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Probele practice VXQW XWLOL]DWH vQ YHGHUHD HYDOXULL FDSDFLWLL HOHYLORU GH a DSOLFD DQXPLWH FXQRWLQH WHRUHWLFH SUHFXP L D JUDGXOXL GH VWSkQLUH D SULFHSHULORULGHSULQGHULORUGHRUGLQSUDFWLF&XWRDWHFDFWLYLWLOHSUDFWLFHRIHU SRVLELOLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GHDL GH]YROWD DWkW FRPSHWHQHOH JHQHUDOH FRPXQLFDUH DQDOL] VLQWH] HYDOXDUH FkW L SH FHOH VSHFLILFH DSOLFDWLYH PDQLSXODUHD datelor, instrumentelor de lucru, interpretarea rezultatelor), evaluarea elevilor SULQ SUREH SUDFWLFH DWkW vQ VLWXDLL GH H[DPLQDUH FXUHQW FkW L vQ VLWXDLL GH H[DPHQHVWHIRDUWHSXLQSXVvQYDORDUH 3HQWUXUHDOL]DUHDFXVXFFHVDXQHLDFWLYLWLSUDFWLFHHVWHQRUPDOFDvQFGHOD vQFHSXWXODQXOXLFRODUHOHYLLVILHDYL]DLDVXSUD,1HDFX$6WRLFD(coord.) 1996, p.76):

WHPDWLFLLOXFUULORUSUDFWLFH modului n care ele vor fi evaluate (baremele de notare); FRQGLLLORU FDUH OH VXQW RIHULWH SHQWUX D UHDOL]D DFHVWH DFWLYLWL DSDUDWHXQHOWHVOLGHVSRUWHWF

$DFXPPHQLRQDPDQWHULRUPHWRGHOHWUDGLLRQDOHGHHYDOXDUHFRQFHSXWHFD UHDOL]kQG XQ HFKLOLEUX vQWUH SUREHOH RUDOH VFULVH L FHOH SUDFWLFH FRQVWLWXLH OD PRPHQWXO DFWXDO HOHPHQWHOH SULQFLSDOH L GRPLQDQWH vQ GHVIXUDUHD DFWXOXL evaluativ. 3RUQLQG GH OD DFHDVW UHDOLWDWH RELHFWLY VWUDWHJLLOH PRGHUQH GH HYDOXDUH FDXW V DFFHQWXH]H DFHD GLPHQVLXQH D DFLXQLL HYDOXDWLYH FDUH V RIHUH HOHYLORU VXILFLHQWH L YDULDWH SRVLELOLWL GH D GHPRQVWUD FHHD FH WLX FD DQVDPEOX GH FXQRWLQH GDU PDL DOHV FHHD FH SRW V IDF SULFHSHUL GHSULQGHUL DELOLWL Acest lucru se poate realiza prin utilizarea metodelor complementare de evaluare.

Principalele metode complementare de evaluare DO FURU SRWHQLDO IRUPDWLY VXVLQHLQGLYLGXDOL]DUHDDFWXOXLHGXFDLRQDOSULQVSULMLQXODFRUGDWHOHYXOXLVXQW REVHUYDUHDVLVWHPDWLFDDFWLYLWLLLDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLHOHYLORU LQYHVWLJDLD proiectul; portofoliul;

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 autoevaluarea.

2EVHUYDUHD VLVWHPDWLF D DFWLYLWLL L D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL HOHYLORU IXUQL]HD]SURIHVRUXOXLLQIRUPDLLUHOHYDQWHDVXSUDSHUIRUPDQHORUHOHYLORUVLGLQ SHUVSHFWLYDFDSDFLWLLORUGHDFLXQHLUHODLRQDUHDFRPSHWHQHORULDELOLWLORU GH FDUH GLVSXQ DFHWLD 3HQWUX D DWLQJH DFHVW VFRS SURIHVRUXO WUHEXLH V XWLOL]H]HXQLQVWUXPHQWDUDGHFYDWRELHFWXOXLREVHUYULLQPRGSUDFWLFSURIHVRUXO DUHODGLVSR]LLHWUHLPRGDOLWLGHvQUHJLVWUDUHDDFHVWRULQIRUPDLLYH]LL1 Gronlund, 1981, pg. 434-450):

ILDGHHYDOXDUH scara de clasificare lista de control/verificare

(VWH LPSRUWDQW GH VXEOLQLDW vQ OHJWXU FX DFHVWH PRGDOLWL GH vQUHJLVWUDUH D LQIRUPDLLORU IDSWXO F SRW IL XWLOL]DWH DWkW SHQWUX HYDOXDUHD SURFHVXOXL FkW L D SURGXVHORU UHDOL]DWH GH HOHYL VXUSULQ]kQG DWkW RELHFWLYri comportamentale ale GRPHQLXOXLFRJQLWLYFkWLDOHGRPHQLLDIHFWLYLSVLKRPRWRU z )LD GH HYDOXDUH HVWH FRPSOHWDW GH FWUH SURIHVRU vQ HD nregistrndu- e date factuale despre evenimentele cele mai importante pe s FDUH SURIHVRUXO OH LGHQWLILF vQ FRPSRUWDPHQWXO VDX PRGXO GH DFLXQH DO HOHYLORUVLIDSWHUHPDUFDELOHSUREOHPHFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHHYLGHQLHUHDXQRU DSWLWXGLQL GHRVHELWH vQWUXQ GRPHQLX VDX DOWXO HWF /D DFHVWHD VH DGDXJ LQWHUSUHWULOH SURIHVRUXOXL DVXSUD FHORU vQWkPSODWH SHUPLkQGXL DFHVWXLD V VXUSULQGPRGHOXOFRPSRUWDPHQWDODOHOHYLORUVL 'HFL SURIHVRUXO vQWUR SULP LQVWDQ este cel care decide ce comportament YD IL REVHUYDW L vQUHJLVWUDW FRQILJXUkQG DULD FRPSRUWDPHQWDO HYHQWXDOHOH OLPLWH DOH REVHUYDLLORU vQUHJLVWUDWH JUDGXO GH H[WLQGHUH vQ XWLOL]DUH DO DFHVWRU REVHUYDLL Un avantajLPSRUWDQWDODFHVWRUILHGHHYDOXDUHHVWHDFHODFQXGHSLQGHGH capacitatea de comunicare a elevului cu profesorul, profesorul fiind cel care vQUHJLVWUHD] L LQWHUSUHWHD] FRPSRUWDPHQWXO WLSLF VDX DOWH SURGXVH L SHUIRUPDQHDOHHOHYXOXL Un dezavantaj GHFDUHWUHEXLHLQXWVHDPHVWHDFHODDOPDUHOXLconsum de timp SH FDUH vO LPSOLF WLPSXO QHFHVDU SURIHVRUXOXL VSUH H[HPSOX SHQWUX D QRWDGHVFULHULOHYHUEDOHDOHFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLHOHYLORUVLODFDUHVHDGDXJ IDSWXO F DFHVWH QRWUL QX DX R FRW ULGLFDW GH obiectivitate, ceea ce are UHSHUFXUVLXQLDVXSUDILGHOLWLLDFHVWRUvQUHJLVWUUL

13

z Scara de clasificare vQVXPHD] un set de caracteristici FRPSRUWDPHQWH FH WUHEXLH VXSXVH HYDOXULL vQVRLW GH XQ DQXPLW WLS GH VFDU GH RELFHL scara Likert 3RWULYLW DFHVWXL WLS GH VFDU HOHYXOXL vL VXQW prezentate XQ QXPU GH HQXQXUL vQ UDSRUW GH FDUH DFHVWD WUHEXLH VL manifeste acordul sau dezacordul, discriminnd ntre cinci trepte: puternic acord; acord; indecis (neutru); dezacord; puternic dezacord. Exemplu: 1. Particip cu SOFHUHODDFWLYLWLOHGHOXFUXvQHFKLS

V puternic dezacord V dezacord V puternic dezacord V dezacord

V neutru V neutru

V acord V acord

V puternic acord V puternic acord

2. mi DVXPLPHGLDWUHVSRQVDELOLWLOHFDUHvPLVXQWVWDELOLWHvQFDGUXOHFKLSHL

8Q HOHPHQW HVHQLDO vQ FRQVWUXLUHD XQHL VFri de clasificare l constituie UHGDFWDUHDXQXLEXQHQXQODFDUHHOHYXOVSRDWUVSXQGH3ULQXUPDUH D )LHFDUH HQXQ WUHEXLH V FXSULQG FXYLQWH IDPLOLDUH VXELHFWXOXL XWLOL]kQG OLPEDMXODFHVWXLDLQXXQXOSXWHUQLFVSHFLDOL]DWVDXWHKQLF'HFLHQXQXULFXR VWUXFWXUVLPSO E )LHFDUH HQXQ V ILH H[SULPDW clar pozitiv sau clar negativ V UHSUH]LQWH SR]LLLFODUSR]LWLYHVDXQHJDWLYH(VWHELQHFDHQXQXULOHVILHH[SHULPHQWDWH nainte de introducerea lor n instrument. F /LVWD ILQDO GH HQXQXUL WUHEXLH V FRQLQ XQ QXPU DSUR[LPDWLY HJDO GH HQXQXULSR]LWLYHLQHJDWLYH. G)LHFDUHHQXQWUHEXLHVSURGXFLQIRUPDLDQHFHVDU. Nu se introduce un HQXQ GRDU SHQWUX F HVWH LQWHUHVDQW GH Y]XW FH UVSXQG VXELHFLL OD HO (QXQXO WUHEXLH V IDF UHIHULUH FODU OD DWLWXGLQHD VDX RSLQLD GHVSUH FDUH GRULPVDIOPLQIRUPDLL z Lista de control/verificare GHL SDUH DVHPQWRDUH FX VFDUD GH FODVLILFDUH FD PDQLHU GH VWUXFWXUDUH XQ VHW GH HQXQXUL FDUDFWHULVWLFL FRPSRUWDPHQWHHWFVHGHRVHEHWHGHDFHDVWDSULQIDSWXOFSULQLQWHUPHGLXO HL GRDU VH FRQVWDW SUH]HQD VDX DEVHQD unei caracteristici, comportament HWFIUDHPLWHRMXGHFDWGHYDORDUHRULFkWGHVLPSO

