm qGrf;ukd
igokH;aqmifyg\? odkY okH;aqmifjcif;jzifh
qmavmif r G w f o d y f j cif ; a0'em a[mif ; uk d
y,fazsmufthH/}}
]]tpm;vGef tpmraMu? 0rf;azm?
0rf;a&mifjcif; a0'empaom a0'emopfukd
vnf; igy,fazsmufthH? okdY renf;rrsm;
oifhavsmfkH pm;ojzifh qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif;
wnf;[laom a0'ema[mif;? tpmraMujcif;
wnf ; [l a om a0'emopf w k d Y r jzpf E k d i f b J
ig\cEmrQwjcif;onf jzpfvwHU? qGrf;ukd
&S m rS D ; &mvnf ; aumif ; ? ok H ; aqmif & m
vnf;aumif;? w&m;ESifhnDojzifh tjypfuif;
onf \ tjzpf o nf v nf ; aumif ; ? rQwk H p m;
ojzifh csrf;ompGmae&jcif;onfvnf;aumif;
jzpf v w H U [l qG r f ; uk d igok H ; aqmif
yg\...}} [k xku
d o
hJ q
Ydk ifjcifum ok;H aqmifMu
&ayonf/
ausmif ; uk d q if j cif j cif ;
ausmif ; td y f & m ae&mwk d Y u k d rS D 0 J
okH;aqmif&mwGifvnf; tukodkvfjzpfaMumif;?
raumif;aomESv;Hk oGi;f rIrygr&Sad pbJ oifah vsmf
aomoabmjzpfonfh ..]]tat;ukyd ,fazsmuf
jcif;iSm ausmif;ukd igrS0D yJ g\/ jcif? rSw?f av?
aeyl ponfukd umuG,fjcif;iSm ausmif;udk

igrSD0Jyg\? qefYusifbufjzpfaom tat;Owk?
tylOwkab;&efukdy,fazsmuf aumif;pGm
arG U avsmf & jcif ; tusKd ; iS m ausmif ; uk d
igrSD0Jyg\}}[l qifjcifum ausmif;ukdrSD0JokH;
aqmifMu& ayonf/
aq;uk d q if j cif j cif ;
aq;ypnf;ukd rSD0JokH;aqmif&mwGif
vnf; tukov
dk jf zpfaMumif; raumif;aomESv;Hk
oG i f ; rI r yg&S d a pbJ oif h a vsmf a omoabm
tm;avsmf p G m ...]]a&m*g\qef Y u sif b uf ?
touf\t&eftumjzpfaomaq;ukd jzpfNyD;?
jzpfqJ? jzpfMuonfh"mwfacsmufcsm;jcif;aMumifh
jzpf M uaom tema&m*ga0'emwk d Y u k d
y,fazsmufjcif;iSm aq;ukd igrSD0Jyg\..}}
[l qifjcifum okH;aqmifrSD0JMu&ayonf/
okdY ausmif;? ouFef;? qGrf;? aq;
paom ypn;f av;yg;wku
Yd dk qifjcifo;Hk pGMJ urSom
vQif ypn;f av;yg;ok;H pGrJ 0DS rJ t
I jypfwrYdk S uif;vGwf
csrf;omcGifh&&SdNyD; y&d,wdomoemh0efukdvnf;
aumif;? y#dywdomoemh0efukdvnf;aumif;
xrf;aqmifMu&mwGif pifMu,faomoDv\
taxmuftyHhaMumifh usdef;aorkcs atmifjrif
Murnfjzpfayonf/
taMumif ; rS m yp , oE d d w
oDvonf jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mMum;ynwfawmf
rl a om od u m yk ' f p pf p pf j zpf ,k H M unf r I
o'gw&m;ESihf jznfu
h siq
hf nf;yl;Ekid Mf urSomvQif
y&d , w d omoem\taxmuf t yH h j zif h
oHo&m0#fqif;&J taygif;rS vGwaf jrmuf&m r*f
zkdvf edAmefokdY ykdYaqmifwwfaom y#dywd
omoemh0efudk qk;H cef;wkid af tmif aqmif&u
G Ef idk f
Murnf jzpfayonf/
&S i f P (zsmyk H )
usrf ; T e f ;
r[mAk'0if? tEk'DyeDusrf;/

"r0D&onf wnfMunf&J&ifhjcif;udk jyqkdonf/
Ak'a*gwr\ pMu0Vm(urm)tjrif
wu o d k v f o Qif o D & d ( "r m p&d , ? B.A)
ud k ; e0if ; ac:qd k r I r sm;

euwe,m;"mwf? AdaEm? aA'if[l aom avmuD,0dZmr,
ynm&yfwrYkd mS ud;k e0if;[laom a0g[m&onfxif&mS ;onf/ euwef 0if;?
"mwfe0if;? AdaEme0if;? aA'ife0if;[lac:qdkMuonf/
,if;udk;e0if;[laom pum;onf jrefrmocsFmta&twGufjy
(8)ESihf (10)Mum;&Sd udef;udk (9)[kac:Muonf/ tvm;wlygVdbmomrS
ude;f pOfjy e0r[laomyk'Ef iS o
fh uw bmomrS e0Ho[laom yk'(f 2)&yfukd
a&mpyf (rES i h f o )ud k a csum=e0H u d k , l v suf jref r mbmom
e0if;jzpfvmonf/
jrefrmbmompum; ]ud;k } ESifh ygVdouwbmompum;(e0H)udk
aygif;pyf udk;e0if;[lac:qdkMujcif;jzpfygonf/
tmumoaumif;uifjyifwGif ae? v? N*dK[f? euwf? wm&mwdkY
a&GUvsm;oGm;vm&m c&D;ydkif;udk ]&moDpuf0ef;} [kac:ygonf/
puf0ef;rnfonfrSm BuD;onf? i,f onfr[l tHomtpdwf
odkYr[kwf 'D*&D 360 xm;&SdNrJjzpfonf/
,if;&moDpuf0ef;twGif; ydkif; (12) ydkif;cGJjcm;um aeoGm;
vrf;udk taMumif;jyKNyD;vQif 12 &moD 12 v[l owfrSwfNyD; rd?
Nyd? arxkef? u&uwfponfh &moDtrnfrsm;ay; olYtpdwf?
olYtydkif;? olYtuefYESihfol ydkif;jcm; owfrSwfay;xm;ygonf/
xdk&moDpuf0ef;tHom 360 udk 12 &moDt& 12 yHka0vQif
wpfyHktwGuf&&Sdaom tHom (30)rSm wpf&moDtwGufjzpfonf/
wpf&moDwGif euwfe0if;tm;jzihf (8)vHk;? Mwif;tm;jzihf
(3)vHk;pD&SdMu? (12)&moD (108)e0if;ESihf 36 Mwif;&Sdavonf/
(3+6=9)onfum; euwfe0if;jzpfygonf/ xdk 108
(1+0+8=9) e0if;ESihf 36 Mwif;wdkYudk aygif;pkonf&Sdaomf ocsFmta&
twGufjyK (9)wpfvHk;om&ygonf/
]euwu
f Ekd ikd ?f N*Kd [Ef iS Nfh yKd i?f &Spq
f ikd ?f euw?f e0if;jywf} [laom
a&S;Am;&ydusrf; tqdkt&
e0if;jywfonf? e0if;&onf? e0if; jzpfonf[lqdkaom

tqdkt& ocsFmta&twGufjyudef;jzpfaom (9)udk e0if;[kac:av &m?
xdke0if;udkyifvQif N*dK[fBuD;(8)vHk;? euwf (27)vHk;[lac:qdkygonf/
owADoeuwf(27)vHk;wdkY ouwa0g[m&rS jrefrma0g[m&
odkY ajymif;vJtrnfay;xm;rI&Sdygonf/
ouw(ooFudkuf)
jrefrm(ygVd)
1/ toGdeD
t0PD
2/ b&PD
b&PD
3/ u&dwdum
Muwdum
4/ a&m[deD
a&m[PD
5/ rd*od&m
rd*od
6/ t&f'&m
tj'
7/ yk&fPzok
ykPzkoQ
8/ zkoQ
zkoQ
9/ tavom
tvd
10/ rCm
rmC
11/ yk&fzmv*kPD
jyKAzv*kPD
12/ Ow&zmv*kPD
Ow&zv*kHeD
13/ [owm
[w
14/ 0dw&m
pdMw
15/ oGmwd
oGmwd
16/ 0domcg
0domcg
17/ tEl&m"
tEl&m"
18/ aZso|m
aZ|
19/ rlvm
rlv
20/ yk&fz&m
jyKromVf
21/ Ow&om&m
Ow&momVf
22/ om&0P
o&0Pf
"r0D&onf pdwfESvHk;ESifhb0udk Nidrf;csrf;aponf/
23/ "edofXm
"eod'
24/ ow0dom
owbdoQ
25/ yk&fAbmj'y'
jyKAmbj'ydk'f
26/ Ow&bmj'y'
Ow&bj'ydk'f
27/ a&0wD
a&0wD
eu w f ( 27)vH k ; wd k Y o nf (12)&moD wG i f rd &moD r S
rdef&moDtwGif; tpOfvdkuf wnfaeMuonf/
eu w f w d k Y (12)&moD t wG i f ; &yf w nf a eyH k u d k ysrf ; rQ
taetxm;jzihf tnDtrQ owfrSwfvQif &moDwpf&moDwGif (2)vHk;
(1)yg'f&Sdonf/ yg'fonf euwf\ tpdwftydkif; jzpfonf/
tpdwftydkif;udk tqifhqihfydkif;jcm; xm;onfudkawGU&
ygonf/
euwfwpfvHk;
4 yg'f
wpfyg'f
15 C#d (e)
euwfwpfvHk;
60 C#D
wpfC#D
60 0dC#D
wpf0dC#D
60 tEkC#D
N*dK[faejyudef;Z,m;
rGe;f wnf-h pef;,SOef uwf
eu w f w d k Y \ taetxm;ud k wevF m N*d K [f & yf w nf r I E S i h f
wdkufqdkifpef;,SOfeuwfudk azmfjyMuonf/ (rGef;wnfheuwfudkvnf;
azmfjyonf/)
&moDtpdwftydkif;rsm;
N*Kd [(f 8)vH;k wd\
Yk &moDukd ude;f *Pef; jzihw
f pJG yf odEidk yf gonf/
&moDrsm;udk pdyfjzm MunhfvQif
12 &moD
360 tHom
1 tHom
30 tHom
1tHom
60 vdwm
1 vdwm 60 0dvdwm
12 &moD
1 b*P
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AN INTRODUCTION TO PATTHANA CONDITONAL RELATIONS.
10
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oreE& ypa,m- emrfw&m;wkdYukdom aumif; pGm tjcm;rJhjzpf aus;Zl;jyKwwfaomw&m; vnf;aumif;/
AN INTRODUCTION TO PATTHANA CONDITONAL RELATIONS.

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11
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tqufqufukd? a'odwH- a0ae,srsm; em;vnf oGm;atmif a[mMum;awmfrlwwfvSygayaom? Ak'H- oufawmfxif&Sm; oAnKjrwfpGmbk&m;
&SifawmfjrwfBuD;ukd? t[H- oHo&m0#fqkd; y|mef; taMumif;tusdK; trsdK;rsdK;wkdYu ESdyfpuforQ cHae&ygaom tuREkfyfonf? 0Emrd- y|mef;
ypnf;qif;&JaMumif; tenf;enf;wkdYtxJrS tNyD;vGwfuif;vkdjim; kd;usdK;TwfwGm; &Sdckd; uefawmhyg\ t&SifjrwfBuD;bk&m;/
aus;Zl ; jyKyk H oabmt"d y m ,f r sm;
y|mef;yg|dawmfjrwf yg|fteufwkdY\ aus;Zl;jyKykH oabmt"dym,fwkdYukd if;y|mef; t|uxm? #DumwkdYu Oyrmrsm;ay; zGifhqkd
azmfjyawmfrlonfwkdYrSm okdYawGU&Sd&onf/
a[wk y p n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
anmifyifBuD; tp&SdonfwkdY\ a&aomufjrpfonf xkdopfyifwkdYtm; NrJNrHpGm wnfapjcif;iSm aus;Zl;jyKouJhokdY? avmb? a'go? arm[?
tavmb? ta'go? tarm[ w&m;wkdY u tjrpftjzpfjzifh pdwfapwodufkyfwkdYtm; [dwftaMumif;w&m;jzpf aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
tm&r P yp n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
BudK;qGJ awmifa0S; tp&SdonfwkdYonf rpGrf;EkdifaomolwkdYtm; xjcif;? &yfjcif; tp&Sdaom udpwkdYukdNyD;apEkdifatmif aus;Zl;aqmif
ouJhodkY? tqif;lygkH? toHo'gkH? teHY*EmkH? t&om&omkH? tawGUazm|AmkH? y&rwf ynwf "rmkH? tmkH(6)yg; ypnf;w&m;wkdYuvnf;?
tmkHjyKjim; rpGrf;oefonfh 0dnmP"mwf(7)yg;? pdwfapwoduf- taMumif;w&m;jzpf aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
t"d y wd y p n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
pMu0aw;rif;onf wpfyg;aomolwkdY\ ykdifeif;pkd;& BuD;rSL;Muaom owdukdy,fypf wkdif;EkdifiHom;wkdYukd rdrdwpfOD;wnf;tjzpfjzifh
tpkd;w&aus;Zl;jyKouJhokdY? tm;BuD;aomqE? 0D&d,? pdw? ynm? 0DrHoav;yg; t"dywdw&m; wkdYu rdrdESifhwuGjzpfjim; pdwf? apwoduf? pdwZkyf
yp,kyefw&m;wkdYtm;vnf;aumif;? (wpfenf;)tav;jyKtyfaom tmkHw&m;wkdYtm;vnf;aumif; rdrduom tBuD;trSL;t"dywdjzpfyg aus;Zl;jyK
Muukef\/
teE & yp n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
pMu0aw;rif;\ ewf&Gmvm;jcif;onf om;BuD;&wemtm; bdodufcHjcif;iSm aus;Zl;jyK ouJhokdY a&S;a&S;pdwf? apwodufwkdYuvnf;
tjcm;rJhjzpfaom aemufaemufpdwf? apwoduf wkdYtm; jzpfcGifhukday;aomtm;jzifh csKyfaysmuf Muum tjcm;rJhjzpfonfh teE&owdjzifh
aus;Zl;jyKukef\/
oreE & yp n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
pMu0aw;rif;onf wkdif;jynfukdvTwf &[ef;jyKjcif;onfyifvQif om;BuD;&wemtm; rif;tjzpfukd&jcif;iSm aumif;pGmtjcm;rJhjzpf
aus;Zl;jyKouJhokdY a&S;a&S;pdwf? apwodufwkdYu vnf; tjcm;rJhjzpfaom pdwf? apwodufwkdYtm; jzpfcGifhukday;aomtm;jzifh csKyfaysmufy,fMu&Sm;um
aumif;pGmtjcm;rJhjzpfonfh oreE&owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
AN INTRODUCTION TO PATTHANA CONDITONAL RELATIONS
12
"r0D&onf udk,fusifhoDvESifh pm&dwjrifhrm;ap&ef jzpfonf/
o[Zmwyp n f ; u aus;Zk l ; jyKyk H

