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Address
Hlaing Kyi Phyu Dhamma Vira Publishing House Head Office: Blk (1), Rm(R6), Myanmar InfoTech, Hlaing Ts, Yangon. Branch Office: No. 50, 2nd Fl. Bank St, Kyauktada Ts, Yangon. Ph: 0980 23992 , 0950 01401 e-Mail - dhammavira@gmail.com

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trsKd ;orD;wpfa,muftNrygaewJtwGuaMumihf J h f ]]uk@}} udk a&SUutxl;jyKNy;D ac:Muwm/ ]uk@} &JU teufu usL;vGefwm? wpfpHkwpfckudk vGef vGeMf uL;MuL; vkyjf cif;yg/ trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D txl; wGygaewJh MuL;vGer&orYkd t&Siu@"ge jzpf& J f I dS l f k ayw,f/ (*) ]]trSwwrJrS trSww&b0}} jzpfc& f h f hJ wJh aemufom"uwpfckuawmh O*aoeygyJ/ O*aoe[m olaX;om;yg/ olaX;om;ayr,hf *Rr;f bm;r,fuBkd uKd uum *Rr;f bm;r,f (qufuyf f tzGUJ ) aemuf aumufaumufygatmifvuom; kd f G cJhw,f/ rdbawGuawmh t&SufwuGJjzpf& rsufESmysuf&w,fqdkNyD; olYudk tarGjywfjzwfcJh w,f/ tJ'acwfwe;f u *Rr;f bm;orm;? qufuyf D k r,f? uacsonf..polawG[m atmufwef; pm;awGvYkd owfrwcMhJ uwmud;k / O*aoeuawmh S f aysmfvdkY/ ol tckvkd *Rr;f bm;r,fukd pGpvef;vef; J JG jzpf & wm[mvnf ; twd w f u usL;vG e f c J h w J h trS w f w rJ h ud p a Mumih f y gyJ / ]]uacsonf *Rr;f bm;r,fvv}J } vdYk EIw>f rufapmfum;cJw,f/ kd h *Rr;f bm;upm;wmawGuvnf; wrf;wrf;pGjJ zpfchJ kd ygowJ/ h 'ghaMumihf *Rr;f bm;r,fukd cspuRr;f 0if f Ny;D *Rr;f bm;tzGUJ eJY oGm;av&m NrKd Uwum &GmtESUH ajcqefcw,f/ *Rr;f bm;upm;wwfor[kwawmh Y hJ l f cdi;f orQ atmufajcodr;f tvkyawGtukevy& k f f k f w,f/ trSwfwrJh&JU usL;vGefrdcJhwJhum,uH? 0pDuHawG[m trSwfw&rsm;udk cHpm;&atmif tajccHcJhwmyJjzpfygw,f/

FORE ARTICLES
"r0D&onf Ak'w&m;jzifh avmuudk apmihfa&Smufonf/ (C) ayw0wKrSm OpKaywqdkwJh 0wKudk vnf; ajymjyOD;r,f/ Ak'b&m;&Sif a0VK0efausmif;awmfrm k S oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrlpOfujzpf&yfyg/ BuHcif; pduysKd ;a&;orm;wpfO;D [m Bupnf;Bu;D xrf;&if; k f H BuHwpfacsmif;udk pkyfvmw,f/ tJ'DjrifuGif;udk qif;&Jom; om;tzESpfa,mufujrifw,f/ om;uav;u [d k v l B uH p k y f a ewmjrif a wmh uav;obm0 olvnf; BuHpkyfcsifwmayhg/ vlBuD;uawmh bmyJjzpfjzpf a`EqnfEdkifw,f av/ uav;qdkwm [efraqmifwwfzl;r[kwf vm;/ zatu0,fray;Edkifaom om;av;&JU yl q mrI u d k acsmh a rmh & wmayh g / uav;u BuHpkyfcsifvdkY ylqm? zatu acsmh/ aemuf q H k ; rS m r0,f a y;Ed k i f a wmh awmif;&awmhwmaygh/ r&Suf (3) yg;&Sw,fav/ d BudKufr&Suf? idkufr&Suf? iwfr&SufqdkwJh r&Suf qdkwJh r&Suf (3) yg;xJrSm ..]]iwfr&Suf}} vnf; ygaew,fav../ 'Dawmh--BuHpnf;xrf;orm; u bmajymw,frSwfovJ/ ]]ay;zdkY tyifyef;cHNyD; xrf;vmwm r[kwfbl;/ a&mif;zdkYuG..a&mif;zdkY}}/ 'gayr,hf uav;i,f&UJ rsuEmav;udk f S oem;oGm;w,f xifyg&JU/ Bupnf;xrf;orm;u H olpkyfaewJhBuHwpfxGmavmuf&SdwJh BuHydkif;av; udk dk;dk;ray;bJ aemufjyefypfay;vkdufw,f/ vkyfyHk/ apwemo'gygvdkYrSr[kwfbJ? raumif; wwfvdkY ray;csifay;csifeJYay;wmjzpfrSmayhg/ tJ'trSwwrJygyJ/ tJ'trSwwrJBh uyi;f av;udk D f h D f H kd aemufjyefypfay;vkuwhJ udpav;u trSww& d f f jzpfvmOD;rSmyg/ tJ'DBuHpdkufysdK;a&;orm;ao awmh BuH c if ; ud k p G J v ef ; NyD ; BuH c if ; xJ r S m yJ NydwmBuD;jzpf oGm;w,f/ 'ghaMumihf ]]OpKayw}} BuHcif;NydwmvdkY ac:wmayhg/ olY&JUtukodkvfuH Bu;D rm;yHuawmh Bucif;xJrmae&ayr,hBf uwpf k H S H acsmif; udkrS pkyfvdkYr&bl;/ BuHcif;BuD;xJae&NyD; BuHiwf BuD;jzpfaewmayhg/ olY&JU tiwfjyemudkodawmfrlwJh t&Sir[marm*vmef&[Emrax&fjrwfBu;D [m f <uawmfrlvmNyD; ulnD&w,f/ BuHyifudk Ekwfdk; EkwpOfq&if Ekwvr&bl;/ vufaemufjyefEwf f kd f Ykd k ay;rS Bupky&ygowJ/ tJ'g..[db0u Bupyf H f h k H k csivYkd id,Nkd y;D awmif;aewJuav;i,fukd apwem f k h eJY ray;bJ vufaemufjyefeypfay;cJwtukovf YJ h hJ kd 0#fa<u;ayhg/ BuHauR;vdkY BuHapmihfav;jzpf&yg w,f/ Bupyvr&wJb0qd;k rsKd ;BuKH awGU&wm[m H k f Ykd h trSwfwrJh&JU-trSwfw&wpfckygyJ/ o' r a Zmwd u "Z b' E Z ed E o m&

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(kd;rwdrf r[matmifajrausmif;)
ou 0w K Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf aAVK0&Gm aeawmfraomtcg tm,kocFg&udk vTwawmf l f rlNyD;aemuf 0rf;aoG;oGefaomtemuyfa&muf avonf/ odMum;rif;onf olemjyKjcif;iSm rxif&Sm;aom toGifjzihfvm ajcawmfudk qkyfe,f \/ tolenf;[kar;awmfrlaomtcg tuREkfyfum; odMum;ygbk&m;[k avQmuf\/ odMum;rif; ewfwdkYonfum; ,lZemwpf&m uyif vlwdkYteHY taiGUudk rcHEkdif/ pufqkyfzG,f &Sd\/ igYtm; tvkyftauR; &[ef;rsm;pGm&Sd\ ewf&GmodkY jyefavawmh[k rdefYawmfrlonf/ t&Sib&m;..oDvwnf;[laom *kP&eHonf f k f Y ,lZem &Spfaomif;av;axmif jrif;rdk&fawmif xufuyif arT;BudKifygonf/ tuREfkyfjyKpkyg tH h [ k avQmuf bk & m;&S i f \ rpif t d k ; ud k eHomtd;k uJoYkd OD;acgif;ay:xufwif vkyauR; Y h f vsuf a&m*gaysmuf r S jyef a v\/ taMumif;udk &[ef;wdkY csD;rGrf;tHhMo ajymqdk Mu&mwGif ]]om[k ' er&d,meH}} paom av;*gxmudk a[mawmfrl\/ om[k 'er&d,meH? oEd0gaom o'g okacg/ t'aee AmvmeH? edpar0 okcD od,m/ jrefrmuAsm t&d,m&Sif zl;jrif&wm? aumif;jrwfonfy aygif;&csrf;om? vlrdkuftoif; jrifjcif;uif;uGm? tNrJy at;jrvGefcsrf;om/
Good is the sight of Ariyas: their company is ever happy; by not seeing fools one may ever be happy.

Amvo*Fwpm&D [d? 'DCr'geaompwd/ 'kaum Amav[d oH0gaom? trdawae0 oA'g/ "da&m0 okcoH0gaom? nmwDeH 0 orm*arm/ wom [d"d& yn A[kkw a"m&,SoDvH 0w0Er&d,H/ wH wm'doH oyK&doH okar"H? baZx euwyxH0 pEdrm/ jrefrmuAsm ynmawmf&Sd aygif;bdcsrf;om? aqGrsKd;om;csif; aygif;oif;yrm? xkdaMumihfwnfMunf yGm;pnfynm? Mum;jrifrsm; aqmifjim;r*fzdkvfom/ oDvjzLpif "lwifavhvm? &d,moljrwf vlwwfudkom? aumif;uifuyfcsOf; vrif;yrm cgrpJ rSD0Jqnf;uyfyg/
Truly, he who moves in company with fools grieves for a long time; association with fools is ever painful as with a foe. Happy is association with the wise, even like meeting with kinsfolk. With the intelligent, the wise the learned, the devout, the dutiful and the Ariya- with such a virtuous, intellectual man should one associate, as the moon follows its course among the stars.

pum;ajy/ /t&d , mol a wmf a umif ; wd k Y u d k zl;jrif&jcif;onf aumif;\/ t&d,m olawmf oljrwfwEifh aygif;oif;&jcif;onftcg cyfor;f Ykd S d csrf;Nidrf;\/ vlrdkufwdkYudk rBuHKBudKuf rawGU jrifjcif;jzihf tNrJcsrf;om\/ "Da&m0 okcoH0gaom? nmwDeH0 orm*arm/ wom [d "D&H yn? A[kkw a"m&,SH/ oDv"lw0w r&d,H? wH wm'dwH oyK&doH/ okcar"H baZ,smx? euwyxH0 pEdrm/

pum;ajy / / vlrdkufESihf aygif;azmf ,SOfwGJ vSnhfvnfaeaomolonf &Snfjrihf pGmaom umvywfvHk;pdk;&drf&\/ vlrkdufESihf qufqHaygif;oif; twlwuGae&jcif;onf &efoEifh twlwuG aygif;oif;aexdi&ouJoYkd l S k f h tcgrpJ qif;&Jylyef&\/ ynm&SdESihf aygif;oif; qufqHae&jcif;onf aqGrsKd;t&if;tcsmwdkYESihf aygif;oif;qufqH&ouJhokdY csrf;om\/ xdkYaMumihfomvQif wnfvnf; wnf Munfaom tMum;tjrifvnf;rsm;aom r*fzvf kd 0efudk aqmifavh&Sdaom oDv"lwifjzLpifaom tusihf&Sdaom xdkokdYoabm&Sdaom jrwfaom ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;udkom vonf euwf wm&mwd k Y \ oG m ;&m aumif ; uif c &D ; ud k csOf;uyfouJhodkY rSD0Jqnf;uyf&m\/ ok c 0*f - csrf ; omjcif ; tk y f p k N yD ; \/

DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

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y@dwomraP olonf uy bk&m;&Sifvufxufawmftcgu tvGefqif;&J vS r[m'ku=r[m'kwf[lyif trnf&cJhol wpfa,mufjzpfcJh\/ olwpfyg;wdkY\ tdrf aeYpOfwpfaeukef tcpm;vky&onf? tvkyci;f f f kd rnfhol r&SdaomaeYrsm;wGif pm;p&mr&Sdojzihf ol w d k Y Z eD ; armif E S H o nf uybk & m;&S i f \ ausmif;awmfodkYoGm;a&mufum pGefYxm;aom pm;<uif;pm;usefrsm;udk pm;aomufMu&av onf/ uJob0jzihf r[m'kwwZeD;armif h Ykd f Ykd ESHaexdkifcJhMu&m wpfaeYwGif uybk&m;&Sif onf a'opm&D<ucsDawmfrl&mrSm Am&mPoD jynfawmfodkY &[ef;ESpfaomif; tNcHt&Hjzihf jyefvnf<ua&mufawmfrlvm\/ xdktcg edAmef aqmfwpfa,mufu uybk&m;&SifESifhwuG &[ef;taygif;wdtm; pma&;wHrazmuf qGr;f Yk J uyfvLS &ef NrKd UwGi;f odYk vSnvnfE;Id aqmf&m NrKd Uol fh NrdKUom;tm;vHk;wdkYu &[ef;wpfusdyfESpfusdyf ponfjzihf rdrdwdkYwwfEkdifoavmuf oHCm ta&twGufudk awmif;,lMuonf/ edAmefaqmfBu;D u yihavQmufMuonfh f oHCmta&twGufudk pm&if;a&;rSwfxm;\/ edAmefaqmf\ a[majymrIudk Mum;&aomtcg tvGeqif;&Jvaom r[m'kwonf o'gw&m; f S f jzpfay:vmawmhonf/ xdkYaMumihfqGrf;uyfvSL &ef &[ef;wpfyg;udk edAmefaqmfxH pm&if;ay; vdkuf\/ &[ef;wpfyg;wnf;jzpf edAmefaqmf BuD;vnf; pm&if;roGif;yJxm;vdkufrd\/

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DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

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DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

