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Tabelul 2.1.
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Caracteristici statistice observate (X)

x1
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1. Identificarea perechilor (xi, xj vQWUH FDUH GLVWDQ D FDUH OH VHSDU V ILH FHD PDL PLF 
2. Agregarea perechilor (xi, xj) ntr-R VLQJXU FODV  L HODERUDUHD XQXi nou tabel al
GLVWDQ HORU $FHVW XOWLP WDEHO VH IRUPHD]
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OLQLLOH L FRORDQHOH UHODWLYH GH OD FODVD  'HFL QRXO WDEHO DO GLVWDQ HORU YD DYHD PDL SX LQ R OLQLH L R
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Tabelul 2.2.
7DEHOXO GLVWDQ HORU

d(x1, x2)

d(x1, x3)
d(x2, x3)

d(x1, xn)
d(x2, xn)
:
d(xn-1, xn)

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Algoritmul metodei simpOHL vQO Q XLUL SUHVXSXQH SDUFXUJHUHD XUP WRULORU SDL
- VH FDXW GLVWDQ D PLQLP G[i, xj) cu i < j;
- elementele xi L [j sunt agregate ntr-R QRX JUXS
Ck = x i  x j;
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{xi-1}, ..., {xj-1}, {xj+1}, ..., {xn};
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FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH [i L [j L DG XJkQG R OLQLH L R FRORDQ UHSUH]HQWkQG GLVWDQ HOH GLQWUH [m L &k, m
= 1, 2, ..., n, m L L P M DIODWH FX UHOD LD 

d(C k , x m ) = min{d(x i , x m ); d (x j , x m )}

(2.1)

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(2.2).

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Tabelul 2.3.
(mild. lei)
-XGH XO

-XGH XO

&RQVWDQ D

*DOD L

5,0
5,5
4,5
4,0
4,0

3,5
4,0
4,5
5,5
4,5

A
B
C
D
E

d ij = d(x i .x j ) =

i=1

(x i x j )

%U

-XGH XO

LOD

,DORPL D

4,0
5,0
4,0
3,5
3,0

Pe baza datelor din tabelul 2.3 se FDOFXOHD]

n

-XGH XO

4,5
4,5
3,5
4,0
3,5

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, cui, j = 1, n
,

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(2.3)

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Tabelul 2.4.
A
1,22
0
1,80
2,65
2,74

A
B
C
D
E
7DEHOXO



GLVWDQ HORU

B
1,50
1,80
0
1,32
1,12
HXFOLGLHQH

C
1,50
1,80
0
1,32
1,12
HYLGHQ LD]

SUHFHGHQW VH LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH MXP WDWHD VXSHULRDU