qD r D ; onf twl w uG tvif ; uk d j zpf M u atmif
aus;Zl;aqmifouJhokdY twlwuGjzpfaom pdwf? apwoduf? pdwZkyf?
y#doaEurZkyf wdkYtm; twlwuGjzpf aus;Zl;jyKjcif; o[Zmw
owdjzifhaus;Zl;jyKukef\/
tnrnyp n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
opf o m;ok H ; cG wd ' @(ok H ; acsmif ; axmuf ) wk d Y o nf
tcsi;f csi;f wpfacsmif;onf wpfacsmif; tm; axmufychH idk af paomtm;jzifh
aus;Zl;jyK ouJhokdY pdwf apwoduftcsif;csif;? r[mbkwf tcsif;csif;?
y#doaEemrfkyftcsif;csif;wkYdonf wpfckonf wpfcktm; tcsif;csif;
tnrnowd jzifh aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
ed ,yp n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
ajrBuD;onf opfyiftp&SdonfwkdYtm; wnf&mtjzpfjzifh
aus;Zl;jyKouJhokdYvnf;aumif;? yef;csDa&;&ef ykqkd;tp&SdonfwkdYonf
yef;csDaq; tp&SdonfwkdYtm; rSD&mtjzpfaus;Zl;jyKouJhokdY vnf;aumif;?
tusKd ; yp , k y e f j zpf a om emrf k y f wd k Y t m; wnf & mrS D & mjzpf a om
ed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
Oyed ,yp n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
rdk;av;vywfvkH; &GmoGef;aomrkd;BuD; onf a&ukdtrSDjyKaom
opfyifow0gtp&Sdonf wkdYtm; tm;&SdapaomtaMumif;tjzpfjzifh
aus;Zl;jyKouJhokdY tusKd;yp,kyefjzpfaom pdwf apwodufw&m;wkdYtm;
tm;Bu;D aomtaMumif; \tjzpfjzifh aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom Oyed,owd
jzifh aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
yk a &Zmwyp n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
urmOD;jzpfaom aevwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ xif&Sm;&Sdaom
tckduf tvif;ukdrSDaom ow0gwdkYtm; a&S;OD;pGmaus;Zl;jyKouJhokdY
aemuf r S j zpf M uuk e f a om pd w f ? apwod u f ? yp , k y e f w &m;wk d Y t m;
yp,kyeftmkHtjzpf wnf&mrSD&mtjzpfjzifh a&S;OD;pGmjzpf yka&Zmw
owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
yp m Zmwyp n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
tpmrpm;&ao;aom vif ; wi,f w k d Y \ uk d , f u m,tm;
trd w k d Y v maomf tpmpm;& vd r f h r nf [ l a omtm[m& csif c sif ;
apwemu aemufrSjzpfaus;Zl;jyKouJhokdY aemufaemuf jzpfaom pdwf
apwod u f w k d Y u a&S ; a&S ; jzpf a om k y f w d k Y t m; aemuf u jzpf
ypmZmwowdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKukef\/
tmao0eyp n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
a&S;a&S;xkHtyfaomeHYomonf aemuf aemufxkHtyfaom
eHYomtm; tqif;teHHYwkdYjzifh vGefpGmaumif;jrwfatmif aus;Zl;aqmif
ouJhokdYvnf;aumif;? a&S;a&S;oifMum;tyfaom usrf;*ef wkdYonf
aemuf a emuf u srf ; *ef w k d Y t m; avh u suf j cif ; iS m tm;yg&S d a tmif
aus;Zl;aqmifouJhokdYvnf;aumif;? Zmwfwlaemufaemufjzpfaom
aZmpd w K y m 'f w k d Y t m; a&S ; a&S ; aomZmwf w l aZmpd w K y m 'f w d k Y u
tzefzefwvJvJ rSD0JxkHtyf aomowdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKukef\/
ur y p n f ; u aus;Zl k ; jyKyk H
aevS e f ; pD & if t yf a om rsKd ; aph w k d Y o nf tyif t T e f Y w k d Y
jzpfjcif;iSm rsKd;tjzpfjzifhaus;Zl; jyKouJhokdY pdwfwkdYrSm,SOfvsufygaom
apwem pdwf apwodufw&m;wkdYu? pdwf? apwoduf? pdwfwZkyf?
y#doaEurZkyfwkdYtm; jzpfxGef; ay:aygufapatmif rsKd;aphtjzpfjzifh
aus;Zl; aqmifaomurowdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
0d y guyp n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H

csrf;at;aomavonf csrf;at;aom t&dyfaeaomolwkdY
tm;? csr;f at;apjcif;iSm aus;Zl;jyKouJo
h ?Ykd tcsi;f csi;f rS axmuftyfaom
0dygufemruEm? pdwZkyf? y#doaEurZkyfwdkYtm; 0dygufemruEm
w&m;wdkYu uH\tusdK; tjypfwnf;[laom 0dyguowdjzifh aus;Zl;jyK
ukef\/
tm[m&yp n f ; aus;Zl ; jyKyH k
aemufru
S sm;uefaomwdik o
f pfonf ysupf ;D vke;D tdraf [mif;Bu;D
tm; NrNJ rcH ikd cf Hh atmif aus;Zl;jyKaqmifouJo
h ?Ykd pdwaf pwoduf ESiw
hf uG
uvmyfwluvmyfjym;rsm;jzpfaom pwkZkyfwdkYtm; z? apwem?
0dnmPfEiS w
hf uG MoZmkyw
f u
Ykd cdik Nf rw
J nfwMhH uatmif axmufyhH Muaom
tm[m&owdjzifhaus;Zl;jyKukef\/
NE d , yp n f ; uaus;Zl ; jyKyH k
wk d i f ; jynf E k d i f toD ; oD ; tk y f c sKyf M uaomrI L ;BuD ; rwf & m
aoemywd paomt&m&SdwdkYonf tcsif;csif;tpdk;&aom owdwdkYudk
rwm;jrpfMubJ rdrdwdkY\&mxl;XmeE&jzifhom pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfaomtjzpfjzifh
wkdif;om;jynfol wdkYtm;aus;Zl;jyKouJhodkY? pdwf? apwoduf? pdwZkyf?
y#doaEurZkyfwdkYtm; rdrdwdkYe,fESifh toD;oD;tpdk;&aom ZD0dw? pdwf?
a0'em? o'g? 0D&d,? owd? {u*wm? ynmwnf;[laom emrf
NEd,owd? puK? aomw? Cme? Zd0Sm? um,? ZD0dwwnf;[laom
kyfNEd,owdwdkYjzifh aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
psmeyp n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyH k
awmifxGwfzsm;opfyifzsm;wdkYodkY wuf MunfhMujcif;u
ta0;teD;t&yfwu
Ykd kd tvGex
f if&mS ;odjrifatmif aus;Zl;aqmifouJo
h Ykd
a'G;yO0dnmPf? wpfq,fMuOfaom wuGjzpfonfh? pdwf? apwoduf?
pd w Z k y f ? y#d o aE u r Z k y f w d k Y t m; 0d w uf ? 0d p m&? yD w d ? ok c ?
{u*wm[kqdktyfaom psmeifw&m;udk,f ig;yg;wdkYu uyfIMurI
xdkxkdtmkHxif&Sm; atmif aus;Zl;aqmifjcif;wnf;[laom psmeowdjzifh
aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
r* y p n f ; uaus;Zl ; jyKyH k
jrpfvusfmzufurf;rS vuf0Jzufurf; odkYul;oef;aomtcg
ul;xGuf&mvusfm zufurf;onf if;avS\ vGwfajrmufaMumif;
jzpf o uJ h o d k Y v nf ; aumif ; ? (wenf ; ) vuf 0 J b uf urf ; rS vusf m
zufurf;odkYul;oef;aomtcgvnf;? ul;xGuf&m vuf0Jbufurf;
onf if ; avS \ vG w f a jrmuf a Mumif ; jzpf o uJ h o d k U vnf ; aumif ; ?
o[dwfpdwf? apwodufwdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? pdwZkyf? y#doaE
u r Z k y f w k d Y t m; vnf ; aumif ; ? if ; o[d w f p d w f ? apwod u f w k d Y
txJrmS ygonf?h ynm? 0dwwf? orm0gpm? ormurE? ormtmZD0? 0D&,
d ?
owd ? {u* w m? 'd | d [k q k d t yf a om r* i f w &m;ud k , f u d k ; yg;wk d Y u
rdrdwkdYqkdif&mbkHb0wkdYokdY r*taMumif;owdwkdYjzifh (0g) xGufajrmuf
aMumif;r*owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyK Muukef\/
or , k w y p n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
axmywf? qDOD;? ysm;? oum[laom pwkr"l t&omonf
tcsif;csif;ESD;aESmaom tm;jzifh aus;Zl;jyKouJhokdY? pdwf? apwoduf?
emruEm av;yg;wko
Yd n?f tcsi;f csi;f tm;,SOpf yf Muaom or,w
k o
wd
jzifh aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
DHAMMA TALKS
"r0D&onf rdrdudk,fudk apmifha&SmufEdkif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/
13
Aka'g&o t&SifEmp&d,
(aAm"d & d y f N id r f a wm&? arS m f b D )
t&dyfaumif;
t&d y f c d k c sif o vm;? t&d y f a 0;csif o vm;
oifhudkom a&S;OD;pGmar;vdkyg\/
oifom pOf;pm;Pfw&m;jzihf ajzygav/
oif[m t&dyfaumif; cdkcsifwmvm;
t&dyfaumif; ay;csifvm;
t&dyfaumif;cdkem;csif&if...
tudkif;rcsdK;eJY? a'gotcdk;rxGufapeJY/
t&dyfaumif; ay;csif&if...
tjrpfcdkifatmifvkyf? t&GuftyGifhtoD; ay;xkwf/
avmu&Sd vlwcsKd U[m t&dyaf umif; cdrk ;DS csio
f al wGom rsm;\/
ud,
k w
f ikd f t&dyaf umif;jzpfatmifvyk
f t&dyaf umif;ay;csio
f u
l m; enf;
av\/ t&d y f a umif ; atmuf r S m ayguf w J h opf y if i ,f u awmh
tylrdoGm;&if EGrf;oGm;wwfw,f/ tylESihfawGUxdrIenf;awmh &ifhusufrI
r&Sdbl;ayhg/
t&dyfaumif;ay;wJh opfyif[m tNrJwrf; ae'Pf? av'Pf
cHaewwfw,fav/ trsm;twGuf tat;"mwfay;aeol[mvnf; tNrJ
wrf;vdk tyl'PfcHae&wwfw,f/ 'gaMumihf vlawG[m at;csrf;rIt&dyf
udkom vdkvm;Muw,f/ ylavmifrIudk rvdkvm;Mubl;av/
t&d y f a umif ; ayrJ h ud k , f u raumif ; awmh
wpfcgu ayG;aq;xkww
f hJ aq;wdu
k rf mS udw
k maw;wpfa,muf
tvkyf0ifavQmufvdkY&owJh/ olYtBuHu ayG;aq;vnf; ta&mif;xGuf
avQmuf? vlYvufuayG;vnf; aysmufayhgav/ ayG;aq;uvnf; txdkuf
tavsmuf emrnf&NyD;om;yJ/ rD;&xm;ay:? um;ay:awGygrusefatmif
a&muf&owJh/ a&mif;vdkYvJ aumif;owJh/
awmu udw
k maw; uHay;csiaf wmh ayG;aq;xkww
f hJ aq;wdu
k f
a&mufNyDa[h? tm;vHk;uvnf; aumif;csD;ay;aeMuw,f/ ayG;aq;om
a&mif;w,f? vufuayG;vnf; rvdr;f csib
f ;l / zsi;f wmuvnf; vGeaf &myJ/
aq;rvdrf;awmh ayG;vnf;raysmuf? aq;pGrf;vJ rod? a&mif;oma&mif;
aerdw,f/ aeYwGufvnf; wGufacsudkufw,f/ awmxufpm&if ykd
wGufacsudkufaewmqdkawmh t&dyfaumif;a&mufaeNyDayhg/
t&dyfaumif;ayrJh udkwmaw; raumif;wmu ayG;aq;a&mif;
avorQ aq;Tef;awG tukefzwfjyw,f/ 0,folawGu udkwmaw;
oihfayG;aq;u wu,fa&maysmuf&JUvm;? aysmufw,fqdk&ifvnf;
oihfvufrSm ayG;&Sdp&mrvkdawmhbl; ponfajymMuawmh tpfudkwkdY
tpfrwdkY&m ]]aq;pmzwf aysmufEdk;Edk;? odkufpmzwf &Edk;Edk;}} qdkwmrsdK;ayhg
Asm/ aq;Tef;uawmh Tef;wmyJav/ 'gayrJh udkwmaw;\ vufuayG;
om Munhyf gcifAsm;/ 'DayGaq; aeYwikd ;f vdr;f aewm vH;k 0raysmufygbl;Asm
wJh/ vlawGuvnf; tkef;ceJ oJceJ&,fMuw,f/
udkwmaw;wpfa,muf vltrsm;Mum;xJrSm tJ'Dvdk[movkyf
ae&wmudk auseyfNyD; ayG;aq;a&mif;csavawmh ayG;aq;a&mif;tm;yg
usvmawmhonf/ Mumvmawmh ayG;aq;wdkufvnf;ysuf? udkwmaw;

vnf; xGufajy;&awmhw,f/ tyifvJ&if tudkif;xif;jzpf&ygw,f/
tJ'g[m t&dyfaumif;ayrJh tudkif;csdK;ovdkjzpfoGm;&w,f/
udk,hftvkyf&JU *kPf&nfudkodxm;zdkY? ajymjywwfzdkY vdkygw,f/ t&dyfcdkol
wpfa,mufaumif;vQiaf umif;oavmuf tyifBu;D udk taxmuftyH&h ap
ygw,f/
t&dyfBuD;uvnf; t&dyfatmufcdkrSD;&atmif a&mufolawGudk
b,folb,f0grcGJjcm;bJ tat;"mwfay;EdkifzdkY vdkygw,f/ t&GufawG
jynfph w
kH t
hJ yifBu;D jzpfaeayrJh tudik ;f t&Guaf wG[m ajcmufaernfqykd gu
aeudo
k m tumtuG,f t&dyaf y;Edik af yrJh tyift&Guw
f rYkd S tat;"mwf
ay;vTwEf ikd rf nfr[kwyf g/
xdaYk Mumihf t&dyaf umif;opfyifBu;D ESihf cdrk ;DS vmolw[
Ykd m tcsi;f
csif; aus;Zl;jyKae&ygw,f/ tyifBuD;ESifhcdkrSD;olwdkY tcsif;csif;aus;Zl;jyKyg
u MumjrifhpGmpnfyifzGHUNzdK; usufoa&wdk;aerSm jzpfw,f/ tyluvmol
wdkY\ tm;udk;p&m t&dyfaumif;opfyifBuD;tjzpfjzifh MumjrihfpGm awGUjrif
ae&rSmjzpfygw,f/
b,fodkYqdkap vlYjynfa&mufuwnf;u rdbt&dyf cdk0iftdyfcJh
w,fav/ rdbt&dyq
f w
kd mu raumif;wJt
h &dyf r&S/d rdbt&dyaf umif;rSm
cd0k ifatmif;awmh rdb&JUarwmtat;"mwfu ay;Ny;D om;yg/ rdbarwm
a&pifEdkYayguf oif,laomufNyD;om;yg/ rdbt&dyfaumif;atmufrSmum;
oifcekd m;wmudk rdbrsm;u tNyKH ;ESiMhf unhf yDwjd zpfw,f/ oHo&mc&D;Murf;
rarmryef; avQmufvrS ;f ae&wJo
h if[m 'Dwpfcg vlb
Y 0vlrY b
d &dyaf tmuf
cd0k ifem;&jcif;um; c&D;wpfavQmuf taumif;qH;k opfyif&yd Bf u;D yg/ 'Drb
d
&dyfxuf aumif;rGefaom t&dyfaumif;awGqD vufvSrf;rDoGm;vdkYyg/
oif[m rdb&dyaf tmufrS arwmtat;"mwfyw
kd hJ Edck sKd a&ayguf
awGvnf; aomuf&Ny/D rdbwdt
Yk auR;tarG;udv
k nf; oifavG;&Ny/D t&G,f
a&mufvQif ynmoifay;onf/ vdw
k mrSeo
f rQ ruse&f atmif t&dyaf t;rQ
ay;aeMuonf/ arG;onfrSp ynmoifMuatmif tyl'PfcH oifhudk
0dik ;f &Hay;aewm oif[m ynmwwfwpfa,muf csr;f oma&mufzjYkd zpfw,f/
oifom ynmaumif;pGmroif? oHk;csifwkdif;oHk;? oHk;Hkru jzKef;uygvm
vQif ]]t&dyfaumif; tyifBuD;udkrl}} a&aEG;ylESifh yufzsef;wmeJY wlyg
vdrrfh nf/
rdbajympum; remMum;bJ apmfum;armfum;jypfrSm;&ifum;
]]t&d y f a umif ; opf y if xif ; xG i f o vd k } } jzpfygw,f/
rdb&dyfaumif; cdkem;um BuD;xGmvmu r,m;,l? vif,l
tdrf&mxlvsuf tyluzdpD;? aomurD;awmuf 'kua&mufvnf; rdb&dyf
aumif; oifc0kd ifatmif;zdYk rajymif;arwm aumif;ukPmjzihf vmygvm
yg vuf,yfac:aevsufyg/
tu,fom rdbt&dyfaumif; BuD;&ifha[mif;aomf MoZmajr
aqG; a&udkay;ESifh ta&;w,l ulnDjyKpk apmifha&Smufrlum;... t&dyf
aumif;tyifBuD;[m arQmfwvifhvifh toifh&Sdum tyGifhtoD;awG cdkifNzD;
DHAMMA TALKS
14
"r0D&onf vlrsKd;ra&G; bmomra&G;? vlom;rsKd;EG,ftm;vHk;twGuf jzpfonf/
a0jzm ay;aerSmyg/ ud,

