Reforming Evaluation and Examination in Romania: Realizations, Problems and Strategies

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Examenul de Capacitate
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Acest examen de Capacitate a fost construit de SNEE cu ajutorul grupurilor sale de lucru, cu sprijinul
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Examenul de Bacalaureat
*UXSXULOH GH OXFUX SH GLVFLSOLQH OXFUHD] GHMD GH FkWYD WLPS OD UHIRUPD H[DPHQXOXL GH %DFDODXUHDW $X
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necesare;
@
VWDELOLUHD XQHL EXQH FRPXQLF UL FX GLIHULWH FDWHJRULL GH SXEOLF GH H[HPSOX UHOD LL SXEOLFH LPSOLFDWH
@ FRQVWUXLUHD H[SHULHQ HL vQ DSOLFDUHD PHWRGHORU psihometrice.
6
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pentru grupurile sale de lucru. De exemplu, la nivelul Bacalaureatului:
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@ la fiecare sesiune, sunt necesare variante multiple pentru fiecare subiect pentru a acoperi diferitele
„profiluri FXUULFXODUH³ DOH úFROLORU GLQ FDUH SURYLQ FDQGLGD LL úL
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@ înregistrarea LWHPLORU VDWLVIFWRUL GLQ H[DPLQULOH Äreale“ în ÄEQFL GH itemi“ úL refolosirea acestora în
cursul anilor viitori. (vezi mai jos)
@
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În cazul în care probele de examen vor fi construite pe baza LWHPLORU GLQ EDQF DWXQFL LGHDO DU IL FD WR L
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QRWHOH GH WUHFHUH SUHGHWHUPLQDWH 2ULFXP H[LVW GRX REVWDFROH PDMRUH vQ SURFHVXO GH pre-testare din
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GDF EQFLOH GH LWHPL VXQW DWkW GH YDVWH vQFkW QXPUXO GH LWHPL SUHWHVWD L FH DSDU vQ H[DPHQXO UHDO HVWH
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SUHWHVWDUH $LFL DSDUH R GLOHP &X FkW VXQW PDL PDUL PL]HOH FX DWkW FUHúWH QHYRLD GH pre-testare. Dar,
cu cât sunt mai ridicate mizele, cu atât scade posibilitatea de a asumare a riscurilor privind securitatea
examenului.
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continuare.
Prezentarea probelor de examen
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pe surse „autentice". $FHVWH OLPLWH VXQW ELQH vQ HOHVH vQ 5RPkQLD

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de examen, sunt aspecte care nu pot fi trecute cu vederea. Acestea se constituie într-un aspect al
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aplicate în mod eficient;
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notare;
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pragului de admitere.
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examenul de Capacitate va fi corectat în „centrele de H[DPHQ³ SH MXGH $FHDVWD HVWH R
LUH VHPQLILFDWLY
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Notarea
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Altele includ mai multe categorii de clasificare, de exemplu respins / admis / bine / excelent sau
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notele din rezultatele elevilor?“.
Trei strategii sunt folosite în mod curent:
@ notarea FULWHULDO engl. criterion-referencing);
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8
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GH H[ VFRUXULOH] vO YRU SODVD SH DFHVWD vQ LQWHULRUXO SRSXOD LHL UHVSHFWLYH
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SHUIRUPDQ HORU DFHVWRUD OD GHVFULSWRUL GH FRPSRUWDPHQW (i.e.,.
GHVFULSWRUL GH EDQG SUHGHWHUPLQD L 'LQ
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fiind criterii distincte. Ca rezultat, cele mai multe sisteme relative la criterii folosesc date normative pentru
verificarea standardelor.

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DLE ORF
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GLQWUH HOHYL V RE LQ PDL PXOW GH GLQ SXQFWDMXO WRWDO DORFDW $FHVW SURFHV QX SRDWH IL vQWUHSULQV
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úL SUHIHUDELO ELQH FDOLEUD L
&HD PDL XúRDU

5
VROX LH vQ VSHFLDO SHQWUX H[DPHQHOH GH VHOHF LH HVWH IRORVLUHD XQXL VLVWHP LQWHJUDO
normativ .
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2 LQVWLWX LH GH HYDOXDUH úL H[DPLQDUH SURIHVLRQLVW WUHEXLH vQ PRG REOLJDWRULX V HYDOXH]H performarea

ILHF UXL H[DPHQ SH FDUH vO DGPLQLVWUHD] $FHDVWD LD GH RELFHL IRUPD XQHL DQDOL]H FDQWLWDWLYH GH LWHP úL GH
performare a testului. Acolo unde sunt disponibile baze de date computerizate, indicatorii statistici trebuie
FDOFXOD L vQ PRG DXWRPDW $FROR XQGH QX H[LVW R ED] GH GDWH FRPSOHW GH H[ DFROR XQGH SURIHVRULL
QRWHD] LQGHSHQGHQW úL UH]XOWDWHOH QX VXQW WUDQVPLVH LQVWLWX LHL FHQWUDOH HVWH QHFHVDU HúDQWLRQDUHD

OXFU ULORU HOHYLORU &HULQ HOH PLQLPH SHQWUX ILHFDUH HYDOXDUH D XQXL H[DPHQ WUHEXLH V LQFOXG FHO SX LQ
@ GLVWULEX LD VFRUXULORU OD WHVWH SUHFXP úL VWDWLVWLFL GHVFULSWLYH
@ HVWLPDUHD ILGHOLW LL WHVWXOXL