D
2,35
2,65
1,32
0
1,22
GLVLPLOLWDWHD

E
2,00
2,74
1,12
1,22
0
GLQWUH

D WDEHOXOXL VLPHWULF DGLF

XQLW

L

'LQ

WDEHOXO 

WDEHOXO

Tabelul 2.5.
B
1,22

A
B
C
D
6H REVHUY

C
1,50
1,80

GLVWDQ D PLQLP

D
2,35
2,65
1,32

E
2,00
2,74
1,12
1,22

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FODV JUXS

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& L $ SH GH DOW

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GLQWUH & L $ L GLQWUH ( L $

$FHDVWD vQVHDPQ 

d({C, E,}, E) = min {d(C, A), d(E, A)} = min {1, 5, 2} = 1, 5

Analog
d({C, E,}, B) = min {d(C, B), d(E, B)} = min {1, 80, 2,74} = 1, 8
L

d({C, E,},D) = min {d(C, D), d(E, D)} = min {1, 32, 1, 22} = 1, 22
1RXO WDEHO DO GLVWDQ HORU DUH IRUPD XUP WRDUH WDEHOXO 

Tabelul 2.6.
& L (

B
1,22

A
B

D
2,35
2,65
1,22

1,50
1,80

C L (
'LVWDQ D PLQLP
GLVWDQ
VRFLHW

H[LVW

SUH]HQWDW

vQ GDWHOH WDEHOXOXL  HVWH  vQWUH $ L % DFHHDL PLQLP

vQWUH JUXSXO & L ( SH GH R SDUWH L ' SH GH DOW

SDUWH VH UHJUXSHD]  GHFL vQ SULPXO UkQG

LOH FRPHUFLDOH $ L % L VH UHIDFH QRXO WDEHO DO GLVWDQ HORU XWLOL]kQG GDWHOH GLQ WDEHOXO  6H

GHWHUPLQ 

D({A, B},{C, E}) = min {d(A, {C, E}), d(B, {C, E})}= min {1,5, 1,8} = 1,5
L DQDORJ G^A, B},D) = min {d(A,D), d(B, D) = min {2,35, 2,65} = 2,35
1RXO WDEHO DO GLVWDQ HORU HVWH XUP WRUXO

Tabelul 2.7.
& L (
$ L %

D
2,35
1,22

1,5

& L (

'LQ WDEHOXO SUHFHGHQW VH REVHUY

& L ( 1RXD GLVWDQ

' WUHEXLH V

ILH LQWHJUDW OD JUXSXO IRUPDW GH VRFLHW

LOH

YD IL

d({(C, E),D},{A, B,}) = min {d({C, E}), A, B}};

d(D, {A, B}) = min {1,5, 2,35} = 1,50.
6H RE LQH DVWIHO XUP WRUXO WDEHO DO GLVWDQ HORU WDEHOXO 

Tabelul 2.8.
$ L %
& ( L '

Q ILQDO VH REVHUY

GRX

JUXSH  FODVH

1,50

L % L

&

( L ' FDUH VXQW GLIHUHQ LDWH SULQ

GLVWDQ D GH  'HQGRJUDPD FDUH VH RE LQH SULQ DJUHJ UL VXFFHVLYH HVWH SUH]HQWDW

vQ ILJ 

A
B
C
D

E
o

)LJ  &ODVLILFDUHD VLPSOX vQO

Q XLW

a
2 di stan\
D FHORU FLQFL VRFLHW

L FRPHUFLDOH

2.2.3. Gruparea datelor statistice

5HDOL]DUHD VFRSXOXL FHUFHW ULL VWDWLVWLFH QHFHVLW
JUXS

UL VLPSOH LVDX FRPELQDWH GXS

HODERUDUHD QX QXPDL GH FODVLILF UL GDU L GH

XDQ VDX PDL PXOWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL QXPHULFH FXSULQVH vQ

programul de observare.
&DUDFWHULVWLFLOH QXPHULFH GH JUXSDUH SRW IL FX YDULD LH GLVFUHW
ULWH JUXS

fuQF LH GH YDULD LD FDUDFWHULVWLFLL XUP

ULOH

LVDX FX YDULD LH FRQWLQX  Q

pot fi efectuate pe YDULDQWH LVDX SH LQWHUYDOH

GH YDULD LH
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH FDUDFWHULVWLFD XUP ULW
VH

UHFRPDQG

JUXSDUHD

SH

YDULDQWH

LGHQWLILFDUHD SULQ QXP UDUH D XQLW

SUH]LQW

WDEHOXO



XQ QXP U UHGXV GH YDULDQWH vQ PRG HYLGHQW

$FHDVW

RSHUD LXQH

GH

SUHOXFUDUH

LORU IUHFYHQ HORU OD FDUH VH vQUHJLVWUHD]

caracteristicii.
Exemplul 2.1. /D ILQDOXO ODQ XOXL GH DVDPEODUH D DVSLUDWRDUHORU
20 aparate. n urma controlului tehnic de calitate s-D FRQVWDWDW QXP

FRQVW

vQ

DFHHDL YDULDQW

VH SUHOHYHD]