"r0D&onf pdwfESvHk;ESifhb0udk Nidrf;csrf;aponf/ pMu0Vm\ trnf o nf v nf ; jrif;rdk&f? oD'g? ow&Amef? uRef;BuD;uRef;i,f? qm;ief? ork'&m tvHk;pHkudk 0ef;&Hvsuf &xm; puf 0 ef ; tvG e f u J h o d k Y v nf ; aumif ; ? tapmufeufaom wGif;uJhodkYvnf;aumif;? xuf0ef;usif ywfwnfaom ausmuftwd NyD;aom pMu0Vmudk cGJjzpfaMumif;? pMu0Vmawmif o nf qm;ief ork'&may:wuf ,lZem(82000)jrifNh y;D yHok yx0D a tmuf wnf a om oD v yx0D E S i h f wpfpyfwnf; wnfaMumif;? pMu0Vmtxkum; ,lZem (82000) &SdaMumif;? jrif ; rd k & f a wmif o nf oD v yx0D r S wufvmaom yHoyx0DxoYkd ,lZem (36000) k J 0ifvmum cHkavmufuJhodkY ausmufawmif xGwfoHk;vHk; yHokyx0D ,lZem(40000)0if wnfaMumif;? jrif;rdk&fawmif oDvyx0DtMum; yHokyx0D,lZem(32000)jcm;aeaMumif;? jrif;rdk&fawmifum; qm;ief? ork'&m a&rSay:wuf jrihfaom ,lZem(84000)? a&xJodkY0ifaom ,lZem(84000)jzpfaMumif; ponfjzihfqdkxm;ygonf/ ol & d , od ' E u srf ; rl aep xGucseta&SUbufukd Munhu f d f f aeonf rdk;ukwfpuf0dkif; ajrBuD;pGef;rS wpfp wpfpjrihwufvmonfukd jrif&onf/ ae0ifcsef f d taemufbufudk MunhfvQifvnf; aeonf rdk;ukwfpuf0dkif;ajrBuD; tpGefxJodkY wpfp wpfp 0ifoGm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ aeonf aumif;uifrS xGufay: aumif;uifrS aysmufuG,foGm;onfr[kwfbJ ajrBu;D tpGe;f rS xGuay:vmNy;D ajrBu;D tpGe;f f yif aysmufuG,foGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xd k Y a Mumih f ur m vH k ; onf v nf a e onf/ urmajrBuD;tv,fwnfhwnfh jrihfwuf vmaom ae&monf jrif;rdk&fawmifjzpfonf[k qdxm;onf/ k usrf;tqdkrsm;t& jrif;rdk&fawmif [lonf tjcm;r[kwf? urmajrvHk;BuD;yif jzpfonf[k owKcsMuygonf/ usrf;ukd;- om&w'Dy#dumusrf; yg&mZduPft|uxmusrf; O'gef;t|uxmusr;f okwfygax,st|uxmusrf; wuokdvfoQifoD&d quf v uf a zmf j yygrnf (pmrsufESm 6 rS) oGm;a&mufacs? jrwfpGmbk&m;wynhfawmfonf tqif ; &J q H k ; jzpf y gonf / wynh f a wmf u d k csD ; ajr m uf a wmf r l y gbk & m;} [k oG m ;a&muf avQmufxm;&ef ajymqdum apvTwvuonf/ k f kd f xd k t csd e f uybk & m;&S i f o nf vnf; r[m'kwfudk csD;ajrmuf&ef ausmif;awmf wGi;f oDwif;oH;k aeawmfronf/ ausmif;awmf l rS uy jrwfpmbk&m;xGuawmfrvQif oydwf G f l awmfudk ,lqGrf;uyf&ef jynhf&Sifrif;ESihfwuG td r f a &S U rif ; ppf o l B uD ; ponf w d k Y u vnf ; ausmif;awmf0rS apmihfaeMu\/ r[m'kwfvm onfuawGUvQif qGr;f usef uGr;f usef awmif;&rf; kd vmonfxifNy;D ]qGr;f pm;cser[kwbbmaMumihf d f f J vm&ov} [k ajymqdkMuonf/ qGrf;pm;csdef r[kwre;f od&aMumif;? jrwfpmbk&m; udk &Sc;kd &ef f S dS G d vmjcif;jzpfygaMumif; jyefvnfajymMum;NyD; ausmif;awmfwHcg;pHkudk OD;wdkufum edAmefaqmf Bu;D oifay;vduonftwdi;f uy bk&m;&Sif k f h k tm; &Sdcdk;vsuf avQmufav&m uyjrwfpGm bk&m;onf ausmif;awmfwcg;udk zGiawmfrum H fh l r[m'kwftm; oydwfawmfay;vdkufavonf/ xdktcg jynhf&Sifrif;ESihfwuG tdrfa&SU rif;? ppfoBl u;D ? trwfBu;D polwrm wpftwMo Ykd S hH jzpfMu&NyD; r[m'kwfxH 0dkif;vmMuum r[m 'kwfxHrS oydwf&&Sda&;twGuf a&TaiG&wem tajrmuftjrm; ay; 0,fMuonf/ r[m'kwf u vH;k 0ra&mif;? bk&m;&SitvdawmfMuay;xm; f k aom oydwfawmfudkvnf; olwdkYtEkdiftxuf jyK r,l0HhMuay/ odkYjzpf r[m'kwfonf uybk&m;&Sitm; aetdroyihum ig;Muif; f f Ykd f om;jzihf pdwfcsrf;ompGm qGrf;uyfcGihf&&Sdav awmhonf/ r[m'kwfvSL'gef;aom qGrf;udk bkOf; ay;NyD;aomtcg uybk&m;&Sifonf qGrf; tEkarm'emw&m;a[mMum;Ny;D ausmif;awmfoYkd jyef<uav&m r[m'kwfvnf; oydwfawmfudk xrf; ausmif;awmfodkYvdkufoGm;avonf/ xdpOfoMd um;rif;vnf; r[m'kwtrxrxu k f d f J S G f aumif ; uif o d k Y armh M unh f v d k u f \ / xd k o d k Y armhMunhfvdkufpOf aumif;uifxufrS &wem a&Trkd;? aiGrdk;rsm;&Gmcs&m r[m'kwftdrfwpfckvHk; jynhvQom;onf/ r[m'kwtrjf yefa&mufaom f H G f d tc g ]]igYtvSLu csufjcif;vufiif; tusKd;ay; NyD } } [k 0rf ; ajrmuf 0 rf ; om [pf a <u;vsuf jynhf&Sifrif;xHoGm; avQmufwifonf/ a&TaiG &wemrsm;ud k o,f , l a pum eef ; awmf xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufxm;NyD;aemuf r[m'kwf tm; olaX;bGJUay;tyfcsD;jrihfvdkufonf/ rif;\

atmufajrjyif opfyifawmawmifponfwdkY jzpfukefaom ewfrsm;udk bkr (ajrjzpfaom ewf r sm;)qd k t yf \ }} [k q&mawmf t&S i f 0gao|mbd0Ho u qdkxm;ygonf/ o'r yudPu tEl'DyeDusrf; ]]pMu0Vmawmif0ef;\ tv,fA[dk wnfwnfjh zpfaom oD'gork'&mum; a&wGi;f h odYk ,lZem(84000)epfjrK yNf y;D txuftmumo aumif;uifodkY ,lZem(84000)jrifhacgifBuD;rm; aom jrif;rdk&fawmifrif;wnfaMumif;? jrif ; rd k & f a wmif x uf 0 ,f vl Y j ynf r S ,lZem (42000)&St&yf pwkr[m&mZfewfb?kH d jrif;rd&awmifxyf wm0wd omewfb&aMumif; k f d H kH dS rdk;nif; Ow&m&mrausmif; t&SifZ#dwrax&f u qdkxm;ygonf/ tmumopdk;rdk;a&;ESihf Ak'0g'DwpfOD; tjrif pmtkyf]]ur m BuD ; tv,f w nf h w nf h tDauGwmac: aeoGm;vrf;aMumif;&Sdonf[l aom pum;onf pMu0Vmawmif\ tv,f aeoGm;aMumif; om&w'DyeDusrf;tqdkESifh nDjcif; ]]urmBuD;\ atmufydkif;wpfckvHk; ork'&ma&rsm;twd zHk;vTrf;aejcif;aMumifh eufdIif;aMumif; pum;onf O'gef;t|uxm tqdkESihfnDjcif;? tmumool&Jaumif;rsm;u vay: rS MunhfMuaomtcg urmvHk;BuD; ta&mif awmufyaeaMumif;qdaom pum;onf jrif;rd&f k k awmifta&SU-aiGa&mif? awmif-jra&mif(ywjrm; pd r f ; a&mif ) taemuf - zef a &mif ? ajrmuf a&Ta&mif&SdaMumif; azmfjyxm;aom okwfygax ,st|uxm tm#m#m#d,okwf tzGihfESihf nDjcif;? rlvu ork'&m wpfpif;wnf&Sdaomf vnf; jrif;rd&awmif&yz;kH vTr;f vduaomaMumihf k f d f k f (4)pif;jzpfoGm;aMumif;? 0pew a Zmwd # D u m tqd k t & urm vHk;yHkpHudk MunhfvQif atmufydkif;wpfckvHk; a&jyifBuD;zHk;vTrf;aeNyD; olYae&mESihfol tvdkuf ork'&mtrnfrsm; uGJjym;aeonfudk awGU&Sd& jcif ; taMumif ; t&mrsm;aMumih f ur m h vHk;onf jrif;rdk&fawmif jrif;rdk&fawmifonfyif urmvHk;jzpfaMumif;qdkygonf/ wxm*wO'ge'DyeD usrf; wpfck aom avmu"mwf[kqdktyfaom wpfckaom pMu0Vmwnfae[ef tjcif;t&mrSm tvsm; teHtm;jzih,Zem (1203450) t0ef;tm;jzihf f l ,lZem (3610350) &SdaMumif;?

DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

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DHAMMACAKKA-VIPASSANA

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. THE EXPOSITION OF THE THREE SANKHARA

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ocFg&oHk;&yfwdkY tyg,fav;bHk0dygufemruEmtukodkvfurZkyf[k qdktyf pOfrjywf jyKjyif&m aom cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkY\ tpOfrjywf pyfvsuf jzpfrIrSmvnf; usrf;*efrSm xif&Sm;/ / tukodkvfapwem[kqdktyfaom tyknmbdocFg&jyKvkyfzefqif;rIom t00 tzHkzHki,f jzpfonf/ enf;rsKd;pHk rdefYawmf&yfudk tmkyav;bHk emruEmw&m;av;yg;wdkY\ tpOfrjywf odrSwfzdkYMum;/ / pyfvsufjzpfrIrSmvnf; tmkyapwem[kqdktyfaom tmembdocFg& uAsmvuFm tar;ykpmwGif ocFg&oHk;yg;wdkYudk jcm;em; wdkY trIomjzpfonf[k rSwftyf\/ wpfenf;vnf; ocFg&oHk;yg;qdkonf od&efar;prf;vmjcif;jzpfygonf/ [kwfygonf/ ,if;ocFg&ESihf pyfvsOf; rSm wa,mocFg&m? um,ocFga&m? 0pDocFga&m? pdwocFga&m[k usrf;*efwdkY tenf;enf;a[mMum;awmfrlaomt&monf tvGefyif a[mawmfrlonf[k ocFg&,rkdufygVdawmfvmonf/ rsm;avonf/ um,ocFga&mp-um,ocFg&vnf;aumif;? 0pDocFga&mpvd k & if ; wd k & S i f ; zG i h f q d k c suf 0pDocFg&vnf;aumif;? pdwocFga&mp=pdwocFg&vnf;aumif;? wdodkYjzpf vdk&if;ocFg&rQudkom jyqdkwifjyygonf/ `Ed, odkY? wa,m-oHk;yg;ukefaom? ocFg&m? ocFg&wdkYonf? a[mEd-jzpfukef A'jzpfaom kyfemrfwdkYudk rjywfatmif jyKjyifwwfaom ocFg&rSm \/ yknmbdocFg&? tyknmbdocFg&? tmembdocFg&[k oH;k yg;&S\/ uJoYkd d h ]]tmo? ymom um,ocF g a&m? 0d w u 0 d p m&m jyqdktyfaom kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk tpOfpyfrjywfatmif jyKjyif 0pDocFg a&m/ onmp a0'emp pdwocFga&m}} wwfaom ocFg&w&m;oHk;yg;&SdaMumif;udk #DumwGif odkYzGihfqkazmfjy tmo ymom-xGufouf0ifoufwdkYonf um,ocFg onf/ a&m- um,ocFg&rnf\/ 0dwu0dpm&m-0dwuf0dpm&wdkYonf? 0pDocFg ]]ocFwrbdocFa&mEDwdocFg&m? ukovm ukov urmed? a&m-0pDocFg&rnf\/ onmp-onmonfvnf;aumif;? a0'empawbd? 0d"m yknmbdocFga&m? tyknmbdocFga&m? tmaembd a0'emonf v nf ; aumif ; ? pd w o cF g a&m-pd w o cF g &rnf \ / ocF g a&mwd ? ww u mrl y g0p&maw&ouk o vapwem 0dwu0dpma&- 0dwuf0dpm&wdkYudk? xaywGm-xm;? oaA-tvHk;pHkjzpf yknmbdocFga&m? 'Gg'o tukov apwem? tyknmbd ocFga&m? ukefaom? pdwor,kwum-pdwfESihf ,SOfukefaom? "rmyd-w&m;wdkYonf pxam tmkyapwem tmembd ocFga&mwd}} (#Dum) vnf;? pdwocFga&m-pdwocFg&rnf\/ teuf a ,mZemum; um,ocF g &[l o nf u m; ocFwH= jyKjyiftyfaom kyfemrfw&m;wdkYudk tbdocFa&mEdum,ocF g &[l o nf pwk o rk | med u k y f [ k q d k t yf a om rjywfatmif jyKjyifwwfukef\/ wdwom- xdkYaMumihf? ocFg&m-ocFg& u&Zum,\ tusKd;qufjzpfaom? tmo ymo [kqdktyfaom rnfukef\/ ukovm ukovurmeD=ukodkvf tukokdvfuHwdkYudk &tyf pdwZ0ga,m"mwfomjzpfavonf/ ukef\/ aw-xdkkyfemrfwdkYudk rjywfatmif jyKjyifwwfaom ocFg& ]]oHu&d, awwdocFga&m}}/ /a,moabma0g- xdkoabm w&m;wdkYonf? yknmbdocFga&m-yknmbdocFg&vnf;aumif;? tyknmbd w&m;ud k ? uma,e-u&Zum,onf ? oH u &d , aw-jyKtyf \ ? ocF g a&m-tyk n mbd o cF g &vnf ; aumif ; ? tme m bd o cF g a&m- wdorm-xdkYaMumihf aomobma0g-xdkoabmw&m;onf? ocFga&mtmembdocFg&vnf;aumif;? wd-odkY? wd0d"m-oHk;yg;tjym;&Sdukef ocFg&rnf\/ onf? a[mEd-jzpfukef\/ ]]uma,e ocFga&m um,ocFga&m}}/ / uma,e-u&Z ww-xdkoHk;yg;aom ocFg&wdkYwGif umrlyg0p&m-umrm0p& um,onf? ocFga&m-jyKjyiftyfonfomwnf;? um,ocFga&m-u&Z lyg0p&[kqtyfueaom? aw&oukovapwem-wpfq,ho;kH yg;ukef um,onf bHktm;jzihf? lybHk tlybHkwdkYrjzpf? umrwpfq,hfwpfbHk kd k f f aom ukokdvfapwemwdkYonf? yknmbdocFga&m-yknmbdocFg&rnf\/ omjzpf\/ psmeftm;jzihf? yxrpsmef? 'kwd,psmef? wwd,psmefwdkY 'Gg'otukovapwem- wpfq,hfESpfyg;ukefaom tukodkvfapwem jzpf\/ pwkwpsmef rjzpf? pdwfwKyg'ftm;jzihfum; a'G;y0dnmOf wdonf? tyknmbdocFga&m-tyknmbdocFg&rnf\/ pwaom-av;yg; wpfq,fy#doaEpkwdwpfyg; umrpdwfav;q,hfav;ckwdkYomjzpf\/ Yk ukeaom? tmkyapwemwdonf? tmembdocFga&m-tmembdocFg& f Yk yk*dKvftm;jzihf? trd0rf;udef;aom yk*dKvf? aoaomyk*dKvf? rnf\/ pwkwpsmef0ifpm;cdkuf yk*dKvf? eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;aom yk*dKvf? t"d y g ,f u m; tlyyk*Kd v?f a&ude;f aomyk*Kd v?f rkmumvjzpfaom yk*Kd v?f yk*Kd vf umrbH?k lybHw 0dygufemruEm? u#wmky[qtyfaom wdkY rjzpf/ Av0g &rPjzpfaom umryk*dKvfwdkYomjzpfonf/ k Ykd f k kd cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYudk? tpOfrjywf pyfpDrHjyKvkyfjcif;onf? 0pD o cF g &[l o nf u m; apwem[kqdktyfaom yknmbdocFg&jyKvkyfrIomjzpfonf/ 0pDocFg&[lonfum; 0pD\ taMumif;jzpfaom 0dwuf0dpm&