@ corelarea între componentele examenului;
@ GLVWULEX LD ÄQRWHORU³ úL DFROR XQGH HVWH UHOHYDQW FRPSDUD LD FX DQLL DQWHULRUL
Acolo unde itemii sunt SUHWHVWD L SHQWUX DGHFYDUH VDX XQGH GDWHOH SULYLQG QLYHOXO LWHPLORU SRW IL RE LQXWH úL
DFFHVDWH GXS H[DPHQ HYDOXDUHD WUHEXLH V LQFOXG
@ VWDWLVWLFL FODVLFH GH LWHP QLYHO GH GLILFXOWDWH úL LQGLFL GH GLVFULPLQDUH
@ GLVWULEX LD VFRUXULORU SHQWUX LWHPL FX SXQFWDM PXOWLSOX
@
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VHULH
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fi necesare resurse suplimentare.
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de producere FRQVWUXLWH GH FWUH FRQWDFWDWH GH FWUH 61(( pentru toate examenele
a testelor VSHFLDOLúWLL 61(( vPSUHXQ pentru a produce documente LPSRUWDQWH úL SHQWUX
cu membrii grupului de lucru úLVDX LWHPL H[ vQ $QJOLD disciplinele de examen. testele
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FDOLEUD L H[ vQ 86$
2 5HOD LLOH GLQWUH SNEE produce variante de SNEE produce variante de $ IRVW OXDW GHFL]LD GH
variante de teste în conformitate cu teste în conformitate cu SROLWLF HGXFD LRQDO GH
teste SURILOXULOH úFROLORU ± QX H[LVW SURILOXULOH úFROLORU ± H[LVW XQ UD LRQDOL]DUH D QXPUXOXL
nici un mecanism (de ex., de mecanism de identificare variantelor de test printr-o
ancorare) pentru post-hoc D UHOD LLORU GLQWUH UHOD LRQDUH VLVWHPDWLF D
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variante. H[ WHVWHOH QD LRQDOH vQ
Anglia, Olanda)
3 Organizarea Distribuirea copiilor Distribuirea copiilor Probele de examen
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úFROL centrele regionale unde, în centrele regionale unde GLVWULEXLWH GH FWUH 61((
cele mai multe cazuri, cestea sunt multiplicate SHQWUX WR L FDQGLGD LL H[
acestea sunt multiplicate pentru a fi distribuite tuturor Marea Britanie, Lituania,
pentru a fi distribuite tuturor FDQGLGD LORU Slovenia).
FDQGLGD LORU
4 Corectarea Corectarea probelor de examen Pentru examenele cu mize Pentru examenele cu mize
VH IDFH GHFWUH SURIHVRUL PDUL VH UHDOL]HD] FRUHFWDUHD PDUL VH UHDOL]HD]
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în 2001. Pentru examenul de DF LXQL GH UHPHGLHUH GH H[
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YHULILFUL SULYLQG VWDQGDUGHOH úL Britanie).
FRQVLVWHQ D GLQ FDGUXO FHQWUHORU
GH QRWDUH QXúL vQWUH DFHVWH
centre.
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(ex., România, Lituania, Nivelul (ex., Marea Britanie, Lituania avans (ex., SUA, Anglia).
B). nivelul A).
6 Pre-testarea ([DPHQHOH FX PL]H PDUL I U
pre- ,WHPLL PRGHO úL WHVWHOH VXQW 7R L LWHPLL VXQW SUHWHVWD L úL
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H[ $QJOLD IU LWHPL FX DOHJHUH din examenele reale. (ex. Anglia, SUA).
PXOWLSO România).
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post-examen ale examenelor reale. examenele reale sunt selectate sunt supuse analizelor cantitative
pentru analizele post-hoc (ex. în úL FDOLWDWLYH GH H[ 2ODQGD
Kenya). Marea Britanie).
8 Feedback Programele de examen, modele Probele de examen, Toate datele QHFRQILGHQ LDOH
LQIRUPD LRQDO de probe de examen, detalii EDUHPHOH GH FRUHFWDUH úL sunt disponibile gratuit, de
FWUH úFROL administrative sunt disponibile în QRWDUH úL UDSRDUWHOH ex. prin internet (de ex. în
avans, înainte de examen. examinatorilor sunt România, Lituania).
(România, Slovenia, Marea GLVSRQLELOH GXS H[DPHQ GH
Britanie, Olanda etc.) ex. în Marea Britanie,
Olanda, România).

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variantelor de teste pentru • LQYHVWLJDUHD SRVLELOLW LORU GH UD LRQDOL]DUH GH H[ SULQ
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de feedback pentru profesori;
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examinare.
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ÌQ SULQFLSLX VHWXO GH LQGLFDWRUL UHSUH]HQWkQG VWDUHD VLVWHPXOXL HGXFD LRQDO WUHEXLH ED]DW SH XQ PRGHO DO
PRGXOXL vQ FDUH RSHUHD]
VLVWHPXO ÌQ SURLHFWXO 3,6$ GH H[HPSOX VD I FXW DOHJHUHD GH D FRQVLGHUD
alfabetizarea în
FLWLUHOHFWXU PDWHPDWLF úL úWLLQ H FD LQGLFDWRUL OHJD L GH LQGLFDWRULL FRQWH[WXDOL FXP DU IL
FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH HOHYXOXL úL DOH VFROLL
2S LXQLOH GH OXDW vQ FRQVLGHUDUH vQ 5RPkQLD VXQW
@
&H S U L DOH VLVWHPXOXL HGXFD LRQDO WUHEXLH DFRSHULWH"
@ (VWH VXILFLHQW V QH FRQFHQWUP DVXSUD LQGLFDWRULORU GH UH]XOWDWH úL DVXSUD YDULDELOHORU GH PHGLX VDX

WUHEXLH DG XJD L úL LQGLFDWRULL GH LQSXW úL GH SURFHV"
@ 7UHEXLH FXSULQV HYDOXDUHD ORQJLWXGLQDO vQ DJHQGD HYDOXULL"