XQ HDQWLRQ G

UXO GH SLHVH FDUH SUH]LQW

GHIHF LXQH OD ILHFDUH DSDUDW SUHOHYDW 'DWHOH vQUHJLVWUDWH VXQW XUP WRDUHOH

Tabelul 2.9.
1XP

0
0
1
1
Q

XUPD

UXO GH SLHVH FDUH SUH]LQW

1
1
0
2

JUXS ULL

R GHIHF LXQH PLQRU

0
2
1
1

GDWHORU

SH

YDULDQWH

2
0
3
0
WDEHOXO

0
0
0
0



VH

RE LQH

XUP WRDUHD

GLVWDQ

GH

IUHFYHQ H

Tabelul 2.10.
'LVWULEX LD DSDUDWHORU GXS
1XP

UXO GH SLHVH

defecte
0
1
2
3
Total

QXP

UXO SLHVHORU GHIHFWH

1XP

U GH

aparate
10
6
3
1
20

*UXSDUHD GDWHORU SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH VH XWLOL]HD]

XUP ULW

SUH]LQW

DWXQFL FkQG FDUDFWHULVWLFD QXPHULF

XQ QXP U PDUH GH YDORUL LQGLYLGXDOH H[HPSOXO 

Exemplu 2.2. 'LQ ILLHUXO LQIRUPDWLF

IRU D GH PXQF

H[WUDJ XUP WRDUHOH GDWH UHIHULWRDUH OD FDUDFWHULVWLFD

DO 6RFLHW

LL &RPHUFLDOH

YHFKLPH vQ PXQF

*5832

VH

DQL

Tabelul 2.11
9HFKLPHD vQ PXQF

9,4
8,3
11,0
11,2
16,3
13,8

8,4
8,0
12,2
11,0
11,2
10,3

12,0
9,5
14,0
11,4
11,1
9,8

3HQWUX

16,3
12,1
9,4
15,4
12,8
12,4

VWUXFWXUDUHD

D SHUVRQDOXOXL DQL

11,9
11,0
10,2
12,5
10,6
11,4

16,8
14,1
13,4
10,5
10,5
10,4

FROHFWLYLW

FROHFWLYLWDWH VH SRW IRUPD JUXS

LL

9,8
13,1
7,3
10,0
15,0
8,2
SHQWUX

7,0
7,1
14,6
11,9
10,2
9,3

R UHJXO

12,6
12,1
10,3
15,6
12,0
9,4

HYLGHQ

ierea grupelor (straturilor) tipice din

UL SH intervale egale GH YDULD LH VDX SH intervale neegale.

*UXSDUHD GDWHORU SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH QHFHVLW

LQWHUYDOHORU 1X H[LVW

11,5
12,6
11,1
13,2
13,1
11,6

JHQHUDO

YDODELO

VWDELOLUHD QXP UXOXL GH JUXSH L D P ULPLL

GH GHWHUPLQDUH D QXP UXOXL GH JUXSH FDUH WUHEXLH

VH IRUPH]H &X WRDWH DFHVWHD DOHJHUHD QXP UXOXL GH JUXSH QX VH IDFH PHFDQLF FL SUHVXSXQH

FXQRDWHUHD YDULD LHL

FDUDFWHULVWLFLL QXPHULFH HODERUDUHD PDL PXOWRU YDULDQWH GH JUXSH SkQ

DMXQJH OD VROX LD FHD PDL SRWULYLW  FRQIRUP

XUP ULW 6FRSXO RSHUD LHL GH JUXSDUH QHFHVLW
PDUH GDU QLFL SUHD PLF &HUW HVWH IDSWXO F

FX IRUPD FRQFUHW

VH

GH PDQLIHVWDUH D IHQRPHQXOXL

IRUPDUHD XQXL QXP U GH JUXSH FDUH V

QXP UXO GH JUXSH U WUHEXLH V

QX ILH QLFL SUHD

ILH GLUHFW SURSRU LRQDO FX

DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL $ 

A = xmax - xmin = 16,8 - 7,0 = 9,8 ani

(2.4)

Unde: xmin = min {x1, x2, ..., x60}  DQL L

xmax = max {x1, x2, ..., x60} = 16,8 ani
/D YDULD LD YDORULORU LQGLYLGXDOH SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO  FDUDFWHUL]DW