. THE EXPOSITION OF THE THREE SANKHARA

12

"r0D&onf udk,fusifhoDvESifh pm&dwjrifhrm;ap&ef jzpfonf/ &rnfukef\/ EIwfjzihfjyKvkyftyfaomtrI trsKd;rsKd;wdkYonf 0pDocFg& rnfukef\/ pdwfwGifom wpfzGm;zGm;jzpfay:aeaom tBuHtpnf trsKd;rsKd;wdkYonf raemocFg&rnfukef\/ ocFg&oH;k yg;onf apwoduig;q,f[k qdtyfaom ocFg& f k uEm tusHK;0ifaomaMumihf ocFg&uEmxdkufaom apwodufw&m; wdkYudkyifvQif y"mexm;jyaomt&mjzpfonf/ trSefpifppfrSm apwodufw&m;wdkYonf pdwfESihfuif; rjzpf &m? pdwfwdkYrSmvnf; |ted|jzpfaom tmHkESihfuif;rjzpf&m/ odkYjzpf tmHkonf yef;csDorm;wdkY a&;qGJxm;aom um;ysOfESihfwl\/ 0dnm PuEmxdkufaom pdwftpkonf a&ESihfwl\/ ocFg&uEmxdkufaom apwodufig;q,fonf yef;csDorm;wdkY a&;om;aom aq;eD? aq;pdrf;? aq;0gpaom aq;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYESihfwl\/ ,if;yef;csDaq;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYonf um;ysOf NidwG,fpGJuyf xdpyf aomtcg a&ESihfaygif;pyfrdrSomvQif NidwG,fpGJuyfEkdifouJhodkY apwem paom ocFg&uEmwdkYonfvnf; tmHkudk vSrf;wG,fNidpyfaomtcg a&ESihfwlaompdwfESihf ,SOfpyfrSom,lEkdifavonf/ pdwfESihf pyf tmHkudk ,laom ocFg&oHk;yg;twGufESihfom um,uHr?I 0pDur?I raemuHrawGjzpfym; um,uHo;kH yg;? 0pDuav;yg;? H I G H raemuHokH;yg;tm;jzifh 'kpkdufq,fyg; um,okpkdufokH;yg;? 0pD'kpdkuf av;yg;? raem'kpduo;kH yg;tm;jzihf okpduq,fyg;? 'ge? oDv? bm0em? k f k f typm,e? a0,sm0p? ywd'ge? ywmEkarm'e? "rom0P? "ra'oem? 'd|dZkur[k yknud&d,mq,fyg;? 'geyg&rD? oDvyg&rD? eduryg&rD? ynmyg&rD? 0D&,yg&rD? cEyg&rD? opmyg&rD? t"d|meyg&rD? arwmyg&rD? d D Oayum yg&rDtm;jzihf yg&rDq,fyg;? odkYponftm;jzihf ukokdvf? tukokdvf? tAsmuwwdkYjzpfyGg;jcif;onf um,ocFg&? 0pDocFg&? raemocFg&wdkY \ trIomwnf;/ tukodkvfum,uHoHk;yg;udk? um,ocFg&aphaqmf jyK\/ 0pDuav;yg;udk 0pDocFg&aphaqmf jyK\/ raemuHo;kH yg;udk raemocFg& H aphaqmfjyK\/ um,uHukokdvfudk um,ocFg&? 0pDuHukokdvfudk 0pD ocFg&? raemuHukodkvfudk raemocFg&wdkY aphaqmfjyK\/ xdkocFg&rIonf a'gojy|mef;vmvQif a'goESihfqdkifaom trI udpwdkYudk jyKvkyfavonf/ olYtoufudkowf\/ Murf;wrf;pGm qJa&; ajymqdk\/ ol\ pnf;pdrfudk udk,fodkY Twfatmif a&S;I BuHpnf\/ avmbjy|mef;vmvQif? avmbESihfqdkifaom trIwdkYudk jyKav onf/ olYom;r,m;udk zsufqD;vGefusL;\/ rdpmt,ludk NrJNrHpGm,l\/ olwpfyg; pnf;pdrfudk ysufpD;atmifBuHpnf\/ avmb? a'goESpfyg; jy|mef;vmvQif <uif;aom'kpdkufav;yg;udkjyK\/ o'gynmpaom aumif;aomw&m;bufu jy|mef;vmvQif vnf; tvSLay;\/ oDvaqmufwnf\/ bm0emyGm;rsm;\/ oufBuD; rdbudk dkao\/ &wemoHk;yg;wdkY\ trIudpudk&Gufaqmif\/ rdrd\ ukokdvf tzdkYudk trQay;a0\/ olwpfyg;wdkYjyKaom ukokdvftzdkYudk 0rf ; ajrmuf \ / ol w pf y g;wd k Y u d k w&m;a[m\/ ol w pf y g;wd k Y a[maomw&m;rsm;udk dkaopGm em,l\/ rdpm'd|dwdkY t,ludk ESdrfeif; ajzmihfpifaomt,ludk ,l\/ odkY ocFg&uEm tusHK;0ifaom um,ocFg&? 0pDocFg&? raemocFg&oHk;yg;wdkY jyKjyifpD&ifaeMuonfwdkYudk odtyfjriftyfMu&m ownf;/ Nid r f ; csrf ; OD ;

jzpfonf/ ]]oHua&mwDwd ocFga&m}}/ / a,mobma0g-tMuif oabmw&m;onf? 0pd-0pDab'o'u?kd oHua&mwd-jyKjyifwwf\? wd wom-xdkYaMumihf? aomobma0g-xdkobm0onf? ocFga&m-ocFg&rnf \/ ]]0pd,m ocFga&m 0pDocFa&m}}/ / 0pd , m0pDab'o'udk? ocFga&m-jyKjyifwwfonfwnf;? 0pDocFga&m-0pDab' o'udk jyKjyifwwfonf/ 0pDocFg&onf bHktm;jzihf? tonmowfbHkrSwpfyg; tvHk; pHkaom bHkwdkYjzpf\/ psmeftm;jzihf yxrpsmefomjzpfonf/ pdwKyg'f tm;jzihf? a'G;y0dnmPfwpfq,frSwpfyg;? umrpdwfav;q,fhav;ck omjzpfonf/ yk*dKvftm;jzihf? tonowfyk*dKvf? eda&m"ormywf0if pm;aom yk*Kd v?f aoaomyk*Kd vwrwpfyg; tvH;k pHaom yk*Kd vw jzpf\/ f Ykd S k f Ykd pd w o cF g &[l o nf 0dwuf0dpm&rSwpfyg;aom apwodufig;q,fwnf;/ /]oHu&d ,awwd ocFga&m}/ / a,mobma0g-xdkobm0udk? pdwe= pdwonf? oHu&d,aw-jyKjyiftyf\/ wdwom-xdaMumih?f aomobm f Yk a0g-tMuifoabmw&m;onf? ocFga&m-ocFg&rnf\/ ]]pdawe ocFga&m pdwocFga&m}}/ /pd a w e -pd w f o nf ocFga&m? jyKjyifwwfonfwnf;? pdwocFga&m- pdwfonf jyKjyiftyf onf/ xdkpdwocFg&onf bHktm;jzihf tonowfrSwpfyg; tvHk;pHk aom bHkwdkYjzpfonf/ psmeftm;jzihf tvHk;pHkaom psmefwdkYjzpfonf/ pdwKyg'ftm;jzihf umrpdwfig;q,fhav;ckjzpf\/ yk*dKvftm;jzihf ton owfyk*dKvf eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;aom yk*dKvf? aoaomyk*dKvfrSwpfyg; tvHk;pHkaom yk*dKvfwkdYjzpf\/ ]]pdwor,kwum "rm pdwocFga&m}} [k a[mawmfrlvQif onma0'emonf pdwor,kwfjzpf NyD;aumif;aomfvnf;? a0'emESihf onmonf cEmtxl;jzpfa[mawmfrlonf/ pdwocFga&m[laom trnfonf tvHk;pHkaom pdwfaMumihfjzpfukefaom apwodufw&m;wdkY \ trnfjzpfonf/ onfwdkYum; ocFg&,rkdufusrf; a[mawmfrlaom ocFg& oHk;yg;wdkYjzpfyHkrsm;yifwnf;/ wpf e nf ; tm;jzih f cEmig;yg; tusHK;0ifaom a0'emonmrSwpfyg;? apwem apwod u f p aom apwod u f i g;q,f u d k ocF g &[k a [mawmf r l & m xdkocFg&ig;q,fudk tmHkajcmufyg;ESihfpyf a[mawmfrlonf/ ]]q,darbdua0 ocFg&m? lyoawem? o'oawem? *Eoawem? &ooawem? azm|Aoawem? "roawem? ar 0kpEdocFg&m[k a[mawmfrlonf/ teuf t "d y g ,f u m; odkY tmHkajcmufyg;ESihf wGJpyfvsuf? ocFg&ajcmufyg;jzpfav onf/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf ocFg&udka[mawmfrlonfrSm apwemwpf ckudkom y"mejyK a[mawmfrlavonf/ ocF g &\ w&m;ud k , f r S m apwod u f i g;q,f o mwnf ; / xdkapwodufig;q,fudkaygif;? cEmig;yg;wdkYwGif ocFg&uEm[k wpfck jyK a[mawmfrlavonf/ xdkocFg&udktusOf;csHK;onf&Sdaomf um,ocFg&? 0pDocFg&? raemocFg&[kqdktyfaom um,uHrI? 0pDuHrI? raemuHrIomjzpfacs onf/ ud,jf zihf aphaqmfjyKvytyfaom trItrsK;d rsK;d wdonf um,ocFg k k f Yk

DHAMMA TALKS
"r0D&onf rdrdudk,fudk apmifha&SmufEdkif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/

13

Daw Khin Thein Win.M.A (B.Dh)

. "Sankhara"
"The exposition of the meaning of
. 2. Apuabhisankhara 12 volitions in the twelve unwholesome -consciousness. . 3. Anejabhisankhara 4 volitioins in the four wholesome consciousness in the immaterial spheres. . 4. Kayasankhara bodily formations. . -sankhara verbal formations. 5. Vaci . 6. Cittasamkhara mental formation. . -bhisankhara' comrpises the volitions in the eight 'pua great wholesome/ merit cittas of the sense sphere occasioned by giving, morality and meditation and volitions in the five wholesome finematerial jhana cittas occasioned by meditation only. These thirteen volitions are collectively known as meritorious volitional formations. . 'Apuabhisankhara' comprises volitions in the twelve unwholesome cittas of sensual spheres that occur in killing, stealing, etc. (Akusala Kammapatha). These twelve volitions (cetana) are called unwholesome volitional formations. . 'Anejabhisankhara' comprises the four wholesome volitions in immaterial spheres that occur in development of those meditations appropriate. All these twenty-nine volitional formations are conditioned by avijja, ignorance, and they are ultimate realities of . sankhara. . As regards second triad, the bodily formaion (kayasankh-ra) is bodily volition (kayasacetana) the verbal formation a . (vaci-sankhara) is verbal volition (vaci-sacetana), and the mental formation is mental volition. (manosacetana). The triad is mentioned in order to show that the moment of the accumulation of the kamma, the formation of merit, etc.., occur in these three doors, body, speech and mind. For the eight sense-sphere wholesome volitions and twelve unwholesome volitions, making twenty are the bodily formations when they occur in the body door and produce bodily intimation. They occur only in the sense-sphere. The same twenty volitions are called the verbal forma. tions (vasi-sankhara) when they occur in the speech door and produce verbal intimation. All the twenty-nine volitions stated above having arisen in the mind door are the mental formations without generating either kind of intimation (bodily or verbally). So this triad comes within the first triad and accordingly, as far as the meaning is concerned, ignorance can be understood as condition simply for formations of merit, etc. Thus, the Blessed One preached the doors for accumulation of Kamma showing that the limitless beings in the limitless world spheres accumulate their profitable and unprofitable Kamma by means of these doors. Formations have the characteristic of forming. Their function is to accumulate, manifested as volition and their proximate cause is ignorance. Daw Khin Thein Win. M. A (B.Dh) (From the Therasada Dhamma Journal Vol. 3., No 2)

. Like Dhamma, 'sankhara' is a multisignificant term, Its precise meaning is to be understood according to the context. . . Here, 'sankhara' refers to 'Abhisnkhara.' Because of ignorance, three kinds of volitional formations arise. It does not mean 'ignorance' which is the only one cause to produce volitional formations. The commentator explained like this. There is no single effect from a single cause. There is no multiple effect of any kind from a single cause. There is no single effect from multiple cause. But there are multiple effect from multiple cause. Multiplicity of cause and effect. . So as from multiple effect are seen to arise in the form of a mango tree possessed of shape, scent, taste and so on from various causes such as the climate, earth, mango seed, water ect. Out of the various causes, the mango seed is the main cause. Without the mango seed, the climate, earth, water, ect.., cannot produce the mango tree. And also the mango seed is the main cause. Without the mango seed, the climate, earth, water, ect.., can not produce the mango tree. And also the mango tree is the main effect of the seed and the leaves, the branches, taste, scent are byproducts of the mango tree. Like this simile, the Blessed One preached one representative cause and one representative fruit when it is suitable for the sake of elegance in instruction and so suit the inclinations of those beings. And He does so in some instances because it is uncommon to all. So the Buddha used one cause for one effect in teaching the Law of Dependent Origination. Bhagavahi katthaci padhanatta, -katattha, Katthaci pa - Katthaci asadharanatta, . - Desanavikasassa ca veneyyanaca anurupato . Ekameva hetum va Phalam va di-peti. The other factors of this Doctrine should be understood like the same manner. Fornations are twofold. (i) formations with ignorance as . condition and (ii) formations in the text with the word, 'sankhara'. - . "Tattha puapuanenjabhi . - sankharatayo ti ime cha - . avijjapaccaya sankhara. Te sabbe pi lokiyakusalakusala cetanamattameva honti". Herein, there are six kinds of formations with ignorance as condition. The first traid refers to formations of merit, of demerit and of the imperturbable and the second traid means the bodily formations, the verbal formations and the mental formations. All of these kinds of formations are simply mundane wholesome and unwholesome volitions, in other words, volitional activities. . 1. puabhisankhara 13 volitions in the eight great wholesome consciousness in the sense spheres and in the five wholesome consciousness in the fine-material spheres.

DHAMMA TALKS

14

"r0D&onf vlrsKd;ra&G; bmomra&G;? vlom;rsKd;EG,ftm;vHk;twGuf jzpfonf/

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y m oD w d , m (85) yg;aom r[m*k P f a wmf z G i h f Ak ' y l Z ed , r[m0E e m bk & m;&S d c d k ; BuD ;

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DHAMMA TALKS
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15

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DHAMMA TALKS

18

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NONEXISTENCE OF SOUL; SELF: EGO

"r0D&onf t&G,foHk;yg;vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf jzpfonf/

19

a'guf w mjrih f M unf 21-&mpkukd enf;ynmacwf (Techonology Age)? owif;enf; ynmacwf (Information Techology Age) [k owf r S w f a c: a0:aeMuonf/ vGecaom &mpkEprsm;ESirwlbJ wpfurmvH;k &Sd EdiiBH u;D f hJ S f hf k f i,f? vlrsdK;tm;vHk;wdkYonf wdk;wufjcif;udk t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGmjzihf &&Sd aeMuonf[k owfrwonf/ tm;vH;k u kyoabmrsKd ;wd;k wufrukd cHpm; S f f I NyD; aysmf&TifrIrsm; &&SdaeMu[ef &Sdayonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;yif ax&0g' Ak'tqHk;trrsm;udkvnf; wpfurmvHk; ,cifuxufydk od&SdvdkMu? avhvmrIjyKMuonf/ wpfa&;Edk; tdyfrufaumif;rufaeMuonhf oabm vm;[k xifrdonf/ enf;ynmacwfudka&muf&Sd&ef odyHynm&yfydkif;qdkif&med,mr rsm;? ,lqcsufrsm;? awGU&Sdcsufrsm;udk toHk;jyK vlom;rsm;twGuf tusdK; jyK toHk;0ifaom ypnf;ud&d,mrsm;udk wDxGifxkwfvkyfMuonf/ ,if; ed,mrrsm;teuftajccHusNyD; odyHynm&yf? enf;ynmwdk;wufrI twGuf ta&;BuD;aom (20) &mpkESpfwGifawGU&SdcJhonhf ]][dkif;Zif;bwf I f Gd ed,mr}} (Heisenberg's Principle) wpfenf;tm;jzihf ]]vdi;f trIe'0g'}} od k Y r [k w f ]]vd I i f ; trI e f ' G e f w G J r I } } (Wave-Particle Dualism) ud k vG,fulpGmod&Sdoabm aygufEdkif&ef &Sif;jy&vQif ]]trIef}} (Particle) udk ]]vdi;f }} (Wave) [kvnf; ,lqEdiaMumif; wifjyxm;onf/ odyoabmt& I k f H j'yfypnf; (Material) qdkonfrSm tPkjrLrIef[kac:aom tufwrf (Atom) rsm;jzihf zGUJ pnf; xm;Ny; ,if;tufwrfrsm;udk trIeo;rsKd ;jzpfaom d D f kH tDvufx&Gef? ydkwGefESihf e,lx&GefwdkYjzihf zGJUpnf;xm;aMumif; awGU&Sd wifjycJMh uonf/ ,aeY acwfwirl yd tao;pdwzUJG pnf;rIukd awGU&Sae G f k f d Muonf/ ]]kyfonf twr[kwf? kyfrSm twr&Sd? kyfonf twjzpfcJhvQif? k y f o nf emusif j cif ; iS m rjzpf & m? ]]ig\k y f o nf od k Y t aumif ; csnf ; jzpf a p? od k Y tqd k ; rjzpf apES i h f } } [k k y f w d k Y awmif ; wvnf ; r&Ed k i f a y/}}