ExempluGHVIXUDUHDXQHLDFWLYLWLH[SHULPHQWDOHvQODERUDWRU Elevul: - DXUPDWLQVWUXFLXQLOHVSHFLILFHDFWLYLWLL Da Nu

14

- a cerut ajutor atunci cnd a avut nevoie. - DFRRSHUDWFXFHLODOLFROHJLSHQWUXDUHDOL]D produsul final. - a finalizat sarcina de lucru. - DIFXWFXUDWODPDVDGHOXFUX

Da Da Da Da

Nu Nu Nu Nu

Un avantaj al listei de control HVWHDFHOD F VH HODERUHD] UHODWLY XRU, fiind RELHFWLY vQ HYDOXDUHD DELOLWLORU FDUH SRW IL vQ PRG FODU GLYL]DWH vQ SDL specifici. 8Q WLS VSHFLDO GH REVHUYDLH este REVHUYDLD SDUWLFLSDWLY FX LPSOLFDLL VHPQLILFDWLYH DVXSUD UHODLHL SURIHVRUHOHY GLQ FODV $FHVW WLS GH REVHUYDLH SUDFWLFDW GH FWUH SURIHVRUXO HVWH vQ HVHQ VXELHFWLY GDU SRDWH VL VSRUHDVF SURFHQWXO GH RELHFWLYLWDWH GDF DWHQLD YD IL FRQFHQWUDW DVXSUD FRQVWUXFLHLLXWLOL]ULLLQVWUXPHQWHORU n ceea FH SULYHWH FRVWXULOH LPSOLFDWH GH DFHDVW PHWRG HD HVWH LHIWLQ GDU mare consumatoare de timp.

,QYHVWLJDia,FDPHWRGFRPSOHPHQWDUGHHYDOXDUHRIHUSRVLELOLWDWHDHOHYXOXL GH D DSOLFD vQ PRG FUHDWLY FXQRWLQHOH vQVXLWH vQ VLWXDLL QRL L YDULDWH SH parcursul unei ore sau unei succesiuni de ore de curs. Q FDGUXO XQHL LQYHVWLJDLL RELHFWLYHOH HYDOXDWH GH H[HPSOX GHILQLUHD L vQHOHJHUHD SUREOHPHL LGHQWLILFDUHD SURFHGHHORU GH RELQHUH D LQIRUPDLLORU FROHFWDUHD L RUJDQL]DUHD GDWHORU IRUPXODUHD L WHVWDUHD LSRWH]HORU GHVFULHUHD PHWRGHORU GH LQYHVWLJDLH D SUREOHPHL HODERUDUHD XQXL VFXUW UDSRUW GHVSUH UH]XOWDWHOH LQYHVWLJDLHL FDSW VHPQLILFDLL GLIHULWH FRUHODWH FX JUDGXO GH FRPSOH[LWDWH DO VDUFLQLL GH OXFUX L FX QDWXUD GLVFLSOLQHL OD FDUH VH DSOLF 8Q HOHPHQW LPSRUWDQW vQ GHVIXUDUHD XQHL LQYHVWLJDLL GXS SURLHFWDUHD HL vO constituie preexperimentarea, ceea FH DVLJXU XQ SOXV GH YDOLGLWDWH LQVWUXPHQWXOXLGHHYDOXDUHSHFDUHSURIHVRUXOLQWHQLRQHD]VOSURSXQHOHYLORU VL $FWLYLWDWHD GLGDFWLF GHVIXUDW SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO DFHVWHL SUDFWLFL HYDOXDWLYH SRDWHVILHRUJDQL]DWLQGLYLGXDOVDXSHJUXSXULGHOXFUXLDUDSUHFLHUHDPRGXOXL de realizare DLQYHVWLJDLHLHVWHGHRELFHLGHWLSKROLVWLF $SRUWXODFHVWXLWLSGHDFWLYLWDWHDVXSUDGH]YROWULLFDSDFLWLORUGHRUGLQDSOLFDWLY ale elevilor HVWHFRQVLGHUDELOPDLDOHVvQFD]XOUH]ROYULLSUREOHPHORUGH]YROWULL FDSDFLWLGHDUJXPHQWDUHJkQGLULLORJLFHHWF

15

Proiectul UHSUH]LQW R DFWLYLWDWH GH HYDOXDUH PDL DPSO GHFkW LQYHVWLJDia. 3URLHFWXOvQFHSHvQFODVSULQGHILQLUHDLvQHOHJHUHDVDUFLQLLGHOXFUXHYHQWXDO LSULQvQFHSHUHDUH]ROYULLDFHVWHLDVHFRQWLQXDFDVSHSDUFXUVXODFkWRUYD ]LOHVDXVSWPkQLWLPSvQFDUHHOHYXODUHSHUPDQHQWHFRQVXOWULFXSURIHVRUXO LVHvQFKHLHWRWvQFODVSULQSUH]HQWDUHDvQIDDFROHJLORUDXQXLUDSRUWDVXSUD UH]XOWDWHORURELQXWHLGDFHVWHFD]XODSURGXVXOXLUHDOL]DW&DLLQYHVWLJDia, SURLHFWXODUHPDLPXOWHHWDSHLSRDWHILUHDOL]DWLQGLYLGXDOVDXvQJUXS (WDSHOH SURLHFWXOXL SUHVXSXQ GLUHFLRQDUHD HIRUWXULORU HOHYLORU vQ GRX GLUHFLL OD IHOGHLPSRUWDQWHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHPHWRGRORJLFLSUDFWLFFROHFWDUHDGDWHORU L UHDOL]DUHD SURGXVXOXL )LHFDUH GLUHFLH FRQLQH HOHPHQWH FDUH FRQIHU VSHFLILFLWDWHSURLHFWXOXLvQIXQFLHGHGLVFLSOLQDSHFDUHRYL]HD] 3ULQWUHFDSDFLWLOHHOHYLORUSRVLELOGHHYDOXDWSULQLQWHUPHGLXODFHVWHLPHWRGHVH SRWHQXPHUD$6WRLFD60XVWHD,1997, p.115): DGHFYDUHD PHWRGHORU GH OXFUX L D LQVWUXPHQWDUXOXL DOHV OD RELHFWLYHOH propuse prin proiect; IRORVLUHDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDPDWHULDOHORULHFKLSDPHQWHORUGLQGRWDUH RIHULUHDXQHLVROXLLFRUHFWHUH]ROYDUHDGHSUREOHPH UHDOL]DUHDFXDFXUDWHHDSURGXVXOXLGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHWHKQLF SRVLELOLWDWHDJHQHUDOL]ULLSUREOHPHLVROXLHL prezentarea proiectului. Strategia de evaluare a proiectului, care este una de tip holistic, trebuie, la UkQGXOHLVILHFODUGHILQLWSULQFULWHULLQHJRFLDWHVDXQXFXHOHYLLDVWIHOvQFkWV HYLGHQLH]HHIRUWXOH[FOXVLYDOHOHYXOXLvQUHDOL]DUHDSURLHFWXOXL

Utilizarea portofoliului FD PHWRG FRPSOHPHQWDU GH HYDOXDUH vQ SUDFWLFD FRODU FXUHQW VH LPSXQH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PXOW DWHQLHL L LQWHUHVXOXL SURIHVRULORU 3RUWRIROLXO LQFOXGH UH]XOWDWHOH UHOHYDQWH RELQXWH SULQ FHOHODOWH PHWRGH L WHKQLFL GH HYDOXDUH SUREH RUDOH VFULVH SUDFWLFH REVHUYDUHD VLVWHPDWLF D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL HOHYXOXL SURLHFWXO DXWRHYDOXDUHD SUHFXP L VDUFLQLVSHFLILFHILHFUHLGLVFLSOLQH 3RUWRIROLXOUHSUH]LQWFDUWHDGHYL]LWDHOHYXOXLXUPULQGXLSURJUHVXOGHODXQ VHPHVWUXODDOWXOGHODXQDQFRODUODDOWXOLFKLDUGHODXQFLFOXGHvQYPkQW la altul. ,PSRUWDQW UPkQH VFRSXO SHQWUX FDUH este proiectat portofoliul, ceea ce va GHWHUPLQDLVWUXFWXUDVD$OWXULGHVFRSvQGHILQLUHDXQXLSRUWRIROLXVXQWODIHO GHUHOHYDQWHFRQWH[WXOLPRGXOGHSURLHFWDUHDSRUWRIROLXOXL

