CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 1

weo 2.0
Sean Bechhofer
School of Computer Science,
University of Manchester, UK
CS3352
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 2
Tr|rgs lo lr|r| aooul
How would we use Semantic Web technology to help us build
Web 2.0 applications?
How would change my information delivery mechanisms to
make my data/content more amenable to Web 2.0?
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 3
weo 2.0
What was Web 1.0?
What is Web 2.0?
s it the same as Semantic Web?
f not, is it better than Semantic Web?
s it Web Services?
f not, is it better than Web Services?
How will we do it?
What are the technologies/methodologies?
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 4
flickr
Google Maps
blogging
folksonomy
RSS
Wikis
Wikipedia
BitTorrent
Web Services
Collective ntelligence
tagging
del.icio.us
wral |s weo 2.0?
mashups
AJAX
the long tail
rich user experiences
micro-pages
services not software
participation not publishing
emergence
ebay
skype
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 5
wral |s weo 2.0?
"Web 2.0 is a term used to describe an emerging collections of
technologies, approaches and principles.
Perhaps already somewhat overused and hyped
What is it that allows us to identify and characterise an
application or an approach as Web 2.0?
The answer to this is not cut and dried. Applications and companies
claiming to be Web 2.0 are not, while others that make no claim
are.
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 6
T|r 0'Re|||y or weo 2.0
A recent essay by Tim O'Reilly sets out many of the
characteristics of Web 2.0.
n the article, he describes seven principles of Web 2.0
Much of the following content will be based on these
observations.
What is Web 2.0 Design Patterns and Business Models for
the Next Generation of Software
http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 7
[O'Reilly 05]
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 8
0'Re|||y's Pr|rc|p|es
1. Web as Platform
2. Harnessing Collective ntelligence
3. Data is the Next ntel nside
4. End of the Software Release Cycle
5. Lightweight Programming Models
6. Software Above the Level of a Single Device
7. Rich User Experience
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 9
1. weo as P|allorr
Loosely Coupled Components
Bound together via web protocols and standards
Software as services
Services as building blocks for other services
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 10
2. larress|rg Co||ecl|ve lrle|||gerce
Successful Web 2.0 applications make use of, and exploit the
notions of collective intelligence
Social Bookmarking
Tagging
Wikis
f you liked that, you'll like this"
Collaborative filtering
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 11
Tre NelWor| Ellecl
Goods or services that increase in value depending on the
number of people owning or using that service.
E.g. Telephones
f there are only two people in the world with telephones, the
telephone is not that useful.
f there are 1 billion telephones, then the telephone is useful.
Similarly for sites such as eBay.
More buyers leads to more competition for items and higher prices.
Higher prices attracts sellers, introduces competition and drives
prices down.
Social networking sites (e.g. Linkedn)
The more people using the site, the more useful it becomes.
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 12
NelWor| Ellecls
Getting information or value into applications can be hard
Pay people
Get volunteers
???
Make it as easy as possible to aggregate user data as a side-
effect of them using your application
E.g. flickr
Photos, tags etc. default to public
Network Effects by Default
O'Reilly design principle
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 13
Tre lrle|||gerce Lardscape
rtificiaI InteIIigence
Lots
Not
much
Not
much
Lots
CoIIective InteIIigence
Ontology
Building Semantic
Web
Services
FOAF
RSS
OWL
RDF
Knowledge
Discovery
SWRL
nformation
linking
Social
bookmarking
Flexible &
extensible
Metadata
schemas
Decision making
Web
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 14
Evo|ul|or loWards Read/wr|le weo
eb 2.0: Web pages plus other
content, shared (interactively) over
the web. More like an application
than a page
eb 1.0: HTML pages
served up then viewed
using a browser
Read Write & Contribute
Page Post
Static Dynamic
Web Browser Browser, RSS Reader, App
Client/Server Web Services
Web Coders Everyone
Geeks Mass Amateurisation
Consumer as Producer
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 15
w|||s
Simple, collaborative mechanism for building and maintaining
web pages.