txufazmfjyyg tDvufx&GefwGif j'yfxk (wpfenf;tvG,f ajym&vQif tav;cse) &Sonf/ ,if;trIeonf odyynm&yf\ vufawGU d f d f H prf;oyfrIrsm;t& trIef[k wpdkufrwfrwf,lqr&bJ vdIif;toGifjzihf pOf;pm;&aMumif;awGU&SdwifjycJhonf/ vdIif;udkzGJUpnf;xm;rIrSm pGrf;tif tpkoabmrsdK;jzpfaMumif; awGU&SdwifjycJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf trIef [k qdkaom kyfonf rwnfNrJyg/ ajymif;vJNyD;oGm;aMumif;? kyf[k wpdkuf rwfrwf owfrSwfxm;r&bJ ajymif;vJjcif;ukd awGU&Sdjcif;[kqdk&rnf/ tPkjrLAHk;twGuf odyHynm&SifBuD; tdkif;pwdkif; (Einstein) u awGU&Sd azmfxkwfay;cJhaom nDrQjcif; E= mc2 onfvnf; kyfrwnfbJ ajymif; vnf;azmufjyefjcif;rS pGrf;tif&v'f jzpfayonf/ kyrwnfNrjJ cif;aMumifh &v'ftrsKd ;rsKd ;&SEijf cif;udk odyynm&Sif f d kd H rsm;awGU&SdcJhMuNyD; enf;ynmwdk;wufxGef;um;atmif zefwD;cJhMu? zefwD; aeMuonf/ odkYaomf kyfrwnfNrJjcif; azmufvTJazmufjyef&Sdaejcif;udk jrwf A k ' u ]]tew v u P ok w f } } wG i f ]]l y H b d u a 0tew m ..}} ponfjzihf vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; (2600) cefY a[mMum;awmfrlcJhNyD; jzpfyg onf/ tewvuPokwfawmftpwGif bk&m;&Sifu ]]&[ef;wdkY.. kyonf twr[kw?f kyrmtwr&S?d kyonf twjzpfcvQif kyonf f f S f hJ f emusifjcif;iSmrjzpf&m? ]]ig\kyfonf odkYtaumif;csnf;jzpfap? odkY tqdk;rjzpfapESihf}} [k rdrdtvdkusatmif kyfwdkY pDrHcefYcGJ&m\/ &[ef;wdkY kyonf twr[kwaomaMumihom emusijf cif;vnf;jzpf&\/ ]]ig\kyf f f f onf odkYtaumif;csnf;jzpfap? odkYtqdk;rjzpfapESihf}} [k kyfwdkY awmif;wvnf;r&Ediay}} [l ky\rNronhoabm? azmufjyefonhf k f f J f oabm? ud,tvdoYkd rvkuygonhoabm ponfwudk a[mMum;xm; k hf k d f f Ykd cJhonf/ a[mMum;csufrSm aqmif;yg;tpydkif;wGif azmfjyxm;onhf ]][dkif;Zif;bwfed,mr}} t& cGJjcm;pdwfjzmjyxm;onhftwkdif; kyf\ rwnfNrJyHkESihf udkufnDvsuf&SdaMumif; wifjyvdkuf&ayonf/ a'guf w mjrih f M unf tjynf j ynf q d k i f & m ax&0g'Ak ' o moemjyKwu o d k v f ? &ef u k e f N rd K U (pmrsuf E S m 18 rS ) [l a&;om;jcif;rSm &wemwdkYpkyHk&m rEav;NrdKUawmf[laom t"dym,f udk &nf&G,fawmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ rE a v;ES p f - 100jynh f y G J a wmf B uD ; ou&mZf 1321-ckESpfwGif rEav;NrdKUawmf? eef;awmf pwif wnfaqmufonhf 1221-ckESpf axmuf ESpf-100 jynhfajrmufojzihf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u OD;aqmif rEav;NrdKUwnf? eef;wnf ESpf-100 jynhf yGJawmfBuD;udk rEav;awmifajcwGif 1321-ckESpf wefaqmifrkef;vqef; 8-&ufaeYrSp 14-&ufaeYtxd 7-&ufwkdifwkdif BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm usif;ycJhavonf/ ref;&mjynhyawmfr*FvmzGiytcrf;tem;udk EdiiawmforwBu;D f JG hf JG k f H ESihf orwuawmfwwufa&muf yGawmfr*FvmzGiytcrf;tem;usi;f y Ykd J fh JG onf/ EdkifiHawmforwBuD;u zGihfvSpfvdkufonfESihfwNydKifeuf tajrmuf 3-csuf ypfazmufjcif;? pufHkrsm;? rD;&xm;rsm;rS OMoqGJjcif;? aMu;pnf acgif;avmif;rsm; wD;cwfjcif;wdkYudk OaMomfaomif;aomif;jyKvkyf zGihfvSpfvdkufMuavonf/ pd & H wd | wk o' a r m jrwf a 0 (a&T j ynf o m)

THE 'LEDI' DHAMMA ON NIBBA NA

20

"r0D&onf tarGaumif;ay;Edkif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/

rHk&GmNrdK hr[mv,fwDwdkuf? usrf;jy

v,f w D q &mawm

l a&;om;jyKpkawmfra

The Ledi Dhamma by MAHA THERA LED (v,fweAmefusr;f ) (L D d

v,f w D e d A m ef w &

edAmef[onf avmuDtmHwxuf vGejf rwfaom avmukw&m w&m;/ cEmrSvwaom cE0rww&m;/ ,kwnaom &m*? a'go? arm[ udavom l k Ykd G f d k f f Hh jzpfysufrpJ woJoJaom edrdwftaygif; csKyfNidrf;ukefqHk;&mw&m;/ qif;&J'kutaygif;wdkYrS uif;Nidrf;vGwfajrmuf aomw&m;/ yk*dKvf ow0g ponf twwdkYr xdkw&m;jrwfonf ykxkZOfwdkY\ PfESifhrSef;qr&? cufcJ eufeJaomw&m;/ *rD&Pf? Z0ePf? [moPf? wduPf? wdu ynm? 0 xdkrQeufeJcufcJaom w&m;xl;w&m;jrwfudk usrf;jyKtausmf urmausmf r[max&fausmf v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; zGifhqdk&Sif;jy awmfrlcJhonfh ]]v,fwDe ESpfbmomedAmefusrf;wdkYudk "r0D& "rrdwfaqG olawmfpifrsm; avhvmyGm;rsm;awmfrlEdkifMuap&ef rl&if;twkdif; azmfjyvdkufygonf/

wwd , r[med A m ef
tMuiftcg lybH wyfrufaom ly&m*? tlybH wyfruf k k aom tly&m*? wPSmESpfyg;udk t<uif;rJhy,fowftyf\/ xdktcg lyjA[mb0 tlyjA[mb0wdkYudk y,fjcif;udp NyD;pD;av\/ xdktcgrS p aemiftem*wfumv xdkyk*dKvfonfow'd|ab;Bu;D d Oap''d|dab;BuD; rmeab;Bu;D tedpab;BuD;wdkYjzihf ESdyfpufaom lyb0 tlyb0wdkYrS uRwfvGwfav\/ tvHk;pHkaom udavomab;BuD;wdkYESihfwuG tvHk;pHk aom b0ab;BuD;awGrS uRwfvGwfav\/ uRwfvGwfrIBuD;udk Ak' omoemawmf tEkyg'daootocFw r[medAmefBu;D [l qdtyfonf/ k (pwkw t&d,m&[Emt&Sijf rwfwcpm;tyfaom edAmefBu;D aywnf;/) Ykd H b0wPSmBuD;udk y,fazsmufjcif;iSm jA[mcEmwdkY\ 'ku tcsufBuD;udk xifvif;pGm MunfhIMuav&m\/ t&[w r*fudk &ojzihf b0wPSmBuD;onf t<uif;tusefr&Sd csKyfNidrf;av\/ b0wPSmBuD; csKyfNidrf;onfESifhwpfNydKifeuf jA[mtjzpfudkay;Edkifaom ukodkvfurb0 wdonfvnf;aumif;? jA[mcEmtqufqufwonfvnf;aumif; t<uif; Yk Ykd tusefr&Sd csKyfNidrf;Muavukef\/ jA[mcEmwdkY\ 'kutcsufudkjrif&m Oyrmum;zG J a ow m Oyrm zGJaowmBuD;wpfckonf &Sdav&m\/ xdkzGJaowmBuD;\ tjyif y teD t0gpaom aq;trsdK;rsdK;? ydk;zJ uwDyg tp&Sdaom txnf trsdK;rsdK; jc,fvS,fvsuf&Sd\/ twGif;rlum; zGJMurf;awGvnf;&Sd\/ bDvl;BuD; o&JBuD; obufBuD; oHk;aumifvnf;&Sd\/ tqdyfxefaom a>rqd;k uif;qd;k trsKd ;rsKd ;vnf;&S\/ zGMJ urf;awGukd pm;aomufaeaom d

The Third Great Nibbana

At a particular moment the two kinds of craving, that is, craving for corporeal form in the corporeal realm and the craving for the incorporeal form in the incorporeal realm, are totally eliminated. This has the effect of eliminating existence in the corporeal realms as well as in the incorporeal realms. From that time onwards, that person is freed from the life in the corporeal realms as in the incorporeal realms that are menaced by the dangers of:sassatadit t hi- belief in the delusion of eternally trans.. migrating souls, ucchedadit t hi- belief in the idea of no life after death, .. mana- - conceit, and anicca- impermanence. It also means that one is freed from the menaces of all forms of defiling passions and all forms of existences. This great . emancipation is termed a sankhata mahanibbana in the ambit of the teachings of the Lord Buddha. (This is the great nibbana enjoyed by the saintly, purified person on the fourth stage of attaining the blessings of the ultimate nibbana) Vividly discerning the suffering extant in the corpus of the aggregates of existence in a Brahma supreme being, one attains the arahatta magga, and as a result the craving for existence is totally eliminated. As soon as the craving for existence is eliminated, all existence generating moral actions leading to existence of a Brahma supreme deity as well as coming generations of the series of Brahma corpuses cease totally are terminated. This discernment of the suffering extant in the form of a Brahma supreme deity is illustrated by this metaphor: The metaphor of a trunkful of bran and chaff Imagine a big trunk filled with bran and chaff, painted in glossy hues of red and yellow and draped with silk, satin and velvet. Inside, in addition to the chaff, there are a trio consisting of an ogre, aghost and a misshapen demon. All kinds of venom-

THE 'LEDI' DHAMMA ON NIBBA NA

"r0D&onf ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;twGuf jzpfonf/

21

uf? usrf;jyKtausmf urmausmf

&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; mawmf

l m;jyKpkawmfraom

mma on Nibba na by A LEDI SAYADAW rf;) (Ledi Nibban)

ef w &m;awmf r sm;

[ udavomtaygif;wdYk csKyq;kH ukeaysmuf&mw&m;/ oEd yuwd Niroufat;Nir;f aomw&m;/ okc ylyefaMumifMh uawmifwrIuif; vGepmcsr;f omaomw&m;/ f f d f d h f G onf twwdkYrS uif;qdwf&mw&m;/ wdu ynm? 0dyemPfynmwdkYjzihf ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzmavhvmwwfrS jrifEdkif odEdkifaom t&d,mwdkY\ 'ePfjrifjzifhom odjrifEdkifaomw&m; jzpf\/ nfh ]]v,fwDedAmefw&m;awmfrsm;}} udk &efukefNrdKU em*vdkPf*l uav;0q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\aus;Zl;jzihf rdcif{&m0wDwdkufrS xkwfa0 cJhaom jrefrm-t*Fvdyf ("r0D&) ydk;rsdK;vnf; tjynhf&Sd\/ Oyrm- jA[mwdkY\cEmonf zGJEk zGJMurf;wdkYjzihfjynfhaom aowmBu;D i,fEiw\/ wPSm rme 'd|o;kH yg;wdonf xdaowmwGi;f S hf l d Yk k &Sdaom bDvl;BuD; o&JBuD; obufBuD; oHk;aumifESifhwl\/ xdkrSwpfyg; aom udavomw&m;rsm;onf aowmtwGif;&Sdaeaom tqdyfxef aom a>rqdk; uif;qdk; trsdK;rsdK;ESifhwl\/ Zmwd Z&m r&P'kursm;onf xdkaowmwGif; zGJEk zGJMurf;wdkYudkpm;aeMuaom ydk;rsm;ESifhwl\/ jA[mcEmonf zGJEk zGJMurf;wdkYjzihfjynhfaom aowmBuD;ESifh wlyHkum;- zGJMurf;rnfonf b,f[mrQ toHk;rus? ydk;pm rTm;pm rD;pmrQ om jzpfav\/ xkdYtwl ow0grsm;onf terw*oHo&m b0cEmudk &cJhMuonfrSm teE&SdMuavNyD/ odkYaomf tyg,'kuwpfckudkrQomjzpf ukeq;kH cJav\/ xdaMumihf jA[mcEmonf zGMJ urf;aowmBu;D ESihf wlv\/ f h Yk S um; jA[ m cE m wd k Y 'k u x if y H k w nf ; / wwd , r[med A m ef N yD ; \/ ed A m ef o H k ; &yf w d k Y w G i f ,ck t cg Ak ' b momomoemtwG i f ; yxredAmefudk&jcif;iSm tvGefta&;BuD;vS\/ xdkedAmefudkvnf; ,ck vlYb0aomfvnf; &Edkifaom tcGifhumv&Sdae\/ ewfjynfodkYa&muf ewfb0aomfvnf; &EdiaomtcGiumv&Sae\/ bk&m;omoemBu;D ESifh k f hf d awGUBuHKygvsuf yxredAmefudkrQ r&cJhonf&Sdaomf Ak'yg''kvbudk awGUBuHK&ygvsuf vdk&if;tusdK;udkr&bJ &Sd&av\/ ,ckumv vltrsm;wdonf rdrwu,ukd ,ckb&m;omoem Yk d Ykd kd f k wGif;rSm edAmefudk r&EdkifMuukef\/ aemuf t&darw,sjrwfpGmbk&m; omoemodkYa&mufrS &EdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k xifrSwfvsuf &SdMuukef\/ xdk rSwfxifcsufonf ed,wAsm'dwf&NyD;aom yk*dKvfwdkYrSomvQif rSwfxif
ous snakes, scorpions and centipedes also infest its interior. There are also insects feeding on the chaffT are also oIn this metaphorical expression, the corpus of the aggregates of existence of a Brahma supreme deity is like that trunk - filled with chaff. Craving, arrogance and delusion (tanha, mana and ditthi) are the trio, the ogre, ghost and demon. All other phenomena related to the defiling passions are like the venomous snakes, scorpions and centipedes infesting it. The malevolent prccesses of jati, jara and marana are the various insects feeding on the chaff and bran inside the trunk. That the corpus of the aggregates of a Brahma supreme deity resembles a trunk filled with bran and chaff is founded on the fact that the chaff is totally useless and only fit to sustain insects, ticks or embers. In the inexorable press of cycles of rebirths that have neither beginning nor end, the corpuses of aggregates of existences that sentient beings bear are infinite. However, the common denominator for all is suffering as in the netherworlds more or less. Therefore the corpus of aggregates of even the Brahma supreme deity is no more than a trunk filled with chaff. This is how harm and suffering are reflected in a brahma supreme being. This concludes the exposiotion on the Third Great Nibba na. Of these three kinds of nibbana, it is of most importance to attain the first nibbana at a time when the teachings of the Lord Buddha still endure. There is still the chance that it can be achieved in the present world of the human beings and for devas in the deva worlds. Having the extremely rare chance to be born a human being while the teachings of the Lord Buddha are extant, but not attaining even this first nibbana, will amount to having lost this golden opportunity and not having reaped the