16

2 IXQFLH LPSRUWDQW SH FDUH R SUHLD SRUWRIROLXO HVWH DFHHD GH LQYHVWLJDUH D PDMRULWLL SURGXVHORU HOHYLORU FDUH GH RELFHL UPkQ QHLQYHVWLJDWH vQ DFWXO HYDOXDWLYUHSUH]HQWkQGvQDFHODLWLPSXQVWLPXOHQWSHQWUXGHVIXUDUHDvQWUHJLL JDPH GH DFWLYLWL GLGDFWLFH QX GRDU SUHJWLUHD VWHUHRWLS SHQWUX WHVWH GH FXQRWLQHQDFHODLWLPSVDUFLQDHYDOXULLFRQWLQXHHVWHSUHOXDWFXVXFFHVL IU WHQVLXQHD SH FDUH DU SXWHDR JHQHUD PHWRGHOH WUDGLLRQDOH GH HYDOXDUH aplicate frecvent. 3ULQ FRPSOH[LWDWHD L ERJLD LQIRUPDLHL SH FDUH R IXUQL]HD] VLQWHWL]kQG DFWLYLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GHD OXQJXO WLPSXOXL XQ VHPHVWUX DQ FRODU VDX FLFOX GH vQYPkQWSRUWRIROLXOSRDWHFRQVWLWXLSDUWHLQWHJUDQWDXQHLHYDOXULVXPDWLYH VDXDXQHLH[DPLQUL

Autoevaluarea SULQ LQIRUPDLLOH SH FDUH OH IXUQL]HD] DUH XQ URO HVHQLDO vQ vQWUHJLUHDLPDJLQLLHOHYXOXLGLQSHUVSHFWLYDMXGHFLLGHYDORDUHSHFDUHRHPLWH profesorul. 3HQWUX FD HYDOXDUHD V ILH UHVLPLW GH FWUH HOHY FD DYkQG HIHFW IRUPDWLY UDSRUWkQGXVHODGLIHULWHFDSDFLWLDOHVDOHvQIXQFLHGHSURJUHVXOUHDOL]DWLGH GLILFXOWLOHSHFDUHOHDUHGHGHSLWHVWHIRDUWHXWLOIRUPDUHDLH[HUVDUHDOD HOHYLDFDSDFLWLLGHDXWRHYDOXDUH(OHYLLDXQHYRLHVVHDXWRFXQRDVF$FHVW IDSWDUHPXOWLSOHLPSOLFDLLvQSODQPRWLYDLRQDOLDWLWXGLQDO &DLSURIHVRUXOFDUHFRQGXFHDFWLYLWDWHDHOHYXODIODWvQVLWXDLDGHvQYDUHDUH QHYRLHGHDQXPLWHSXQFWHGHUHIHULQFDUHVLGHILQHDVFUROXOVDUFLQDQDWXUD L GLUHFLLOH DFWLYLWLL VDOH DMXWkQGXO V FRQWLHQWL]H]H SURJUHVHOH L DFKL]LLLOH IFXWH VL HODERUH]H VWLOXO SURSULX GH OXFUX V VH SRDW VLWXD SHUVRQDO vQ UDSRUWFXH[LJHQHOHGHvQYDUH Un ORF DSDUWH vQ DFHDVW VIHU vO RFXS DXWRHYDOXDUHD FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU GLQ GRPHQLXO DIHFWLY DO GH]YROWULL SHUVRQDOH $FHVW OXFUX VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ LQWHUPHGLXOFKHVWLRQDUHORUVFULORUGHFODVLILFDUHHWF

7RDWH DFHVWH PHWRGH FRPSOHPHQWDUH GH HYDOXDUH DVLJXU R DOWHUQDWLY OD IRUPXOHOHWUDGLLRQDOHDFURUSUH]HQHVWHSUHSRQGHUHQWRIHULQGDOWHRSLXQL PHWRGRORJLFHLLQVWUXPHQWDOHFDUHvPERJHVFSUDFWLFDHYDOXDWLY9DOHQHOHORU IRUPDWLYH OH UHFRPDQG VXVLQXW vQ DFHVW sens. Este cazul, n special, al LQYHVWLJDLHL SURLHFWXOXL L SRUWRIROLXOXL FDUH vQ DIDUD IDSWXOXL F UHSUH]LQW importante instrumente de evaluare, constituie n primul rnd sarcini de lucru a FURUUH]ROYDUHVWLPXOHD]vQYDUHDGHWLSHXULVWLF

17

Dintre YDOHQHOH IRUPDWLYH ale metodelor complementare de evaluare pot fi PHQLRQDWH RSRUWXQLWDWHD FUHDW SURIHVRUXOXL GH D RELQH QRL L LPSRUWDQWH LQIRUPDLL DVXSUD QLYHOXOXL GH SUHJWLUH DO HOHYLORU VL Pe baza DFHVWRU LQIRUPDLL SURIHVRUXO vL IXQGDPHQWHD] MXGHFDWD GH YDORDUH SH FDUH R H[SULP vQWUR DSUHFLHUH FkW PDL RELHFWLY D SHUIRUPDQHORU HOHYLORU L D SURJUHVHORU vQUHJLVWUDWH GH FWUH DFHWLD SRVLELOLWDWHDHOHYXOXLGHDDUWDFHHDFHWLHLPDLDOHVFHHDFH WLHVIDFvQWURYDULHWDWHGHFRQWH[WHLVLWXDLL RIHULUHD XQHL LPDJLQL SHUPDQHQW DFWXDOL]DWH DVXSUD SHUIRUPDQHORU HOHYLORUvQUDSRUWFXDELOLWLOHLFDSDFLWLOHSHFDUHDFHWLDOHGHLQ SUHFXPLDXQHLLPDJLQLFkWPDLFRPSOHWHDVXSUDSURILOXOXLJHQHUDO DOQLYHOXOXLGHDFKL]LLLDOHOHYXOXLDPEHOHvQVSULMLQXOSURIHVRUXOXL DVLJXUDUHD XQXL GHPHUV LQWHUDFWLY DO DFWXOXL GH SUHGDUHvQYDUH adaptat nevoilor de individualizare a sarcinilor de lucru pentru fiecare HOHY YDORULILFkQG L VWLPXOkQG SRWHQLDOXO FUHDWLY L RULJLQDOLWDWHD acestuia; H[HUVDUHD DELOLWLORU SUDFWLFDSOLFDWLYH DOH HOHYLORU DVLJXUkQG R PDL EXQ FODULILFDUH FRQFHSWXDO L LQWHJUDUH vQ VLVWHPXO QRLRQDO D FXQRWLQHORUDVLPLODWHFDUHDVWIHOGHYLQRSHUDLRQDOH

n termeni generali, metoda HVWH FHD FDUH FRQWXUHD] vQWUHJXO GHPHUV GH SURLHFWDUH L UHDOL]DUH D DFLXQLL HYDOXDWLYH GH OD VWDELOLUHD RELHFWLYHORU GH HYDOXDUHLSkQODFRQVWUXLUHDLDSOLFDUHDLQVWUXPHQWXOXLGHHYDOXDUHSULQFDUH LQWHQLRQP V RELQHP LQIRUPDLLOH QHFHVDUH L UHOHYDQWH SHQWUX VFRSXULOH SURSXVH 'LQ DFHDVW SHUVSHFWLY instrumentul de evaluare este parte LQWHJUDQW D PHWRGHL ILLQG FHO FDUH FRQFUHWL]HD] OD QLYHO GH SURGXV RSLXQHD PHWRGRORJLF D SURIHVRUXOXL SHQWUX PVXUDUHD L DSUHFLHUHD FXQRWLQHORU L FRPSHWHQHORUHOHYXOXLvQWURVLWXDLHHGXFDLRQDOELQHGHILQLW

&DOLWLOHLQVWUXPHQWHORUGHHYDOXDUH 8WLOL]DUHD WHVWHORU FD SULQFLSDO LQVWUXPHQW GH HYDOXDUH vQ SUDFWLFD FRODU FXUHQWVDXvQVLWXDLHGHH[DPHQSRDWHLQFOXGHXQSRWHQLDOULVFvQPRPHQWXO vQ FDUH vQ SURLHFWDUHD DFHVWRUD QX VH LQH FRQW GH FDOLWLOH DFHVWXLD FDOLWL LQGLVSHQVDELOH vQ FRQGLLLOH vQ FDUH VH GRUHWH UHDOL]DUHD XQHL FRQVLVWHQH D PVXUULLvQHYDOXDUH7RFPDLGHDFHHDHVWHUHODWLYGLILFLOFDWHVWHOHHODERUDWH
18