Wikipedia perhaps the best known example
But.
Needs some organisational structure
May also need editorial control
"Just who would want to vandalise
an entry on cheese?
Semantic Wikis
Using SW technologies to help
organise and search through wiki
contents.
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 16
Fo||soror|es
Used in sites like flickr or del.icio.us and in general in social
networking applications
Provide an unrestricted way of building a vocabulary.
Lightweight, quick and easy
Little constraint on users (thus popular)
collaborative but unsophisticated way in which
information is being categorized on the web. nstead of
using a centralized form of classification, users are
encouraged to assign freely chosen keywords (called tags)
to pieces of information or data, a process known as
tagging.
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 17
Fo||soror|es
Folksonomies may provide a nice quick way to produce
lightweight, flat collections of keywords, but are less likely to
help produce detailed ontologies.
Ok if you're browsing (e.g. photo libraries), but what about
directed searching?
Tom Gruber's "ontology of folksonomy
http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontology-of-folksonomy.htm
ntroducing some structure to the tagging process
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 18
R33
Really Simple Syndication
Lightweight standard
Allows publication of content feeds
Linking to resources, with notifications of page changes.
Dynamic linking
Pub/Sub
%he most significant advance in the fundamental
architecture of the web since [.] CG."
O'Reilly
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 19
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss">
<channel>
<title>guitarfish's Photos</title>
<link>http://www.flickr.com/photos/guitarfish/</link>
<description>A feed of guitarfish's Photos</description>
<pubDate>Thu, 27 Apr 2006 10:04:51 -0800</pubDate>
<lastBuildDate>Thu, 27 Apr 2006 10:04:51 -0800</lastBuildDate>
<generator>http://www.flickr.com/</generator>
<image>
<url>http://static.flickr.com/49/buddyicons/66243365@N00.jpg?1145894649</url>
<title>guitarfish's Photos</title>
<link>http://www.flickr.com/photos/guitarfish/</link>
</image>
<item>
<title>Drink Beer!</title>
<link>http://www.flickr.com/photos/guitarfish/135976102/</link>
<description>guitarfish posted a photo:...</description>
<pubDate>Thu, 27 Apr 2006 10:04:51 -0800</pubDate>
<author>nobody@flickr.com (guitarfish)</author>
<guid isPermaLink="false">tag:flickr.com,2004:/photo/135976102</guid>
<media:content url="http://static.flickr.com/50/135976102_b29b452f0a_o.jpg"
type="image/jpeg"
height="576"
width="768"/>
<media:title>Drink Beer!</media:title>
<media:text type="html">...</media:text>
<media:thumbnail url="http://static.flickr.com/50/135976102_b29b452f0a_s.jpg" height="75" width="75"/>
<media:credit role="photographer">guitarfish</media:credit>
<media:category scheme="urn:flickr:tags">beer japan</media:category>
</item>
<item>.</item>
</channel>
</rss>
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 20
R33
RSS feeds describe items
Title, Description, Link, Publication date etc.
RSS aggregation originally through web-browser.
Now a wide variety of applications
Web Browser
Desktop
Mobile Device
Alternatives exists, e.g. Atom, TPEG (Transport Protocol
Experts Group)
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 21
Feeds
Feeds now supply a huge variety of content and data updates:
Stock quotes
Weather data
TV and Radio schedules
Travel information
See, for example the BBC's backstage initiative:
http://backstage.bbc.co.uk/
Content feeds provided for developers to build novel applications
based on BBC content (see Mashups).
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 22
3. 0ala |s lre rexl lrle| lrs|de
Successful nternet applications have been backed by
specialised databases
Google, Amazon, Yahoo!, eBay, Napster
Who owns this data?
Without ownership, it's easy for competitors to enter the market
and offer competing applications simply by licensing the same
data.
E.g. MapQuest quickly overtaken by Yahoo!, Microsoft and now
Google.