SULQWU

-o amplitudine

GH  DQL VH SRW IRUPD  JUXSH 3H ED]D DPSOLWXGLQLL L D QXP UXOXL GH JUXSH VH GHWHUPLQ
LQWHUYDOHORU GH YDULD LH 

h=

A
r

x man x min
r

h GXS

9,8 ani
7

= 1, 5 ani

n literatura de specialitDWH
XQLW

LORU

FROHFWLYLW

LL

GXS

P ULPHD

UHOD LD 

VH

(2.5)

UHFRPDQG 

FDUDFWHULVWLFD

vQ

XUP ULW 

LSRWH]D

UHSDUWL LHL

DSUR[LPDWLY

XWLOL]DUHD

UHOD LHL

6WXUJHV

OXL

QRUPDOH



SHQWUX

GHWHUPLQDUHD P ULPLL LQWHUYDOHORU GH YDULD LH

h=

x max x min
1+3,322 log10 n

'XS

(2.6)

GHWHUPLQDUHD P ULPLL LQWHUYDOHORU GH YDULD LH HVWH QHFHVDU V

VH GHWHUPLQH OLPLWHOH

LQIHULRDUH L VXSHULRDUH DOH LQWHUYDOHORU GH JUXSDUH 6WDELOLUHD OLPLWHORU VH SRDWH IDFH DVWIHO

OLPLWD VXSHULRDU

D ILHF UXL LQWHUYDO V

IHOXO DFHVWD VH RE LQ LQWHUYDOH FX OLPLW

x i z inf , i = 1, r 1
i+1
- OLPLWHOH LQIHULRDUH L
unitate (2.8).
sup

x inf + x i
i 1

sup

UHSHWDELO

VH SUHLD FD OLPLW

LQIHULRDU

D LQWHUYDOXOXL XUP WRU



(2.7)
VXSHULRDUH DOH LQWHUYDOHORU GH JUXSDUH GLVWLQFWH GLIHUHQ LDWH SULQWU

+ 1; i = 1, r 1

(2.8)

-o

$GRSWkQG SULPD YDULDQW

 SHQWUX GDWHOH GLQ WDEHOXO  VH GHWHUPLQ

LQWHUYDOHOH GH

grupare care sunt prezentate n coloana 1 a tabelului 2.12.

Tabelul 2.12.
'LVWULEX LD SHUVRQDOXOXL 6RFLHW
GXS

Grupe de persoane
GXS

x inf
i

>

LL &RPHUFLDOH

*5832

YHFKLPH

ncadrarea persoanelor pe
intervale de vechime

YHFKLPH DQL

xi < xi

1XP

U GH SHUVRDQH

sup

///

1
///// ///
///// ///// //

8
12

///// ///// ///// ////

///// ////

19
9

/////
////

6, 5 > x < 8, 0
8, 0 > x < 9, 5
9, 5 > x < 11, 0
11, 0 > x < 12, 5
12, 5 > x < 14, 0
14, 0 > x < 15, 5
15, 5 > x < 17