GH SURIHVRUL V VDWLVIDF WRDWH DFHVWH FDOLWL WHKQLFH vQ FRQGLLL RSWLPH GH]DYDQWDMFDUHHVWHvQVvQOWXUDWvQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHWHVWHOHVXQWSURGXVH GH R LQVWLWXLH VSHFLDOL]DW vQ DFHVW VHQV ,QGLIHUHQW GH PHWRGD SULQ FDUH VH HYDOXHD] XWLOL]DUHD XQXL LQVWUXPHQW GH HYDOXDUH LQVXILFLHQW GH ELQH FDOLEUDW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO UHVSHFWULL FDOLWLORU VDOH WHKQLFH DGXFH LPSRUWDQWH SUHMXGLFLL GHPHUVXOXL LQLLDW UHODWLYL]kQG FRQVLGHUDELO UH]XOWDWHOH L HIHFWHOH HYDOXULL 'HVFULHUHDVXFFLQWDDFHVWRUFDOLWLHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQFRQWLQXDUHYH]LL, 1HDFX$6WRLFDFRRUGSJ 3ULQFLSDOHOH FDOLWL DOH XQXL LQVWUXPHQW GH HYDOXDUH SH FDUH vO YRP QXPL vQ continuare test sunt: YDOLGLWDWHDILGHOLWDWHDRELHFWLYLWDWHDLDSOLFDELOLWDWHD Validitatea XQXL WHVW HVWH H[SULPDW GH DFXUDWHHD FX FDUH WHVWXO UHVSHFWLY PVRDUFHHDFHLQWHQLRQHD]VPVRDUHQFRQVHFLQDDSUHFLDGDFXQ WHVW PVRDUD FHHD FH LD SURSXV V PVRDUH QX VH SRDWH IDFH GHFkW vQ UHODLH FX VFRSXO WHVWXOXL UHVSHFWLY 3ULPD vQWUHEDUH OD FDUH WUHEXLH V UVSXQG DXWRUXO XQXL WHVW HVWH FH LQWHQLRQH] V PVRU SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO acestui instrument? 3ULPD FRQVWDWDUH SH FDUH R SRDWH IDFH HVWH DFHHD F WUHEXLH V VH UDSRUWH]H OD FHHD FH HVWH FDSDELO V PVRDUH vQ PRPHQWXO UHVSHFWLY PRWLY SHQWUX FDUH GH UHJXO SULQ SURLHFWDUHD XQXL WHVW VH FHUH HOHYLORU V UVSXQG OD DQXPLWH FHULQH L VDUFLQL GH OXFUX FDUH OL VH GDX DFHVWRUD VSUH UH]ROYDUH &RQVHFLQD GLUHFW D DFHVWXL IDSW HVWH F FHHD FH PVXUP VXQW GRDU FRPSRUWDPHQWH (VWH PXOW PDL JUHX GH UHDOL]DW PVXUDUHDDFHORUDVSHFWHFDUHLQGHLQWHUHVHOHHOHYLORUGHDELOLWLOHDFHVWRUD VDXGHODWXUDDIHFWLYDWLWXGLQDODSHUVRQDOLWLLHOHYLORU$FHVWHDVSHFWHQXSRW ILPVXUDWHvQPRGGLUHFW QFDGUXOXQXLWHVWQXWUHEXLHVH[LVWHHOHPHQWHGHLQWHUIHUHQ'HH[HPSOX XQ WHVW FDUH PVRDUD JUDGXO GH H[HUVDUH DO XQXL DOJRULWP GH DQDOL] JUDPDWLFDOQXWUHEXLHVFULVvQWUXQOLPEDMJUHXDFFHVLELOYkUVWHLHOHYLORUVDXV ULGLFH SUREOHPH GH YRFDEXODU VDX VWLO SHQWUX F vQ DFHVW IHO YRU IL PVXUDWH DELOLWL GH VWSkQLUH D HOHPHQWHORU GH OLPE L DELD vQ SODQ VHFXQGDU FHOH SUHVXSXVHGHDQDOL]DJUDPDWLFDO 3HQWUXFDXQWHVWVILHFRQVLGHUDWYDOLGWUHEXLHVDFRSHUHvQWUHJXOFRQLQXW DO SURJUDPHL GH H[DPHQ vQWUXQ PRG DGHFYDW LQkQG FRQW GH OXQJLPHD SRQGHUHD VDX LPSRUWDQD GLIHULWHORU DVSHFWH DOH FRQLQXWXOXL OD FDUH IDFH referire. n continuare vom face referire la cteva tipuri de validitate: YDOLGLWDWHDGHFRQLQXW validitatea de construct
19

YDOLGLWDWHDFRQFXUHQW YDOLGLWDWHDSUHGLFWLY YDOLGLWDWHDGHIDDG

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20

DGPLQLVWUDUHDLVDXFRUHFWDUHDQHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDWHVWXOXL LJQRUDUHDYDULDELOHLGHVHPQDWHSULQFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHJUXSXOXLFUXLDL VHDGPLQLVWUHD]WHVWXO

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21

modul n care testul a fost administrat (timpul suficient alocat, LQVWUXFLXQLOH GH WHVW IXUQL]DWH FRQGLLLOH DVLJXUDWH VSDLX temperatura, lumina, zgomotul etc.). schema de notare 2 VFKHP GH QRWDUH FODU L ELQH VWUXFWXUDW FUHWHILGHOLWDWHDWHVWXOXL

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1.5. Tipuri de itemi 3HQWUX R vQHOHJHUH PDL EXQ D DFHVWHL SUREOHPDWLFL YRP RSHUD FX XUPWRDUHDGHILQLLHGHOXFUXDitemului: Item vQWUHEDUH!IRUPDWXODFHVWHLD!UVSXQVXODWHSWDW! 7HRULDLSUDFWLFDHYDOXULLHYLGHQLD]PDLPXOWHFLWHULLSHED]DFURUDSRWIL FODVLILFDL LWHPLL 8QXO GLQWUH FULWHULLOH FHO PDL GHV XWLOL]DWH este acela al

22

gradului de obiectivitate oferit n corectare Q IXQFLH GH DFHVW FULWHULX LWHPLLSRWILFODVLILFDLvQWUHLPDULFDWHJRULL a) itemi obiectivi b) itemi semiobiectivi c) LWHPLVXELHFWLYLFXUVSXQVGHVFKLV Itemii obiectivi WHVWHD] XQ QXPU PDUH GH HOHPHQWH GH FRQLQXW vQWUXQ interval de timp relativ scurt, asigurnd un grad de obiectivitate ridicat n PVXUDUHDUH]XOWDWHORUFRODUH Itemii semiobiectivi SRW DFRSHUL R JDP YDULDW GH FDSDFLWL LQWHOHFWXDOH FDUHVHGRUHVFDILWHVWDWHRIHULQGvQDFHODLWLPSSRVLELOLWDWHDGH DXWLOL]D L materiale auxiliare utile elevilor n rezolvarea sarcinilor de lucru propuse. ,WHPLL VXELHFWLYL FX UVSXQV GHVFKLV VXQW UHODWLY XRU GH FRQVWUXLW SULQFLSDODSUREOHPFRQVWLWXLQGRPRGXOGHHODERUDUHDVFKHPHLGHQRWDUHa DFHVWRUD FX DWkW PDL PXOW FX FkW DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH LWHPL YL]HD] GHPRQVWUDUHDGHFWUHHOHYLvQUVSXQVDRULJLQDOLWLLLFUHDWLYLWLLORU 7LSXULOH GH LWHPL FDUH VH LQFOXG vQ ILHFDUH GLQWUH FDWHJRULLOH PHQLRQDWH DQWHULRUYRUILGHVFULVHGHWDOLDWvQFDSLWROHOHXUPWRDUHDOHJKLGXOXL

23

CAPITOLUL 2 ITEMI OBIECTIVI

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24

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25

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42

d. ,QWHUYHQLD GLUHFW D DXWRULWLORU SXEOLFH DVXSUD SUHXOXL GH HFKLOLEUX VH UHDOL]HD] prin.. (5VSXQV FRUHFW D SR]LWLY E QHJDWLY F QHJDWLY G IL[DUHD XQRU QLYHOXUL VDX SODIRDQHGHSUH (QXQ  1XPHWHYROXPXOGHWUDQ]DFLLSHSLDFUXLDvLFRUHVSXQGHSUHXOGHHFKLOLEUX .. (5VSXQVFRUHFW: cantitatea de echilibru).

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44

materialele auxiliare (stimulul) sunt relativ greu de proiectat XQHRUL UVSXQVXO OD R VXEvQWUHEDUH GHSLQGH GH UVSXQVXO OD VXEvQWUHEDUHD DQWHULRDU SURLHFWDUHDORUQHFHVLWPDLPXOWWLPS

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45

(DHVWHGHFLRSkUJKLHLPSRUWDQWDDXWRUHJOULLFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL D(QXPHUDLFHOHWUHLIXQFLLSULQFLSDOHDOHPRWLYDLHLSUHFL]kQGWRWRGDWPRGXOvQFDUH VHPDQLIHVWILHFDUHGLQWUHHOH 1 2 3 E(QXQDLQRWHOHGHILQLWRULLDOHPRWLYHORU F&DUHVXQWFHOHWUHLVLWXDLLSRVLELOHJHQHUDWHGHLQWHUDFLXQHDPRWLYHORULFRQVHFLQHOH acestora n planul comportamentului? 1 .. 2 .. 3 d. Care sunt cele doua situatii in care se poate vorbi de optimum motivational si efectele lor asupra performantei in activitate? 1 2 (5VSXQVFRUHFW D  IXQFLD GH VHOHFWDUH DFWLYDUH L GHFODQDUH  VH GHVIRDU SH ED]D DQDOL]HL VHPQDOHORULQIRUPDLHLGHVSUHVWDUHDGHQHFHVLWDWHIXQFLDGHRULHQWDUHGLUHFLRQDUH VHGHVIRDUSHED]DDQDOL]HLLQIRUPDLLORUFXSULYLUHODRELHFWXOGHVDWLVIDFHUHDVWULL GH QHFHVLWDWH L FX SULYLUH OD VFRSXO DFLXQLL  IXQFLD GH VXVLQHUH  SRWHQDUH  VH GHVIRDUSHED]DDQDOL]HLLQIRUPDLLORUSULYLQGFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHVLWXDLHLH[WHUQHvQFDUH XUPHD]VILHVDWLVIFXWVWDUHDGHQHFHVLWDWH EUHDFWXDOL]ULLWUDQVSXQHULvQSODQVXELHFWLYDVWULORUGHQHFHVLWDWHSRWILFRQWLHQWH VDXLQFRQWLHQWHDVLJXUHIHFWXDUHDFRPSRUWDPHQWHORUFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHGHVDWLVIDFHUH PRELOXOFDUHGHFODQHD]VXVLQHHQHUJHWLFLRULHQWHD]DFLXQHDDXGRXVHJPHQWH XQXOHQHUJL]DQWLXQXOGLQDPRJHQ