Tabelul 3: Exemple de indicatori de LQSXW SURFHV úL RXWSXW úL GH YDULDELOH GH PHGLX
Variabile de
Input Proces Output
mediu
Cheltuieli pentru Calitatea Rezultatele elevilor: Sex
HGXFD LH SUHG ULL 5
± LQGLFDWRUL GH SHUIRUPDQ vQ Regiune
– Numere Calitatea domeniile/sub-domeniile
Urban/rural
curriculumului disciplinelor
– Calitate 6
oferit Etnicitate
....
± UH]XOWDWH DOH vQY ULL DIHFWLYH7
.... Socio-economic
– deprinderi practice
...
Rezultatele sistemului
– Statistici privind promovarea
5H]XOWDWHOH SLH HL PXQFLL
± úRPDM úL HGXFD LH
± (GXFD LH úL FkúWLJXUL
6WDELOLUHD VWDQGDUGHORU GH SHUIRUPDQ

ÌQ VHF LXQHD D D VD SXV vQWUHEDUHD Ä&kW GH ELQH HVWH suficient?“ Standardele sunt necesare pentru a
UH]ROYD DFHDVW SUREOHP $LFL VH IDFH UHIHULQ GRDU OD ÄVWDQGDUGHOH GH SHUIRUPDQ ³ ± DGLF QXPDL OD
VWDQGDUGHOH SHQWUX WHVWHOH HGXFD LRQDOH GH SHUIRUPDQ 'HILQLUHD VWDQGDUGHORU GH SHUIRUPDQ úL
SURFHGXULOH GH VWDELOLUH D VWDQGDUGHORU VXQW FKHVWLXQL FRPSOLFDWH FDUH SRW GXFH XúRU OD FRQWURYHUVH ([LVW
proceduri de stabilire a standardelor care sunt mai puternic RULHQWDWH FWUH WHVWH úL DOWHOH FDUH VXQW PDL
puternic RULHQWDWH FWUH FHL H[DPLQD L
3URFHGXULOH GH VWDELOLUH D VWDQGDUGHORU RULHQWDWH FWUH WHVWH SRUQHVF GH OD ideea de a decide care sunt
LWHPLL OD FDUH HOHYLL DIOD L OD QLYHOXO ÄVXILFLHQW³ GH H[HPSOX WUHEXLH V UVSXQG FRUHFW 3URFHGXULOH RULHQWDWH
FWUH H[DPLQD L IRORVHVF LQIRUPD LD H[WHUQ GHVSUH FHO H[DPLQDW VDX VWDQGDUGH GH SHUIRUPDQ GLQ DOW
SDUWH úL XOWHULRU VFRUXULOH OD WHVWH VXQW DQDOL]DWH vQ IXQF LH GH DFHVWHD
([LVW R D WUHLD DERUGDUH FDUH VH ED]DW SH ÄMXGHFDWD H[SHUW³ D XQHLD VDX D PDL PXOWRU SHUVRDQH
$FHDVWD SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW QX DWkW stabilire de standarde cât declarare de standarde prin decizie.
2GDW VWDELOLWH VWDQGDUGHOH GH SHUIRUPDQ WUHEXLH DGXQDWH GRYH]LOH vQ OHJWXU FX YDOLGLWDWHD GHGXF LLORU
ED]DWH SH DFHVWH VWDQGDUGH GH SHUIRUPDQ ÌQ SOXV LPSDFWXO VRFLDO úL HGXFD LRQDO LQWHQ LRQDW úL
QHLQWHQ LRQDW WUHEXLH HYDOXDW úL PRQLWRUL]DW 'H DVHPHQHD H[LVW QHYRLD GH D IXUQL]D GDWH F VWDQGDUGHOH
GH SHUIRUPDQ VXQW RQHVWH SHQWUX ILHFDUH FDWHJRULH D SRSXOD LHL
23
8QD GLQ FHULQ HOH PDMRUH HVWH FD LQVWLWX LD FDUH HODERUHD] DFHVWH VWDQGDUGH V DLE H[SHULHQ D WHKQLFLORU
VWDWLVWLFH YDULDWH úL DYDQVDWH SHQWUX D SXWHD JDUDQWD VWDQGDUGH GH SHUIRUPDQW YDOLGH úL XWLOH
&RQVWUXLUHD úL DGPLQLVWUDUHD LQVWUXPHQWHORU GH HYDOXDUH QD LRQDO
7HVWHOH úL FKHVWLRQDUHOH XWLOL]DWH vQ HIRUWXULOH GH HYDOXDUH QD LRQDO VXQW LQVWUXPHQWH VSHFLDOL]DWH PHQLWH
V RIHUH LQIRUPD LL GHWDOLDWH GHVSUH FHHD FH SRW V IDF HOHYLL vQ DQXPLWH GRPHQLL úL vQ OHJWXU FX FHHD FH
LQIOXHQ HD] UHDOL]ULOH ORU ÌQWUXQ VLVWHP XQGH VXQW RUJDQL]DWH H[DPHQH QD LRQDOH SH VFDU ODUJ
rezultatele la aceste teste sunt folosite pentru evaluarea sistemului. În orice caz, rezultatele examenelor
QD LRQDOH RIHU LPSRUWDQ L LQGLFDWRUL HGXFD LRQDOL ([LVW WRWXúL PXOWH PRWLYH GH D IL SUHY]WRUL /LPLWULOH

QX LQFOXG QXPDL OLSVD LQIRUPD LLORU GHVSUH PHGLX FX FDUH WUHEXLH FRUHODWH UH]XOWDWHOH FL úL QDWXUD vQV úL D
H[DPHQHORU $FHDVWD VH vQWkPSO SHQWUX F SUREHOH GH H[DPHQ FRQVWLWXLH QXPDL XQ HúDQWLRQ ÄVXE LUH³ GH
vQWUHEUL GLQ PXOWH GRPHQLL úL QX R RSHUD LRQDOL]DUH VLVWHPDWLF D XQXL VLQJXU GRPHQLX FD vQ FD]XO
LQVWUXPHQWHORU GLQ HYDOXULOH QD LRQDOH &DUDFWHUXO GH PL] ULGLFDW DO H[DPHQHORU SRDWH DGXJD úL DOWH
efecte QHGRULWH ÌQ VIkUúLW H[DPHQHOH QX VXQW vQ JHQHUDO DGHFYDWH SHQWUX VWXGLHUHD HIHFWHORU vQ WLPS