k rf cDS &kd wJh rdbt&dyaf umif;tyifBu;D pnfum;aezdYk
t&dyfcdkolwdkYrSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f/
odkYaomf odkYaomf...
MoZmajraqG; a&udkray;bJESihf
oufBuD;&ifhvsuf t&GuftyGihf
roD;zifhaMumihf toifhrSmvdkvm;
xif;qdkufoGm;zdkY vT"m;,lvsuf
tyifjzwfvnf; xif;rSwfr,Gif;
rD;zdkwGif;0ifum oifBudKuf&modvsuf
pm;aumif;qufzdkY usufatmifcsufay;rSm
t&dyfaumif;&JU rajymif;wJharwmyg/
oif[m t&dyfaumif;opfyif &SdaepOfawmh t&dyfaumif;
taMumif; aumif;aumif;rodcJhayr,hf t&dyfaumif;r&Sdonhftcg tyl
aygif;pHkvmrS t&dyfaumif;wrf;w b,fvdkrS r&awmhbl;/
wkt
Yd m;? a&S;a&S;aom pdw?f apwoduw
f u
Ydk csKyaf ysmufMuNy;D uif;&Si;f jcif;
0d*wypnf;jzifh aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
t0d * wyp n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
r[mork ' & monf rd r d u k d r S D u k e f a om ig;? vd y f ? ruef ;
tp&SdonfwkdY\ yDwdaomre yGm;jcif;iSm rdrdESifhruif;aomowdjzifh
aus;Zl;jyK ouJhokdY pdwf? apwoduf? kyfwkdYtm; rdrdwkdYu xif&Sm;&SdMuNyD;
ruif;aom t0d*wypnf;jzifh aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
(onfwkdYum; vGefcJhaom 72 ESp?f ou&mZf 1299 ckESpfu
aus;Zl ; awmf & S i f t* r [my@d w rk d ; n i f ; q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ;
a[mMum;a&;om;jyKpkawmfrlcJhaom y|mef;yp, eda'o ]y|mef;
0dyemusifhpOfw&m;awmfBuD;} (&efukefykHESdyfwkduf yxrtBudrfkduf)
pmtkyfukd rSD; a&;om;ylaZmf&jcif;jzpfygonf/)
[H o m0wD O D ; tk e f ; Bud K if
yif j rih f o pf y if
tyifjrihfwJhopfyif avyihfcH&owJh?
avoifh'Pf rcH&csif&if
oif bmvkyfrvJ
teD;&Sdopfyifrsm; BuD;xGm;atmifarG;yg/
tyifBuD;rsm; BuD;rm;vmygu
avoihf'Pf 0dkif;0ef;cHygvdrhfrnf/
pmrsuf E S m 12 rS
0d y , k w y p n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
tcsKd ? tcsOf ? tpyf ? tief ? tzef ? tcg;?
&omajcmufyg;wnf;[laom tpm tm[m&wkdYonf t&omcsyif
rpyf , S O f M ubJ tenf ; enf ; aus;Zl ; jyKMuouJ h o k d Y y a 0gum&
y#doaEemruEmwkdYtm;? xkdcEmESifhwuGjzpfonfh [',0wKkyfu
vnf;aumif;? pdwZkyf? y#doaEurZkyfwkdYtm; ya0gum&bkHjzpfMu
aom kyfukdjzpfapEkdifonfh? pdwf? apwodufESifh y#doaEemruEm
wkdYuvnf;aumif;? tcsif;csif; r,SOfEkdifMuonfh 0dy,kwowdjzifh
aus;Zl;jyKMu ukef\/
tw d y p n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
[dr0Emawmifrif;onf rdrdukdrSDaom tm;jzifh jrufopfyif
tp&So
d nfwt
Ydk m; yGm;pD; apjcif;iSm rdrx
d if&mS ;&Sad omtjzpfjzifh aus;Zl;jyK
ouJhokdY pdwf? apwoduf? kyfwkdYtm; rdrdwkdYuHu xif&Sm;&SdMuojzifh
aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
ew d y p n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
nOf Y \ uif ; jcif ; onf aeY j zpf j cif ; iS m aus;Zl ; jyKouJ h o k d Y
vnf ; aumif ; ? qD r D ; \Nid r f ; jcif ; ? r&S d j cif ; onf trk d u f j zpf j cif ; iS m
aus;Zl;jyKouJhokdYvnf;aumif;? aemufaemufaom pdwf? apwodufwkdY
tm; a&S;a&S;aom pdwf? apwoduf wkdYu csKyfaysmufMuNyD; r&Sdjcif;ewd
ypnf;jzifh aus;Zl;jyKMuukef\/
0d * wyp n f ; u aus;Zl ; jyKyk H
ae0ifaomtcg ta&mift0gwkdYuif; jcif;onf? va&mif
jzpfay:jcif;iSm aus;Zll;jyK ouJhokdY? aemufaemufaom pdwf? apwoduf
qm;ESifhoMum; yrmxm;
qm;ESifhoMum;? bmxl;jcm;vJ
trsm;jrifom? a&mifjzLwmyg
&omusrS? uGJjym;&&Sm
wdusaocsm? tajzxGufvm/
odomxif&Sm;? vlwljim;vJ
uGJjym;uGmjcm;? uHw&m;um;
rsm;vlukokdvf? tukokdvfwkdY
olYvkdighvkd? [kdykH'DykH/ /
tdyfpm;umr? av;0wGif
oabmawGUNyD;? aysmfNiD;cJh
aoNyD;tyg,f? aMumufpzG,frkdY
rSwfuG,f{uef? ukd,fvkyfukd,fcH/
'ge oDv ? orxtm;

oabmawGUol? ukokdvf,lol
vlxJuvl? olrwlyg
&,lcHpm;? tyg,frvm;/ /
qm;ESifhoMum;? yrmxm;um
vlom;taygif;? todaumif;rS
raumif;rIa&Smif? aumif;rIaqmif
ykdYaqmifu,foGm;? edAmefwHcg;/ /
Ak d v f a omif ; ({'if )
A CRITIQUE OF THE UNCHANGING TENDENCY

"r0D&onf t&G,foHk;yg; &[ef;&Sifvltm;vHk;twGuf jzpfonf/
15
odrSwfzG,f&m t&d,myk*dKvfwkdY y,ftyfaomw&m;rsm;

Nidrf;csrf;OD;
(1) aomwmywrd *fonf oHa,mZOf 10-yg;wGif 'd|?d 0dpu
d pd m ?
oDvAwy&mrmo? tyg, *reD, umr&m*? y#dC [lonfh oHa,mZOf
5-yg;ukdt<uif;rJhy,fonf/
(2) ou'g*grdr*fonf kefY&if; Murf;wrf;aom umr&m*?
y#dC oHa,mZOf 2-yg;ukdy,fonf/
(3) tem*grdr*fonf odrfarGUaom if;umr&m*? y#dC
oHa,mZOf 2-yg;ukd t<uif;rJhy,fonf/
(4) t&[w r *f o nf l y &m* paom oH a ,mZOf 5yg;ukyd ,fonf/
wpf e nf ; tm;jzif h
- yxrr*fonf udavomwdkYwGif 'd|d? 0dpdudpmukd y,fonf/
- 'kwd,r*fonf y,faom udavomoD;oefYr&Sd/
- wwd,r*fonf a'goudky,fonf/
- pwkwr*fonf <uif;aomudavom 7-yg;ukd y,fonf/
- yxrr*fonf rdpww&m;wdkYwGif rdpm'd|d?rkom0g'? rdpmurE?
rdpmtmZD0 ukdy,fonf/
- 'kwd,r*f oD;jcm;y,faomw&m;r&Sd/
- wwd,r*fonf rdpmouFy? ydokP0gpm? zko0gpm ukdy,fonf/
- pwkwr*fonf oryvmy? rdpm0g,mr? owd? orm"d? 0drkwdPfudk
y,fonf/
- yxrr*fonf avmu"HwkdY rp&d,ukd y,fonf/
- 'kwd,r*fonf oD;jcm;y,faomw&m;r&Sd/
- wwd,r*fonf y#dCukdy,fonf/
- pwkwr*fonf avmu"HwkdY cspfcifESpfoufjcif;ukdy,fonf/
- yxrr*fonf tedp edp? tew tw[k xifrSm;aomonm? pdw?
'd|d0dyvo (6) yg;/
'ku okc? tokb okb[ktxifrSm;aom 'd|d0dyvmo(2)yg;/
aygif; 0dyvmo (8) yg; wkdYukdy,fonf/
- 'kwd,r*fy,faomw&m;oD;jcm;r&Sd/
- wwd,r*fonf tokb okb[ktxifrSm; aomonm? pdw
0dyvmo(2)yg;udky,fonf/
- pwk w r *f o nf 'k u ok c [k txif r S m ;aom onm? pd w
0dyvmo(2)yg;udky,fonf/
- yxrr*fonf *Ew&m;wdw
Yk iG f oDvAw y&mrmo? 'Hopmbdead 0o
um,*Eukd y,fonf/
- wwd,r*fonf Asmyg'ukdy,fonf/
- pwkwr*fonf tbdZmukdy,fonf/
- yxrr*fonft*wdw&m;av;yg;ukdy,fonf/
t*wdw&m;= rsufESmvkdufjcif;w&m;jzpfonf/
(1) qEm*wd- cspfojzifhrsufESmvkdufjcif;/
(2) a'gom*wd- rkef;ojzifhrsufESmvkdufjcif;/
(3) b,m*wd- aMumufojzifhrsufESmvkdufjcif;/
(4) arm[*wd- rodem;rvnfojzifhrsufESmvkdufjcif; wkdYjzpfonf/
- yxrr*fonf tmom0wkdYwGif 'd|mo0ukd y,fonf/
- 'kwd,r*f? oD;jcm;y,faomw&m;r&Sd/
- wwd,r*fonf umro0ukdy,fonf/
- pwk w r *f o nf <uif ; aomtmo0 2-yg; jzpf o nf h b0go0?
t0dZmo0wkdYudky,fonf/
(MoC 4-yg;vnf; enf;twkdif;rSwfyg)
- yxrr*fonf eD0&PwkdYwGif 0DpdudpmeD0&Pukdy,fonf/
- wwd,r*fonf umrpE? Asmyg'? ukuKp wkdYudky,fonf/
- yxrr*fonf y&mrmow&m;wkdYukdy,fonf/
- yxrr*fonf Oyg'gefwkdYwGif 'd|d? oDvAw? tw0g' Oyg'gef 3-yg;
udky,fonf/
- 'kwd,r*f? oD;jcm;y,faomw&m;r&Sd/
- wwd,r*f? oD;jcm;y,faomw&m;r&Sd/
- pwkwr*fonf umrkyg'gefukdy,fonf/
- yxrr*f o nf tEk o ,wk d Y w G i f 'd | d ? 0D p d u d p m tEk o ,(2)yg;
udky,fonf/
- 'kwd,r*f? oD;jcm;y,fw&m;r&Sd/
- wwd,r*fonf umr&m*? y#dC (2) yg;ukd y,fonf/
- pwkwr*fonf rme? b0&m*? t0dZm (3)yg;ukd y,fonf/
- wwd,r*fonf tnpftaMu;w&m;wkdYwGif a'gotnpftaMu;ukd
y,fonf/
- pkwkwr*fonf &m*? arm[tnpftaMu; (2)yg;udky,fonf/
- yxrr*f? 'kwd,r*fwkdY oD;jcm;y,fw&m;r&Sd/
- yxrr*f o nf tuk o k d v f ur y xw&m;wk d Y w G i f ygPmwd y gw?
t'dEm'ge? rdpmpm&? rkom0g'? rdpm'd|d? (5) yg;udky,f\/
- 'kwd,r*f oD;jcm;y,fw&m;r&Sd/
- wwd,r*fonf ydokP0gpm? zko0gpm? Asmyg' (3) yg;udky,fonf/
pmrsuf E S m 25 o k d Y
COVER SPECIAL FEATURE
16
"r0D&onf pdwfzdpD;rI uif;a0;aponf/

rsuf E S m zk H ; rS t quf
jzpf \ / rd r d v d k c sif a om t&m0w K ud k & vQif csrf ; om\/ ,if ; ud k