46

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47

&HHYROXLHHVWHGHSUHVXSXVFYDDYHD DSURILWXOvQVLWXDLDFUHWHULLSURGXFWLYLWLL" ESURGXFWLYLWDWHDvQVLWXDLDUHGXFHULLFKHOWXLHOLORUFXPXQFDYLHSHXQLWDWHDGHSURGXV" FFRVWXOvQVLWXDLDUDLRQDOL]ULLFRQVXPXULORUPDWHULDOH" (5VSXQVFRUHFW: 'HILQLLLOHFHUXWH 2. Reducerea costului.  3UHVXSXQHP F vQ 71 XQ vQWUHSULQ]WRU UHDOL]HD] R SURGXFLH ]LOQLF GH  EXFL SURGXV;3UHXOSHEXFDWHVWHGHXP GHFL FLIUD GH DIDFHUL ]LOQLF HVWH GH  XP'LQDFHDVWDXPUHSUH]LQWFRVWXOWRWDOLDUXPUHSUH]LQWSURILWXO&RVWXO VHFRPSXQHGLQXPFDSLWDOFRQVXPDWGLQFDUHXPFDSLWDOFLUFXODQWLXP DPRUWL]DUHD FDSLWDOXOXL IL[ L  XP VDODULL Q DFHVWH FRQGLLL SURGXFWLYLWDWHD JOREDO PHGLHHVWHGH &70  XPUDWDUHQWDELOLWLLHVWH[ 3HEXFDWVWUXFWXUDFRVWXOXLVHSUH]LQWDVWIHOXP&FEXF XP u.m. Acf / 10 buc = 2 u.m.; 40 u.m. s / 10 buc. = 4 u.m.; profitul: 20 u.m. / 10 buc. = 2 XP3UHVXSXQHPFvQ72DXORFXUPWRDUHOHPRGLILFULSURGXFLDFUHWHFXGHFL 4 EXFFKHOWXLHOLOHFXFDSLWDOXOFLUFXODQWFUHVFSURSRULRQDOFXSURGXFLDVDODULLOH FUHVF FX  GHFL V   XP Q DFHDVW VLWXDLH VWUXFWXUD FRVWXOXL XQLWDU YD IL  u.m. Cc / 15 buc. = 2 u.m.; 20 u.m. Acf / 15 buc. = 1,33 u.m.; 50 u.m. s / 15 buc. = 3,33 u.m.. Deci costul unitar (CTM) va fi 100 CT / 15 Q = 6,66 u.m.; productivitatea medie JOREDO HVWH    LDU UDWD UHQWDELOLWLL HVWH  SURILW  &7 [    Deci, salariile au crescut de la 40 u.m. la 50 u.m., masa profitului de la 20 u.m. la 50,1 XPLDUSUHXOGHYkQ]DUHSRDWHVUPkQFRQVWDQWVDXFKLDUVVHUHGXF DFUHWHEFUHWHFVFDGH Disciplina: Filosofie Clasa a XII-a 8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW2PXOFDSUREOHPILORVRILF Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil: - VLGHQWLILFHLVIRUPXOH]HSUREOHPDILORVRILFDERUGDWvQWUXQWH[W - VLGHQWLILFHFRQFHSWXOFKHLHGLQWUXQWH[WLVHQXQHQRWHOHOXLGHILQLWRULL - VUHIRUPXOH]HDGHFYDWSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHVXVLQXWvQWUXQWH[W (QXQ  6HGXUPWRUXOWH[W 'DUFHVXQWSULQXUPDUH"8QOXFUXFHFXJHW&HHVWHDFHVWD"8QXOFDUHVHvQGRLHWH vQHOHJH DILUP QHDJ YURLHWH QX YURLHWH vQWRWGHDXQD LPDJLQHD] L VLPWH 3ULQ XUPDUHGLQVLPSOXOIDSWFWLXGHH[LVWHQDPHDLREVHUYWRWGHDXQDFDEVROXWQLPLF DOWFHYDQXDSDULQHILULLVDX HVHQHL PHOH vQ DIDU GH IDSWXO F VXQWILLQ FXJHWWRDUH vQFKHL SH GUHSW F HVHQD PHD FRQVW vQ DFHHD GRDU F VXQW ILLQ FXJHWWRDUH ( R. Descartes, Meditationes de prima philosophia).

48

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49

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4.1. REZOLVAREA DE PROBLEME 4.2. ITEMI DE TIP ESEU ,WHPLL VXELHFWLYL VDX FX UVSXQV GHVFKLVDXGUHSW SULQFLSDO FDUDFWHULVWLF IDSWXO F WHVWHD] RULJLQDOLWDWHD HOHYXOXL FUHDWLYLWDWHD L FDSDFLWDWHD VD GH SHUVRQDOL]DUH D FXQRWLQHORU(LVXQWvQPRGVSHFLDOUHFRPDQGDLSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDHYDOXULLODWLLQHOH VRFLRXPDQH GDWH ILLQG SDUWLFXODULWLOH DFHVWRUD SUHFXP L QDWXUD FRPSHWHQHORU JHQHUDOHLVSHFLILFHSHFDUHvLSURSXQVOHIRUPH]HODHOHYL &X WRDWH F DFHWL LWHPL SDU UHODWLY XRU GH FRQVWUXLW H[LJHQHOH IRUPXOULL FRUHFWH D FHULQHLLDEDUHPXOXLGHFRUHFWDUHLQRWDUHVXQWIRDUWHVWULFWHHOHWUHEXLHVSUHYLQ DFHDVXELHFWLYLWDWHDSURIHVRUXOXLFDUHFRQGXFHODHYDOXDUHDQHSURIHVLRQDODUELWUDUL ODSXQHUHDHOHYXOXLvQVLWXDLDGHDILQHGUHSWLW 4.1. Rezolvarea de probleme 5H]ROYDUHD GH SUREOHPH VDX GH VLWXDLL SUREOHPDWLFH  LQGLYLGXDO VDX vQ JUXS FRQVWLWXLH R PRGDOLWDWH SULQ FDUH SURIHVRUXO SRDWH FUHD VLWXDLL GH vQYDUH FH GH]YROW FUHDWLYLWDWHD JkQGLUHD GLYHUJHQW LPDJLQDLD FDSDFLWDWHD GH WUDQVIHU GH JHQHUDOL]DUH VDXLGHFRQFUHWL]DUHDLQIRUPDLLORULSURFHGXULORU &DSDFLWDWHD GH D UH]ROYD SUREOHPH QX HVWH vQQVFXW HD VH GH]YROW SURJUHVLY SULQ vQYDUHH[HUVDUH ILLQG VLWXDW OD QLYHOXO VXSHULRU DO FDSDFLWLORU FRJQLWLYH L presupunnd chiar anumite caracteristici generale de personalitate pe care elevul le GREkQGHWHVDXDUWUHEXLVOHGREkQGHDVFvQSURFHVXOHGXFULLIRUPULLVDOH 'HDFHHDXWLOL]DUHDUH]ROYULLGHSUREOHPHFDPHWRGGHHYDOXDUHWUHEXLHVLQFRQW GHH[SHULHQDGHOXFUXDHOHYLORUFXDFHDVWPHWRGFRPSOH[LWDWHDSUREOHPHORUWUHEXLH V FUHDVF SURJUHVLY SH PVXU FH HOHYLL DFXPXOHD] L LQWHUQDOL]HD] H[SHULHQD VSHFLILF Comportamentele evaluate prin rezolvarea de probleme sunt (Stoica, A. (coord.), 1996): - vQHOHJHUHDSUREOHPHL - FXWDUHDLLGHQWLILFDUHDLQIRUPDLLORUQHFHVDUHUH]ROYULLSUREOHPHL - IRUPXODUHDLWHVWDUHDLSRWH]HORU - VHOHFWDUHDLGHVFULHUHDPHWRGHLPHWRGHORUGHUH]ROYDUH - aplicarea metodei/metodelor n contextul concret - HODERUDUHDXQXLVFXUWUDSRUWDVXSUDUH]XOWDWHORURELQXWH - interpretarea rezultatelor - JHQHUDOL]DUHDLVDXWUDQVIHUXOSURFHGXULORULWHKQLFLORUGHUH]ROYDUH