THE 'LEDI' DHAMMA ON NIBBA NA

22

"r0D&onf oEdokcodkY a&S;Ionf/

desirable benefits. There are many who think that nibbana is not attainable during the time of this Lord Buddha and consider that only possible in the time of the future when the coming Buddha Metteyya's teachings are established. This kind of thinking applies only to those who have been given the assured preordination that it will be so. Those who have received the assured preordination will be attaining it as so preordained, but it will be extremely difficult for those who have not received this kind of preordainment to attain it. Why it will be so hard to attain For instance, the time for the teachings of the historical Lord Buddha to disappear and then the event of Metteyya Buddha attaining enlightenment are still very far off. Though one may go through hundreds of thousands of existence in the realms of human beings and the realms of the celestial gods, the time that the Metteyya Buddha will establish his teachings will not have arrived. Moreover, before this can happen, aperson will have to pass through a long intermediate period, a period of darkness when the Buddha's teachings have become extinct. During this period of darkness many will be the cycles of rebirths a person will have to go through, during which no one can tell how many times one will be consigned to the netherworlds in which on any occasion one might be reborn hundreds of thousands of times. Should such a fate befall one, the chance of receiving the teachings of the Lord Mettyya Buddha will be extremely slim indeed. This is an aspect that knowledgeable people might consider solemnly. To learn by heart to a minute degree 1. cattaro- the four mahabhuta- primary elements consist of:-- the element of extension or earth element; pathavi apo- the element of cohesion or water element; tejo-the element of heat or fire element; vayo-the element of motion or air element; ime-are these four tattha- Of these four, kakkhalabhavo-the characteristic of hardness on one hand, mudubhavo- and the characteristic of softness on the other pathavi-- are the essence of pathavi. abandhanam-the character of cohesion, and . paggharanam -the character of oozing as well . -po-are the essence of apo. a unhabhavo-the condition of being hot, as well as . sitabhavo- the condition of being clold, tejo- are the essence of tejo. . vitthambhanam -tension and tautness of pressure, and -ranam.-motion characterizes samudi vayo-the essence of vayo or air. A further expostion of the four primary elements fol lows. The essence of earth element The essence of earth element or extension is just the action of being or the condition of being hard. Breaking up an atom to its hundred thousandth part will not yield any solid matter, In the limpid waters of a river, stream, spring or swamp, or in the radiance of the sun, the moon, a star, fire or a ruby or the sound waves from a bell or triangular brass gong, that goes rippling off far and near, or the delightful aromas or fetid odours that

csutwki;f &EdiMf uukevwUH / ed,wAsm'dwukd r&zl;aom ted,wyk*Kd vf f d k f f wdkYrSmrlum; rSwfxifcsuftwdkif;&EdkifMu&ef tvGefcJ,Of;vS\/ cJ , Of ; yH k u m; ,ck bk&m;omoemuG,veNf y;D onfaemuf araw,s jrwfpm f G h G bk&m;yGiawmfr&mumvonf tvGea0;uGmvsu&ao;\/ vlb0aygif; fh l f f dS Y ewfb0aygif; odef;aomif;rsm;pGm usifvnfMu&aomfvnf; xdkjrwfpGm bk&m;omoemodYk a&mufEiMf urnfr[kwao;/ pyfMum;vnf; omoemy kd f trduawmBu;D twGi;f rSm usivnfMu&vdrrnf/ tw'|Bd u;D wef;vif;ESifh k f f fh d xdktrdkufawmBuD;twGif;rSm b0aygif;rsm;pGm usifvnf&onf&Sdaomf tyg,fbHkodkY b0aygif;rnfrQ us&vdrhfrnfrod? tyg,fbHkodkY wpfBudrf wpfcg uscJhjyefvQifvnf; jyqdkcJhNyD;aom cEm"rwmvrf;BuD;twdkif; tyg,fe,frmyif b0aygif;ode;f aomif; rsm;pGmusivnfaeonf&aomf S f dS xdkjrwfpGmbk&m; omoemawmfESifhawGUBuHK&ef ta0;BuD;a0;uGm aeMu&vdrrnfrod/ um; ynm&Sw\ txl;pOf;pm;Mu&ef tcsuBf u;D hf d Ykd aywnf;/ aMuaMurG r G EI w f w uf & atmif u suf r S w f M u&ef pwma&m= av;yg;ukefaom? r[mblwm= r[mbkwfwdkY [lonfum;yx0D= ajrvnf;wpfyg;/ tmayg= a&vnf;wpfyg;/ awaZm= rD;vnf;wpfyg;/ 0ga,m= avvnf;wpfyg;/ ar= av;yg;wdkYaywnf;/ ww= xdkav;yg;wdkYwGifuuVbma0g= cufrmaom oabmonfvnf;aumif;? rk'bm k a0g= El;nhHaom oabmonfvnf;aumif;? yx0D= y&rwfESpf ajrtppf aywnf;/ tmAEeH= zGJUap;rIonfvnf;aumif;? r*&PH= ,dkpD;rIonf vnf;aumif;? tmayg= y&rwfESpf a&tppfaywnf;/ OPSbma0g= ylaomtjzpfonfvnf;aumif;? oDw bma0g= at;aomtjzpfonfvnf;aumif;? awaZm= y&rwf ESpf rD;tppfaywnf;/ 0dwre= axmufuefawmihwif;rIonfvnf;aumif;? ork'&PH= H f D vIyf<ua&GU&Sm;rIonfvnf;aumif;? 0ga,m= y&rwf ESpf avtppfay wnf;/ ajr a& av rD; "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk toD;oD; y&rwf "mwfPfaygufatmif vif;jyaytHh/ y&rwf E S p f ajr"mwf t ppf y&rwfESpfajr"mwfppfqdkonfum;- cufrmaomtrlt&m tjcif ; t&mBud , mrQomwnf ; ? tPS j rLud k tpd w f w pf o d e f ; pd w f wpfpdwfpmrQ tcJtusdwf tqeftrm txnfj'Af[lr&Sd/ tvGef MunfvifvSpGmaom jrpfa& acsmif;a& pdrfha& prf;a&wdkYvnf;aumif;? aea&mif va&mif Mu,fa&mif rD;a&mif ywjrm;a&mifwvnf;aumif;? Ykd teD;ta0; ysHUESHUoGm;aom acgif;avmif;oH aMu;pnfoH ponfwdkY vnf;aumif;? avjynfavnif; avjyif;rkewi;f wdvnf;aumif;? ta0; f dk Yk teD; ysUH ESviyg;oGm;aom tarT;eHY tykyewvnf;aumif; xdy&rwf YH G hf f YH Ykd k "mwfajronf tjynfyg&S\/ txnf0wK[r&S/ cufrmaom trlt&m h d l d oufoufrQomjzpfaom xdkajr"mwfonfvnf; vGefuJaomcufrmrIudk axmuf EHkYaomcufrmrIudk El;nHhonf[k qdk&onf/

THE 'LEDI' DHAMMA ON NIBBA NA

"r0D&onf Ak'\ax&0g' "rw&m;tppfxGef;um;&ef jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf 0&ZdefausmufoGm;&Sdaom cufrmrIudk tvGefqHk; xm; va&mif Mu,fa&mif uvmyf&Sdaom cufrmrIudk tEHkYqHk;xm; pyfMum; cufrmrItqihqihf El;nhrtqifqihf jzpfaeaom xdajr"mwf f H I h k \ tvm;udkod&rnf/ ajr"mwf cufrmjcif;vumPmqdkonfudk y&rwfoabmESiMhf unh&rnf/ yuwdvw\ trSwonmESihf rMunh&/ f l Ykd f f yuwdvw\ trSwonmESiMfh unhcaomf va&mif Mu,fa&mif ponf l Ykd f f hJ wd cufrmaomtrIukd rawGUEdi&vrrnf/ xdcufrmaom tjcif;t&m Yk k f dS d fh k Bud,moabmoufoufrQomjzpfaom y&rwfajr"mwfonf tmayg [laom y&rwfap; zGJUpnf;rIaMumihf ajr"mwfaygif;uka#odef;aomif; aygif;zGJUrdonf&Sdaom tPkjrLwpfck[laom 0wKtxnfj'yfjzpf\/ tPkjrLaygif; uka#odef;aomif; aygif;zGJUrdonf&Sdaomf Murf;ydk;jzpf\/ xdkrStqifhqihfyGm; ow0gwGif ,lZemav;axmif&Spf&m&Sd aom tol&defewfBuD;wdkifatmif? A[d'oEmefwGif ,lZem &Spfaomif; av;axmif ESpfjyefaqmifaom jrihfrdk&fawmifBuD;? ESpfodef;av;aomif; txk&Sdaom r[myx0D ajrBuD;wdkifatmif odav/ oef;tp&Sdaom tPkjrLtp&Sdaom ouf&SdoufrJhkyfpkcJ [lorQwdkY cufrmjcif;[laom ajr"mwfonf txnfcH trmcH jzpfownf;/ ajr"mwfrSwpfyg; txnf0wK &aumif;aom "mwfr&S?d a&"mwf rD;"mwf av"mwfwonf Ykd vnf; ajr"mwf wG,Mf u&ukeonf/ odYk ajr"mwf\ udpB u;D us,[ef f f udk od&rnf/ (quf v uf a zmf j yygrnf / ) aemuf a usmzk H ; rS

23

waft far and near, this element of extension is fully present. It cannot be felt as it is not a substance but rather the character of extension and and hardness. In relation to the excessive expression of this earth element, where the degree of its hardness is not significant, the condition is termed fine and soft. Thus in the spectrum of hardness, it would range from that of a diamond that should be considered the maxmium while that of moonlight and starlight would be conidered the minimum. This is the way in which the earth element should be visualised, that is, in its absolute sense and not in the way men have designated this phenomenon. The hardness of the earth element is in the sense of an abstract motive force, seeing that vajo, from its absolute character of being glutinous, if a total of earth elements in the millions upon billions should coalesce together,m an atom of matter will be formed. Should particular atoms coalesce together, millions upon billions of such atoms might result in a bed-bug. Progressing in this manner, in the case of sentient beings, the titanic Asurinda god whose heigh is 4,800 yojana or Mount Sineru, whose exterior dimensions amount to twice 8,400 yojana, the Earth with a depth of 240,000 yojana are built up. From a minute flea and a single atom, all animate and inanimate matter exhibit this earth element of extension and hardness. With the exception of the earth element there is no element that brings about substantive material. The elements of water, fire or air have to cling to the earth element for their existence. (To be continue)

qdwfokOf;oGm;rnfomjzpfonf/ taemufwdkif; 'eduynm&Sifrsm;u With his superior intellignence, man has only to direct t"dyg,fzGihfqdkMuonfrSm ]]vlom;rsm;}} onf olwdkY\ pOf;pm;qifjcifwHk and channel his desires and he can make his life to be what he w&m;udk toHk;csvsuf awG;ac: ajrmfjrifEkdifMuolrsm;jzpfMuonf[k chooses. (Of course when we refer to ''man", here we are thinking qdygonf/ k
of all humans, men and women. There is no need to think that women are in any way inferior to men either intellectually or spiritually or normally). Humans are the only beings who are rational in their behaviour. Other living beings use only their instinet to ensure their survival. pleasure and protection.

vlwGifta&;ygaom todPfw&m;rsm;yg&SdvmonfhtwGuf Mum;cHr&Sd wdkufdkuftm;jzihfaomfvnf;aumif;? wpfqihfcHvrf;aMumif; tm;jzihfaomfvnf;aumif;? oltvkd&Sd&m olYoabmqEtwdkif; ol\ b0yHo@efukd olpwwi;f us a&G;cs,zefw;D Ekipr;f &Savonf/ ([kwyg k Y d f kd f d f G d f onf? ]]vl}} qdkonfhteuf zGihfqdkcsufudk uREfkyfwdkY Tef;qdkazmfjy&rnfjzpf ygonf/ ae&mwGif a,musm;? rde;f rwdyg0ifMuaom vlom;tm;vH;k wdYk f Yk ESihf ywfoufaom vlYusihf0wfodumqdkif&mwGifaomfvnf;aumif;? a,musfm;wdkYESihf EdIif;,SOfvsuf xnhfoGif;pOf;pm; oHk;oyfMu&ef vdkrnf r[kway)/ f
The Chinese definition of human is ''one with a heart disposed to kindness". In the human heart, there must be sympathy and honesty.

vlom;rsm;rSm urmavmuBu;D twGi;f jzpfwnfaeMuaom ouf&ow0grsm;omjzpfMuvihupm;? if;wdjYk yKrvyaqmifyrsm;tay: dS f l k f kH qifjcifwHkw&m;udk tajccH pOf;pm;ESihfcsdef vkyfaqmifEkdifMuolrsm;jzpf Muonf/ tjcm;aom ouf&Sdow0grsm;rSmrl urmavmu if;udk aysmf&TifMunfEl;csrf;ajrUpGmqufvuf&Sifoef&yfwnfEkdifa&;twGuf ab;&eftE&m,frsm;rS vGwajrmuf&ef if;wd\ yifuAZyifutodpwf f Yk kd D kd d "mwfwdkYjzihf tvdktavsmuf wHkYjyefjyKrlum tumtuG,f,lwwfMuav onf/
When the mind is cultivated by abstaining from evil thoughts and developing the great virtues, one can gain this tranquillity which leads to the purity of the mind.

vlESihf ywfouf wkwfvlrsKd;wdkY\ zGihfqdkcsufwpf&yfwGif ]]vlqdkonfrSm oem;Muifempdwf&Sdonfh ESvHk;om; yg&Sdoljzpfonf}} [kqdk avonf/ vl\ESv;kH om;twGi;f oem;Muifemnmwmaxmufxm;wwf aom ukPmw&m;ESifh d;k om;ajzmihrwfreuefjci;fw&m;wdYk tNrxm0& f S f J udef;atmif; yg&Sdae&rnfjzpfonf/
If there two qualities are absent, then one is not regarded as a real human being. Western philosophers define ''Humans" are those who can use their sense of reasoning.

tu,f if;t&nftaoG; ESpf&yfwdkY vlrSm csdKUwJh ysuf,Gif; aernfqdkygvQif &SifoefvIyf&Sm;aeaom vl\ y"meusrIrsm;uif;rJh

vlwdkY\ pdwfudkaumufuspfaom tawG;tac: ,kwfrmaom tBuHtpnf? qdk;oGrf;aompdwful;? pdwfoef;ponfh 'kpdkufwdkYrS vGwf uif;atmif jyKpkysKd;axmif jrifhjrwfpifMu,faom udk,fusihfoDv okpdkuf&Sdonfh tqihfodkY qdkufa&mufaygufajrmufatmifBudKyrf;jcif;jzihf wpfOD;wpfa,mufaom olonf MunfvifNidrf;csrf;aeaom pdwfudk jzpfay:apvsuf Nidrfoufat;csrf;aom tqihfNidrf;csrf;at;jraom tjzpfodkYtusKd;w&Sd wdk;wufjzpfxGef;aprnfjzpfayonf/ (qufvufazmfjyygrnf) "r 0 D & -oE m tjynf j ynf q d k i f & m ax&0g'Ak ' o moemjyKwu o d k v f