umrwPSmcsrf;om[kac:\/ cPwjzKwfawmh ydkufydkufaxG;axG;&Sd\/
tNraJ wmhr[kw?f xdpk OftwGi;f awmh csr;f om\/ xdu
k o
hJ Ykd csr;f omjcif;onf
cPwjzKwfomjzpf \/ ,if;udkb0wPSmcsrf;om[kac:\/ aemuf
NiD;aiGUNyD; pGefYcsif\/ pGefYcsifonhftwkdif; pGefY&aomtcg csrf;om\/
,if ; ud k 0d b 0wPS m csrf ; om[k a c:\/ trS e f t m;jzih f wPS m \
oabmt& vd k c sif o nf &onf NiD ; aiG U onf aemuf v d k c sif o nf /
od k Y p uf v nf v suf & S d \ / vd k c sif &jcif ; onf umrwPS m ? &
odrf;ydkufjcif;onf b0wPSm? NiD;aiGUpGefYjcif;onf 0db00wPS
wPSm/
wPSmonf puf0ef;ozG,fjzpf\/ vdkcsifvkduf? &vkduf? NiD;aiGUvdkuf?
aemuf v d k c sif v k d u f rnf o nh f t cgrS rqH k ; awmh /
trsdK;aumif;om;onf tpm;aumif;pm;vdkojzihf &[ef;0wf
vkduf\/ odkY&mwGif &[ef;onf xl;jcm;\/ tjcm; &[ef;rsm;\
a0,sm0p u d k v k y f \ / 0wf B uD ; 0wf i ,fu d k aqmif & G u f \ / ol o nf
pmoifcsif &[ef;0wfolvnf;r[kwf? w&m; bm0emusihfvdk &[ef;
0wf o l v nf ; r[k w f / tpm;aumif ; pm;vd k om &[ef ; 0wf o l j zpf
aomfvnf; ausmif;a0,sm0pESihf oHCmha0,sm0pudk ausyGefatmif
aqmif&u
G fjcif;onfyif olYtwGuf w&m;xl;&zdkY Oyed, jzpfav\/
&[ef;0wfjzihf tpm;aumif;rsm; pm;&ygaomfvnf; olonf
omoemawmf raysmf? vlxGufvkduf\/ trSeftm;jzihf vkyfief; wpfckudk
vkyf&m ,HkMunfcsufonf ta&;BuD;\/ ,HkMunfcsufqdkaomfvnf;
rsufuef;,HkMunfcsufr[kwf/ PfESifh,SOfaom ,HkMunfcsufjzpf\/
,if;udk o'gESiyhf nmrQonf[k qd&k \/ o'gESifh ynmrQygrS xda&muf\/
xdkYaMumihf Pf,SOfaom,HkMunfcsufjzihf pnf;Hk;rSom odyfonf;
cdkifrm ]]tm;opf}}udk&\/ xdkYaMumihf xdkuJhodkYaom pnf;Hk;jcif;
rsKd ; ud k t&nf t csif ; pnf ; H k ; jcif ; [l ac:qd k & \/ yp n f ; vmbf
vmbjzih f pnf ; H k ; jcif ; um; od y f o nf ; ck d i f r mrI r &S d o jzih f ? tm;opf
udk r&? ]]tm;a[mif;}} twkdif;yif jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh xdkuJhodkYaom
pnf ; H k ; jcif ; rsd K ;ud k ta&twG u f t & pnf ; H k ; jcif ; [l qd k & \/
t&nf t csif ; t& pnf ; H k ; jcif ; ud k ]]or0g, or E } } [l ac:\/
ta&twGuft& pnf;Hk;jcif;udk ]]oHa,m* orE}} [lac:\/
xdk&[ef;vlxGufjcif;rSm omoemawmf ,HkMunfcsufjzihf
&[ef;0wfjcif;r[kwfbJ tpm;aumif;wnf;[laom ypnf;vmbfvmb
jzihf pnf;Hk;jcif;cH& &[ef;0wfjcif;rsdK;omjzpfojzihf pnf;Hk;rI oabm
t& qef;vSonfawmhr[kw/f wPSmpuf0ef;\ vnfywfro
I abm twdik ;f
vlxGufjcif;omjzpf\/
olonf vlYb0 a&S;uvdkyif vkyfudkifpm;aomufjyef\/
yifyef;vGef;aomtcg &[ef;0wfjyef\/ &[ef;b0jzihf raysmfarGUaom
tcg vl x G u f j yef \ / aemuf & [ef ; 0wf j yef \ / enf ; tm;jzih f
ajcmufBudrfwdkifwdkif &[ef;0wf vlxGuf\/ &[ef;0wf&m tMum
BuD;0wfonfr[kwf/ &ufydkif;rQom 0wfjcif;jzpf\/ olY ZeD;vnf; &Sd\/
ZeD;udt
k rSw&f wdik ;f vlxu
G
f ? tvkyyf ifyef;wdik ;f &[ef;0wfjcif; jzpf\/
odkYaom yk*dKvfrsdK;onfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m; vufxufawmfyif &Sd\/
omoemawmfrSwfwrf; ol\trnf&if;udk rawGU&? &[ef;rsm;u
aemufajymifac:aomtrnfudkomawGU&\/ aemufajymif ac:aom
trnfrmS ]]pdw[
|}} [ljzpf\/ ]]pdw[|}} \ teufrSm pdwf\
tvdkodkYvkdufol[ljzpf\/ xdktrnfjzihfyif xif&Sm;\/
olonf ausmif;a0,sm0pESifh oHCa0,sm0pudk aqmif&Guf
&m wm0efausoljzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh &[ef;0wf&ef ausmif;odkYvmwdkif;

ausmif;&Sd&[ef;rsm;u vdkvdkvm;vm; &[ef;0wfay;Mujcif;jzpf\/
ol\ZeD;onfvnf; awmfyg\/ vifom;&[ef;0wfjcif;ESifhywfouf
qlqlylylvkyfonfudkrawGU&/ razmfjyEdkifaom a0'em wpfrsdK;rsdK;udkawmh
cHpm;&&Smayvdrhfrnf/ odkY&mwGif orufvyk o
f l &[ef;0wfwidk ;f a,mur
BuD;u orD;twGuf &ifarm&Smav\/
trSeftm;jzihf pdw[|rax&fonf yg&rD&Sifjzpf\/ yg&rD&Sif
jzpfaomfvnf; ol\ vkyyf u
kH ikd yf o
kH nf yg&rD&iS Ef iS rfh wl/ tjyifyef; taejzihf
qdk&vQif olYudkyg&rD&Sif[l rnfolurQ ajymvdrhfrnfr[kwf? ck &[ef;
0wfvkduf? ck vlxGufvkduf? wpfBudrfvnf;r[kwf? ESpfBudrfvnf;r[kwf?
ajcmufBudrfwkdifwkdifyifjzpf\/ xdkYaMumihf olYudk ayghysufysufyk*dKvf[k
xifHkrS wpfyg; yg&rD&Sif[l rnfolu xifavrnfenf;/ yg&rD\
oabmonf eufeJ\/ odEdkifcuf\/ odkY ayghysufysufEdkifvSaom
yk*dKvfrsm;xJwGifyif yg&rD&Sifrsm; &SdEdkifao;onfqdkvQif avmu
t&ihftrmyg&rD&Sifrsm;r&Sd[l qdk&efcufcJ \/ xdkYaMumihf yg&rD&SifwdkY\
oabmudk &dyfpm;rdap&ef pdw[|rax&fudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;
jzpf[efwl\/
pdw[|rax&fonf pdwftvdkodkY vkdufaeolrSef\/ odkY&mwGif
olonf olYukd,fol pdwftvdkodkYvkdufaeolrSef;rod/ xdkodkYrodjcif; onf
,xmbl w Pf u d k r&ao; rod j cif ; jzpf \ / trS e f t m;jzih f
,xmblwPfudk &jcif;onf ppfrSefaomPfudk&jcif;\ tp jzpf\/
"roabmt&qdkvQif ,xmblwPf? edAd'gPf? 0d&m*PfwdkYonf
tpOftwdkif; vmaomPfrsm;jzpfMu\/ trSet
f wdik ;f odvQif NiD;aiGU\/
NiD;aiGvQif wyfrufrIuif;\/ wyfrufrI uif;jcif;onf r*fPfudk
&jcif;jzpf\/ xdkYaMumihf ,xmblwPfudk&xm;oltwGuf bmvmvm
udpr&Sd/ vmcsif&mvm tm;vHk;udk rSefuefaomESvHk;oGif;? a,medaom
reoDum& jzihf tusdK;&Sdatmif qifjcifEdkif\/ tukodkvf vmvQifvnf;
tuk o d k v f r S e f ; od \ / uk o d k v f v mvQif v nf ; uk o d k v f r S e f ; od \ /
tukodkvfudkvnf; ukodkvf[lrxif/ ukodkvfudkvnf; tukodkvf
[lrxif/ tjzpfukd tjzpftwkikd ;f omod\/ t&Su
d kd t&St
d wdik ;f omod\/
odo
Yk &d jcif;onf yif ,xmblwPfjzpf\/
pdw[|rax&fonf ajcmufBudrfajrmuf vlxGufNyD;aemuf
awm v,form;tjzpf tvkyfvkyf\/ tvkyfuvnf; yifyef;vS\/
xd k Y a Mumif h ol o nf & [ef ; 0wf c sif v mjyef o nf / &[ef ; 0wf v Qif
tqifoihfjzpf&atmif tdrf ouFef;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;xm;\/ wpfck
aomaeYwGif olonf ouFef;0wf&ef pdwful;\/ xdkYaMumifh olonf
v,fawmrSxGefwHk;udk tdrfodkY jyefxm;NyD; ouFef;udk,l&ef tdrfwGif;odkY
0ifvkduf\/ tdrfcef;wGif; ol\ZeD;onf ttdyfqdk;qdk; jzihf tdyfaysmf
aeonfuakd wGU&\/ ol\ZeD; ud,
k 0f efvnf;&S\
d ? xdt
k cg pdw[
|onf
ol\ ZeD;\ ]]tokbonm}} udk &av\/ xdkYaemuf cEmwdkY\ ]]tedp
onm}} udk &av\/ xdktcg pdw[
|onf &[ef;0wf&ef ausmif;odYk
oGm;awmh\/ ab;csif;uyftdrfaeaom a,murBuD;onf oruf\
trlt&mudkjrifvQif orD;\tdrfodkYoGm;Munhf\/ orD;tdyfaeonfudk
jrifaomtcg taronf oruf\qHk;jzwfcsufudk oabmaygufoGm;\/
orufonf tBudrfBudrf &[ef;0wfzl;\/ &[ef;0wfwkdif; rdrdwdkYtm;
tusdK;taMumif;ajymjyNyD;rS 0wf\/ ,cktBudrfwGif orufonf
bmud k r QrajymbJ ol Y q H k ; jzwf c suf E S i f h t wl &[ef ; 0wf j cif ; jzpf \ /
orufonf vlaY bmifukd rsm;pGmNi;D aiGUoGm;[ef&\
dS / xdaYk Mumihf taronf
rdrd\orD;twGuf rsm;pGm &ifarm&&Smav\/ taronf orD;tm;EdI;
COVER SPECIAL FEATURE