50

Pentru proiectarea FRUHFW D LWHPLORU WLS UH]ROYDUH GH SUREOHPH HVWH QHFHVDU UHVSHFWDUHDXQRUFHULQHJHQHUDOHLVSHFLILFH a. FHULQHJHQHUDOH - SUREOHPDVDXVLWXDLDSUREOHPWUHEXLHVILHDGHFYDWQLYHOXOXLGHYkUVWL GHSUHJWLUHDHOHYLORU - FRUHODUHD FRQLQXWXOXL SUREOHPHL L PRGDOLWLORU GH UH]ROYDUH FX RUJDQL]DUHD DFWLYLWLLGLGDFWLFHUH]ROYDUHLQGLYLGXDOVDXvQJUXS - SUREOHPD L DFWLYLWDWHD GH UH]ROYDUH V ILH vQ FRQFRUGDQ FX FRQLQXWXULOH GLVFLSOLQHLLFXRELHFWLYHOHFXUULFXODUH - HYDOXDUHDDFWLYLWLLLDUH]XOWDWHORUVILHUHOHYDQWSHQWUXHOHYLVSURGXF LQIRUPDLL XWLOH SHQWUX HYDOXDWRU DFHDVWD SUHVXSXQH DVRFLHUHD LWHPXOXL FX R VFKHPFODUGHQRWDUHFDUHVFRQLQFULWHULLH[SOLFLWHGHGXVHGLQRELHFWLYH - XWLOL]DUHDvQFDGUXODFWLYLWLLDXQRUPDWHULDOHVXSRUWFDUHVVSULMLQHSURFHVXO GHVROXLRQDUHDSUREOHPHL b. FHULQHVSHFLILFH - RELQHUHDUH]XOWDWHORUSULQSURFHGXULYDOLGHLYHULILFDELOH - posibilitatea de a se utiliza metode alternative de rezolvare - SUH]HQWDUHDvQUDSRUWXOILQDODLSRWH]HLGHOXFUXUDLRQDPHQWHORUPRGXOXLGH RSHUDUHLDLQVWUXPHQWHORUFDUHDXIRVWXWLOL]DWH AvantajeleXWLOL]ULLDFHVWXLWLSGHLWHPLSRWILVLQWHWL]DWHDVWIHO - vQFXUDMHD]JkQGLUHDSURGXFWLYFUHDWLYHXULVWLF - DQWUHQHD]DELOLWLOHGHFRPXQLFDUHFRRSHUDUHOXFUXvQHFKLS - DQWUHQHD]LQGHSHQGHQDGHJkQGLUHVSLULWXOFULWLFUHIOH[LY - vQFXUDMHD] GH]YROWDUHD FDSDFLWLL GH DXWRHYDOXDUH DXWRUHIOH[LYLWDWHD FDSDFLWDWHDGHDRSWDLGHDJkQGLvQWHUPHQLGHRSWLP - RIHUSRVLELOLWDWHDDQDOL]HLHURULLLDUROXOXLHLvQFXQRDWHUH - SHUPLWHYDOXDUHDFDSDFLWLLGHUDLRQDUHIOH[LELOLRSHUDQW Dezavantaje: - H[LVW R DQXPLW VXELHFWLYLWDWH vQ HYDOXDUH vQ VSHFLDO vQ FD]XO SUREOHPHORU FDUHVROLFLWUH]ROYDUHDvQWHUPHQLGHRSWLPVDXGH]LUDELO - QHFHVLWXQHRULWLPSvQGHOXQJDWSHQWUXSURLHFWDUHLQRWDUH - QHFHVLWXQHRULWLPSvQGHOXQJDWSHQWUXDGPLQLVWUDUHLUH]ROYDUH - GDFDFWLYLWDWHDDIRVWRUJDQL]DWvQIRUPDOXFUXOXLvQHFKLSVKHPDGHQRWDUH WUHEXLH LQGLYLGXDOL]DW DGHFYDW UROXOXL L VDUFLQLORU FRQFUHWH SH FDUH ILHFDUH membru al echipei le-a avut. &RUHFWDUHDLDSUHFLHUHDUH]XOWDWHORUWUHEXLHVYL]H]HDWkWSURFHVXOGHUH]ROYDUHFkWL UH]XOWDWXOSURSULX]LV3URIHVRUXOYDLQHVHDPDGH - PRGXO vQ FDUH D IRVW DERUGDW SUREOHPD VWUDWHJLD XWLOL]DW vQ VSHFLDO vQ VLWXDLDOXFUXOXLvQHFKLS - XWLOL]DUHDFRUHFWDGHFYDWDPHWRGHLXWLOL]DUHDPDLPXOWRUPHWRGH - PVXUDvQFDUHDIRVWRELQXWUH]XOWDWXOFRUHFWLDIRVWYHULILFDW - interpretarea rezultatului - H[WLQGHUHDJHQHUDOL]DUHDSUREOHPHLSURFHGXULLGHUH]ROYDUHVROXLHL

51

Exemple:
'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUH Clasa a IX-a 8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWTipuri de argumentare Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil: - VXWLOL]H]HFRUHFWILJXULOHLPRGXULOHVLORJLVWLFH - VGLVWLQJvQWUHVLORJLVPHYDOLGHLVLORJLVPHQHYDOLGH - VRSWH]HSHQWUXRDQXPLWPHWRGGHSUREDUHDYDOLGLWLLVLORJLVPXOXL - VDSOLFHPHWRGDLVGHFLGDDVXSUDUH]XOWDWXOXLDSOLFULLHL - VVHVL]H]HHURULvQFRQVWUXLUHDVLORJLVPHORU (QXQ  &RQVWUXLL PRGXULOH FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH VLORJLVPHORU FDUH VXQW YDOLGH VXE ILHFDUH GLQ XUPWRDUHOHFRQGLLL a. b. c. d. 3UHPLVDPDMRUHVWHDILUPDWLY 3UHPLVDPDMRUHVWHSDUWLFXODUQHJDWLY 3UHPLVDPLQRUHVWHSDUWLFXODUQHJDWLY &RQLQHQXPDLGRLWHUPHQLGLVWULEXLLILHFDUHGHGRXRUL

$FWLYLWDWHDVHGHVIRDUvQPRGLQGLYLGXDO Schema de evaluare: - H[SOLFDUHDLPSRVLELOLWLLDQXPLWRUFRPELQDLLvQFRQGLLLOHILHFUHLFHULQH - LGHQWLILFDUHDLFRQVWUXLUHDFRUHFWDILJXULLLPRGXOXLVLORJLVWLFFRUHVSXQ]WRU ILHFUHLFHULQH - DSOLFDUHDFRUHFWDPHWRGHLGHSUREDUHDYDOLGLWLLDOHVH - GHPRQVWUDUHDYDOLGLWLLQHYDOLGLWLL - formularea argumentelor pentru care un anumit mod este nevalid.

Disciplina: Psihologie Clasa a X-a 8QLWDWHD GH FRQ LQXW 3URFHVHOH SVLKLFH L UROXO ORU vQ HYROXLD SHUVRQDOLWLL 0RWLYDLD Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil: - VLQWHUSUHWH]HGDWHIDFWXDOHGLQSHUVSHFWLYDFXQRWLQHORUWHRUHWLFHGREkQGLWH - VGLVWLQJvQWUHGLIHULWHOHIRUPHDOHPRWLYDLHLLPDQLIHVWULOHORU - VIRUPXOH]H GRX VROXLL SRVLELOH OD SUREOHPD DEVHQHL LQWHUHVXOXLPRWLYDLHL SHQWUXvQYDUH (QXQ  $FWLYLWDWHDVHGHVIRDUDvQWUHLHWDSH - vQ SULPD HWDS HOHYLL UVSXQG LQGLYLGXDO vQ VFULV OD XUPWRDUHOH GRX vQWUHEUL

52

&kQGvQYODSVLKRORJLHGHFHvQY" &kQGQXvQYODSVLKRORJLHGHFHQXvQY" vQ D GRXD HWDS SURIHVRUXO IRUPHD] JUXSH GH FkWH  HOHYL ILHFDUH JUXS DYkQGXUPWRDUHOHVDUFLQL a. JUXSDLUVSXQVXULOHODFHOHGRXvQWUHEULFRQIRUPIRUPHLGHPRWLYDLHvQ FDUHVHvQFDGUHD]ILHFDUH b. LGHQWLILFDLIRUPDGHPRWLYDLHGRPLQDQW c. IRUPXODL GRX VROXLL SRVLELOH SHQWUX DVLJXUDUHD VXSRUWXOXL PRWLYDLRQDO DGHFYDWLFUHWHUHDSHUIRUPDQHLvQvQYDUH vQ FHD GHD WUHLD HWDS ILHFDUH JUXS vL YD GHVHPQD XQ UDSRUWRU FDUH YD SUH]HQWD PRGXO vQ FDUH VD UHDOL]DW DFWLYLWDWHD GH UH]ROYDUH D VDUFLQLL L VROXLLOHSURSXVH $FWLYLWDWHD VH LQFKHLH FX R GLVFXLH IURQWDO DVXSUD VROXLLORU SURSXVH L SRVLELOLWLORUGHDSOLFDUHDORU

Schema de evaluareYDLQHFRQWGH - FRUHFWLWXGLQHD JUXSULL UVSXQVXULORU FRQIRUP IRUPHL GH PRWLYDLH vQ FDUH VH vQFDGUHD]ILHFDUH - FRUHFWLWXGLQHDLGHQWLILFULLGRPLQDQWHLPRWLYDLRQDOH - FDUDFWHUXODGHFYDWLIH]DELODOVROXLLORUSURSXVH 3URIHVRUXO YD DSUHFLD FDOLWDWHD FRPXQLFULL L FRQOXFUULL vQ FDGUXO JUXSXOXL SUHFXP L capacitatea raportorului de a reflecta adecvat evenimentele petrecute n timpul UH]ROYULLVDUFLQLLvQJUXS Disciplina: Economie &ODVDD;DLD;,D 8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW3URGXFWRUXOvQWUHSULQ]DWRUXOFRVWXULSURGXFWLYLWDWHSURILW Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil: - VXWLOL]H]HFRUHFWFRQFHSWHLQGLFDWRULLIRUPXOHGHFDOFXO - VHVL]H]H FRUHODLLOH GLQWUH LQWHUSUHWDUHD PDWHPDWLF L LQWHUSUHWDUHD HFRQRPLFDXQXLIHQRPHQ - VLGHQWLILFHFDX]HDOHXQXLIHQRPHQHFRQRPLF - VIRUPXOH]HSUHGLFLLSULYLQGHYROXLDXQXLIHQRPHQvQFRQGLLLGDWH (QXQ  QDQXORILUPGHFRQIHFLLLDUHDOL]DWDFWLYLWDWHDvQXUPWRDUHOHFRQGLLL - cifra de afaceri = 120 mil. u.m. - costurile materiale = 50 mil. u.m., din care 10% costuri fixe - costurile salariale = 50 mil. u.m., din care 5% costuri fixe - YROXPXOIL]LFDOSURGXFLHL WEXQRDUHFDUH; - QXPUGHOXFUWRULDQJDMDLvQVHFLLOHGLUHFWSURGXFWLYH  QDQXOQXPUXOOXFUWRULORUGLQVHFLLOHGHIDEULFDLHVHUHGXFHFXSURGXFLD IL]LF FUHWH FX  DQWUHQkQG FUHWHUHD FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH D FKHOWXLHOLORU PDWHULDOH