3URLHFWDUHD úL DGPLQLVWUDUHD WHVWHORU GH HYDOXDUH QD LRQDO D VDUFLQLORU GH OXFUX úL D FKHVWLRQDUHORU HVWH R
SUREOHP IRDUWH FRPSOLFDW úL VSHFLDOL]DW )LJXUD RIHU R OLVW D VDUFLQLORU FKHLH 'HIHFWHOH vQ H[HFX LD
ILHFUHLD GLQ DFHVWH VDUFLQL SRW GXFH OD LQYDOLGDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU IFkQGXOH QHSRWULYLWH SHQWUX HYDOXDUH úL
OXDUHD GH GHFL]LL 2 SUREOHP IUHFYHQW HVWH YLRODUHD FHULQ HORU HúDQWLRQULL FHHD FH vPSLHGLF
JHQHUDOL]DUHD REVHUYD LLORU vQ FRQFOX]LL SHQWUX vQWUHJXO VLVWHP VDX PDL VSHFLILF SHQWUX SU L DOH DFHVWXLD
)LJXUD $FWLYLW L FKHLH vQ FDPSDQLLOH GH HYDOXDUH QD LRQDO

/LVWD DFWLYLW LORU FKHLH
1. Stabilirea unui grup consultativ
2. Elaborarea unei propuneri de proiect
3. 'LVFXWDUHD SURSXQHULL GH SURLHFW FRQVWUXLUHD DQJDMDPHQWXOXL úL D VSULMLQXOXL úL SXEOLFDUHD
planului final al proiectului
4. 6WUkQJHUHD IRQGXULORU úL VWDELOLUHD HFKLSHL SURLHFWXOXL
5. &RQVWUXLUHD LQVWUXPHQWHORU D WHVWHORU úL VWDELOLUHD VDUFLQLORU GH OXFUX
± &ULWHULLOH úL SURFHGXUD GH HúDQWLRQDUH
– 3URFHGXULOH GH FRUHFWDUH úL QRWDUH

– Chestionarele
– Manualele de administrare
6. Pilotarea úLVDX SUHWHVWDUHD SHQWUX YHULILFDUHD LQVWUXPHQWHORU úL D SURFHGXULORU
7. 7LSULUHD LQVWUXPHQWHORU GH HYDOXDUH
8. 3UHJWLUHD ED]HL GH GDWH D PDQXDOHORU GH FRGLILFDUH úL D SURFHGXULORU GH YHULILFDUH
9. 3UHJWLUHD úL VXSHUYL]DUHD DGPLQLVWUDWRULORU GH WHVW
10. 'LVWULEXLUHD FROHFWDUHD úL returnarea instrumentelor
11. Procesarea, FXU DUHD úL DQDOL]D GDWHORU
12. Scrierea propunerilor de rapoarte
13. Discutarea propunerilor de rapoarte
14 3UHJWLUHD UDSRDUWHORU ILQDOH
15. Diseminarea rezultatelor
5DSRUWDUHD úL GLVHPLQDUHD LQIRUPD LLORU
8Q DOW VXELHFW FKHLH vL UHSUH]LQW QLYHOXULOH GH UDSRUWDUH úL GH GLVHPLQDUH D UH]XOWDWHORU HYDOXULL QD LRQDOH
([SHU LL vQ HGXFD LH DX QHYRLH GH LQIRUPD LL GHWDOLDWH DVXSUD UH]XOWDWHORU DVXSUD PRGXOXL vQ FDUH VXQW

JUXSDWH úL VFDODWH SUHFXP úL DVXSUD FRUHO ULL VFDOHORU FX VFRUXULOH YDULDELOHORU GH PHGLX 3ULQ FRQWUDVW

IDFWRULL GHFL]LRQDOL DX QHYRLH GH UDSRDUWH FDUH V L LQIRUPH]H DVXSUD XWLOLW LL VDX D HIHFWXOXL GHFL]LLORU FDUH
24
DX IRVW OXDWH vQ WUHFXW VDX YRU IL OXDWH vQ YLLWRU $XGLHQ D vQ JHQHUDO YD DYHD QHYRLH GH LQIRUPD LL vQWUR
IRUP úL PDL VXFFLQW /XDUHD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH vQ WRWDOLWDWH D YDULDWHORU IRUPH GH UDSRUWDUH QHFHVDUH VXQW
FX XWLOL]DUHD HYDOXULL QD LRQDOH úL vQ FRQVHFLQ GHVSUH
HOHPHQWH LPSRUWDQWH DOH GH]EDWHULL vQ OHJ WXU
motivele de a investi bani în ea.

ÌQ JHQHUDO UH]XOWDWHOH HYDOX ULL QD LRQDOH QX DX R LPSRUWDQ LPHGLDW SHQWUX úFROL úL SHQWUX SURIHVRUL OXD L
VHSDUDW $FHVWHD WRWXúL SHUPLW úFROLORU V FRPSDUH QLYHOXO GH SHUIRUPDQ DO SRSXOD LHL ORU FX UH]XOWDWHOH
8
QD LRQDOH $FHDVWD QHFHVLW WHKQLFL GH GLVHPLQDUH SULQ FDUH úFROLOHSURIHVRULL SRW DYHD DFFHV OD
LQVWUXPHQWHOH UHDOH VDX D XQRUD HFKLYDOHQWH DúD FXP DFHVWHD VXQW IRORVLWH vQ HIRUWXO QD LRQDO GH HYDOXDUH
úL SRW HFXD UH]XOWDWHOH SURSULLORU HOHYL vQ UDSRUW GH PHGLLOH QD LRQDOH ÌQ DFHODúL WLPS LQVWUXPHQWHOH GH
HYDOXDUH QD LRQDO SRW IL IRORVLWH vQ DQLL FDUH YLQ SHQWUX PVXUDUHD HIHFWHORU ORQJLWXGLQDOH úL QX vQ FHOH GLQ