"r0D&onf csrf;ajrhaysmf&TifrItwGuf jzpfaponf/
tusdK;taMumif;ajymjyav&m orD;url tarvdkr[kwf/ ylyifjcif;
tvsOf;r&Sd/ ]]pdwfrylygeJY tar&,f awmfawmfMum oljyefvmrSmyg}} [l
qdk\/
pdw[|um; onfwpfcsDawmh wu,fyif oHa0*&\/ cEm
wd\
Yk tokbonmudk vrf;oGm;&if; qifjcif\/ cEmwd\
Yk tedpo
abm?
'kuo
abm? tewoabmudk vnf; vrf;oGm;&if; Irw
S \
f / vrf;oGm;&if;
ausmif;odkY ra&mufrDyif pdw[|onf aomwmyefjzpfoGm;\/ w&m;
xl;&csifawmhvnf; bmrQMumvkdufonfr[kwf/
pd w m [|onf yg&rD j ynh f c sd e f a &muf N yD / oD ; csd e f w ef v Qif
oD;&rnfyifjzpf\/ yGihfcsdefwef vQif yGihf&rnfyifjzpf\/ pdw[|twGuf
op m yef ; onf yG i h f c sd e f o d k Y a &muf c J h N yD / ta&twG u f t qih f r S
t&nfttcsif;tqihfodkY ul;ajymif;&m taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk ta&
twGuft& jynhfpHkatmifvkyf&\/ ta&twGuft& jynhfpHkaeaom
taMumif;w&m;rsm;onf rdrw
d Ykd tcsi;f csi;f oihaf vsmrf I ]]oyg,}} tjzpfoYkd
a&mufatmif aqmif&Gufay;aom aemufqHk;taMumif;w&m;udk&aom
tcg t&nf t csif ; tqih f o d k Y a&muf o G m ;av\/ oy g ,tjzpf o d k Y
aqmif&Gufay;aom aemufqHk;taMumif;w&m; udk ]]ypbdnm}} [l
ac:\/ pdw[|twGuf ykxkZOftqihfrS t&d,mtqihfodkYa&mufatmif
oy m ,tjzpf aqmif & G u f a y;aom aemuf q H k ; taMumif ; w&m;
]]ypbdnm}} um; ZeD;onf\ ydk;pdk;yufpuftdyfaysmfaeaom tmHkyif
jzpf\/ y|mef;ygVdawmf Oyed,ypnf;t& oym, jzpfatmif
aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom taMumif; w&m;rsm;onf yk*dKvfvnf;jzpfEdkif\/
&moDOwkvnf; jzpfEdkif\/ tpmtm[m&vnf; jzpfEdkif\/ ae&m
a'ovnf; jzpfEdkif\/ pdw[|onf tdyfaysmfaeaomZeD;udk rdrd\
yg&rDrsm;twGuf oyg,jzpfatmif aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom taMumif;
tjzpf&\/
pdw[|onf aomwmyefjzpfNyD;avNyD/ olonf&[ef;b0udk
awmif;aomtcg &[ef;awmfrsm;u ]]oif\OD;acgif;onf "m;aoG;
ausmufozG,fjzpf\}} [l rdefYMum;awmfrlMuNyD; &[ef;0wfay;vdkuf
Mujyef\/ pdw[|onf cEmwdkY\jzpfysufudkqufIrSwfyGm;rsm;&m
ESpf&ufoHk;&uftwGif;yif y#dord'gav;yg;ESifh wuG &[EmtjzpfodkY
a&mufav\/
&[ef ; rsm;u pd w [ |tm; ]]tBud r f ouF e f ; 0wf w m
Mumw,f}} [lajymjyaom tcg pdw[
|rax&fu rdr&d [EmjzpfNy[
D
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&\/ pdw[|rax&fu &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;..
]]t&Sifbk&m;wdkY? aygif;oif;qufqHvdkaom pdwf&Sdaomtcg
wynhfawmftdrfjyefoGm;cJhyg\/ aygif;oif;qufqHjcif;onf wynhfawmf
tm;jywfcJhygNyD/ ,ck tdrfjyefroGm;aom oabmodkY a&mufcJhygNyD}}[l
avQmufxm; av&m &[ef;rsm;onf pdw[
|rax&fukd jrwfpmG bk&m;xH
ac:oG m ;NyD ; ]]pd w [ |rax&f o nf wynh f a wmf w d k Y \ tar;ud k
odkYajzMum;ygonf/ &[Emjzpfovdk ajzMum;ygonf/ r[kwfrrSef
ajzMum;ygonf bk&m;}} [l wifavQmufMu&m jrwfpGmbk&m;u
pdw[
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f wdik ;f ajymqdjk cif; jzpfonf[k rdeMYf um;awmfrNl y;D
atmufyg*gxm a'oemawmfudk a[mMum;awmfrl\/
-wnf w H h a ompd w f r &S d a om? ol a wmf a umif ; w&m;ud k
rodaom
-cdkifrmaom o'gw&m;r&Sdaomoltm; ynmonfrjynhf/
17
- &m*r&S d a om a'gor&S d a om
ukodkvfESihftukodkvfESpfrsdK;vHk;udk y,fNyD;aom xm0pOf
o' g paom aÈ i g;yg;wd k Y u d k Ed k ; Mum;aeaom&[E m yk * d K vf t m;
ud a vomab;onf r&S d a wmh a cs/
t&d,opPfudk &zdkYqdkonfrSm cEmwdkY\jzpfysufudk trSef
twdik ;f jrifzv
Ykd \
kd / cEmwd\
Yk jzpfysuu
f kd trSet
f wdik ;f jrifzq
Ykd o
kd nf rSmvnf;
jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdaomrsufpd&SdrSjzpf\/ jrifEdkifpGrf;aomrsufpd[lonfrSm
orm"du &jcif;jzpf\/ orm"d&jcif;udkyif rsufpdtopf jzpfay:
vmNyD[l wifpm;NyD; usrf;*efrsm; qdk\/ trSeftm;jzihf rdrdwdkY\
yuwdrsupf jd zihf kyEf iS ehf mrfukd rjrifEikd /f Pfrsupf jd ziho
f m kyEf iS efh mrfukd
jrifEdkif\/ xdkYaMumihf 0dyem IrSwfawmhrnfqdkvQif kyfESifhemrfudk
jrifzdkYtwGuf a&S;OD;pGm Pfrsufpdudk &zdkYvdk\/ Pfrsufpd [lonfrSm
orm"dtm;aumif;jcif;jzpf\/ ,if;udk pdwpf ifMu,fjcif; ]]pdw0 o
d 'k }d } [l
vnf;aumif;? pdwfwnfwHhjcif; ]]t0|dwpdw}} [lvnf;aumif;qdk\/
pdwfwnfwHhrS Pf tjrifudk&\/ Pftjrifudk&rS kyfESifhemrfudk
jrifatmifMunhfEdkif\/ kyfESifhemrfudkjrifatmif MunhfEdkifrS ,if;wdkY\
jzpfysufudk jrif\/ kyfESifh emrfwdkY\jzpfysufudkjrifrS jzpfysufuif;&m
edAm ef udk jrif\/ edAm efujkd rifjcif;onf ynmjynhpf jkH cif; jzpf\/ xdaYk Mumifh
edAmefudkjrifEdkifatmifMunhfEdkif&ef ynmjynhfzdkYvdk\/ ynmjynhfatmif
orm"d jynfhzdkYvdk\/ orm"djynhfatmif oDvjynhfzdkY vdk\/
xdaYk Mumif yxrOD;pGm oDvjynhzf Ykd vkyf &\/ oDvjynhNf y;D aemuf
orm"djynhfatmif vkyf&\/ orm"djynhfatmifvkyf&m ,HkMunfrI
o'gcdkifrmzdkYvdk\/ rdrdvkyfief;udk rdrdr,HkMunfvQif orm"d&zdcYk uf\/
orm"dr&vQif ynmjynhf zdkYcuf\/ ynmrjynhfvQif kyfESifhemrfudk rjrif/
kyfESifhemrfwdkY\jzpfysufudkrjrif/ kyfemrfwdkY\ csKyf&m edAmefudkrjrif/
xdktcg udavomab;&efonf xlajymvS\/ kyfESihfemrfudk kyfESihfemrf
[l rjrifbJ yk*dKvfow0g[ktjrifrSm;onfESihf wpfNydKifeuf udavom
ab;&efonf 0ifvmav\/
tmHkESihf tm&rPduwdkYawGUqHk&m 'Gg& (6) yg;&Sd\/ ,if;'Gg&
(6) yg;wdkY tmHkwdkYonf xifMu\/ 'Gg& (6) yg;wdkYudk 0ef;&Hvsuf
tmoa0gwdkYu wnf&SdMu\/ xdkYaMumifh tmHkrsm;onf qdkif&m'Gg&rsm;
xifaomtcg tmoa0gw&mrsm;udk jzwfoef;oGm;Mu&\/ tmoa0g
w&m;rsm;udk jzwfoef;oGm;onfESifhwpfNydKifeuf xdkxdktmHkwdkYonf
tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ rm,m pGrf;tm;aMumifh yk*dKvf? ow0g? t&m
0wKrsm; r[kwfMuygbJvsuf yk*dKvfow0gt&m0wKtoGifodkY ajymif;vJ
d jzpfaom odpw
d w
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Ykd nfvnf; tmoa0g w&m;
oGm;Mu\/ t&rPu
rsm;ud k jzwf o ef ; oG m ;onf E S i h f w pf N yd K if e uf tmoa0gw&m;wd k Y \
rm,mpGrf;tm;aMumifh pdwfuom odjcif;jzpfygvsuf pdwfuodonf
[lrqdk&bJ pdwfxJ ]]ig}} udkxnhf ]]igodonf}} [l jzpfav\/
u cHpm;onf[l rqdk
a0'emuom cHpm;jcif;jzpfygvsuf a0'em
a0'emu
&bJ ]]ig}} udkxnhf ]]ig cHpm;onf}} [l jzpfav\/ odkYjzpf
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rESpf oufzG,fjzpfvQif a'go0ifvm\/ onfrsm;rSm udavom
&ef o l r sm; jzpf M u\/
udavom&eforl sm; 0ifrvmEdik af pjcif;iSm tmoa0gw&m;rsm;
udk ukefcef;oGm;atmif tm;xkwf&\/ tmoa0gw&m;rsm; ukefcef;
oG m ;ygu tmH k E S i f h t m&r P d u wd k Y o nf tmoa0gw&m;rsm;ud k
jzwfoef;oGm;p&mrvdb
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kd yf uwd
twdkif;om xifMurnfjzpf\/ tmHkkyfemrfwdkYonf tmHkkyfemrfwdkY
TALK ON THE DHAMMA
18
"r0D&onf rsKd;quftwGuf jzpfonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m; pdyfykwD;pdyfygoavm
cif a rmif r d k ; (awmif B uD ; )
acgif;pOfygtar;ESiphf yf ajzqd&k efenf;vrf;ESpo
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f al omtaMumif;udjk y ajzqdek nf;jzpf
NyD;? tjcm;aomenf;vrf;rSm taMumif;,kwdwdkYudk jynhfpHkpGmazmfjy
ajzqkdaom enf; jzpfonf/
vG , f u l a omtaMumif ; jy ajzqd k y H k
xdkwGif vG,fulaomaMumif;udkjyajzqdk&efrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;
onf pdyfykwD;pdyfygonf[k rnfonhfusrf;*efwGifrQ rvmr&Sdygaom
aMumifh? jrwfpGmbk&m;onf pdyfykwD;rpdyfyg/ onfum; vG,fulaom
taMumif;jy tajzjzpfayonf/
jynh f p H k a omtaMumif ; ,k w d j yajzqd k y H k
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ um,? 0pD? raemuHwdkYonf oAnKw
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Pf\ tNcHt&Haemufawmfyg tvGefxif&Sm;jzpfay:ukef\/
pmrsuf E S m 17 rS
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tm&rPu
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w&m;rsm; ukefcef;oGm;atmifvkyfjcif;[lonfum; ynmudk jynhfatmif?
orm"dudk jynhfatmif? oDvudk jynhfatmif vkyf&\/ xdkuJhodkYaom
tqifhqifhjynhfatmif tm;xkwf&m aÈig;yg;wdkYudk nDrQatmif
xm;&\/ o' g ES i h f ynm? 0D & d , ES i h f orm"d w d k Y u d k tpH k v d k u f j ynh f
atmif tm;xkwf&\/ owdudkrl cPrvyf&atmif *kpdkuf&\/
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k y f E S i f h e mrf w d k Y \ jzpf y suf u d k NiD ; aiG U rnf / k y f E S i h f e mrf w d k Y c sKyf & m
ed A m ef u d k j rif r nf / tcg tmoa0gw&m;rsm; uk e f c ef ; rnf /
cdPmo0trnfudk&rnf/ cdPmo0 [lonf tmoa0g ukefNyD;ol
[l jzpf \ /
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vkyNf y;D ol cDPmo0yk*Kd vjf zpfaomaMumifh udavomab;&efr&So
d jl zpf\/
xd k Y a Mumif h ol o nf vl x G u f a wmh r nf r [k w f [ l jrwf p G m bk & m;u
a[mMum;awmfrlvkduf\/
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odMu\/ a'oem um; w&m;emy&dowftwGuf rsm;pGmtusdK;&Sdaom
a'oemawmf j zpf y g\/ rd r d o nf v nf ; aumif ; ? tjcm;ol r sm;onf
vnf;aumif; opPfu&kd Edik af om yg&rD&o
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(quf v uf a zmf j yygrnf )
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aomaMumifh ykvJuHk;[kvnf;aumif;? BudK;jzihfoG,fwef;xm;aomaMumihf
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yl;uyfwnfaeaomaMumihf ykvJyl;wnf[k ac:qdkMu&mrS ykvJykwD;odkY
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pdwfjzihf&Gwfzwfaom *kPfawmfpaom trSwfw&m;wdkYudk
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d ykw;D wpfv;kH pdy?f
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aom w&m;rsm; rSwfom;Mu&mvnf; ykwD;udktoHk;csMuavonf/
cif a rmif r d k ; (awmif B uD ; )
TALKS ON THE DHAMMA
19
"r0D&onf t&G,foHk;yg;vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf jzpfonf/
&[ef;wdkY&Sdcdk;tyfaomyk*dKvfESihf &Sdrcdk;tyfaomyk*dKvfrsm;
armif x d e f 0 if ; (opf a wm)
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\wynhfom;&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;taejzihf
avmu &Sdcdk;tyfaomyk*dKvfrsm;ESifh &Sdrcdk;tyfaomyk*dKvfrsm;udk
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siu
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azmfjyyg&Sdonfudk avhvmrSwfom;&ygonf/
&[ef ; wd k Y & S d c d k ; tyf o nh f yk * d K vf r sm;
1/ rdrx
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BuD;aom &[ef;/
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(c) Oyor'gp&d,- &[ef;cHay;aom ur0gpmq&m/
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q&m/
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4/ OyZm,f- &[ef;jyKcsdefu q&m&if;/
5/ ormorK'- jrwfpGmbk&m;/
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3/ oH0gouGJjym;aom t"r0g'Djzpfaom&[ef;BuD;/
4/ rde;f r/
5/ y@Kuf/
6/ y&d0wfaqmufwnfaeaom&[ef;/
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8/ rmewfusihfxdkufaom&[ef;/
9/ rmewfusihfaom&[ef;/
10/ tAmef (oGif;) xkdufaom&[ef;? aygif; (10) OD;wdkYjzpf
onf[k 0de,yd#uwf? r[m0gygVdawmf? aoemoeuEu 321 wGif
azmfjyonf/
wpf e nf ; &[ef ; wd k Y & S d r cd k ; tyf a om yk * d K vf (5) OD ;
(1) &GmwGif;wGifaeaom &[ef;? (2) NrdKUwGif;&GmwGif; vrf;ay:
odkY a&mufaom&[ef;? (3) tarSmifxJ&Sdaom &[ef;/ (4) tvkyfIyfae
&Sdcdk;onfudk ESvHk;roGif; owdrxm;Edkifaom&[ef;/ (5) tdyfaysmfae
aom &[ef;? aygif; (5) OD;jzpfonf[k 0de,yd#uwf? y&d0gygVdawmf
357 wGif azmfjyonf/
wpf e nf ; (5) OD ;
(1) ,m*kaomufaeaom&[ef;/ (2) qGrf;pm;aeaom&[ef;/
(3) &efbuf&[ef;/ (4) tmHkwpfyg;awG;aeaom &[ef;/ (5) ouFef;
0wfHkrxm;aom&[ef;/ aygif; (5) OD;jzpfonf[k 0de,yd#uwf? y&d0g
ygVdawmf 357 azmfjyonf/
wpf e nf ; (5) OD ;
(1) rkefYponfcJzG,fpm;aeaom&[ef;/ (2) qGrf;pm;aeaom
&[ef;/ (3) uk#Dwufaeaom&[ef;/ (4) usifi,fpGefYaeaom&[ef;/
(5) Oudwu (oHCmESifxkwfcH&aom) &[ef;/ aygif; (5) OD;jzpfonf[k
if;ygVdawmf 357 wGifazmfjyonf/
wpf e nf ; (5) OD ;
(1) udk,hfaemufrS &[ef;jzpfaom &[ef;/ (2) vla,musfm;?
omraP/ (3) oH0gouGJjym;aom t"r0g'D udk,hfxufodumBuD;aom
&[ef;/ (4) rdef;r/ (5) y@Kuf/ aygif; (5) jzpf\/ (if;? yg? 357)
wpf e nf ; (5) OD ;
(1) y&d0wfaqmufwnfaeaom&[ef;/ (2) t&if;odkYiif
y&d0wfaqmufwnfxu
dk af om&[ef;/ (3) rmewfusix
fh u
kd af om &[ef;/
(4) rmewfusihfaom &[ef;/ (5) tAmef (oGif;) xkdufaom&[ef;/
aygif; (5) OD;/ (if;? yg? 357)
13OD ; tmywf r oif h ? 12 OD ; &S d c d k ; u tmywf o ih f
txufazmfjyyg (5) OD;pk (5) pk (25) OD;wdkYwGif? (13) OD;udk
&Sdckd;ygu tmywfroihf/ (odkYaomf ravsmufywfrwihfw,fay)/ (12)
OD;udk &Sdcdk;ygu tmywfoihfonf[k 0de,yd#uwf? r[m0gygVdawmf?
t|uxm 224 wGif azmfjyonf/ ,if; (12) OD;wdkYrSm ouFef;rHkaom
&[ef;? Oudwu&[ef;? yk*dKvfESpfOD;wdkYESifh aemufqHk; (5) OD;pkESpfpk?
aygif; (12) a,mufwdkYjzpfavonf/
bd u K eD w d k Y &S d r cd k ; tyf a om&[ef ; rsm;
(1) bduKeDwdkYtm; udk,fudkzGifhvSpfjyaom&[ef;/ (2) aygifudk
jyaom&[ef;/ (3) t*FgZmwfudkjyaom &[ef;/ (4) ycHk;pGef;ESpfzufudk
jyaom&[ef;/ (5) vlwdkYudk bduKeDwdkYESifh arxkefrSD0Jjcif;iSm,SOfapaom
(wdkufwGef;aom) &[ef;/ aygif; (5) OD;wdkYjzpfonf[k 0de,yd#uwf?
ygVdawmf? bduKaem0g'0*f- 339 wGif azmfjyyg&Sdonf/
wpf e nf ; (5) OD ;
(1) bduKeDvmbfr&atmif vHkYvjyKaom&[ef;/ (2) tusdK;rJh
jzpfjcif;iSm vHv
Yk jyKaom&[ef;/ (3) raejcif;iSm (aexdik &f m&Gme,ftwGi;f
u ESifxkwfjcif;iSm) vHkYvjyKaom&[ef;/ (4) qJa&;aom&[ef;/ (5)
&[ef;wdu
Yk kd bduK ew
D EYkd iS fh arxkerf 0SD &J ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f BupH nfvyk af qmifaom
&[ef;/ aygif; (5) OD;jzpfonf[k azmfjyyg 0de,yd#uwf ygVdawmf339 wGif azmfjyyg&Sdavonf/
armif x d e f 0 if ; (opf a wm)
THE 'LEDI' DHAMMA ON NIBBA NA
20
"r0D&onf tarGaumif;ay;Edkif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/
rHk&GmNrdK hr[mv,fwDwdkuf? u
v,fwDq&ma
a&;om;jyKp
v,fweD Ad m efw
The Ledi Dham
MAHA THERA L
(edAm e'DyeD)
(,cif t ywf r S t quf )
ork a p ' ed A m ef / / orkap'edAm efonf vltem*grf&[Em?
ewftem*grf&[Em? jA[mtem*grf&[EmwdYk om &S\
d / orkap'edAm ef
qdkonfvnf; oOyg'daooedAmefudk qdkownf;/
r*fjzihf udavomwdkYudk t<uif;rJhy,fjzwfjcif;onf orkap'
udpr nf\/ y,fjzwfNy;D aom udavomwd\
Yk wpfzeftjzpfNird ;f jcif;onf
orkap'edAmefrnf\/
ygVdawmf 0dureudpt&mXmejzpfygvsuf ]]w'*FedAmeH
w'*FeAd m eEt
d m0kaom 0kpw
}d } tp&So
d nfjzihf w'*FeAd m ef[
l vmonf
rSm yxrpsmefukodkvfjzihf eD0&Ptukodkvfpkudk y,fonf/ 'kwd,psmef
ukodkvfjzihf 0dwuf? 0dpm&wdkYudky,fonf/ odkYponfjzihf y,fwwf?
y,ftyf toD;oD;jzpfMuonfudktpGJjyK 0dureudpudkvnf; w'*Fqdk
oihfjyef\/ 0dureedAmefonf a&S;jyqdkcJhNyD;aom w'*FedAmefrsdK;wdkY
xuf tquka#ru omvGefjrihfjrwf\/
y#dord'gr*fygVdawmfvmaom (18) &yfaom r[m0dyem
PfwjYkd zihNf y;D aom ]]0dyemod'} } w'*FeAd m efaygif; (18) yg;wdx
Yk ufrl
um; omvGejf rihjf rwfonf[
l rqdo
k may? orkap'edAm efonfomvQif
xdk0dyemod' w'*FedAmefxuf omvGefjrihfjrwfavonf/
if;tjym; (7) yg;/ / orkap'edAm efqo
kd nfum; oN*K [u
f sr;f
rSmvmaom oOyg'daooedAm efukd qdo
k wnf;? udavoedAm ef[
l vnf;
qdk\/ xdkorkap'edAmef\tjym;udk owedygwft*kFwdK&fygVdawmfrSm
t&Sif arm*vmefar; wdjA[mtajz? jrwfpGmbk&m;\tajzwdkYudk
tpOf avQmuf odtyf\/ / vdk&if;t"dym,fudkom xkwfjyaytHh/
oOyg'daoo- [laomyk'f Oyg'daoow&m;onf1/ udavokyg'daoo (1) yg;
2/ cEKyg'daoo (1) yg;
[l (2) yg; tjym;&Sd\/ xdk (2) yg;wdkYwGifudavomt<uif;tusef&Sdao;aom aouyk*dKvfpkonf
udavokyg'daoo\tpGr;f jzihf ]]oOyg'daooyk*Kd v}f } rnf\/ xdyk *k Kd vf
qdkufa&mufaomedAmefonfvnf; ]]oOyg'daooedAmef}} rnf\/
udavomt<uif;tusefr&Sdaom&[Emyk*dKvfonf ]]tEkyg'd
aooyk*dKvf}} rnf\/ xdkyk*dKvfonf t&[wzdkvfudk&onfESihf wpfNydKif
euf qdkufa&mufaomedAmefonfvnf; ]]tEkyg'daooedAmef}} rnf\/
(Nibba-na Di-pan
(Continue from last week)