53

GLUHFWH QWUXFkW UDWD LQIODLHL vQ LQWHUYDOXO UHVSHFWLY D IRVW QHJOLMDELO ILUPD QX PRGLILF QLFLSUHXOXQLWDUQLFLVDODULXOLQGLYLGXDO &HULQH a. &DOFXODL UDWDUHQWDELOLWLLUHDOL]DWvQL QLYHOXOSURGXFWLYLWLLPXQFLLvQL b. &RPSDUDL GLQDPLFD UDWHL UHQWDELOLWLL FX GLQDPLFD SURGXFWLYLWLL PXQFLL L IRUPXODL FRQFOX]LLOHODFDUHFRQGXFHFRPSDUDLD c. 'HWHUPLQDLHYROXLDSRQGHULLFRVWXULORUPDWHULDOHFRVWXULORUVDODULDOHFRVWXULORUIL[HL costurilor variabile n totalul costului. d. ,GHQWLILFDL HOHPHQWXO FX SRQGHUHD FHD PDL PDUH L IRUPXODL GRX VROXLL SRVLELOH pentru reducerea lui. e. &H HYROXLH HVWH GH SUHVXSXV F YRU DYHD FRVWXULOH PDWHULDOH vQ VLWXDLD FUHWHULL GLILFXOWLORUGHDFFHVODUHVXUVH" $FWLYLWDWHDVHSRDWHGHVIXUDLQGLYLGXDOVDXvQJUXS Schema de evaluare: - FDOFXODUHDFRUHFWDUDWHLUHQWDELOLWLLvQILHFDUHGLQFHLGRLDQL - FDOFXODUHDFRUHFWDQLYHOXOXLSURGXFWLYLWLLvQILHFDUHGLQFHLGRLDQL - FRPSDUDUHDGLQDPLFLLFHORUGRLLQGLFDWRULFRQGXFHODFRQFOX]LDOHJWXULLGLUHFWH GLQWUHUHQWDELOLWDWHLSURGXFWLYLWDWH - GHWHUPLQDUHDFRUHFWDSRQGHULLILHFUXLHOHPHQWDOFRVWXOXLLDHYROXLHLOXL - LGHQWLILFDUHD HOHPHQWXOXL FX FHD PD PDUH SRQGHUH VROXLLOH SURSXVH WUHEXLH V VH UHIHUH OD VFKLPEUL GH QDWXUD FDOLWDWLY vQ RUJDQL]DUHD L GHVIXUDUHD DFWLYLWLLQXYRUILDFFHSWDWHVROXLLFDUHGHPRQVWUHD]FHOHYXOQXJkQGHWH HFRQRPLFFLDSOLFDOJRULWPLPDWHPDWLFLFKLDUGDFDFHVWHDVXQWFRUHFWH - UVSXQVXO FRUHFWWUHEXLH V HYLGHQLH]H OHJWXUD GLQWUH GLIHULWHOH FDWHJRULL GH UHVXUVHLHOHPHQWHOHLQFOXVHvQFRVWXULOHPDWHULDOH 4.2. ITEMI DE TIP ESEU Q FDGUXO GLVFLSOLQHORU VRFLRXPDQH HYDOXDUHD FDSDFLWLORU FRJQLWLYH VXSHULRDUH FX FRPSOH[LWDWH ULGLFDW VH UHDOL]HD] vQ PRG SUHSRQGHUHQW FX DMXWRUXO itemilor de tip non-obiectiv; eseurileFRPSXQHULOHGHPRQVWUDLLOHFXWH]GHVFULHULOHUHSUH]LQW XQ LQVWUXPHQW DGHFYDW L IUHFYHQW XWLOL]DW GHRDUHFH UVSXQGH vQWUR PDUH PVXU SDUWLFXODULWLORUGLVFLSOLQHORUVRFLRXPDQHLFRPSHWHQHORUJHQHUDOHLVSHFLILFHSHFDUH DFHVWHDvLSURSXQVOHIRUPH]HODHOHYL Itemul de tip eseu SXQHHOHYXOvQVLWXDLDGHDFRQVWUXLXQUVSXQVOLEHUvQFRQIRUPLWDWH FX XQ VHW GDW GH FHULQH FX FkW FHULQHOH VXQW PDL SUHFLV IRUPXODWH L PDL H[SOLFLW LOXVWUDWH vQ VFKHPD GH QRWDUH FX DWkW FUHWH ILGHOLWDWHD HYDOXULL L QRWULL JUDGXO GH RELHFWLYLWDWHvQUDSRUWFXPDLPXOLHYDOXDWRULLVDXFXPDLPXOWHHYDOXULVXFFHVLYH

54

3ULQWUHRELHFWLYHOHGHHYDOXDUHFURUDOLVHSRDWHDVRFLDFDLQVWUXPHQWDGHFYDWHVHXOVH QXPU - DELOLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GH D DFWXDOL]D RUJDQL]DUHRUJDQL]D L VWUXFWXUD vQ PRG RULJLQDOLQIRUPDLLLGHL - DELOLWDWHDGHDXWLOL]DvQPRGDGHFYDWOLPEDMXOLGHDSUREDXQVWLOSHUVRQDO - DELOLWDWHD GH D LQWHUSUHWD LQIRUPDLL L GH D H[SULPD XQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH personal. (VHXO SHUPLWH GHFL HYDOXDUHD DERUGULL JOREDOH D XQHL VDUFLQL GH OXFUX vQ FDUH FXQRWLQHOH JUDGXO GH vQHOHJHUH L FDSDFLWDWHD GH DSOLFDUH D FXQRWLQHORU LQFOXVLY PVXUDLPRGXOvQFDUHvQYDUHDFXQRDWHUHDDXIRVWSHUVRQDOL]DWHFRQWULEXLQGDVWIHO OD IRUPDUHD UHDO D SHUVRQDOLWLL HOHYXOXL VH vQWUHSWUXQG L VH PDQLIHVW vQ PRG integrat. 7LSXULOHGHHVHXULVHGHOLPLWHD]GXSGRXFULWHULL 1. GXSGLPHQVLXQLOHUVSXQVXOXLDWHSWDW a. HVHX FX UVSXQV UHVWUkQV PLQLHVHXO  vQ FDUH SULQWUH FHULQHOH HQXQXOXL HVWH SUHFL]DW L GLPHQVLXQHD PD[LP DGPLV D UVSXQVXOXL DWHSWDW QXPU PD[LPGHFXYLQWHQXPUPD[LPGHSDUDJUDIHQXPUPD[LPGHUkQGXUL b. HVHX FX UVSXQV H[WLQV  OD FDUH VLQJXUD OLPLW FH RSHUHD] HVWH DFHHD D timpului de lucru maxim admis. 2. GXSWLSXOUVSXQVXOXLDWHSWDW a. eseu structurat sau semistructurat vQFDUHSULQ FHULQH H[SOLFLWH LQGLFLL VDX VXJHVWLLUVSXQVXOHOHYXOXLHVWHRUJDQL]DWVWUXFWXUDWRULHQWDWRUGRQDW b. eseu liber  vQ FDUH RULJLQDOLWDWHD L FUHDWLYLWDWHD HOHYXOXL VH SRW PDQLIHVWD maximal. ProiectareaLWHPLORUGHWLSHVHXSUHVXSXQHDSOLFDUHDXQHLVWUDWHJLL D FUHL UHVSHFWDUH PDMRUHD]HILFLHQDHYDOXULLLFDUDFWHUXOHLIRUPDWLYDVWIHO - se recurge la evaluarea prin acest tip de item numai atunci cnd obiectivul de evaluare avut n vedere nu este compatibil cu nici un alt tip de item; - RELHFWLYXO GH HYDOXDUH SURSXV WUHEXLH V IDF SDUWH GLQ FDWHJRULD FHORU GH PD[LP FRPSOH[LWDWH  V YL]H]H FDSDFLWL GH WUDQVIHU L GH H[SULPDUH vQ termeni personali; - VDUFLQDGHOXFUXWUHEXLHIRUPXODWvQPRGFODUULJXURVLVXFFLQWvQWHUPHQLGH SHUIRUPDQDWHSWDW - HQXQXO LWHPXOXL WUHEXLH vQVRLW GH FRQILJXUDUHD UVSXQVXOXL DWHSWDW elementele sau conceptele-cheie, caracteristici particulare dorite ale UVSXQVXOXL DOWHUQDWLYH SRVLELOHDGPLVH DFHDVW FRQILJXUDUH DQXQ rezolvarea, respectiv schema de notare cu care se va opera); - VFKHPDGHQRWDUHVHSRDWHFRQVWUXLILHDFRUGkQGXQQXPUGHSXQFWHILHFUHL FHULQH ILH JOREDO KROLVWLF ILH DVRFLLQG XQ QXPU GH SXQFWH ILHFUXL QLYHO GH UVSXQV Q RULFDUH GLQ YDULDQWHOH VDOH LWHPXO GH WLS HVHX SUH]LQW avantajul de a se adecva HYDOXULLODGLVFLSOLQHOHVRFLRXPDQHvQWUXFkWSHUPLWH