XUP VSULMLQXO S ULQ LORU DU SXWHD FUHúWH GDF DU YHGHD F UH]XOWDWHOH HYDOXULORU QD LRQDOH VXQW IRORVLWH
SHQWUX HYDOXDUHD úL vPEXQW LUHD SURFHVXOXL GH vQY DUH DO SURSULLORU FRSLL
&kQG VXQW UDSRUWDWH UH]XOWDWHOH HYDOXULORU QD LRQDOH RDPHQLL VH YRU DúWHSWD FD V ILH OXDWH PVXUL vQ
OXPLQD UH]XOWDWHORU $FHDVWD vQVHDPQ F WUHEXLH LGHQWLILFD L IDFWRULL úL WUHEXLH FROHFWDWH GDWHOH
0DQLSXODUHD DFHVWRU IDFWRUL WUHEXLH V FRQWULEXLH OD vPEXQW LUHD QLYHOXULORU GH SHUIRUPDQ D HOHYLORU
(VWH IRDUWH SRVLELO FD VLVWHPHOH GH HYDOXDUH V DLE XQ LPSDFW GLUHFW UHGXV DVXSUD SROLWLFLORU HGXFD LRQDOH
FD úL DVXSUD SUDFWLFLL FXUHQWH
5DSRUWDUHD WUDQVSDUHQW úL VHPQLILFDWLY HVWH XQ IDFWRU FKHLH FDUH LQIOXHQ HD] LPSDFWXO QD LRQDO SH FDUH
l-ar putea avea evaluarea.
FRPXQ D WXWXURU UDSRDUWHORU HVWH F FLWLWRULL SRW DYHD vQFUHGHUH vQ YDOLGLWDWHD FRQFOX]LLORU úL F
2 WU V WXU
DX úL SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D OH YHULILFD
6. 2S LXQL SHQWUX SROLWLFD GH GH]YROWDUH

ÌQ SULPXO UkQG WUHEXLH V
ILH FODU FH VFRSXUL WUHEXLH XUP ULWH SULQ HYDOXDUHD QD LRQDO PRQLWRUL]DUHD
UHOHYDQ HL SHUIRUPDQ HORU HOHYLORU SHQWUX SLD D PXQFLL HILFLHQ D úL HILFDFLWDWHD VLVWHPXOXL VDX SURPRYDUHD

UHVSRQVDELOL] ULL RIHUWDQ LORU GH HGXFD LH 7DEHOXO OLVWHD] RS LXQLOH
7DEHOXO (YDOXDUHD 1D LRQDO – VFRSXUL úL RS LXQL
Scop 2SHUD LRQDOL]DUH Alegeri frecvente
Validitatea obiectivelor &H RELHFWLYH HGXFD LRQDOH VXQW Alfabetizare la citire
sistemului; monitorizarea cruciale pentru oferirea unei $OIDEHWL]DUH OD PDWHPDWLF
UHOHYDQ HL SHUIRUPDQ HORU IRU H GH PXQF vQDOW FDOLILFDWH vQ $OIDEHWL]DUH vQ úWLLQ H
elevilor U.E.)?
&UHúWHUHD HILFDFLW LL &XP VH FRPSDU UH]XOWDWHOH FX 5HOD LRQDUHD OD FRPSRQHQWH
sistemului UL 8("
cele RE LQXWH vQ DOWH
GLQ HYDOX ULOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH
&XP VH FRPSDU UH]XOWDWHOH TIMMS; IALS, PISA
RE LQXWH GLQ VXEFRPSRQHQWHOH Rural vs. urban
sistemului? %LH L vs. fete
&UHúWHUHD HILFLHQ HL Cum sunt rezultatele legate de ,QIOXHQ D VWDWXWXOXL VRFLR

sistemului variabilele importante de mediu? economic
&DUH VXQW WHQGLQ HOH HYLGHQ LDWH
0 VXUDUHD GRPHQLLORU

GH P VXU WRUL UHSHWDWH importante la fiecare cinci ani
HúDQWLRQDUH ORQJLWXGLQDO "
Promovarea UHVSRQVDELOL]ULL Care sunt criteriile de 5HFRPSHQVDUHD FUHúWHULL
SHUIRUPDQ SHQWUX RIHUWDQ LL SHUIRUPDQ HL UHODWLYH
LQGLYLGXDOL úFROL LQVWLWX LL" &XP Sprijin suplimentar când
VXQW HYDOXDWH WHQGLQ HOH" SHUIRUPDQ D UHODWLY VFDGH
7DEHOXO GH PDL MRV HYLGHQ LD] SUREOHPH OHJDWH GH DFHVWH RS LXQL 3HQWUX ILHFDUH GLQWUH HOH VXQW
VSHFLILFDWH WUHL RS LXQL GH SROLWLF VDX VWUDWHJLH HGXFD LRQDO 'HFL]LLOH DVXSUD DFHVWRU SUREOHPH WUHEXLH