DHAMMA TALKS

24

"r0D&onf ]oDv? orm"d? ynm} twGuf jzpfonf/

"ruxdu w&m;a[myk*dKvfqkdonfrSm
cif a rmif B uD ; (a&T j ynf o m) uReawmfwvuf&aexdi&m &efueajrmufyi;f cdif a&Tjynfom f Ykd dS k f k f kd k NrKd Ue,fwaMumrSm ,ckwavm w&m;yGawGtawmfrsm;rsm;usi;f yoGm;Mu J wm awGUvdkuf&? jrifvkduf&? emvdkuf&? Mum;vdkuf&ygw,f/ "ruxduqdkwJh w&m;a[myk*dKvfawGvJ tawmfpHkpHkvifvif <ua&mufa[mMum;MuwmawGY&ygw,f/ wcsdKUvJ nOD;ykdif;r&vdkY aecif; ydkif;awGrSmawmif w&m;yGJawG usif;yMuqdkyJ/ tJ'DtJ'Dw&m;yGJawGrSm w&m;a[myk*dKvfawGpHkoavmuf? a[mMum;MuwJh w&m;oHawGuvJ pHkvifygw,f/ wcsdKUwcsdKUyk*dKvfawGqdk toHtifrwefaumif;ygw,f/ rEdi;f tyfEi;f tyf Zmwfrif;om;? pwdw;dI rif;om;awGxuf toHaumif; I Id f Muygw,f/ &yfuutoD;oD;u w&m;emy&dowf? w&m;cspcifoawmfpif G f f l awGuvJ w&m;yGBJ u;D wpfywpfyrm aiGawGoe;f csND y;D tNyKd itqdivLS vduf JG JG S d f k f k Muwm 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omp&maumif;vSygw,f/ tJ w&m;yGawGusi;f yNy;D pD;oGm;wJtcgawGrmusawmh uReawmf J h S f wdkY tpdk;&Xmeqdkif&mawGvdk? toif;tzGJUawGvdk? tJ'DrdrdwdkYusif;ycJhMuwJh w&m;yGJawGu trSefwu,f&&SdvkdufMuwJhtusdK;tjrwfawG? wenf; omwJhtcsufawGjzpfwJh yknukodkvfaumif;rIawGudk jyefvnfoHk;oyf qifjcifrIjyKMuwmawGudkawmh uRefawmfwdkYrMum;rd? rawGU rd? rodrd cJhMuyg/ &SdvJyJ &Sdr,frxifyg/ 'gawGxm;ygawmh/ tck'ae&mrSm uReawmfwifjyvdwmu w&m;a[m "ruxdu D f k yk*Kd vrsm;eJywfoufvYkd jrwfpmbk&m; ynwfawmfrcwhJ "ruxduyk*Kd vf f Y G l hJ wdkY vkdufemMu&rJht*Fgig;yg;taMumif;jzpfygw,f/ (u) "r u wd u rnf E d k i f & ef t*F g ig;yg; w&m;a[m"ruxduyk*dKvfwdkY\ t*Fgig;yg;udk t*FkwdK&fygVd awmf? O'g,DokwfrSm azmfjyxm;wmu"ruxduyk*dKvfrsm;onf atmufazmfjyyg t*Fgig;yg;ESihftnD a[mMum;Mu&rnfjzpfonf/ 1/ 'geuxm? oDvuxm? o*uxmpaom tEkykAduxm (uxmtpOf) udk a[m&rnf/ 2/ xdkxdktusdK;\taMumif;udk azmfjya[mMum;&rnf/ 3/ ukPma&SUxm; a[m&rnf/ 4/ "rylZm0wK? tem*wf'ge0wKpaom tmrdoudk riJhbJ a[m&rnf/ 5/ rdrdolwpfyg; rxdyg;bJ a[m&rnf/ &nf&G,fcsufig;yg;jzihf a[mMum;jcif;onf "ruxdut*Fg ig;yg;jzpfonf/ 1/ tEkykAduxH uaxmrDwd ya&oH "arm a'aowaAm/ 2/ y&d,m, 'm0D uxHuaxmrDwd ya&oH"arm a'aowaAm/ 3/ tEk',wH y#dpuxH uaxmrDwd ya&oH"arm a'ao waAm/ 4/ etmrdoEa&muxH uaxmrDwd ya&oH"arm a'ao

waAm/ 5/ twme y& tEky[puxH uaxmrDwd ya&oH"arm a'ao waAm/ eacgtmeE oku&H ya&oH "rH a'aowHk? ya&oH tmeE "rH a'aoaEe ary"artZwH Oy|maywGm ya&oH"arm a'aowaAm/ (t*kFwd&fygVdawmf? O'g,Dokwf) r[mok w 'D y eD u srf ; vmaqmif y k ' f uxmpOfum? aMumif;jyumESihf ukPm&SdcJh? vmbfriJhwnhf udk,feJYolYtm;? rxdyg;onf w&m;a[mol t*Fgwnf;.../ / "r u xd u t*F g ig;&yf &S i f ; vif ; zG i f h q d k c suf r sm; 1/ uxmtpOf[lonfum;(1) 'geuxm- a&S;OD;pGm 'gew&m;udk a[mMum;jcif;/ (2) oDvuxm- xdkYaemuf oDvudk a[mMum;jcif;/ (3) o*uxm- xdaemuf 'geoDvtusKd ;jyewfjynfa&mufyukd Yk kH a[mMum;jcif;/ (4) umrmeH tm'De0uxm- vlYjynfewfjynfpnf;pdrfcsrf;om umr*kPfwdkY\tjypfudk a[mMum;jcif;/ (5) eduartmedoouxm-umr*kPrS a&Smifcmjcif;? xGucm H f G f G jcif;\ tusdK;aus;Zl;udka[mMum;jcif;/ (6) pwkopa'oem (uxm)- opmav;yg;w&m;a[mMum; jcif;/ tpOf (6) yg;udk a[mMum;jcif;onf uxmtpOfa[mMum; jcif;rnf\/ (2) taMumif ; ud k j ya[mjcif ; [l o nf u m;'k * w d r S v G w f a Mumif ; ? ok * wd o d k Y a &muf a Mumif ; ? pnf ; pd r f csrf;om&aMumif; ypKyefwrvGefab;&efuif;aMumif;? csrf;omaMumif;? oHo&m'ku qif;&JrS uif;vGwaMumif;tp&Saom avmuD avmukw&m f d csrf;omjcif;\ taMumif;wdkYudkazmfjy a[mMum;jcif;jzpf\/

DHAMMA TALKS
"r0D&onf "ropmudk Tefjyonf/ (3) uk P mud k t pG J j yK a[mjcif ; [l o nf u m; w&m;emolwdkYonf tukodkvfawGrsm;aeMu&Smonf/ ukodkvf tm;enf;&SmMuonf/ yrm'w&m;vTrf;rdk;cHaeMu&&Smonf ponfjzihf w&m;emolwdkYtay: oem;ukPma&SUxm; ukodkvfw&m;yGm;rsm;um ty r m'w&m;vuf u d k i f x m;Ed k i f & ef w&m;xl ; rsm;&&S d E d k i f M uap&ef a[mMum;jcif;jzpf\/ (4) tmrd o ud k r iJ h b J w&m;a[mjcif ; [l o nf u m; tvSL0wK vSLonfjzpfap? rvSLonfjzpfap w&m;odapa&;udk om a&SUIa[mMum;jcif;jzpf\/ tem*wfvmbfriJhjcif;? ylaZmfoum&? odavmu (emrnfausmfjcif;) ponfudkriJhjcif;rsm;vnf;yg0if\/ (5) rd r d o l w pf y g; rxd y g;bJ w&m;a[mjcif ; [l o nf u m; rdrEirrqi&mudk ajrmufyif? olwpfyg;ESiowpfyg;qdi&mudk d S fh d d kd f h fh l k f csdK;ESdrfra[mbJ? w&m;oabmt&Sdtwdkif;om dk;dk;om;om;a[mMum; jcif;jzpf\/ (c) "r u xd u rnf E k d i f & ef w&m;a[myH k t jcif ; t&m cEmig;yg;udk Ni;D aiGUjcif;iSm? wyfrufruif;jcif;iSm? csKyNf ir;f jcif; I d iSm w&m;udk a[mMum;ygu "ruxduyk*dKvf[k ac:qdkxdkuf\/ (cE0*? oH,kwfygVdawmf? "ruxduokwf) puK? aomw? Cme? Zd0Sm? um,? re tZwdum,we ajcmufyg;udkNiD;aiGUatmif? wyfjcif;uif;atmif? csKyfNidrf;atmif w&m; a[mMum;ygu "ruxduyk*dKvf[k ac:qdkxdkuf\/ (oVm,we? oH,kwfygVd? "ruxduokwf) Z&m? r&Pudk? Zmwdudk? b0? Oyg'gef? wPSm? a0'em? z? oVm,we? emrfy?f 0dnmPf? ocFg&? t0dZmwdukd Ni;D aiGUjcif;iSm? wyfruf k Yk jcif;uif;jcif;iSm? csKyfNidrf;jcif;iSm w&m;udka[m\/ ,if;odkYa[mygu "r uxduyk*dKvf[k ac:qdkxdkuf\/ (ed'ge? oH,kwfygVd? "ruxduokwf) tbd"rmw&m;uda[mMum;rS "ruxduyk*Kd v[k ac:qdxu\/ k f k kd f (t|omvde-30) D r[mok w 'D y eD u srf ; vmaqmif y k ' f v uF m -cEmig;yg;? NiD;aiGUoGm;atmif? a[mMum;wwfay? pGrf;Edkifay? rSwfav "ruxdu/ - tZwu? tm,weajcmufyg;? Ni;D aiGUoGm;atmif? a[mMum; d wwfay? pGrf;Edkifay? rSwfav"ruxdu/ -y#dpw&m;? NiD;aiGUoGm;atmif? a[mMum;wwfay? pGrf;Edkifay? rSwav"ruxdu/ f -tbd " r m w&m;? od x if & S m ;atmif ? a[mMum;wwf a y? pGrf;Edkifay? rSwfav"ruxdu/ */ toH & S n f q G J w&m;a[mjcif ; tjypf r sm;/ (1) rdrdtoH rdrdom,mjcif;/ (2) olwpfyg;wdkYuvnf; om,mjcif;/

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SPECIAL GIVE A MORALIZING TALKS

26

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SPECIAL GIVE A MORALIZING TALKS

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27

ig;&mu Ak'jrwfpGmudk zl;jrifvdkojzihf ajymqdkwdkifyifwJhtcg ]]&Sifr wdkY rif;rsKd;qdkwm wm0efav;vSw,f? tjyiftyodkY oGm; roihf avsmfbl;/ tu,f bk&m;udk zl;jrifvdkvQif &SifrwdkY&JU tdyf&m wdkufeH&Hrsm;udk azmufxm;Muyg/ jrwfpGmbk&m; olaX;BuD; oHk;a,mufwdkY tdrfodkY <uoGm;wJhtcg eH&HaygufrS zl;jrifMu? MunfndK Mu? &Sdcdk;Mu}} [k ajymqdk tBuHay;avw,fwJh/ rdef;rig;&mwdkYvJ ckZKw&majymqdkwJhtwdkif; jyKum Ak'j rwfpm<uoGm;wJtcg jyef<u vmwJtcg eH&aygufrMS unh zl;jrifMu? G h h H f &Sdcdk;Mu? zl;ajrmf ylaZmf Mu&&Smw,fwJh/ rif;rsKd;jzpf&wm toGm;tvm vGefpGm rvGwfvyf wmyguvm;aemf/ wpfaeYaomtcg rm*@Donf vrf;avQmufoGm;vm &if; omrm0wD&JU taqmifawmfodkY a&muf eH&Haygufrsm;udk jrifojzihf ar;jref;&m ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;udk eH&HaygufrSae zl;jrif MuaMumif; &Sdcdk;MuaMumif;}} ajymMum;MuvQif ]]tif; &[ef;a*gwr 'DNrdKUudk a&mufvmygNyDaum? ,cktcg igY&JU tvSnhfayyJ/ igYtaMumif;udk aumif ; aumif ; BuD ; od a prnf / 'D r d e f ; rawG v J &[ef ; a*gwr&J U tvkyftauR; wynhfrawGbJ? olwdkYvJ igYtaMumif; odaptHh}} [k BuH p nf N yD ; aemuf rif ; BuD ; xH csOf ; uyf N yD ; ]]jrwf a om rif ; BuD ; ? omrm0wDtrSL;&Sdaom eef;wGif;olwdkYonf tjyifty awmif;wcsuf jyKaeMuygw,f / ES p f & uf oH k ; &uf r Qjzih f v Qif t&S i f rif ; BuD ; \ ZD0deftoufudk acszsufMuygvdrfhr,f}} [k rm,maESm um *Hk;wdkufpum; ajymMum;avowJh/ rm*@D&JUtmCmw rD;yGm; uav;[m wpfpwpfp BuD;rm;vmNyDaemf/ b,ftxd avmifuRrf; apr,fqdkwm 'umBuD; OD;pdef? OD;[defwdkY tm;vHk;owdjyKcJhMuwmyg/ rm*@D u rMumcP ajymqd k a omf v J r,H k M unf o jzih f rif ; BuD ; r,H k M unf v Qif oG m ;Munh f y gqd k tayguf r sm;ud k awG U ar;jref;aomtcg taMumif;rSefudk avQmufwifMuojzihf xdkrdef;r wdkYtay: wpfpHkwpf&m pdwfqdk;jcif;? tjypfwifjcif;? rvsif;rjyKbJ azmufNyD; taygufwdkYudk ydwfap txufrSazmufaom avom wHcg;aygufwdkYudkom azmufapowJh/ rm*@Duawmh vufravsmhbl;aygY? omrm0wDtrSL;&Sd aom xdre;f rwdukd wpfpwpfcjk yK&ef rwwfEiojzihf jrwfpm bk&m;tay:udom k d Yk kH dk f G k zdNidK;NyD;aus;uRef tvkyform;rsm; &wemoHk;yg; udk rMunfndKwJh rd p m 'd | d t ,l & S d w J h o l r sm;ud k a&T a iG w H p d k ; vuf a qmif ay;NyD ; Ak'jrwfpGmNrdKUwGif;odkY <uvmwJhtcg qJqdkBudrf;armif; ESifxkwfMu}} [k apcd k i f ; xm;owJ h / awmf a wmf r d k u f w J h yk a P ; rav; yJ a emf / rd r d & J U rdbESpyg;vH;k yif a*gwrjrwfpmbk&m;xHrm &[ef; jyKNy;D aewmudawmif f G S k axmufpmrI r&Sdawmhbl;/ rm*@D&UJ aus;uRetvkyorm;rsm;? rdpm'd|t,l&ol rsm;uvJ f f d dS NrKd UwGi;f odYk <uvmaom jrwfpmbk&m;udk tpOfvuNf y;D awmh ]]toifonf G dk cd;k olwnf;? rduraomolwnf;? awGa0aom olwnf;? ukvm;tkXy?J EGm;yJ? k f J f jrnf;yJ? i&Jom;rnfoy?J wd&pmef jzpfrnfoy}J } ponfjzihf qJqMkd uowJ/ G h l h l h tvG e f &uf p uf p G m qJ q d k vd k u f M uwmyJ a emf / vl r d k u f ESif;awmwdk;cdkif;w,fqdkwm 'grsKd;yJ xifyg&JU? olwdkYcjrmvJ ociftm;& uRef'Pf0qdkwmvdkyJaygYav/ xdkodkY qJqdkBudrf;armif;jcif;udk Mum;&vQif &SiftmeEmu wpf y g;aom Nrd K U&G m od k Y ajymif ; oG m ;Mu&ef avQmuf x m;wJ h t cg jrwfpGmbk&m;utmeE {0H umwHk e 0wd? ,w t"du&PH OyEH? waw0