2
3

5
4
-

TOTAL

60

Q FRORDQD  D WDEHOXOXL  HVWH FHQWUDW QXP UXO GH SHUVRDQH FDUH DX YHFKLPH FXSULQV

vQWU

XQ DQXPLW LQWHUYDO VDX IUHFYHQ D GH DSDUL LH D LQWHUYDOXOXL UHVSHFWLY

/D UHSDUWL]DUHD DPSOLWXGLQLL YDULD LHL SH LQWHUYDOH GH JUXSDUH WUHEXLH V

VH

LQ

VHDPD GH

XUP WRDUHOH UHFRPDQG UL

- limitele de interval V
-

VH H[SULPH SULQ QXPHUH vQWUHJL

VH IRUPH]H XQ DVWIHO GH QXP U GH LQWHUYDOH GH JUXSDUH SHQWUX D VH RE LQH LQIRUPD LL

VXILFLHQW GH DQDOLWLFH vQ YHGHUHD FDUDFWHUL] ULL FROHFWLYLW

LQWHUYDOHOH GH JUXSDUH IRUPDWH WUHEXLH V

LL

SHUPLW  OD QHYRLH UHJUXSDUHD GDWHORU I U

VH

UHLD RSHUD LD GH JUXSDUH VDX GH GLYL]DUH D LQWHUYDOHORU

ILHFDUH LQWHUYDO GH JUXSDUH WUHEXLH V

LQGLYLGXDOH FDUH V

IDFLOLWH]H DQDOL]D VWDWLVWLF

FXSULQG

XQ

QXP U VXILFLHQW GH PDUH GH YDORUL

D IUHFYHQ HORU

Q FD]XO vQ FDUH VH XUP UHWH VWUXFWXUD FROHFWLYLW

LL SRSXOD LHL VLPXOWDQ GXS

GRX

VDX PDL

PXOWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL QXPHULFH VDX vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH VH XUP UHWH DQDOL]D PRGXOXL GH PDQLIHVWDUH D
LQWHUGHSHQGHQ HORU GLQWUH GRX

YDULDELOH VH HODERUHD]

gruparHD FRPELQDW

3HQWUX HODERUDUHD JUXS ULL FRPELQDWH HVWH QHFHVDU FD LQWHUYDOHOH GH YDULD LH IL[DWH SHQWUX R
SULP

FDUDFWHULVWLF

R D GRXD FDUDFWHULVWLF
VXEJUXSH GXS

- GH UHJXO
UH]XOWDWLY

 FDUDFWHULVWLFD IDFWRULDO  FDX]DO

HIHFW $FHDVWD GLQ XUP

R D WUHLD FDUDFWHULVWLF

VWUXFWXULL FROHFWLYLW

DPG $FHDVW

LL HD UHSUH]HQWkQGX

JUXS ULL FRPELQDWH D XQLW

VH GLYLG

vQ VXEJUXSH GXS

OD UkQGXO ORU VXQW GLYL]DWH vQ VXE

FDUDFWHUL]DUH LHUDUKLF

DGkQFHWH DQDOL]D

-se sub forma unui graf arborescent. Modelul general al

LORU GLQWU R FROHFWLYLWDWH VH UHSUH]LQW

-V

vQ WDEHOXO 

Tabelul 2.13.
0RGHOXO JUXS
,QWHUYDOH GXS
FDUDFWHULVWLF

SULPD

ULL FRPELQDWH

,QWHUYDOH GXS

GH JUXSDUH

D GRXD

FDUDFWHULVWLF

1XP

U GH XQLW

GH

grupare

x inf
i

>

xi <
0

sup
xi

y inf
i

>

yi < yi

sup

y in f y 1
1
...
sup
in f
yj yj
...
sup
y in f y m
m
:
sup

xinf x1
1

sup

TOTAL GRUPA 1
:

n 1i
...
n 1j
...
n 1m
N1.
:

y in f y i
i
...
sup
in f
yj yj
...
sup
y in f y m
m
sup

xinf xi
i

sup

n 1i
...
n 1j
...
n1m

TOTAL GRUPA i
:

ni.
:

y inf y r
r
...
sup
y inf y j
j
...
sup
y inf y m
m
sup

xinf xr
r

sup

XUPDUH

JUXSDUHD VWDWLVWLF

FRJQLWLYH FDUH VH UHIHU

...
n rm

TOTAL GRUPA r
TOTAL GENERAL
3ULQ

n ri
...
n rj

FD

PHWRG

nr.
n
GH

SUHOXFUDUH

SULPDU

DUH R

VHULH

GH

IXQF LL

OD

- HYLGHQ LHUHD VWUXFWXULL FROHFWLYLW LL FHUFHWDWH SH WLSXUL FDOLWDWLYH

- HYLGHQ LHUHD PXWD LORU VWUXFWXUDOH SURGXVH vQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD VWXGLDW  SH SODQ WHULWRULDO vQ GLQDPLFD
L FD XUPDUH D PRGDOLW

LORU GH RUJDQL]DUH DOH DFHVWRUD

- UHIOHFWDUHD WHQGLQ HORU GH PDQLIHVWDUH DOH YDULD LHL FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU XUP ULWH
- VWDELOLUHD L LQWHUSUHWDUHD GLUHF LHL L IRUPHL VXE FDUH VH PDQLIHVW WHQGLQ D
IHQRPHQH L IDFWRULL GH LQIOXHQ