IDFLOLWDWH GH F WUH 61(( GHRDUHFH DFHVWD YD IL FHO PDL DIHFWDW GH FRQVHFLQ HOH ORU RSHUD LRQDOH
ÌQ JHQHUDO R RS LXQH HVWH PDL VWUkQV OHJDW GH SUDFWLFD X]XDO LDU FHOHODOWH UHSUH]LQW DOWHUQDWLYH SRVLELOH
7UHEXLH QRWDW F ILHFDUH DOWHUQDWLY WUHEXLH MXGHFDW vQ FRQFRUGDQ FX FRQGL LLOH FH SUHYDOHD] vQ
România.
25
1X VH VXJHUHD] vQ QLFL XQ FD] F DU IL GH GRULW vQ PRG QHFHVDU WUHFHUHD GH OD RS LXQHD $ OD & VDX F
DFHDVWD DU IL SRVLELO vQ WRDWH vPSUHMXUULOH
7DEHOXO (YDOXDUHD 1D LRQDO ± SUREOHPH úL RS LXQL
Problema cheie 2S LXQHD $ 2S LXQHD % 2S LXQHD &
1 Evaluarea 1XPDL QD LRQDO 1XPDL LQWHUQD LRQDO &RPELQD LH vQWUH FHOH
QD LRQDO GRX
LQWHUQD LRQDO
2 Alegerea Indicatori de rezultate Indicatori de rezultate Indicatori de input,
indicatorilor úL ORQJLWXGLQDOL SURFHV úL RXWSXW úL
indicatori longitudinali
3 Standardele Prin declarare Se stabilesc folosindu- Se stabilesc folosindu-
4 Organizarea / VH SURFHGXULOH GH ED] se proceduri complexe
administrarea
a Grupul
/HJ WXUD GLUHFW GLQWUH Grup de consiliere 5HSUH]HQWDQ L DL
consultativ LQVWLWX LH úL 0LQLVWHU WHKQLF
S U LORU LPSOLFDWH
b &RQVWUXF LD ,QVWLWX LD FRQVWUXLHúWH ,QVWLWX LD FRQVWUXLHúWH ,QVWLWX LD FRQVWUXLHúWH

WHVWHORU úL D LQVWUXPHQWHOH úL instrumentele, instrumentele,
instrumentelor procedurile interne de procedurile externe de procedurile externe de
calitate FDOLWDWH úL UHYL]XLHúWH FDOLWDWH úL SUHVWDUH
comisiile
c (úDQWLRQDUHD &DGUX GH ED] GH &DGUX GH HúDQWLRQDUH
HúDQWLRQDUH FDUH SHUPLWH avansat care permite o
numai o cercetare FHUFHWDUH FRPSOH[
OLPLWDW
d Sarcinile ,QVWLWX LD HODERUHD] ,QVWLWX LD SURLHFWHD] $JHQ LD GH]YROW
administrative manuale cu procedurile instrumentele, instrumentele,
de calitate interne procedurile de calitate procedurile de calitate
externe–implicare a
H[WHUQ ±LPSOLFDUH D
0LQLVWHUXOXL úL 0LQLVWHUXOXL úL
H[SHUWL] H[WHUQ H[SHUWL] H[WHUQ úL
testarea pe teren a
tuturor procedurilor
e Notarea %URúXULOH FX WHVWH VXQW Corectarea se face de Corectarea se face de

QRWDWH GH F WUH HYDOXDWRUL
F WUH HYDOXDWRUL
F WUH HYDOXDWRUL
(profesori) folosind
SUHJ WL L FX YHULILFDUH
SUHJ WL L FX YHULILFDUH
bareme de corectare SULYLQG VWDQGDUGHOH úL SULYLQG VWDQGDUGHOH úL
XQLIRUPH GDU I U FRQVLVWHQ D FRQVLVWHQ D XUPDWH GH

SUHJ WLUH VDX YHULILFDUH DF LXQL GH UHPHGLHUH
privind standardele
5 Raportarea 6H UHDOL]HD] XQ UDSRUW 6H UHDOL]HD] GLIHULWH
general pentru categorii rapoarte pentru diferite
diferite de public, limitat
S U L LQWHUHVDWH FDUH
la rezultatele testelor de OHDJ UH]XOWDWHOH
FXQRúWLQ H WHVWHORU GH FXQRúWLQ H
de variabilele de
IXQGDO GH WHQGLQ HOH vQ
WLPS úL LGHQWLILF IDFWRUL
care ar fi putut
LQIOXHQ D UH]XOWDWHOH úL
FDUH SRW IL H[SOLFD L
26
7. &216(&,1( 23(5$,21$/(
3UREOHPHOH FKHLH HQXPHUDWH vQ 6HF LXQHD VXQW vQ DWHQ LD 61(( &X WRDWH DFHVWHD PXOWH GLQWUH DFHVWHD
QHFHVLW OXDUHD GH GHFL]LL OD XQ QLYHO PDL vQDOW úL DOWHOH VXQW vQVR LWH GH LPSOLFD LL ILQDQFLDUH FDUH QHFHVLW
DSUREDUH úL ILQDQ DUH
7DEHOXO (YDOXDUHD 1D LRQDO – Politici úL FRQVHFLQ H

3ROLWLFL DFWLYLW L &RQVHFLQ H RSHUD LRQDOH

'HFLGH DVXSUD UROXOXL HYDOX ULL QD LRQDOH • GHFL]LL GLQ SDUWHD 0(&
1HFHVLW
• 61(( WUHEXLH V ILH FRQVXOWDW
• 61(( WUHEXLH V LGHQWLILFH FRQVHFLQ HOH

RUJDQL]D LRQDOH úL EXJHWDUH
(YDOXDUHD QD LRQDO úLVDX LQWHUQD LRQDO • 1HFHVLW GHFL]LL GLQ SDUWHD 0(&
Alegerea indicatorilor • 1HFHVLW GHFL]LL GH SROLWLFL GLQ SDUWHD 0(&
• 6WXGLD] RULHQWDUHD SUDFWLFLL vQWUR DOW GLUHF LH
Stabilirea standardelor • 2UJDQL]DUHD VH IDFH GH FWUH 61((
• 1HFHVLW DQJDMDUHD UHVXUVHORU
• 1HFHVLW LPSOLFDUHD SU LORU LQWHUHVDWH
• &DSDFLWDWHD VWDWLVWLF ULGLFDW SUHFXP úL

FDSDELOLWDWHD 61(( VXQW FRQGL LL SUHDODELOH
'H]YROWDUHD úL DGPLQLVWUDUHD • Angajamentul resurselor

LQVWUXPHQWHORU HYDOX ULL QD LRQDOH • Proceduri explicite de calitate care pot include
forme de pre-testare
• &DSDFLWDWHD VWDWLVWLF D 61(( HVWH R FRQGL LH
SUHDODELO
Notarea • ,QVWUXLUHD úL FRQWUROXO SURFHGXULORU QHFHVLW
angajarea resurselor
•
7UHEXLH vQWUHSULQVH FHUFHW UL SULYLQG ILGHOLWDWHD