SPECIAL GIVE A MORALIZING TALKS

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"r0D&onf Nidrf;csrf;aompdwfjzpfwnf&ef &Gnf&G,fonf/ udk,fwdkifowfcsuf&ef ajymay;wJhtcg ]]igwdkYonf olwpfyg;\ toufudk rowfMuyg}} [k ajymqdkjiif;y,fojzihf xdktaMumif;udk rif;BuD;tm; tvkyftauR;u jyefMum;avQmufxm;avw,fwJh/ rm*@Du ]]rif;BuD; t&Sifrif;BuD; tjrifyJ/ ,ck omrm0wDwdkY olwpfyg;toufowf? rowf od&atmif &[ef; a*gwrtwGuf csufydkYMuukef[k qdkay;Munhfyg}} [k ajymqdk wdkufwGef;jyefw,f/ Oawerif;BuD;uvJ rm*@DajymwJhtwdkif; qdk apvTwfvdkufw,fwJh/ tvkytauR;uvJ rm*@D&UJ oGeoifcsutwdi;f vduemum f f f k k f Muuft&Sifrsm;udkyif ,loGm;a,mif jyKNyD;vQif xdkMuuft&SifwdkYudk yka&m[dwfykPm;tm;ay; MuuftaowdkYudk ,lum xdkomrm0wD trSL;&Sdaom rdef;rig;&mwdkYxHokdY aqmifydkY MuufwdkYudk csufNyD;vQif jrwfpGmbk&m;xHodkY ydkYvdkufMuw,f[k qdkum ay;owJh/ xdkrdef;rwdkYu ]]t&Sif,lcJhyg? tvkyfudponf igwkdY\ tvkyfudpyifwnf;}} [k qdkum c&D;OD;BudKjyK ,lvkdufMuayw,f/ xdka,musfm; rif;BuD;xHa&mufvQif ]]b,fhES,fvJ tarmif}} [k ar;ojzihf ]]&[ef; a*gwrtm; csufydkYMu[k qdkum rQjzihf c&D;OD;BudKyif ,lvdkufMuaMumif;}} avQmufqdkwJhtcg rm*@Du tm;&yg;&jzihf ]]uJ 'gudkyJMunhfawmh t&Sifrif;BuD; olr wdkYu rif;BuD;wdkY b,fvdkvkyfMurvJ? 'Drdef;rawG tjyiftyrSm awmihfwrI&Sdygonf[k ajymqdkayr,fh r,Hkbl;}} [k ajymqdkvdkuf w,f/ 'Drm*@Duawmh tNrwrf; tuGuqifNy;D omrm0wDwYkd tay: J f acsmufwGef;aewmyJaemf/ Oawerif;BuD;uawmh rm*@D &JU pum;udk Mum;ayr,fh onf;cHNyD; qdwfqdwfom aeowJh/ Oawerif;BuD;vJ olwpfyg;ajymwdi;f r,Hwwfojzihf awmfawmf ajzmihrwfwnfMunfaom k k f ol a wmf a umif ; wpf O D ; vd k Y csD ; usL;oih f w,f a ygY ? ]]ajymygrsm; r,m;pum;atmif}} qdkwm 'Dae&mrSmawmh awmfawmf tHacsmfaew,f/ tJ rdb? aqGrsKd;awGtay:rSm ajymwmrsm;awmh "ruxduudk,fawmf em;rvnfawmhbl;/ 'umBuD;awGyJ qHk;jzwfMuayawmh/ rm*@Duawmh vufravQmhao;bl;/ ]]ud H Ek acg u&dmrd? igb,f v d k vk y f & ygY r vJ } } [k quf v uf tBuH x k w f j yef owJ h / awmfawmfZGJBuD;wJh trsKd;orD;yJaemf/ uJ 'umBuD; OD;pdefwdkY OD;csdefwdkYudk ar;&OD;r,f/ trsufa'gojzpfwJh yk*dKvfrsKd;oHk;pm;wGif tck rm*@D[m b,fvdk yk*dKvftrsKd;tpm; ac:ygrnfvJ/ (OD;cse)ygomPavElyrm yk*Kd vtrsK;d tpm; jzpfyg w,fb&m;/ d f f k rSefw,faemf/ ausmufzsmay:rSm xGif;xka&;om;xm;wJh ta&;tom;vd k Y wpf c gtrsuf x G u f N yD ; ausaysmuf E k d i f c J w mud k ygomPavElyrmyk*dKvfvdkY ac:qdk&w,f r[kwfvm;/ xd k t cg Oawerif ; BuD ; [m omrm0wD ? 0gok v 'w m ? rm*@Drdzk&m;oHk;a,mufwdkY aqmifMuiSef;rSm (7)&ufpD vSnhfvnf um pHjref;awmfrlowJh/ rif;BuD;onf eufzef? obuf omrm0wD \ taqmifawmfodkY ul;rnftjzpfudk odaom rm*@Donf baxG;awmfodkY ]]tqdyfjyif;xefaom a`rGwpfaumifudk zrf;um tqdyfudkawmh aq;jzihf EIwfxm;NyD; a`rGudkom ydkYay;&ef}} rSmMum; vdkufowJh/ a`rGqdyfudk aq;jzihf EIwfxm;cdkif;wmuawmh rif;BuD; udk a`rGwu,fudkufrSmvJ pdk;&ao;wm/ aemufNyD; rdrd udkifwJh tcgrSmvJ udkufrSm aMumuf&ao;wmudk;? awmfawmfPfrsm;wJh rdzk&m;ygyJ/ Oawerif;BuD;onf rdrdoGm;&m t&yfwdkif;odkY [wduE ac: (pmrsuf E S m 30 ok d Y )

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DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

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29

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t&Sifarm*vmef&JUwynhf awmu&[ef;tyg; (500) ygvmw,f/ awmom;awGqdkwJhOpm pum; ajymenf;enf;us,fw,fr[kwfvm;/ tckvnf; 'DvdkygyJ/ awmuvm&if pum;ajym us,fygw,f/ 'geJ Y awm&[ef ; uav;awG vmawmh cyfus,f us,f pum;ajymMuw,f/ (500)avmuf pum;us,fus,fajymw,fqdk awmh wdkufxJrSm nHoGm;w,f/ 'geJY bk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfjrwfu [dktoHawGu bmoHawG wkef;/ odygw,f/ odayr,hfvkdY taMumif; ay:atmif ar;awmfrl w,f/ bmoHawGwkef;/ ig;vk a eMuwJ h ig;onf a wG v d k y J / NyD ; awmh ]]t&Sifom&dykw&m? t&Sif arm*vmefwdkY&JU awmuwynhfuav;rsm; ygvmMuvdkY 'Du NrdKUcH&[ef;awmfrsm;eJY pum;ajymaeMuwm ygbk&m;}} vdqawmh/ ]]xGuom;ygap}} vdqNkd y;D Yk kd f G Yk ES i f a wmf r l w ,f / &S i f o m&d y k w & mES i f h &S i f arm*vmefvnf; &[ef; (500) eJY csufcsif;yJ xGufoGm;awmfrlMuw,f/ aemufawmhrS NrdKUu 'umawGu bk&m;&Sifudk jyefNyD;vdkufavQmuf? bmavQmufeJYrdkY jyefa&mufvmygw,f/ 'Dawmh bke;f Bu;D wdYk jrefrmvlrsKd ;rsm;&JU ausmif;? &yfuGuf? qdwfNidrfyg&JUvm;/ qdwfNidrf rS orm"d&ygw,fwJh/ qdwfNidrfrS orm"d&NyD; Pf B uD ; ygw,f w J h / pmud k y J zwf O D ; awmh qdwNf irf wJh ae&mrSm zwfr?S 'Dpm&JUt"dym,fukd d aumif; aumif; odvG,fygw,fwJh/ tvS L taMumif ; jyK ql n H r I owd j yK&rS m wpf c gbk & m;&S i f u d k , f a wmf j rwf u awmausmif;? awmausmif;qdayr,fh oHCmrsm; k eJY aewJausmif;wku/ tJ'rm oDwif;oH;k awmfrl h d f D S vdYk teD;tyg;&yf&mu 'umawGu reufapmapm G t&ifayhgav/ olOD;igOD;qdkovdk bk&m;&Sifudk cJzG,f? abmZOfrsm; uyfcsif&SmvGef;vdkY vmMu w,f / tapmBuD ; vmMuw,f / 'gayr,f h ausmif;aygufwHcg;uydwfxm;awmh olwdkYu ausmif;aygufuaeNyD;awmh qlnH qlnHESihf pum;ajymaeMuw,f / jrwf p G m bk & m;u ar;awmf rl w ,f ]]bmoH a wG w k e f ; }}/ ]]jrwf p G m bk & m;ud k qG r f ; OD ; uyf c sif v d k Y a yh g av/ cJ z G , f a bmZOf a wG ,l N yD ; awmh vm MuwJ h vl r sm;&J U toH a wG y gbk & m;}} vd k Y qdkawmh ]]igbk&m;u 'Dvdkta>ct&H vmbf vmbawG e J Y raygif ; qH k v d k b l ; / ta>ct&H vmbf vmbawG u vnf ; igbk & m;eJ Y raygif ; qH k y geJ Y v d k Y } } jrwf p G m bk & m; rd e f Y a wmf rlw,f/ 'DawmhtvSLt wef;vmwJhvlawG &JU qlnHoHawmifrS bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfjrwf auseyfawmfrrlygbl;/ bkef;BuD;wdkY tckacwf b,f h E S , f a eMuovJ q d k a wmh toH c sJ U puf B uD ; awG e J Y wpf c gwnf ; yd k N yD ; atmf M u w,f / 'D t wd k i f ; o G m ;&if bk e f ; BuD ; wd k Y & J U oG ;bmoma&; jrefrmvlrsdK;bmoma&; wufvrf;r&Sdygbl;/ bmoma&;wufvrf;r&Somrubl;/ d kH vlawG&UJ todPfawGvnf;yJ wpfjcm;Ediiu k f H wufaewJtwGuf rdrwEiiu rDatmifvuzYkd h d Ykd kd f H kd f awmfawmfcufcJygvdrhfr,f? qdkawmh/ avmua&;&mrsm;pG avmua& ;&mrsm;pGmrSm toHk;cswwf z dkYom vd k ? vrf ; T e f c suf u jynh f p H k N yD ; / jrwfpmbk&m;udk ajymaewmu bk&m;h G omoemaMumihf atmufwef;usw,fvdkY ajym aew,fav/ atmufwef;rusygbl;? acwfrDyg w,f/ aeprf;ygOD;/ bk&m; 'DodyHynmwdkYbmwdkY qdwfNidrfrIwdkY oefY&Sif;rIwdkYqdkwmuawmh t&Sif bk&m; ajymoGm;vdkY acwfeJYrDatmifvkdufzdkY&ef Texm;w,fqwm &Sygw,fxm;ygawmh/ tck f kd d acwfqwhJ Opm[mwki;f jynfukd tkycsKywma&m? kd d f f wdkif;oljynfom;awG wdk;wufBuD;yGm;rI qdkwm a&m qd k a wmh u m bmoma&;u bmjzih f rvkyf&bl;? bmjzihf rudkif&bl; qdkwmawGu &Sdaeawmhw[m? b,fvdkvkyf wdk;wufawmh rSmvJvdkY ajymp&m&Sdw,f/ bkef;BuD;uvnf; bk e f B uD ; tqih f e J Y v nf ; ? 'D E d k i f i H 'D o moem taMumif; pOf;pm;w,f/ EkdifiHom; wpfa,muf tjzpfevnf; 'DEiiH atmufusrmpd;k vdYk pOf;pm; YJ kd f S ygw,f/ tm;vH;k Mum;zl;w,faemf/ 'gayr,hfvdkY rSwfcsuf&zdkYawmh owdxm;rS&ygw,faemf/ Adrdom&rif;BuD;..olu aomwm yef/ qd k y gawmh . . tck a cwf v d k q d k v d k Y & S d & if ausmif;xdkif bkef;awmfBuD;u bk&m;? Adrdom& rif ; BuD ; u aomwmyef ? wd k i f ; jynf t k y f c sKyf &Sifbk&ifvkyfaew,f/ ywf0ef;usifa0omvD jynfu wdkufcsif vdkufwm olwdkYuEdkif&if olwdkYu wdkufcsifvkdufw,f/ Adrdom&rif;&JU

(,cif t ywf r S t quf ) tvH tv;kH pHjk ynhpww&m;awmfuom vkuemr,f f kH hJ kd d f qd k & if bke;f Bu;D &JUausmif;udk BuKH &ifvmMun?hf b,favmuftxd vduemEdiovJqwmudk od k f k f kd vdrr,f/ jrwfpmbk&m;u oef&i;f rIukd ausmif; hf G Y S rSm a[mw,f/ tdrfrSma[mwm/ ausmif;u wpfqihf a[m&ayvdrhfr,f/ tJh'D[mawGudk jrefrmvlrsKd ;rsm;u vdupm;yg&JUvm;/ jrefrmvlrsKd ; k f bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;ua&m oefY&Sif;yg&JU vm;/ tJh'DjrefrmvlrsdK; bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;&JU Oygoum tdrawGu oef&i;f yg&JUvm;/ oef&i;f f Y S Y S rS orm"d & w,f w J h / 0w K 0d o 'ud & d , mtZwA[d'0wK (2) yg;udk oefY&Sif;atmif jyK jcif ; vnf ; aumif ; ? 'grS Pf x uf r ,f w J h / tjynhtpHrvkuvyg/ tjynhtpHvuv&&if f k d f Ykd f k kd f Ykd dS .../ tckacwf tukev;kH acwfrw,f/ tukef f D vHk;udk acwfrDvdkYrdkY bkef;BuD;u jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU omoemawmf uG,foGm;rSmpdk;vdkY/ tukefvHk; acwfrDygw,f/ qd w f N id r f r I o nf bk & m;&S i f t vk d a wmf u s wpfcg qdwfNidrfwmudk jrwfpGmbk&m; u b,favmufawmif vdkvm;awmfrlovJqdk awmh.. wpfcgwkef;u t&Sifom&dykw&m?

DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

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a`rGBuD;}} [k atmf[pfum rif;BuD;udk vnf; Ed k i f i H u d k v nf ; ol w d k Y u aMumuf a ew,f / w,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ Adrdom&u bmeJYtkyfcsKyfae ovJ/ ppfwyfeJY q&mawmf t &S i f Z eumbd 0 H o aumif ; ? omrm0wD E S i h f armif ; rwd k Y u d k vnf;aumif;? qJa&; Bur;f armif;vsuf ]]'Drif;Bu;D d tkyfcsKyfaew,f/ aomwmyef &Sifbk&ifu trduonf igajymwJh pum;udk em;raxmifay/ k f ppf w yf e J Y t k y f c sKyf a ew,f / b,f (pmrsuf E S m 28 rS ) usufoa&r&Sdukefaom rdef;rwdkYonfvnf; avmufyg;wke;f vdqawmh wpfae&mrSm olyex Yk kd k f qif E S p f o uf a om apmif ; ud k ,l N yD ; qd k E k d i f c uf c J u k e f \ / rif ; BuD ; xH r S toif w d k Y awmhav Adrom&rif;u AdvrLS ;awGac:Ny;D awmh d k f b,fae&mrSm b,fe,frSm olykefxaew,f/ oG m ;avh & S d o wJ h / rm*@D uawmh tb,ft&mudk r&bJ &SdMuoenf;/ rif;BuD; wdkif;oljynfom; awG tdrfajc,majc rwnfbJ rif;BuD;tvpfwGif apmif;cGufxJrSm a`rGudk aoaomf oifwdkYrSm bmtusKd;&SdMurnfenf;/ ajy;ae&w,fvMYkd um;w,f/ 'gaMumihAvrLS ;wdu xnh f N yD ; yef ; uH k ; jzih f tayguf u d k yd w f x m; rif ; BuD ; td y f r uf e d r d w f raumif ; yg/ roG m ; f kd f Yk oGm;Ny;D tdrajc,majcwnfatmif apmifa&Smuf vdkufw,f/ rif;BuD;jyefr,fhaeYusawmh ]],aeY oih f y gbl ; [k ajymqd k wm;jrpf v suf ig\ f h ay;vkuMf uyg/ aomwmyefuav? b,favmuf b,frdzk&m;&JU taqmifodkY ul;rnfenf;}} [k pum;udk em;raxmifbJ oGm; ,ck 'Dvdk d trdefYay;yHk ,Ofaus;ovJqdkawmh ]]oGm;yg ar;ojzihf ]]omrm0wD&JU taqmifudk}} [k jzpf&ayonf}} ponfjzihf ajymqdkavowJh/ AdkvfrSL;BuD;awGuav olwdkYcrsm oem;p&m? qdkvQif ]],aeY bk&m;uRefr raumi;faom tBuH y uf p uf a om yk a P ; rav;ygyJ a emf / tdrajc,majcrwnfb;l wJ/ olyeawGu ESypuf td y f r uf u d k jrif r uf y gw,f / omrm0wD & J U ydkifavmufatmif csufaumif;udk udkifvdkuf f h k f d f aevdkY AdkvfrSL;rsm;u tdrfajc,majcwnfatmif taqmif od k Y oG m ;oih f r nf r xif y g}} [k awmhwmyJ/ ajymum wm;jrpfavowJh/ oHk;Budrf wdkifwdkif rif ; BuD ; uvJ a`rG u d k jrif o jzih f apmifha&Smuf ay;vdkufMuyg/}} wm;aomf v J rif ; BuD ; u em;raxmif b J aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYjzpf um ]]rdef;rwdkYonf aomwmyef b k & if & J U w&m;enf ; vrf ; us oG m ;ojzih f rvd k u f cJ h & ef ajymvsuf y if igYtay:udk odkYyif jyK&ufMuayukefw,f/ tk y f c sKyf a &; vG e f p G m ,k w f r mMuayw,f / iguawmh tJ'gyJ ypfp&m&Sdvnf; ypfvdkufrSm rif;BuD;ESihfwuG ZGwfvdkufum vmowJh/ Oawerif;BuD;uawmh omrm0wD rde;f rwdYk ,kwrmonfh tjzpfukd Mum;aomfvJ f ayhg? bmjzpfovJ ypfrSmayhg? 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B.A.,(Hons).,M.A.,Ph.D.) ud,wif OD;pD;Ny;D D udp[m yxrqH;k OyZm,fq&m ta&;Bu;D w,f/ rwfv 23-&ufaeYrpwif apwemynm'geoifMum;ay;rnf[k od&&onf/ S dS 'kwd, ur0gpm zwfay;wJhq&m ta&;BuD; tqdkyg aEG&moDt*Fvdyfpmoifwef;udk rwf 23 &ufaeYrSpwif w,f/ wwd,awmh taygif;tazmfawG ta&; aeYpOfeHeuf (8) em&DrS (9) em&Dtxd? azmfjyyg omoem'DyHausmif; wdkufwGif Bu;D w,f/ 'Dawmh yxrqH;k wpfeygwf ta&;Bu;D H oifMum;ay;&mwGif t*Fvdyfbmom (1) Speaking. (2) Reading. (3) WritwJh OyZm,fq&m[m wpfw&m;cHyJjzpf&r,f/ ing and (4) Listining wdkYudk wwfuRrf;em;vnfatmif oifMum;ay;rnf[k olYudk acgif;jzwf/ ESpfeHygwfta&;BuD;wJh ur0g owif;&&Sdygonf/ zwfay;wJq&mudk ESpeygwftwdi;f bJ vQmxkwf h f H k jypf/ oH;k eHygwfyg0ifwhJ taygif;tazmfoCmawG H udk eHdk;wpfzufcsdK;ypf&r,f/ Oya'vkyfay;Mu

DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

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DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

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DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

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DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

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DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

36

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aus;Zl;&Sif pmqdkawmfBuD;rsm;u udk,fjrif&m IaxmihfrSaeNyD; qef;qef;Mu,fMu,f vGrf;arm zG,ftvSty obm0rsm;udk zwfcsifhpzG,f pmyef ; csD j c,f c J h M uovk d pma&;ol r S m vnf ; vwefcl;\ qGwfysHUzG,ftvSudka&m onf*drSef OD; vwefcl;\ twmusL;wJh oBuFeftcgrSm a&S;,cifrsm;u ,Ofaus;rI tpOftvmudk a&SUINyD; a&zsef;obif qif,ifusif;yupm; Muaom taMumif;jcif;&mrsm;udkyg pma&;ol&JU IaxmifrS wpfaphwpfapmif; MunhNf y;D tEktvS h um&ef,lzGJUqdkcJhMuaom a&S;acwfpmqdkawmf BuD;rsm;\ enf;emedosudk ,lNyD; onf*drSmefaEG twmv&J U vS y yH k I c if ; ud k vG r f ; csif ; tjzpf pmyef;csDjc,fordjyefwmuawmh aMomf *drSmefumv aEGtvSayrdkY &GufusvGihf0J rGrGBuJ . . . vJ a vsmif ; ajrrS m a<uuma0h a 0h usif;awmhw,f/ rdefBudKESpfOD; xl;pGysKdjrpf . . . 0ef;usifopfvdkY &Gufnpfnma<u.. cufEkawGa0 yifajcwvif; a&Ta&mif0if;onf avnif;avayG/ &Syfwdkufae &Gufa<uapmif;oH wD;cwf[efaygY? wmoBuFefOD; rmvm yGihfiHk... vSrsKd;NcHK qef;pHki,fxl; awmufjrL;pdMw vif;awmhw,f/ cgaEGOD; MunfEl;zG,f wmoBuFef aiGzvm;i,fEifh a&upm;MunfMunf S El; jrL;uMujyef . . . / dk;&m[efrl rysufwmrdkY oajycufudkifaqmifum jrefrmr ,Ofaus;/ ydawmuf0gvGif cspfwJholY qHauqifzdkY vlndK,Of NyHK;[efEGJU&,f vSrf;wJhvdkY ay;/ &,fvYdk *dretwm aEGtcsetcg0,f S f d f wmoBuef upm;MuwJh jrefrmrav; r,Ofaus; F wd&UJ ,Ofaus;rI "avhx;kH pHuvnf; ay:vGicsif Yk kd f wJh qEeJY onfaqmif;yg; wifqufvdkuf&yg onf/ ,k 0 wD a &T 0 gpd e f

DHAMMA V IRA ARTICLES

"r0D&onf csrf;ajrhaysmf&TifrItwGuf jzpfaponf/

37

oBuFefumv'kvb&moD
t&S i f o k p d w o m& (rk w f u Ref ; &wem) (oDvuef t|uxm? jA[ZmvokwftzGihf) txufazmfjyyg 'kvbw&m;ig;yg;rS ]yAZw 'kvb-&[ef;tjzpfukd &cJjcif;} [laom d taMumif;t&mudk tajccH toufESpfq,f jynhNf y;D aom a,musm;om;rsm;onf &[ef;abmif f &moufyef raeEdiaomfvnf; tcdutwefrQ k f k f Y &[ef;abmifo0ifa&muf w&m;tm;xkwjf cif; Ykd udk 'kvb&[ef;0wfonf[k owfrwac:qdMk u S f jcif;jzpfayonf/ ouF e f ; 0wf H k r Qjzih f uk o d k v f & Ed k i f o vm;/ omoemhabmifo0if ouFe;f 0wfkH Ykd rQjzihf ukodkvf&rnf[k xifvQifum; trSm;BuD; rSm;ayvdrrnf/ &SiomraPaomfvnf;aumif;? fh f &[ef;aomfvnf;aumif;? &Sifusihf0wf? &[ef; usi0wfukd aumif;pGmapmifxe;f &[ef;w&m; fh h d udk tm;xkwEirom ukov&Edirnfjzpfonf/ f dk f S kd f k f Ak'jrwfpGmonf rdrd\wynhfom0uwdkYtm; omoemawmf\ tESpfom&wdkYudk rysufrpD; xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufEdkifap&efESihf r*f zdkvf edAmef &Ediap&ef wif;Muyfaom 0denf; pnf;urf; kf Oya'awmfukd ynwfawmfrconf/ xdoYkd ynwf l hJ k awmfrlcJhaom 0denf;usihf0wfwdkYrS wpfyg;yg;udk csdK;azmufcJhrdaomf tmywf (tjypf) oihfap[k csrSwfawmfrlcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ k ]pnf;urf;onf vl\wefz;kd } qdouJh odYk vlb0wefz;kd jrihrm;ap&efrm pnf;rsO;f ? pnf; Y f S urf;onf tvGefta&;BuD;vSayonf/ b,f t&mrqdk pnf;urf;r&SdvQif y&rf;ywmjzpfoGm; ayvdrhfrnf/ txl;ojzihf omoemawmfuJhodkY aom oefpifrejf rwfaom ae&mXmersKd ;wGif yd Y G k yif tav;teuf x m;&rnf o mjzpf o nf / omoemhabmif? omoemhavmuonf Oyrm tm;jzihf wifpm;&vQif qGwfqGwfjzLaeaom 0g*Gr;f qdiuoYkd tenf;i,frQaom tnpftaMu; k f hJ av; pGe;f xif;oGm;umrQjzihf nKd ;i,fnpfEr;f oGm; G wwfay&m *kwpduapmifa&SmufEiygrS pifMu,f k f h kd f aom t&mrsdK;jzpfonf/ xdaMumifh omoemabmifoYkd 0ifa&muf Yk &m0,f 0denf;ynwfawmftwdkif; pifMu,fpGm rapmifhxdef;EdkifvQif tmywf (tjypf) oihfrnf jzpfonf/ tcsdKUolrsm;rSm taysmfoabmrsdK;jzihf

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om;a,musf m ;av;rsm;twG u f yl y ef j cif ; rS uif;a0;&ap&ef omoemhabmifodkY oGwfoGif; xm;jcif;jzihf ukodkvfvnf;&? pdwfat;csrf;om jzihf aeEdiMf u&onf[aom &nf&,csutjyif k l G f f vlvwfydkif;ESifh vlBuD;ydkif;wdkYrSm oBuFefumv &uf&SnfHk;ydwfojzihf Hk;0efxrf;rsm; Hk;wm0efrS tem;,lum ausmif; uefb&m;rsm;wGif w&m; k "rusiBfh uym;rsm;&ef 'kvb&[ef;cHjcif;rsKd ;vnf; H G &Sdayonf/ xdkYaMumihf oBuFefumv 'kvb 0wfolaygrsm;&jcif;udk tMumif;jyK wefcl;v udk ]'kvb&moD} [l wifpm;ac:a0:&rnf jzpfayonf/ 'kvb&[ef; cHyrsm; jyKvy&mwGif JG k f wpfOD;? wpfa,mufwnf; aomfvnf;aumif;? rdom;pktvkdufaomfvnf;aumif; jyKvkyfMu onfrsm;&SdouJhodkY toif;tzGJUtvdkuf? Xme tvdkuf pkaygif;jyKvkyfMuonfrsm;vnf; &Sday onf/ 'k v b qd k w m bmvJ 'kvbudk yk'fcGJvQif ('k-vb) [k yk'fcGJ&onf/ 'k- cJ,Of;pGm/ vb- &jcif;/ [l t"dym,f&onf/ xdkYaMumihf 'kvb qdkonfrSm cJ,Of;pGm&jcif;[k rSwf,l&rnf/ jrwfAk'\ a'oemawmfwif vlwtwGuf &cJjcif; ('kvb) G Ykd w&m; ig;yg;&Sdygonf/ (1) Ak'yg 'bm0 'kvb- bk&m;tjzpfukd &cJ jcif;/ (2) rEk w b m0 'k v b - vl Y t jzpf u d k &cJjcif;/ (3) o'gorwd 'kvb- o'gw&m;ESihf jynhfpHk rIudk &cJjcif;/ (4) yA Z d w bm0 'k v b - &[ef ; tjzpf u d k &cJjcif;/ (5) o'ro0e 'kvb- olawmfaumif;w&m; udk emMum;&cJjcif;/

DHAMMA V IRA ARTICLES

38

"r0D&onf tarGaumif;ay;Edkif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/ ydi;f rSmvnf; cif;xdi&avmufatmif Bu;D rm; k k f &rnfjzpfaomfvnf; puLudk aumf&nfowvr;f k f d xm; vufwpf0g;cefom tjzpfoabm jyKvyf Y k xm;ayonf/ xdaMumifvnf; q&mawmfBu;D rsm; Yk h u ]]at;..twkejYJ yKvyrawmh &wJuovvnf; k f S h k kd f twkyjJ zpfrmayhg}} [k rdeawmfrMl uonf/ aemuf S Yf wpfckowdjyK&eftcsufrSm&[ef;yif;tjzpfudk ,l&mwGif tcsKd Uu ouFe;f y&du&mudk olwpfyg; xHrS acwim;&rf; ,lvmwwfMuNy;D &[ef;0wf S Muonf/ vljyefxurS um,uH&ixH jyefay;Mu G f S f aMumif;udvnf;Mum;od&onf/ &[ef;jyKrnhol k f wdYk odxm;&rnfrm ud,yioydwouFe;f r[kwf S k f kd f f bJ &[ef;cHvQif rdrvnf;&[ef;rjzpfEi?f &[ef; d kd cHay;ol OyZm,fq&mrSmvnf; tmywfoihonf f rdYk tjyKtrlrsKd ;udk vH;k 0rjyKvyr&ef txl;yif k f d ta&;BuD;vSayonf/ aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;wGif armif&if avmif;wdonf tvSLumvrwkirD wpfvavmuf Yk df uyif bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif; &Siusi0wfrsm;udk f fh vma&mufoif,lMuavh&Sdaomfvnf; NrdKUjyrsm; wGirl trsm;pkrm BuKd wif oif,jl cif;r&SMd ubJ f S f tcseusrS ausmif;odvm ouFe;f qnf;Muonf d f Yk uom rsm;ayonf/ xdkYaMumihf &Sifusihf0wf? &[ef;usi0wfwukd rwwfMuojzihf aecsiovdk fh Ykd f aerdMu&mrS ae&if;xdi&if; tjypfoihaeMuonf k f f udk rodMuacs/ oifhaomtjypfwdkYudkvnf; ajz azsmufenf;udk rwwfMu? q&mawmfrsm;u oif ,lusurw&efajymaomfvnf; rvduemMujyef? f S f k f od k Y j zih f owf r S w f & uf j ynf h o G m ;aomtcg vlxuom;Muawmhonf/ olw\todpwxrm G f G Ykd d f J S awmh ukodkvfawGtajrmuftjrm;&&SdvdkufNyD[k ,lqoGm;MuyHk&ayonf/ pifppftm;jzihf 'kvb0wf&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm tdrf&mwnfaxmif vlYabmif aeolwdkYtzdkY omoemhabmif jrihfjrwfaom &[ef;tjzpf xm0&raeEdkifMuw'*Ftcdkuf twefrQ 0ifa&muf &[ef;w&m;udk tm;xkwf Y Mujcif;jzpfonf/ xdojYkdyKvy&jcif;rSm 0wfaMumif k k f b0jzih b0jzihf wpfoufv;kH jyKvy&aom aumif;rI k f uf ukodv\ tusKd ;onf &[ef;b0jzihf wpf&uf ok d f rQ tm;xk w f &aomuk o d k v f t usd K ;ud k vd k u f r rD a omaMumih f j zpf a yonf / ewf & G m r*fzdkvfudk &vdkaomolonf &[ef;b0jzihf w&m;tm;xkwf ukodkvf,ljcif;u tjrwfqHk;? taumif;qH;k jzpfayonf/ odaomf &[ef;wdb0 Yk Yk onf ukodkvft&m tusdK;&rIBuD;rm;onf rSef aomf v nf ; t&if ; tES D ; ay;qyf & rI r S m vnf ; rsm;jym;onhftcsufudk owdjyK&rnfjzpfonf/ 'kvb&[ef;tjzpfudk cH,lolwdkYonf rdrdwdkY ouFef;0wfqJumv tjypfuif;pifpGmjzihf wpf&ufqdk qdkoavmuf pifMu,fpGm &[ef; w&m;udk tm;xkwfEdkifygrS 'kvb0wf&usdK;eyf rnfjzpfonf/ xdaMumihf omoemawmfukd trSjD yK Yk ypKye?f oHo&m aumif;usKd ;csr;f omtrsKd ;rsKd ;udk vdvm;Muukeaom trsKd ;aumif;om;? trsKd ;orD; k f aumif;orD;wdonf omoemhtarGukd cH,&m Yk l vnf;aumif;? omoemhabmifoYkd 0ifa&muf&m vnf;aumif; ayghayhgqq jzpfuwwfqef; oabmrxm;MubJ txl ; yif t av;teuf xm; jyKtyf a om trI u d p t 00ud k wd u srS e f u ef p G m jyKvk y f t m;xk w f j cif ; jzih f BuD;jrwfaomtusdK;w&m; wd k Y u d k jynh f 0 pG m t&,l o ih f y gaMumif ; apwem aumif ; jzih f a&;om;wifjyvdkuf&ayownf;/ t&S i f o k p d w o m& (rk w f u Ref ; &wem)

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DHAMMA VIRA ARTICLES

"r0D&onf ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;twGuf jzpfonf/

39

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Dhamma Dew

Buddhist Principles For Human Dignity

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vl Y * k P f o d u m qk d i f & m Ak ' 0 g'"r tajccH u sif h 0 wf r sm;

By Most Venerable Dr.K.Sri Dhammananda, Nayake Maha Thera, JSM,Ph.D,D.Litt.

TRANSLATED Into Myanmar Language By Dhamma Vira Thandar, ITBM University, Yangon.

(Continue from last week) Humans are the only living beings who can cultivate and develop the mind to its maximum level. Such a living being is called manussa (human). the word ''man'' is also derived from the word mana meaning mind. Thus one who has a mind to think is called man.

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