Sumuccheda nibba-na
Only human never returners and arahats, deva never
returns and arahats, Brahma never-returners and arahats have
samuccheda nibba-na. Samuccheda nibba-na also means saupadisesa nibbana.
The complete abandonment of kilesa- defilements is the
samuccheda kicca; the defilements which have already been abandoned cease to appear no more is samuccheda nibbana.
In this pali text, the case being yet the vikkhambhanakicca,
the work of along time abandoning, 'tadanga nibba-nam
tadanganibbananti a-vuso vuccati" etc., there comes in tadanga
nibba-na. First jha-na kusala abandons akusala dhamma hindranes;
second jha-na kusala abandons intial and sustained applications
of the mind, vitakka vicara and so on; thus depending on the
abandonibg and the abandoned dhammas respectively are going
on the work of along time abandonment, (vikkhambhanakicca)
should also be called temporary abandonment (tadanga). This
vikkam-bhana nibba-na is a crore times and so nobler than aforesaid tadanga nibba-na.
But it should not be said that it is nobler than "18 vipassana siddha tadanga nibba-na" which are due to 18 mahavipassana
nana as already been mentioned in patisam-bhida-magga pa-li.
Samuccheda nibbana is still nobler than that vipassanasiddha
tadanga nibba-na.
Seven kinds of samuccheda nibba-na
Samuccheda nibbana means saupadisesa nibbana as
mentioned in the Abhidhammattha singaha; it is also called kilesa
nibbana, the cessation of defilements. The number of that
samuccheda nibbana should be understood from the questions
of the venerable Moggalla-na and the answers of Tissa brahmaand the Buddha in sattanipata anguttara pa-li. The essence only
will be shown here.
In the term saupadisesa, upa-disesa is of two kinds;
1. kilesupa-disesa one
2. khandhupa-disesa one. Of these two.
A sekkha puggala who has still the remaining of defile-

"r0D&onf ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;twGuf jzpfonf/
21
usrf;jyKtausmf urmausmf
awmfbk&m;BuD;
pawmf
awmfrlaom
w&m;awmfrsm;
ma on Nibba-na
by
LEDI SAYADAW
i-= The Manual of Nibba-na)
t&d,myk*Kd vt
f jzpfoYkd a&mufNy;D onfah emuf cEy&deAd m ef rpHrD
twGif; cEm (5) yg; t<uif;tusef&Sdao;aom t&d,myk*dKvf (8)
a,mufonf cEKyg'daoo\tpGrf;jzihf ]]oOyg'daooyk*dKvf}} rnf\/
xdkt&d,m (8) a,mufwdkYqdkufa&mufaomedAmefonf ]]oOyg'daoo
edAmef}} rnf\/
cEy&deAd m efpNH y;D xdyk *k Kd vrf &SNd y;D aemuf uG,v
f eG af vNy;D aom
xdkyk*dKvfonf ]]tEkyg'daooyk*dKvf}} rnf\/ xdkyk*dKvfqdkufa&mufaom
edAmefonf ]]tEkyg'daooedAmef}} rnf\/
odv
Yk Qif oOyg'daooyk*Kd v?f tEkyg'daooyk*Kd v[
f
l yk*Kd vf
(2) rsdK; oOyg'daooedAmef? tEkyg'daooedAmef[l edAmef (2) rsdK;udk
udavokyg'daooESihf cGJjcrf;enf;wpfrsdK;? cEKyg'daooESifh cGJjcrf;enf;
wpfrsdK;[l t|uxm (2) rsdK;vm\/
Obawmbm*? 0drw
k &[Emyk*Kd v\
f edAm ef? ynm0drw
k &[Em
yk*Kd v\
f edAm efonf cEKyg'daoo\tpGr;f jzihf oOyg'daooedAm ef? tEk
yg'daooedAmef[l (2) yg; tjym;&Sd\/
um,ouaD ouy*k Kd v\
f edAm ef? 'd|yd w
a ouy*k Kd v\
f edAm ef?
o'g0drkwaouyk*dKvf\ edAmef? o'gEkom&Daouyk*dKvf\ edAmef? "rm
Ekom&Daouyk*dKvf\ edAmefpkonf udavokyg'daoo\tpGrf;jzihf
oOyg'daooedAmef? tEkyg'daooedAmef[l (2) yg;pDtjym;&Sd\/
(&[EmtjzpfodkYra&mufrD oOyg'daooedAmef? &[Em
tjzpf o d k Y a &muf a omtcg tEk y g'd a ooed A m ef [ k cG J a v/)
odv
Yk Qif wdjA[m\tajz yk*Kd vf (6) yg;? oOyg'daoo
edAmef (6) yg;? tEkyg'daooedAmef (6) yg;&\/ r*f? zdkvfudk ,ckb0
&vwHUaom 0dyema,m*Dyk*dKvf\edAmefonfvnf; &[EmtjzpfodkY
ra&mufrD oOyg'daooyk*dKvf? oOyg'daooedAmef rnf\/ &[Em
tjzpfodkYa&mufaomtcg tEkyg'daooyk*dKvf? tEkyg'daooedAmefrnf
\/
odkYvQif jrwfpGmbk&m;\tajz yk*dKvf (2) yg;? edAmef (2)
yg;&Sd\/ oOyg'daoo edAmefqdkonfum; (18) &yfaom r[m
0dyemPf\tpGrf;jzihfNyD;aom w'*FedAmef (18) yg;,lav? w'*F
edAm efyifjzpfaomfvnf; txufjzpfaom orkap'edAm efEiS fh {uef qufrd
vwHUaom edAmefjzpfay oOy'daoo edAmefqdk&ownf;/
odkYvQif ygVdawmf oOyg'daooedAmef (7) yg;? tEkyg'd
aooedAmef (7) yg;tm;jzihf (14) yg;aom edAmefwdkYonf vmukef\/
ments, is called 'saupa-disesa puggala' by way of kile-supadisesa.

Nibba-na attained by that person is also 'saupadisesa nibbana'.
The arahat who has no remaining of defilements in him
is 'anupa-disesa puggala'; on attaining to the frution of arahatta,
the nibbana attained by him is also called 'anupadisesa nibba-na'.
After becoming the noble persons and before attaining
to khandha parinibba-na, the 8 noble persons who have still five
constituent groups of existence are called 'saupadisesa puggala'
by way of khandhupa-disesa.
After attaining to khandhaparinibba-na and passing
away, that person is called 'anupa-disesa puggala'; the nibbana
attained by that person is called 'anupadisesa nibbana'.
Thus two kinds of person, saupa-disesa puggala, anupadisesa puggala; two kinds of nibbana, saupadisesa nibba-na and
anupadisesa nibbana. There come two ways in the commentary
that they are differentiated by a way of kilesupadisesa and by
another way of khandhupadisesa.
The nibba-na of ubhatobha-ga vimutta arahatta puggala,
the nibbana of pan~n~a-vimutta and arahatta puggala are also of
two kinds each, by way of khandhupadisesa, saupadisesa nibbana and anupa-disesa nibba-na.
The nibba-na of ka-yasakkhisekkha puggala, the nibba-na
of ditthippatta sekkha puggala,. the nibba-na of saddha-vimutta
sekkha puggala, the nibba-na of saddha- nusa-risekkha puggala,
the nibba-na of dhamma-nu-sa-risekkha puggala are of two kinds
each, by way of kilesupadisesa, saupadisesa nibba-na, anupadisesa nibba-na.
[Before becoming arahatta, saupa-disesa nibba-na; and
on becoming arahatta, anupa-disesa nibba-na ___thus it should be
differented.]
Thus, in the answer given by brahma Tissa there are six
person, 6 saupa-disesa nibba-na, 6 anupa-disesa nibba-na; the nibbana of vipassana-n insight yogi who will attain the path and fruition in this life, before becoming arahat is saupa-disesa puggala,
saupa-disesa nibba-na; on becoming arahatta, anupa-disesa
puggala, anupa-disesa nibba-na.
Thus, in the answer given by the Buddha there are two
22
"r0D&onf oEdokcodkY a&S;Ionf/
xdk (14) yg;wGif oOyg'daooedAmef (7) yg;onf orkap'edAmef (7)

yg;rnf\/
(um; ork a p ' ed A m ef t jym;wnf ; /)
y#d y ' d e d A m ef / / y#dy'dedAmefqdkonfum; t&[w
zdkvfudk qdkownf;/ xdkt&[wzdkvf[kqdktyfaom y#dy'dedAmefudk
]]oOyg'daooedAmefe"mwk0Zm}} [laom aewdygVdawmf? ]]edAmeopd
ud&d,mp}} [laom r*FvokwfygVdawmfwdkY odtyf\/
(um; y#d y ' d ed A m ef w nf ; /)
ed &Ped A m ef / / ed&PedAm efqo
kd nfum; oOyg'dao
otrnf? tEkyg'daootrnf (2) yg;&aom y&rwtocFw r[m
edAmefBuD;udk qdkownf;/
xdked&PedAmefudkum;a'Grm bdua 0 edAm e"mwka,m? uwrma'G? oOyg'daoaom
p edAme"mwk? tEkyg'daoom p edAme "mwk/
[laom wd0kwfygVdawmf tp&SdonfwdkY odtyf\/
wd0kwfygVdawmf{um [d "mwk " 'd|"rdum? oOyg'daoom b0aewdocF
,m? tEkyg'daoom or&m,dum? ,rSd edkZEdb0ged oAaom/
[k oOyg'daooedAm efukd 'd|"ru
d edAm ef[
l vmjyef\/ tEk
yg'daooedAmefudk or&m,duedAmef[l vmjyef\/
t|uxmvnf;'d|"rdumwd rod H twbma0 bma0g 0wrmem/
or&m,dumwd? or&ma, cEaw'awm y&bma*b0g 0w
rmem [k zGihf\/
'd|"rdumwd? 'd|"rdu [lonfum;/ rod Htwbma0?
ypKyeftwabm/ b0g? jzpfonfwnf;? 0wrmem? jzpfonfwnf;/
or&m,dumwd? or&m,du [lonfum;/ or&ma,cEab'awm
y&bma*? ypKye cf Em ysuq
f ;kH onfrS aemuftzdYk / b*0g? jzpfonfwnf;/
0wrmem? jzpfonfwnf;/
b0g (2) yk'f? 0wrmem (2) yk'/f
/ b0g blo'gonf
owm? teufudka[m\/ owmteufqdkonfum; ]]oE bma0g
owm}} [laom 0pewEiS t
fh nD ocFwy&rwfw&m;wdrYk mS ocFwy&rwf
taetm;jzih&f jdS cif;? tocFwy&rwfrmS vnf; tocFwy&rwftaetm;
jzihf &Sdjcif;? ynwfw&m;wdkYrSmvnf; ynwftaetm;jzihf&Sdjcif;trIudk
]]owm}} qdkonf/ topfjzpfay:onfudkqdkonfr[kwf/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ b0wd? jzpf\/
/ jzpf (2) vHk;um;
jyqdkcJhNyD;aom&Sdjcif; 3 rsdK;udkqdkaom jzpf (2) vHk;wnf;/ Oyg'fZmwdESihf
jzpfay:onfudkqdkaom jzpf (2) vHk;r[kwf/
0ww?d jzpf\/ y0ww?d jzpf\/ 0wrmeH? jzpfonf/ y0wrmeH?
jzpfonf/ jzpfvHk;pkum; tpOftm;jzihf wnfrIudkqdkaom jzpfvHk;pk
wnf;/ Oy'gZmwdESihf jzpfay:onfudkqdkaom jzpfvHk;pkr[kwf/
OyZwd? jzpf\/ edAwwd? jzpf\/ Zm,wd? jzpf\/ OyaEm?
jzpfonf/ edAawm? jzpfonf/ Zmawm? jzpfonf/ / jzpf v H k ; pk u m;
Oyg'fZmwdESihf topfjzpfay:rIudkqdkaom jzpfvHk;pkaywnf;/
odv
Yk Qif usr;f *efwYkd vnf;aumif;? igwdYk jrefrmpum;vnf;
aumif; (3) rsdK;&Sdownf;/ xdk (3) rsdK;wdkYwGif wd0kwf t|uxm &Sd
jcif;? tpOfwnfjcif;[laom jzpf (2) rsdK;udkom ,ltyf\/ jzpfay:jcif;
[laom jzpfrsdK;udkr,ltyf/ xdkYaMumifh b0g 0wrme[k qdkavonf/
OyEm? edAwm? Zmwm[l rqdkav/
persons and two nibba-nas. Here in saupa-disesa nibba-na18 tadanga