FRUHFW ULL
Raportarea $QDOL]D FRPSOHW úL VRILVWLFDW HVWH R FRQGL LH

SUHDODELO
6WXGLD] FUHúWHUHD FDSDFLW LL GH FHUFHWDUH úL D
FDSDELOLW LL 61((
@ 61(( SRDWH FRQWLQXD V RSHUH]H vQ FDGUXO SDUDPHWULORU DFWXDOL úL V RIHUH FHD PDL EXQ FDOLWDWH vQ
FRQGL LLOH FRQVWUkQJHULORU GDWH ÌQ FD]XO H[DPHQHORU SURJUHVXO vQ PRGHUQL]DUHD úL RSWLPL]DUHD

VLVWHPXOXL D IRVW VXEVWDQ LDO vQ FD]XO HYDOX ULL QD LRQDOH DFHVWD D IRVW OLPLWDW
3HQWUX FD V FUHDVF ILGHOLWDWHD YDOLGLWDWHD úL HILFLHQ D HYDOXULL QD LRQDOH vQ FDGUXO VLVWHPXOXL HGXFD LRQDO
din România este necesar un proces prudent de luare a deciziilor.
@
3XQFWXO GH SOHFDUH SHQWUX FRQWLQXDUHD UHIRUPHL úL PRGHUQL]DUHD HYDOX ULL QD LRQDOH HVWH XQXO RSWLP
GDW ILLQG H[SHULHQ D SH FDUH 61(( R DUH vQ FDPSDQLLOH GH HYDOXDUH SH VFDU
ODUJ vQ HYDOXDUHD

QD LRQDO SUHFXP úL GDWRULW UHVSRQVDELOLW LORU
DVXPDWH OHJDWH GH HYDOX UL LQWHUQD LRQDOH GH H[
proiectul PISA.
'H]YROWDUHD XQHL VWUDWHJLL GH VXFFHV QHFHVLW vQ SULPXO UkQG GHFL]LL GH SROLWLF HGXFD LRQDO OD QLYHO vQDOW
SULYLQG UROXO (YDOXULL 1D LRQDOH úL DO UDSRUWXOXL GLQWUH DFWLYLW LOH GH HYDOXDUH QD LRQDO úL LQWHUQD LRQDO
@ 3UREOHPD UROXOXL SH FDUH HYDOXDUHD QD LRQDO SRDWH úL WUHEXLH V vO MRDFH HVWH VWUkQV OHJDW GH
GHFL]LLOH OHJDWH GH FDUH SDUWH DQXPH D VLVWHPXOXL HGXFD LRQDO WUHEXLH V ILH HYDOXDW úL SH ED]D FURU
indicatori.
27
ÌQ HYDOXDUHD VWDWXWXOXL FDOLW LL úLVDX SHUIRUPDQ HL XQXL VLVWHP HGXFD LRQDO LQGLFDWRULL WUHEXLH V ILH
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• proceduri profesionale de stabilire a standardelor;
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@ 61(( HVWH vQ SUH]HQW FRQIUXQWDW DWkW FX vQGDWRULULOH RSHUD LRQDOH FkW úL FX SUREOHPHOH SULYLQG

FRQWLQXDUHD UHIRUPHL úL GH]YROW ULL vQ FRQWLQXDUH D VLVWHPXOXL GH HYDOXDUH úL examinare. Acestea
FRQVWLWXLH UVSXQGHUL FUHVFXWH SHQWUX DQJDMD LL VL úL SHQWUX UHVXUVHOH VDOH IL]LFH actuale.
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diferitelor categorii de resurse.
Note :
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6:
± 6XQW RELHFWLYHOH vQ FRQFRUGDQ FX GHVFULHUHD DQXQ DW D SRVWXOXL"

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± 6XQW RELHFWLYHOH vQ FRQFRUGDQ FX FHHD FH HVWH FRQVLGHUDW D IL QHFHVDU SHQWUX FDOLWDWHD GH FHW HDQ UHVSRQVDELO"
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IFXWH SXEOLFH vQ PRG JUDWXLW úL IUHFYHQW 5H]XOWDWHOH XQHL úFROL SRW GHWHUPLQD QXPUXO HOHYLORU FDUH VROLFLW vQVFULHUHD
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HYDOXDUH úL GH H[DPLQDUH GLQ 5RPkQLD $FHVWH GRFXPHQWH DX vQ YHGHUH XUP WRDUHOH subdomenii:
1. Examenele
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@ FXQRúWLQ H úL GHSULQGHUL GH DSOLFDUH D WHKQLFLORU GH HúDQWLRQDUH
@ FXQRúWLQ H úL GHSULQGHUL GH DSOLFDUH D WHRULHL FODVLFH D WHVWHORU
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@ FDSDFLWDWHD GH D DOHJH úL XWLOL]D SDFKHWHOH GH VRIWZDUH DGHFYDWH
@ capacitatea de a prezenta unui public variat rezultatele analizelor întreprinse cu ajutorul diferitelor
tehnici;
@ R VHULH GH SDúL DX IRVW GHMD SDUFXUúL SHQWUX D LQFRUSRUD DFHVWH SULQFLSLL RUGRQDWRDUH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD
FXUHQW D 61(( 2ULFXP VXQW QHFHVDUH vQ FRQWLQXDUH HIRUWXUL vQ DFHDVW GLUHF LH
@ SH SDUFXUVXO SURLHFWXOXL 61(( D GHYHQLW vQ PRG JUDGDW UHVSRQVDELO SHQWUX FROHFWDUHD úL FRPXQLFDUHD
LL
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stocare a datelor.
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UH]XOWDWHORU OD H[DPHQH VD EXFXUDW GH R DWHQ LH UHODWLY
2 DWHQ LH VXV LQXW DFRUGDW SURGXFHULL GH LQIRUPD LL GH FDOLWDWH vQ FDGUXO UDSRDUWHORU JHQHUDOH D
UDSRDUWHORU VSHFLILFH SUHFXP úL D UDSRDUWHORU WHKQLFH SUHFXP úL SXEOLFDUHD GH DUWLFROH vQ UHYLVWHOH GH
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LQWHUQD LRQDO DO 61((
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29
1. INTRODUCERE
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$FHVWH GRFXPHQWH GH SROLWLF