55

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Q DFHODL WLPS vQV QX WUHEXLH RPLVH dezavantajele L ULVFXULOH SH FDUH OH SUH]LQW evaluarea prin eseu: - GLILFXOWDWHD FRQVWUXLULL XQHL VFKHPH GH QRWDUH FDUH V DVLJXUH ILGHOLWDWHDRELHFWLYLWDWHD HYDOXULL  vQ DEVHQD FUHLD HYDOXDUHD UPkQH LUHOHYDQWGDUFDUH V QX FRQVWUkQJ HOHYXO VQX vO SXQ vQ VLWXDLDGHD RELQH SXQFWDMXO PD[LP QXPDL DWXQFL FkQG UVSXQVXO OXL VH SOLD] SH FHO SUHIDEULFDWGHHYDOXDWRUFHHDFHDQXOHD]vQVLLGHHDGHHVHX - GHL VH HODERUHD] UHODWLY XRU HYDOXDUHD L QRWDUHD FHU PXOW WLPS PXOW DWHQLH H[SHULHQ RELHFWLYLWDWH L SURIHVLRQDOLVP vQ DFWLYLWDWHD GLGDFWLF FXUHQW FRPXQLFDUHD QRWHL RELQXWH GH HOHY WUHEXLH vQVRLW GH R VFXUW IL GH REVHUYDLL DVXSUD HVHXOXL vQ DD IHO vQFkW HOHYXO V vL FRUHFWH]H HYHQWXDOHOHLQDELOLWLVDXVUHIDFSULOHPDLSXLQUHDOL]DWHDOHHVHXOXL - VFKHPDGHQRWDUHWUHEXLHvQPRGREOLJDWRULXPRGHUDWSULQSUHWHVWUL

Exemple:
Disciplina: Psihologie Clasa a X-a 8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW&RPSRUWDPHQWHSURLDQWLVRFLDOH Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil: - VGHVFULHvQWHUPHQLSVLKRORJLFLXQFRPSRUWDPHQWVRFLDO - V HYDOXH]H XQ FRPSRUWDPHQW VRFLDO SULQ UDSRUWDUH OD PRGHOH VRFLDOH dezirabile - VLQYHVWLJKH]HFDX]HSVLKLFHSRVLELOHDOHXQXLFRPSRUWDPHQWVRFLDO - V UHODLRQH]H DERUGDUHD SVLKRORJLF FX DOWH WLSXUL GH DERUGDUH D comportamentului social. 2EVHUYDLHHOHYLLYRUSULPLFDVDUFLQGHOXFUXHODERUDUHDHVHXOXLGXSFHDQWHULRUDX YL]LRQDWvPSUHXQXQHSLVRGGLQVHULDOXO$ODSWHOHDFHU (QXQ  $OHJHL XQXO GLQWUH SHUVRQDMHOH ILOPXOXL $O DSWHOHD FHU (ODERUDL XQ PLQLHVHX vQ FDUH V UHOHYDL UROXO FRPXQLFULL LQWHUXPDQH vQ UHJODUHD FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL VRFLDO DO personajului. Schema de notareYDXUPUL - XWLOL]DUHDFRUHFWDOLPEDMXOXLVSHFLILF - caracterizarea profilului de personalitate al personajului - HYLGHQLHUHDLLQWHUSUHWDUHDSVLKRORJLFDVLWXDLLORUFRQVLGHUDWHUHOHYDQWH

56

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CAPITOLUL 5 METODE COMPLEMENTARE DE EVALUARE

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Disciplina: Psihologie Clasa a X-a (YDOXDUHFXUHQWWHVWFULWHULDO Timp de lucru - 50 minute 8QLWDWHD GH FRQ LQXW 3URFHVHOH SVLKLFH L UROXO ORU vQ HYROXLD SHUVRQDOLWLL Gndirea Obiective de evaluare: Elevul va fi capabil: - VGHILQHDVFQRLXQHDSVLKRORJLFGHSUREOHP - V GHVFULH VXFFLQW FRQLQXWXO ILHFUXLD GLQ VWDGLLOH JHQHWLFH DOH LQWHOHFWXOXL uman stabilite de J. Piaget - VH[HPSOLILFHPRGDOLWLOHGHRSHUDUHDJkQGLULL - VDUJXPHQWH]HORFXOFHQWUDODOJkQGLULLvQFDGUXOVLVWHPXOXLSVLKLFXPDQ  )RORVLQG WHUPHQXO GH GLVRQDQ FRJQLWLY VDX FHO GH REVWDFRO FRJQLWLY IRUPXODLGHILQLLDSVLKRORJLFDSUREOHPHL 2. &HUFHWULOH GH SVLKRORJLH JHQHWLF HIHFWXDWH GH - 3LDJHW DX GXV OD LGHQWLILFDUHD D SDWUX VWDGLL SULQFLSDOH DOH GH]YROWULL LQWHOHFWXOXL XPDQ 'HVFULHL VXFFLQW FRQLQXWXO ILHFUXLD 1.. 2.. . . . 3.. . . . 4.. . .

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Disciplina: Economie Clasa a X-a sau a XI-a (YDOXDUHFXUHQWWHVWFULWHULDO Timp de lucru 25 minute 8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWProfitul Obiective de evaluare: Elevul va fi capabil: - VGHILQHDVFSURILWXO - VGHVFULHIXQFLLOHSURILWXOXL

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- ponderea costurilor materiale n totalul costului: 80% - cheltuielile salariale: 20 miliarde lei - capitalul total folosit: 300 miliarde lei - impozitul pe profitul brut: 25% (OGRUHWHVGHWHUPLQHJUDGXOGHUHQWDELOLWDWHSURILWDELOLWDWHDILUPHLVDOH a. 6WDELOLLIRUPXOHOHSHFDUHOHSRDWHXWLOL]D b. 'HWHUPLQDLUH]XOWDWHOHODFDUHVHDMXQJHSULQDSOLFDUHDORU a. b. Disciplina: Filosofie Clasa a XII-a (YDOXDUHFXUHQWWHVWFULWHULDO Timp de lucru: 45 minute 8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWLibertatea Obiective de evaluare: (OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDQDOL]H]HXQWH[WILORVRILFSULQ - LGHQWLILFDUHDSUREOHPHLILORVRILFHSXVHvQGLVFXLH - determinarea structurii argumentative a textului - SUH]HQWDUHDXQRUSXQFWHGHYHGHUHVLPLODUHVXVLQXWHvQLVWRULDILORVRILHL - formularea unui punct de vedere personal 6HGXUPWRUXOWH[W 8QSRSRUHVWHOLEHURULFHIRUPDUDYHDJXYHUQPkQWXO VX DWXQFL FkQG vQ FHO FDUH JXYHUQHD] QX YHGH GHORF RPXO FL RUJDQXO OHJLL QWUXQ FXYkQW VRDUWD OLEHUWLL HVWH OHJDW vQWRWGHDXQD GH VRDUWD OHJLORU HD GRPQHWH VDX SLHUH RGDW FX HOH ( J.J. Rousseau, Scrisori scrise de pe munte, III). &RPHQWDLWH[WXOSHED]DXUPWRDUHLVWUXFWXULGHLGHL - LGHQWLILFDUHDSUREOHPHLILORVRILFHSXVHvQGLVFXLH - desprinderea ideii principale a textului - GHWHUPLQDUHDDUJXPHQWHORUFXFDUHHVWHVXVLQXWLGHHDSULQFLSDO - SUH]HQWDUHD VXFFLQW D FRQFHSLHL DXWRUXOXL FX SULYLUH OD SUREOHPD SXV vQ GLVFXLH - SUH]HQWDUHDXQXLSXQFWGHYHGHUHVLPLODUVXVLQXWGHFWUHXQDOWILORVRI - IRUPXODUHD XQXL SXQFW GH YHGHUH SHUVRQDO vQ OHJWXU FX SUREOHPD SXV vQ GLVFXLHLFDUHVVXVLQDFWXDOLWDWHDHL

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0DQXDOHLFXOHJHULGHWHVWH $LOHQHL'%ODQ(OHQD(FRQRPLHPDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD;D (GLWXUD6LJPD%XFXUHWL %LHOW]3'XPLWUX0/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUHPDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD,;D (GLWXUD$OO(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHWL %LHOW]3*KHRUJKLX'/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUHPDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD,;D (GLWXUD7HRUD%XFXUHWL 'DILQRLX,0DUFX05XGLF73VLKRORJLHPDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD;D ,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DL 'LPD7/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUHPDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD,;D ,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DL  *DYULO , *KL  37 1L HVFX ' 2 HW )ORULQD 3RSHVFX &  (FRQRPLH manual pentru clasa a X-a (GLWXUD(FRQRPLF%XFXUHWL 7. Iliescu, A. P.; Miroiu, Mihaela; Miroiu, A. Filosofie, manual pentru clasa a XII-a (GLWXUD'LGDFWLFL3HGDJRJLF5$%XFXUHWL 8. Neculau, A. (coord), Psihologie, manual pentru clasa a X-a (GLWXUD3ROLURP,DL  2 HW )ORULQD 6SLQHDQX'REURW 6  %$&$/$85($7 6XELHFWH SURSXVH Economie (GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHWL  2 HW )ORULQD 6SLQHDQX'REURW 6 %LHOW] 3  %$&$/$85($7 6XELHFWH SURSXVH/RJLF6RFLRORJLH (GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHWL  6SLQHDQX'REURW 6 6WQFLXJHOX ,ULQD 6WRLFD (  %$&$/$85($7 6XELHFWHSURSXVH)LORVRILH(VWHWLF (GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHWL

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