nibba-na which are attained by 18 maha-vipassana- na-nna should
be taken. Although they are tadanga nibba-na, they will certainly
join with the higher samuccheda nibba-na and they have to be
called saupa-disesa nibba-na.
Thus, in this pa-li text there come 7 samupa-disesa nibbana, 7 anupa-disesa nibba-na, altogether 14. Out of these 14 the 7
saupa-disesa nibba-nas are called 7 samuccheda nibba-na.
[This is a number of samuccheda nibba-na]
patipassaddhi nibba-na means the fuition of arahatta. The
patipassaddhi nibba-na the fruition of arahatta should be understood as in the netti pa-li ''saupadisesa- bibba-na dha-tu vijja-'' and in
the mangala sutta pa-li '' nibba-na sacchikiriya-ca.''
(This is patipassaddhi nibba-na)
Nissarana nibba-na means the paramatha asankhata mahanibbana which gets two names saupa-disesa and anupa-disesa.
That nissarana nibba-na should be understood in
itivuttaka pali, etc, '' dvema-bhikkhavenibba-na dha-tuyo, katamadve, saupa-disesa-ca nibba-na-dha-tu, anupa-disesa-ca nibba-na dhatu''
in this itvuttaka pa-li''eka- hi dha- tu idha ditthammika- , saupa- disesabhavanettisankhaya-, anupa-disesa- sampara-yika- yamhi nirujjhanti
bhava-nisabbaso''. saupadisesanibbana is ditthadhammika
nibbana: and anupadisesa nibbana is samparayika nibbana.
In the commentary too, it has been commented thus:
''ditthadhammikati imasamim attabhave bhava vattamana.
samparayikati sam-paraye khandha bhedato parabhage bhava
vattamana''.
ditthadhammikati = ditthadhammika
means imasamim
attabhave bhava = it happens in the present
exsitence.
vattamana
samparayikati
= samparayika means samparaye
khandha
bhedato parabhage = it happens after the dis
solution of the present
body.
bhava vattamana
bhava, two terms; vattamana, two terma. In the term
'bhava' 'bhu means 'satta'. 'satta' literally means 'santassa bhavo
satta"; in accordance with it, sankhata paramattha dhamma exists by way of conditioned ultimate: asnkhat paramattha dhamma
also exists by pannatti-concept: ths is called 'satta". It is not
meant for 'newly appear' = be above. They are not two kinds of
'phyit=be' meant for 'appear by way of uppada jati'
vattati, pavattati, vattamanam, pavattamanam' means
be=exst forever. It does not mean appear by way of uppada jati.
'uppajjati, nibbattati, jayati uppanno, nibbatto, jato
are the terms used for 'phyit = be, appear by way of uppada-jati.
Thus, in the treatises and in our Burmese language
there are three kinds of usage 'phyit = be' . Of the three, in the
itivuttaka atthakatha, only the "phyit = be'. exist forever" should
be taken. The "appear" should not be taken: therefore is said
'bhava. vattamana; it is not said 'uppanna, nibbatta, jata'.
(To be continue)
DHAMMA DEW
"r0D&onf Ak'\ax&0g' "rw&m;tppfxGef;um;&ef jzpfonf/
23
rdwfaqGaumif;&SdMuzkdYvkdonf
aomif;ZH({'if)
vl&,fvjYkd zpfvmMuNyq
D v
kd Qif rnforl qdk rdwaf umif;aqGaumif;
&SdMuzdkYvdktyfvSonf/ rdwfaqGaumif;&SdygrSvnf; rdrdBuHKawGUvmorQ
aomtcuftcJtMuyftwnf; udprSeforQudk taumif;qHk;ajz&Sif;Ekdif
&efwdkifyifndEdIif;cGihf? tultnD&,lEkdifcGihf&&Sdrnfjzpfonf/
,if;rdwfaqGaumif;\tultnD taxmuftyHhjzihf? rdrd\
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DHAMMA DEW
24
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rSmyif? bmomvlrsKd;? csdefrxdk;bJ? ykyfodk;cEm? jrKyf&&Smonf? b,frSmig[k
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vljzpfvm&usKd;eyfMuayvdrfhrnf/
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udk,fawmfwdkifu tBudrfaygif; 1792 Budrfwdkifatmif qHk;rMo0g'acR
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a&T n mol ( a&T b d k )
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jzpfvnf;jzpfw,f ysufvJysufw,f/ onmw&m;[m&Sdw,f? jzpfvnf;
jzpfw,f/ ysufvJysufw,f/ ocFg&w&m;[m&Sdw,f/ jzpfvnf;jzpfw,f
ysufvJysufw,f/ 0dnmPqdkwJh pdwfw&m;[mvnf;&Sdw,f/ jzpfvnf;yJ
jzpfw,f? ysufvnf;yJysufw,fvdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifu t*d0pykPm;
tm; a[mMum;awmfrlygw,fvdkY aus;Zl;&Sifrdk;ukwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;
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odaewmonf emrfw&m;jzpfygonf/
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qdkrdefYawmfrlMuygonf/ rdrdwdkY Pfjzihf qifjcifMunhfyguvnf;
odEidk Mf uygrnf/ emrfEiS fh kyu
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kyfemrfwdkY\ jzpfjcif;oabm? ysufjcif;oabmwdkYudk tzefzef IyGm;vsuf
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tocFw"mwf jrwfaom edAmeodkY rsufarSmufjyKEkdifMurnfjzpfygonf/
Ak ' b momppf p pf r sm;jzpf M u&ef
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"rcspfcifa,m*Dolawmfpifrsm;taejzihf avmb? a'go? arm[wnf;
[laom tyg,fvm;aMumif; tukokdvfw&m;qdk;awGeJY wpfaeY wpfaeY
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DHAMMA DEW
"r0D&onf "ropmudk Tefjyonf/
0d y emPf j zih f uif ; aevd k Y u awmh
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w,f/ tJ'Dvdk cEmajrrSm tyg,frsKd;aphawG pdkufysKd;rdMuNyDqdkrSjzihf i&J
wd&pmef? Nydwm? tol&um,fqdkwJh csrf;omrzuf qif;&Joufoufjzpf
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w,f/
odkYjzpfygaomaMumihf &cJvSwJh vlYb0? vlYcEm&aepOf? BuHKcJ
vSwJh bk&m;omoemawmfeJYvJ BuHKwkef;? qHkwkef;rSm? owdorZOfPfeJY
,SOfvdkY cEmtaMumif; kyfemrf"rocFg&awGtaMumif; odaumif;p&m
rsm;udk a[mazmfTefjyqdkqHk;rwwfwJh q&maumif;xH qnf;uyfvkdY
0dyemtvkyfay;w&m;rsm;udk usm;ukwfusm;cJ tm;oGefcGefpdkuf
BudK;yrf;yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEkdifMuzdkY&m txl;vdktyfvSrnfjzpfygw,f/
oH o &mtpOf t quf u uyf y gvmwJ h ud a vom
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udavomw&m;qdk;w&m;npfawGudk z,f&Sm;Mu cEmig;yg; kyfemrf
w&m;tay: [kww
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a&T n mol ( a&T b d k )
pmrsuf E S m 15 rS
- pwkwr*fonf oryvmy? tbdZm (2) yg;ukd y,fonf/
- yxrr*f o nf tuk o k d v f p d w f 12 yg;wG i f 'd | d * wor , k w f ?
0Dpdudpmor,kwf pdwf(5)yg;ukd y,fonf/
- 'kwd,r*fwGif oD;jcm;y,fpdwfr&Sd/
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- pwkwr*fonf <uif;aomtukokdvfpdwf (5)yg; udky,fonf/
txl ; rS w f c suf
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26
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27
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28
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arw m jzpf \ / xk d a rw m \taygif ; toif ;
jzpfaomw&m;onf cEDw&m;jzpfonf/ xkdcED
w&m;udk vlwkdif; vufudkifxm;&rnfjzpfonf/
,S O f N yd K if N yD ; rS tEd k i f & atmif v k y f j cif ; xuf
cG i f h v G w f o nf ; cH N yD ; rS tEd k i f & &S d a tmif pG r f ;
aqmif E d k i f j cif ; onf yd k csd K Nrd e f a v\??
(forgiveness is power) cGifhvGwfjcif;onf
tifrwefMuD;rm;aom pGrf;tif wpfckvnf;
jzpf o nf ? ?
vG e f c J h w J h E S p f t enf ; u pma&;ol
rEav; rSmaepOf Zmwd&GmrS pma&;ol\ rdcif
"m;ckwcf &H tjrefvmyg[k zke;f qufavonf/
pma&;ol\ tpfr a,musmf ;(oruf)u t&uf
rl;NyD;"m;ESifh ckwfjcif;jzpf\/ touf tE&m,f
awmh r&SdaMumif; od&avonf/ xkdowif;udk
Mum;NyD;jcif; pma&;ol\ a'goonf tqkH;pGef
xda&mufoGm;awmh\/ 'Dvlukd wpfckckjyefNyD;
vkyfvkduf&rS pdwfuauseyfrnf/ tar "m;ESifh
ckwfcH&ovkd 'Dvlukdvnf; "m;ESifh jyefckwfrnf/
'DvkdpdwfawGeJYpma&;ol Zmwd &yf&Gmukdjyefrnf
jzpf \ / &G m uk d j yef r nf h n rS m td y f raysmf ?
a'gow&m;awGu pdwfukd trsKd;rsKd;ESdyfpuf
onf/ wpfnvkH; b,fvkdrStdyfvkdY raysmf?
td y f r &onh f t wl w l pmzwf w myJ a umif ;
ygw,fqkdNyD; acgif;&if;pmtkyfpifrS pmtkyf
wpftkyfukd qGJxkwfrdonf/ *gxmaygif;csKyf

"r0D&onf wnfMunf&J&ifhjcif;udk jyqkdonf/
pmtkyfwpftkyfjzpf\/ rdrd\&ifxJ jzpfay:
aeaom a'gotusdyftcJukd xkdpmtkyfxJrSm
ygaom *gxmawmfESpfyk'fu ajymif;vJvkduf
jcif;jzpf\/ ,cifuvnf; ,if;*gxmrsm;ukd
oif,zl ;l zwfz;l ygonf/ odaYk omf trIrt
hJ rSwrf hJ
jzpfcJh\/ taMumif;wkdufqkdifvmrS xkd*gxm
ESpfyk'f\tusKd;ukd cHpm;rdvkdufjcif; jzpf\/
xk*d gxmESpyf 'k u
f awmh atmufygtwkid ;f jzpf\/
ya& p e0d Z meE d ? r,arw ,rmrao/
a, p ww 0dZmeEd? oawmorEdar"*g/
ynmenf ; aom wpf c sKd U vl a wG
onf wk d Y a o&rS m ygvm;qk d w m rod w J h
twG u f a Mumif h ck d u f & ef a 'go jzpf M u\/
ynm&S d w pf c sKd U uawmh wpf a eY wk d Y a o&rS m
ygvm;qk d w mod w J h t wG u f a Mumif h ck d u f & ef
a'go rjzpf M ubl ; /
Z,H a0&H yo0wD = EkdifwJhvlrSm&efrsm;w,f/
'k u H aowd y&mZd a wm = I H ; wJ h v l [ m
pdwfqif;&J&w,f/
OyoaE okcH aowd? [dwGm Z, y&mZ,H
= tEkid ef t
YJ I;H ESpcf pk vk;H ukd pGev
Yf w
T w
f o
hJ u
l awmh
csrf;csrf;omomae&ygw,fwJh/
pma&;ol tJ'DnrSm 'D*gxmESpfyk'fukd
rzwfjzpfvu
dk b
f ;l qk&d if trSm;wpfcck u
k u
dk sL;vGef
rdrnfjzpfNy;D pma&;olvnf; 'kua &mufomG ;rnf
jzpf\/ [kd; ...uav;b0wkef;u ighudktEkdif
usiw
hf o
hJ al wGudk Bu;D vm&ifjyefNy;D awmh 'kua y;
r,fvkdY awG;cJhzl;onf/ ,ck toufBuD;vm
awmh xkdpdwfawGaysmufoGm;\/ pmzwfjcif;
tusKd;ESifh tawGUtBuKH xkdufoifhoavmuf&
vmaomaMumifjh zpf\/ xkt
d Ekid u
f sichf w
hJ hJ olawG
uvnf; jyefawGUawmh NyKH;NyKH;&Tif&TifeJYEIwfquf
Muavonf/ cPwm awGUwJhvlYb0BuD;xJrSm
wpfa,mufeYJ wpfa,muf&efjzpf? pdwfqkd;ae
Mur,fqkd&if ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tusKd;rJhjzpfzkdY&efom
&Sd\/ 'Dpma&;wJh tckdufrSm pma&;oleJY ,cif
pum;rsm; &efjzpfcJhzl;wJh olawGukd rsufpdxJjyef
jrifa,mifvmonf/ jyefawGUwJholawGvnf;
&Sdonf/ b,fqDa&mufrSef; rod jyefrawGU
&wJholawGvnf;&Sdonf/ jyefpOf;pm;vkdufawmh
olwkdYeJY cPwmtwlae&wm igbmjzpfvkdY
pum;rsm;&efjzpfcJhwmygvdrfh[k pdwfraumif;
yifjzpfrd\/
pd w f c srf ; omcsif o nf q k d y gvQif
trsuf a 'gouk d y ,f p G e f Y onf ; cH p d w f u k d
arG ; Mu&rnf jzpf \ / onf ; cH p d w f u k d rarG ;
Ek d i f a omol w k d Y o nf tjcm;aomenf ; wk d Y j zif h
rnfodkYyifcsrf;omatmif BudK;pm;aeMuygap?
tppftrSefcsrf;omrIukd &vdrfhrnfr[kwfay/
bk&m;vufxuf ]]trygvDrnfaom
jynfhwefqmronf twdwfu odcdbk&m;&Sif
vufxufrSm &[ef;rjzpfcJhzl;\/ xkd&[ef;r
onf wpfaeY apwDawmfukd wHjrufpD;vSnf;NyD;
vSnfhvnfzl;ajrmfpOf &[Emrwpfyg;ESmacs
onf/ usoGm;aomESyfukdjrifNyD; pdwfqkd;um
]]b,fjynfw
h efqmr vkyw
f mvJ}} [k EIwu
f qJrd
\/ xk d u k o k d v f u H a Mumif h b0wpf a omif ;
jynfhwefqmrb0jzpf a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;
vufxuf aemufqkH;uRwfwef;0ifrnfhb0
rS m yif jynf h w ef q mrjzpf c J h & \/ wpf p u e f Y
avmufyifrMumaoma'gorSjzpfonfh tuk
okdvfuHav;onf xkdrQavmuftusKd;ay; onf
[k q k d y gvQif tjcm;aoma'gorsm;aMumih f
ay:ayguf&onfh tukokdvfwkdY\ tusKd;ukd
rawG;rdEkdifavmufatmifjzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ]"ry' trsufa'goukd
y,f p G e f Y & m\/ rmeuk d vnf ; y,f & m\/
oHa,mZOftaESmiftzGJUtm;vkH; ukdvGefajrmuf
&m\/ emrf kyf ig\pdwf? ig\ukd,f[l
rNidwG,f? raMumifhMuaomolxHokdY qif;&J'ku
wko
Yd nf rvmuke}f [k a[mawmf rlcjhJ cif;jzpf\/
bk&m;avmif;wkdYonfvnf; bk&m;
tjzpfodkYa&muf&eftwGuf a'goukdy,fpGefY
cEw
D &m;ukd olrwlatmifjznfu
h siahf wmfrcl &hJ \/
pma&;ol w k d Y B uKH a wG U &aom'k u o nf bk & m;
avmif;wkdYBuKHawGU&aom'ku\ tuif;rQyif
&Sdvdrfhrnfjzpf\/ a'gojzpfp&m tmkHESifhawGU
wkid ;f a'gojzpfaernfqydk gvQif pdwyf ifyef;ko
H m
&Sdawmh rnf/
tcgwpf y g; bk & m;avmif ; onf
&aohb0 jzpfpOf jrpfurf;em;awmtkyf
w&m;xk d i f a v\/ xk d a wmtk y f &S d a om
arsmuf w pf a umif o nf bk & m;tavmif ;
&aohw&m;xkdifaepOf bk&m;avmif;\ yg;pyf?
em;? ES m acgif ; xJ o k d Y ol \ t*F g uk d o G i f ;
upm;\/ bk&m;avmif;vnf; w&m;xkdifysuf
rnfpkd;onfhtwGif xkdtjzpfukd onf;cHae\/
&uf ? v? ES p f r sm;pG m arsmuf o nf bk & m;
avmif ; tm; xk d o k d Y j yKrl \ / bk & m;avmif ;
vnf ; onf ; cH \ / wpf a eY a omtcg bk & m;
avmif ; qG r f ; cH < uaepOf vd y f w pf a umif
onfjrpfurf;okdY wuf yg;pyf[NyD;ae\/
xk d a rsmuf v nf ; vm [aeaomvd y f \
yg;pyfxo
J Ykd ol\t*Fgudk xk;d oGi;f \/ xk;d oGi;f Ny;D
vdyfuikHxm;onfhtwGuf cRwfvdkYr&awmhay/
twif;cRwfjyef&ifvnf; emonf/ rcRwfbJu
vnf;raeEkdif? tawmfav; 'kua&mufae\/
arsmufonf bk&m;avmif;tm; cRwfckdif;&ef
29
twGuf vdyfukdvufESpfzufESifhayGU bk&m;