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 23
Errarced 0ala
Amazon took original SBN database and enhanced it
nformation from publishers
nformation from users (reviews, comments etc)
Relies on it being easy to add value to the users
Cf. Network Effects
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 24
1. Erd ol lre 3ollWare Re|ease
Cyc|e
Web 2.0 software is delivered as services, not as a product.
Maintenance becomes crucial
Refining services
Google continually updating/crawling
Users as co-developers
Open Source philosophies
Release early, release often
Collective debugging
Close monitoring of features.
Participation
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 25
5. L|grlWe|grl Prograrr|rg
Loosely coupled systems
Web Services (cf. Mark Little's lecture)
Moving away from heavyweight APs: CORBA, RM etc.
mplementation independence
Syndication rather than coordination
Pushing data out
Don't care what then happens
Reuse and Remix
Creating novel applications through assembly
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 26
Vasrups
Applications that take information from multiple sources and
merge it, providing added value
Many mashups make use of the Google Maps AP or Google
Earth
Combining BBC Travel feeds with Google Maps to show real time
traffic problems
http://bbc.blueghost.co.uk
Geographical locations featuring on TV:
http://tvmap.thomasscott.net/
Good news/Bad news classification
http://www.latedecember.com/sites/moodnews/index.html
Overlaying multiple sites onto Google Maps,
http://www.dynamite.co.uk/local/
Flickr Sudoku!
http://flickrsudoku.com/default.aspx
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 27
Vasrups
Key here is content/data provided via services
Not just screen scraping
What about metadata?
Lots of different data
Geographical locations
Descriptions
Tags
Authors
How do know what this stuff is all about?
How do know which things should be combining?
2.75 new mashups every day
http://www.mashupfeed.com/
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 28
Z. R|cr user Exper|erce
JavaScript and DHTML provided rich client side programming in
a lightweight fashion.
AJAX (Asynchronous Javascript + XML)
Term coined by Jesse James Garrett of Adaptive Path
Standards-based presentation using XHTML and CSS;
Dynamic display and interaction using the Document Object Model;
Data interchange and manipulation using XML and XSLT;
Asynchronous data retrieval using XMLHttpRequest;
JavaScript binding everything together.
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 29
AJAX
[Garrett 05]
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 30
AJAX
AJAX engine takes care of interaction with the server and
rendering content for the user.
Asynchronous communication with the server
No waiting for pages to load
Smoother User Experience
Examples
Google Suggest
Providing suggestions as you type.
Google Maps
Pan, Zoom, Expand
flickr
Move away from Flash to AJAX-based implementations
Open and standards based.
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 31
Fr|erd or Foe?
Web 2.0, Semantic Web and
Web Services should not be seen
as competing technologies or
approaches.
Rather they are complementary
Web Services are key to delivering
information and services in a loosely coupled way, and allow
flexible repurposing of content.
Semantics (both rich and lightweight) are needed to describe
our resources in order to facilitate reuse.
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 32
Tr|rgs lo lr|r| aooul (repr|se)
How would we use Semantic Web technology to help us build
Web 2.0 applications?
How would change my information delivery mechanisms to
make my data/content more amenable to Web 2.0?
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 33
Nexl wee|
Revision clinic with Carole on the 12th.
Keep an eye on the newsgroup for any further announcements!
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 34
erel|ls lo Peop|e
Collective intelligence - collaborative
Transparent - instant gratification
Non-hierarchical - democratic
Potential for passion - ownership
Open to public - real recognition
Permanence - searchable resource
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 35
weo 2.0 0es|gr Pallerrs
The Long Tail
Data is the Next ntel nside
Users add Value
Network Effects by Default
Some Rights Reserved
The Perpetual Beta
Cooperate, Don't Control
Software Above the Level of a Single Device
CS3352 nformation Retrieval, Hypermedia and the Web 36
Fealures lor lre weo 2.0 Erlerpr|se
Services, not packaged software, with cost-effective scalability
Control over unique, hard-to-recreate data sources that get
richer as more people use them
Trusting users as co-developers
Harnessing collective intelligence
Leveraging the long tail through customer self-service
Software above the level of a single device
Lightweight user interfaces, development models, AND
business models