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principale ale proiectului sunt:
Obiectivele VXEFRPSRQHQWHL (YDOXDUH úL ([DPLQDUH D SURLHFWXOXL VXQW

GLQ úFRDO

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1. Examenele
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de FXUULFXOH DGHFYDWH úL UHOHYDQWH SUHFXP úL GH PDQXDOH LQWHUHVDQWH úL HILFLHQWH 'H DVHPHQHD DYHP
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$FHDVW FHULQ vQ RELHFWLYHOH FKHLH DOH VXEFRPSRQHQWHL Ä(YDOXDUH úL Examinare“ a

HVWH UHIOHFWDW
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@ V VXV LQ VFKLPEULOH GLQ VWUXFWXUD úL FRQ LQXWXO HGXFD LHL úFRODUH
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@ V RSWLPL]H]H FRQWLQXX HYDOXDUHD úL H[DPHQHOH DVWIHO vQFkW V ILH vQGHSOLQLWH FHOH WUHL VFRSXUL GH
ED] FHUWLILFDUHD VHOHF LD SUHFXP úL IXUQL]DUHD GH LQIRUPD LL SULYLQG FDOLWDWHD HGXFD LHL
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provine elevul. Rezultatele examenelor sunt utilizate în primul rând:
@ SHQWUX DWHVWDUHD QLYHOXO GH SHUIRUPDQ LQGLYLGXDO GH H[HPSOX SULQWUXQ FHUWLILFDW
@ SHQWUX VHOHFWDUHD HOHYLORU vQ YHGHUHD YLLWRDUHORU RSRUWXQLW L vQ HGXFD LH IRUPDUH VDX SH SLD D PXQFLL
3HQWUX HOHYL úL SULQ LL DFHVWRUD UH]XOWDWHOH OD H[DPHQH DX R LPSRUWDQ SHUVRQDO FRQVLGHUDELO XQ

UH]XOWDW VODE DYkQG FRQVHFLQ H VHULRDVH SHQWUX ÄúDQVHOH vQ YLD ³ DOH XQXL WkQU 'H YUHPH FH PXO L DX
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H[DPHQHOH SUHVXSXQ R LPDJLQH SXEOLF DYkQG SUHVWDQ ULGLFDW &D XUPDUH PL]D HVWH ULGLFDW DWkW
SHQWUX LQVWLWX LD UHVSRQVDELO FX DGPLQLVWUDUHD H[DPHQHORU FkW úL SHQWUX SROLWLFLHQL
)XQF LD GH PRQLWRUL]DUH úL GH HYDOXDUH D FDOLW LL HGXFD LHL HVWH FHO PDL ELQH UHDOL]DW SULQWUXQ VLVWHP GH
(YDOXUL 1D LRQDOH $FHVWHD VH UHIHU OD PVXUDUHD VLVWHPDWLF D VWDQGDUGHORU HGXFD LRQDOH QD LRQDOH
31
i.e.,
QLYHOXULOH WLSLFH GH UHDOL]DUH D SHUIRUPDQ HL 6SUH GHRVHELUH GH H[DPHQH (YDOX ULOH 1D LRQDOH QX
WUHEXLH V VH UDSRUWH]H
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61(( HVWH UHVSRQVDELO DWkW SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD H[DPHQHORU FkW úL D HYDOX ULORU QD LRQDOH ÌQ YUHPH FH
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GH H[DPHQH úL FHO GHDO GRLOHD OH LQYHVWLJKHD] SH FHOH UHIHULWRDUH OD HYDOXDUHD QD LRQDO GRFXPHQWXO GH
ID DUH vQ YHGHUH DQDOL]D WXWXURU FDWHJRULLORU GH WHVWH HGXFD LRQDOH .
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VH UHIHU OD DQDOL]D vQWUHEULORU VDX D UVSXQVXULORU HOHYLORU OD DFHVWH vQWUHEUL úL VDUFLQL GH OXFUX
ÌQ JHQHUDO GH OD XQ WHVW HGXFD LRQDO VH DúWHDSW V ILH FRUHFW DGHFYDW ILGHO WUDQVSDUHQW LQIRUPDWLY úL
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([LVW GLIHULWH SUDFWLFL GH PRQLWRUL]DUH úL GH HYDOXDUH X]XDOH vQ GLIHULWH VLVWHPH HGXFD LRQDOH &HHD FH
este monitorizat este adesea clasificat în trei categorii: LQWUUL la QLYHOXO úFROLL H[ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH VH DIO
FOGLUHD úFROLL QXPUXO SURIHVRULORU HWF procesele GH OD QLYHOXO úFROLL H[ FXUULFXOXPXO RSRUWXQLW LOH GH
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A. Pagina de titlu
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Stabilirea standardelor
Sunt necesare metode transparente bazate pe strategii „relative la criterii“.
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viitoare a procesului de examinare descentralizat. Doi factori critici pentru asigurarea succesului sunt
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standarde.
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Sursa: www.worldbank.org/exams
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cum se vede în tabelul 2.
55
7DOHOXO $YDQWDMH úL dezavantaje ale tehnologiei moderne
Sursa: www . worldbank.org/exams
Tehnologie Avantajele includ Dezavantajele includ
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corectorilor
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65

Reforming Evaluation and Examination in Romania: Realizations, Problems and Strategies

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Reforming Evaluation and Examination in Romania: Realizations, Problems and Strategies

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