avmif;\qGrf;cHtjyefukd vrf;rSapmifhae \/
qG r f ; cH r S j yef v maom bk & m;avmif ; onf
arsmuf\tjzpfuadk wGU ]]tkd arsmuf oifvnf;
uREkfyfwkdYvkdoydwfykdufNyD;awmh qGrf;cH<uwm
yJvm;}} [kajym &,fawmfrlNyD; vdyfukdcRwfay;
vkduf\/
jzpf&yfav;onf &,fp&mjzpf&yf
av;jzpf a omf v nf ; xk d j zpf & yf a v;rS
bk & m;avmif ; \ onf ; cH E k d i f r I p G r f ; tm;uk d
txif ; om;jrif & onf / ,if a umif o nf
tyk y f u k d t vk d & S d o uJ h o k d Y vl r k d u f w k d Y o nf o m
a'gormeudktvkd&SdMuukef\/ ysm;ydwkef;onf
yef;ukdtvkd&SdouJhokdY olawmf aumif;wkdYonf
trsufa'goukdodrf;qnf; *kPfaus;Zl;ukd
tvkd&SdMuukef\/ xkdYaMumifh pma&;olwkdYonf
vl r k d u f r sm;rjzpf M u&ef t wG u f trsuf x G u f
aMumif ; w&m;wk d Y ig\pd w f o nf trsuf
rxG u f y gapvif h [k ]t*k F w K d v f y gVd a wmf
tm&uokwf} vmaom qkH;renf;rsKd;jzifh
rdrdukd,fukd qkH;rMu&rnfjzpf\/
t&S i f * k P ao| (pwk b k r d u )
usrf;ukd; = "ry'
pmrsuf E S m 27rS
vS L 'gef ; rI ? rjyKMuvk d Y b J /
2/ ay;rI ? urf ; rI ? vS L 'gef ; rI ? rjyKMuwm?
bmaMumif h v J ?
ae&mwum? apwem? o' g rygMuvk d Y b J /
3/ ae&mwum? apwem? o' g rygwm?
bmaMumif h v J ?
taotcsm? a'oem? ravh v mMuvd k Y b J /
4/ taotcsm? a'oem? ravh v mwm?
bmaMumif h v J ?
vkyfMuukdifMu? vlUavmu? udprsm;vkdYbJ/
5/ taotcsm? apwem? rsm;pG m
tusd K ;od y g&if ? ay;rI ? urf ; rI ? vS L 'gef ; rI ?
jyKMutrS e f y if /
6/ ay;rI ? urf ; rI ? vS L 'gef ; rI ? yg&rD
'gejyKMu&if ? r*f z k d v f e d A m ef ? vsif j ref
xk w f a jcmuf ? a&muf r nf y if /
(30.12.07)aeY acsmuf N rd K U
t.v.u(1)?
tmp&d , yl a Zmf y G J
q&mrBuD ; a':wif a t; aus;Zl ; wif p um;
ajymMum;csuf
oef ; oef ; wif h
30
"r0D&onf pdwfESvHk;ESifhb0udk Nidrf;csrf;aponf/
rsufuef;,HkMunf
t&S i f P0& (omaygif ; )
pma&;oli,fpOfu oifMum;cJ&h aom

rsurf jrifyP
k m ;ajcmufa,mufyjkH yifukd trSw&f
rdaeygw,f/ pmzwfov
l nf; odNy;D Mum;Ny;D aeyg
vdrrfh ,f/ ykPm ;ajcmufa,muf[m olt
Y xifEiS fh
ol rsufpdrjrifwJhtwGuf prf;rd&mudk xif
ovd.k . ]'guawmh usLx&HBu;D eJw
Y w
l ,f}? ]'gu
vS H e J Y w l w ,f } + Bud K ;eJ Y . ..a>reJ Y . .ponf h
ud,
k x
f ifovdk ajymqdkMuwm odNyD;om;yg/
'Dtwdkif;ygyJ Ak'bmom0if[k qdkMu
apumrl wcsdKUAk'bmom0ifrsm;[m rsufuef;
,H k M unf j cif ; uJ h o d k Y ,H k M unf a eMuygw,f /
udk,fxifovdk ,HkMunf Muw,f/ Ak'bmom[k
trnfcHum tjcm; bmom0ifrsm;tv,frSm
tESprf &Sad omvky&f yfrsm;udk jyKvyk af eMuwm[m
omoemuG , f j cif ; taMumif ; w&m;rsm;yif
jzpf y gvd r h f r ,f / ,ck a cwf t cgrS m awmh
tcsdKUaomvlrsm;onf vli,f? vl&G,frsm;udk
bmoma&;ESihfywfouf A[kokw ay;jcif;?
qH k ; rMo0g'ay;jcif ; jyK&rnh f t pm; if ;
wdkYudk,fwdkifu Ak'bmom[ktrnfcH udk,hf
bmom tESpfw&m;jzpfaom uH Pf 0D&d,
r&Sdaom cyfaygaygvlwdkY&JU tESpfr&Sdaom
vky&f yfrsm;udk wGiw
f iG u
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w,f/
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jyKae&if rdrdwdkYudk;uG,faeaom Ak'bmomrSm
tjcm;aom bmomBuD;rsm;tv,frSm tvGef
t&Suf&zG,f aumif;vSygw,f/ Ak'bmom0if
taygif;wdkYrSm o&P*Hk cH,ljcif;? oDvaqmuf
wnf j cif ; wd k Y u d k a wmh jyKvk y f a eMuygw,f /
odkYaomfvnf; uH Pf 0D&d, r&Sd omoem
awmf&JU tESpfr[kwf/ oDv orm"d ynmESifh
rqdkif/ vrf;rusaom *gxmrEeftwwf? 0dZm
bdk;awmf a&cH ajrcH e*g;vSnhf jy'g;
&uf&mZm ,Mwm ponhftwwfynmrsm;ESihf
a&maxG;ae onhf Ak'bmomtaygif;wdkYrSm

o&P*Hk ndK;EGrf; aysmufuG,af eonhf trnfcH
p@mvOygodum rsm;om jzpfaeayvdrhfr,f/
,aeY a cwf u mvrS m Ak ' \ w&m;
awmf vrf ; pOf r sm;twk d i f ; tES p f o m&ud k
xk w f , l o l r sm;&S d M uovd k tcsd K UrS m vnf ;
tES p f o m&xk w f , l ol & S m ;yg;aeygw,f /
rsuf a rS m uf a cwf Ak ' b mom0if t csKd Y & J U
tjyKtrl r sm;rS m tvG e f q d k ; 0g;aeygw,f /
d k ; &mewf r sm;? 37 rif ; ewf ? od k u f e wf ?
jreef ; EG , f e wf ? tar,mOf e wf ? ol & wD
r,fawmfewf? Opmapmifewfrsm;udk trsm;a&SU
arS m uf r S m &J w if ; pG m &S d c d k ; aeMuygw,f /
'Dvv
kd yk af qmifcsurf sm;[m rdrw
d Ykd &&Sx
d m;aom
tqihftwef;udk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif ESdrfhcsae
Mujcif;jzpfoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/ tJ'DewfawG[m
pwkr[m&mZfewfrsm;wGiyf g0ifwhJ ewfrsm;jzpfNy;D
tcsdKU[m tyg,fav;bHkrSm rxif&Sm;onhf
tol&um,fbHkom;rsm; jzpfygw,f/
tJ ' D t ol & um,f b H k e wf r sm;ud k
aeYpOfEiS t
hf rQ rdrw
d jYkd yKvyk af eMuaom 'ge oDv
bm0em ukodkvfaumif;rI tjzmjzmwdkYtm;
trQay;a0? arwmydkYojcif;udkom jyKoihfyg
w,f/ &Sdcdk;p&mrvdkyg/ udk;uG,fqnf;uyfp&m
rvkyd g/ &Scd ;kd aejcif;? ud;k uG,q
f nf;uyfaejcif;u
rdrdwdkY aqmufwnfxm;aom o&P*Hktaygif;
udk csdK;zsufNyD; rdrdwdkY&JU vlYb0tqihftwef;udk
ESdrfcsovdkjzpfaeygw,f/ ,cktcgtJ'D tol&
um,fbHkom;ewfrsm;rSm Ak'bmom0ifwdkY&JU
tdrfOD;cef;? bk&m;ausmif;aqmifESihfwef;wl
a&mufaejcif;rSm jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\
f *kPt
f aygif;
ud k aumif ; pG m rod v Y d k o m jzpf a yvd r h f r ,f /
t,kww
f &m;tm;vH;k udk vGeaf jrmufNyD;jzpfaom
wpfavmuvHk;&JU wkEIdif;rrSDwJh udk;uG,f&m
t&SifAk'jrwfpGmudk,fawmfwdkif rdrdtdrfwGif
a&muf&o
dS w
D if;oH;k aeNyq
D ykd gu tb,foaYkd om
udk;uG,f&mwdkYudk tdrfOD;cef;wGif wifxm;zdkYvdkyg
ao;ovJ/
Ak ' b mom0if t csd K U[m rsuf u ef ;
,HMk unfjzpfaeMuw,f/ Ak'b
mom0ifqo
kd nfrmS
tay:,Htum udk;uG,f&mtrsdK;rsdK;udk arm[
xlxJpGm zufwG,fp&mrvdkyg/ udk;uG,fMu&m

rrsm;oifh yg/ tJ'DvdktjyKtrlawG[m bk&m;
w&m; oHCm &wemoHk;yg;udk oG,f0dkufaom
enf;jzihf rxDrJhjrifjyK&musygw,f/
Ak'b
mom0ifrsm;[m tJ'v
D u
kd ;dk uG,&f m
a&maxG;aejcif;aMumihf tjcm;aom bmom0if
wdkYrS Ak'bmomqdkwmbmvJ? bmaMumifhrsm;
Ak'b
momudk tb,fuo
hJ aYkd om cH,cl surf sm;jzihf
udk;uG,faeMuygovJvdkY ar;jref;vmcJhygu
rdrdudk;uG,faom Ak'bmomrSm r[m,mersm;?
[dEL0g'rsm;? ewfpGJ0g'rsm;a&m axG;aejcif;
aMumih f rd r d b mom&J U tqD t ES p f u d k azmf j y
rajz&S i f ; Ed k i f o l r sm;tjzpf o d k Y a&muf o G m ;yg
vdrhfr,f/ rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif udk;uG,faeMuonfh
bmomw&m;rsm;udk aocsmravhvmMujcif;?
tjcm;aom kyfjrif0g'rsm;&JU vTrf;rdk;rIrsm;udk cH
ae&jcif;? rdrdwdkYbmom&JU tESpfom&rsm;udk
aocsmpGmpOf;pm;awG;ac:rI tm;enf;aejcif;
rsm;aMumifh Ak'bmomtwGuf &Sufp&maumif;
aeygNyD/
'gaMumifh a&pkev
f u
dk af eonhf Ak'b
m
om0iftaygif;wdkYrSm a&pkefarQmvkdufaernhf
tpm; a&qefodkYavSmfcwfoihfygw,f/ Ak'bm
omudk udk;uG,faejcif;onf rddk;zvmtqihf
xuf ausmfvGefzdkYvdkygw,f/ rdrdwdkYESvHk;om;rSm
pGJNrJpGm udk;uG,f,HkMunfrIrsdK; jzpfoihfygw,f/
'Dvdkudk;uG,f&mrSm Ak'jrwfpGmuawmh rdrdwdkY
Ak ' b momud k ES p f E S p f u mumavh v myg/
wu,f,HkMunfxkdufrS ,HkMunfygvdkY ajymxm;
awmh ,ckpmzwforl sm; aum Ak'b
momtay:
b,favmuf,HkMunfaeNyDvJ/ ,HMk unfavmuf
atmif ud,
k w
f idk favhvmzl;ygovm;/ olrsm;
ajymwmawG a vmuf o m&S d w mvm;/ ol r sm;
yg;pyfzsm;rSm vrf;qHk;aeNyDvm;qdkwmawmh
udk,hfudk,fudk todqHk;jzpfygvdrhfr,f}
Ak'bmomtaeeJY vlwdkYvkdufemusihf
oHk;&rnhf r*Fvmw&m;awmf (38) yg;ESihf ig;yg;
oDvudk vHkNcHKpGmapmifhxdef;&r,f/ jrwfAk'u
a[mMum;awmf r l a omw&m;awmf r sm;ES i h f
w&m;awmfwdkYrS csrSwfxm;aom usifhoHk;&rnhf
vrf;pOfrsm;twdkif; vkdufemusihfoHk;zdkY&ef txl;

"r0D&onf avmuD avmukw&mtusKd;ESpfyg;twGuf jzpfonf/
vdt
k yfvyS gw,f/
tcsdKUaom yk*dKvfawG[m &wem
oH k ; yg;&J U *k P f a us;Zl ; awmf t aygif ; wd k Y u d k
rsuu
f ,
G jf yKum Ak'b
momtay:,HMk unfraI wG
uif;rJhygw,f/ &uf&mZma&G;jcif;? jy'g;
a&G;jcif;? aA'if,Mwmrsm;pwJh vkyf&yfawGrSm
rd r d & J U uH Pf 0D & d , vH k Y v awG u d k
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31
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DHAMMA VIRA FOR YOUTHS

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33
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34
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35
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2006 ckESpf? 'DZifbm
DHAMMA V IRA ARTICLES
36
"r0D&onf rdrdudk,fudk apmifha&SmufEdkif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/
pmrsuf E S m 26 rS
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royfEkdif&um; ynm&SdwdkY\pum;ukd rem,l anmifuefq&mawmf/
DHAMMA TALKS
"r0D&onf ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;twGuf jzpfonf/
39
2 ]]avmuNird ;f csr;f rIEiS hf om,mpnfyifzNYGH zKd ;wk;d wufr&I &Sad p&ef}} Ak' "rw&m;xGe;f um;a&;? avmuygvw&m;ukd avmuom;tm;vk;H
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]teE}oabmudk aqmif\/
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aomf pdkNyD;om;vufudk ajcmufatmif jyK&ma&muf\/
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ywf0ef;usiu
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jzpf\/
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jzpf\/
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av;av;pm;pm;quf q H \ / ]pm*}t& tjrwf x k w f v d k a om
Buddhist monk wins song composing prize
aw;oDcsi;f oDu;kH pyfqNkd yKd ifyw

JG iG f Ak'b
mom &[ef;wpfyg; qk&&Sjd cif;/
HoChiMinh City, Viet NamNet Bridge, Sept 20, 2009
AD,uferfEikd if H [dck srD if;NrKd UawmfrS Ak'b

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Yk ay: rnfrQcspcf if opm&Sad Mumif;udk xkwaf zmfjyoaeay
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wrf;wifxm;onf[k tqdkygtifwmeufowif;wGif azmfjyonf/

ဓမၼ၀ီရဂ်ာနယ္ အတြဲ (၁၇) အမွတ္ (၆)

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DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

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ausmif;? ouFe;f ? qGr;f ? aq; wnf;[l

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DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

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DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

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DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

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3/ q&mBuD;OD;a&Tatmif\ pmayaumufEkwfcsufpmpk ("ry')

AN INTRODUCTION TO PATTHANA CONDITONAL RELATIONS.

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y|mef;a'oem 0dyemusifhpOf "r(1)

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AN INTRODUCTION TO PATTHANA CONDITONAL RELATIONS.

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A CRITIQUE OF THE UNCHANGING TENDENCY

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COVER SPECIAL FEATURE

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COVER SPECIAL FEATURE

TALK ON THE DHAMMA

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TALKS ON THE DHAMMA

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THE 'LEDI' DHAMMA ON NIBBA NA

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The Ledi Dham

(Continue from last week)

THE 'LEDI' DHAMMA ON NIBBA NA

ments, is called 'saupa-disesa puggala' by way of kile-supadisesa.

THE 'LEDI' DHAMMA ON NIBBA NA

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a&T n mol ( a&T b d k )