OHJ WXULL GLQWUH

2.2.4. Agregarea / centralizarea datelor statistice

Gruparea / clasificarea datelor

VWDWLVWLFH FXOHVH HVWH vQVR LW

VDX SUHFHGDW

GH RSHUD LL GH

FHQWUDOL]DUH  DJUHJDUH vQ VFRSXO RE LQHULL XQRU LQGLFDWRUL VLQWHWLFL DEVROX L

'XS

QLYHOXO OD FDUH VH H[HFXW

RSHUD LLOH GH FHQWUDOL]DUH  DJUHJDUH VH GLVWLQJ

- centralizarea / gruparea simpO  VH HIHFWXHD] OD QLYHOXO FROHFWLYLW LL QHJUXSDWH

nestructurate;
- FHQWUDOL]DUHD  DJUHJDUHD SH JUXSH  FODVH VH HIHFWXHD] OD QLYHOXO JUXSHORU  FODVHORU vQ FDUH D
IRVW VWUXFWXUDW FROHFWLYLWDWHD QWU-R FODVLILFDUH  DJUHJDUH LHUDUKLF DJUHJDUHD Gatelor individuale se face
VXFFHVLY vQ FRQFRUGDQ

FX QLYHOH WUHSWHOH DFHVWHLD SkQ

VH DMXQJH OD QLYHOXO vQWUHJXOXL DQVDPEOX

- centralizarea / agregarea datelor statistice se face prin aditivitate sau prin aplicarea unor
tehnici speciale.
3ULQ RSHUD LLOH GH DGLWLYLWDWH VH RE LQ OD QLYHOXO JUXSHORUFODVHORU LQGLFDWRUL VLQWHWLFL VXE IRUP
VXPHWRWDOXUL $GLWLYLWDWHD QX WUHEXLH HIHFWXDW

dintre care amintim:

GH

PHFDQLF FL UHVSHFWkQGX VH DQXPLWH UHVWULF LL FHULQ H

- datele individuale agregate trebuie V

FDOLWDWLY  V

DLE

DFHODL FRQ LQXW V

VH UHIHUH OD DFHHDL WU V WXU

H[SULPH DFHHDL FDWHJRULH GH IDSWH LQGLYLGXDOH

- GDWHOH FDUH VXQW FHQWUDOL]DWHDJUHJDWH V DLE FDUDFWHU SULPDU GH YROXP

- GDWHOH LQGLYLGXDOH WUHEXLH V ILH H[SULPDWH vQ DFHOHDL XQLW L GH P VXU
$OW
H[HPSOX

FDOFXOXO

QLYHOHORU

H[HPSOX YDORDUHD DJUHJDW

VH RE LQ FD PHGLH VLPSO
SLD

HWF

PRGDOLWDWH GH DJUHJDUH D GDWHORU VWDWLVWLFH SUHVXSXQH XWLOL]DUHD XQRU WHKQLFL VSHFLDOH GH

PHGLLXWLOL]DUHD

D YDORULO

SRQGHULORU

VDX

FRHILFLHQ LORU

VDX SRQGHUDW  $JUHJDUHDFHQWUDOL]DUHD FDQWLW

GH F WUH R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO

GH

RSHUD LLORU

'H

LORU GH P UIXUL GHVI FXWH SH

SUHVXSXQH XWLOL]DUHD SUH XULORU UHVSHFWLYH SUDFWLFD

SHULRDGH Q DOWH FD]XUL DJUHJDUHDFHQWUDOL]DUHD GDWHORU VWDWLVWLFH VH HIHFWXHD]

FDWHJRULL  5H]XOWDWHOH

HFKLYDOHQ

or individuale privind productivitatea muncii, costul unitar etc.

GH

JUXSDUHFODVLILFDUH D

GDWHORU

SULQ

VWDWLVWLFH VXQW

te n diferite

QXP UDUH SH

SUH]HQWDWH

SULQ

WDEHOH JUDILFH L VHULL

2.3. METODE DE PREZENTARE A DATELOR STATISTICE

2.3.1. Tabele statistice
8QD GLQWUH FHOH PDL DGHFYDWH PRGDOLW
WDEHODU 

leg

GHRDUHFH

HD

SHUPLWH

L GH SUH]HQWDUH D GDWHORU VWDWLVWLFH R UHSUH]LQW

FDUDFWHUL]DUHD

VWUXFWXULL

FROHFWLYLW

LL

SRSXOD LHL

IRUPD

LQYHVWLJDWH

WXULORU GLQWUH JUXSHOH VDOH WLSLFH HWF 7DEHOXO VWDWLVWLF 76 HVWH IRUPDW GLQWU R UH HD DGHFYDW

D
GH

OLQLL SDUDOHOH RUL]RQWDOH L YHUWLFDOH vQ FDUH VXQW vQFDGUDWH GDWHOH  FXSULQGH L XQD VDX PDL PXOWH VHULL

statistice. Tabelul statistic este elaborat cu dublu scop: pentru sistematizarea datelor n vederea
SUHOXFU ULL L RE LQHULL LQGLFDWRULORU VLQWHWLFL SHQWUX SUH]HQWDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU SUHOXFU ULL SULPDUH L

secundare.
2ULFDUH DU IL GHVWLQD LD 76 HO WUHEXLH V
WUHEXLH V

DLE

ILH HODERUDW GXS

DQXPLWH UHJXOL GH FRQ LQXW L GH IRUP 

DQXPLWH HOHPHQWH REOLJDWRULL L DQXPH

- subiectul TS.

$FHVWD HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW GH FROHFWLYLWDWHD VDX HDQWLRQXO OD FDUH VH UHIHU

datele;
- predicatul TS. (O VH UHIHU OD VLVWHPXO GH FDUDFWHULVWLFL SULPDUH VDX GHULYDWH DOH F URU
valori individuale sunt sistematizate;
- macheta TS. $FHDVWD HVWH IRUPDW GLQ UH HDXD GH UkQGXUL L FRORDQH vQ FDUH VH vQVFULX vQ PRG
RUGRQDW GDWHOH WLWOXO JHQHUDO WLWOXULOH LQWHULRDUH VH vQVFULX vQ FDSHWHOH UXEULFLORU QRWHOH H[SOLFDWLYH L

sursa datelor.
Q IXQF LH GH VFRSXO DQDOL]HL L DO SUHOXFU ULL vQ WHRULD L SUDFWLFD VWDWLVWLF  VH HODERUHD]
VH XWLOL]HD]

R PXOWLWXGLQH GH WDEHOH VWDWLVWLFH 'LQWUH DFHVWHD HYLGHQ LHP XUP WRDUHOH

- tabele simple, descriptive. Acestea sunt elaborate pentru prezentarea indicatorilor statistici ai
XQLW

LORU FRPSOH[H LQYHVWLJDWH RUGRQD L GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH FURQRORJLF WHULWRULDO VDX RUJDQL]DWRULF

(Tabelele 2.9; 2.11);

- tabele utilizate n prelucrare. Acestea sunt instrumente intermediare utilizate pentru
parcurgerea unor algoritmi de calcul;
- WDEHOH GH SUH]HQWDUH D GDWHORU VWDWLVWLFH VWUXFWXUDWH SH JUXSHFODVH GH YDULD LH
(Tabelele 2.10; 2.12; 2.13);
- WDEHOH GH FRQWLQJHQ  $FHVWHD VXQW WDEHOH FX GXEO LQWUDUH FDUH FRQ LQ XQ QXP U GH r grupe
(variDQWH IRUPDWH GXS R FDUDFWHULVWLF IDFWRULDO FDX]DO  L p JUXSH YDULDQWH IRUPDWH GXS R
FDUDFWHULVWLF

UH]XOWDWLY

HIHFW )RUPD JHQHUDO

D DFHVWXL WDEHO XWLOL]DW SHQWUX SULPD GDW

3HDUVRQ  SHQWUX DQDOL]D LQWHUGHSHQGHQ HORU VH SUH]LQW

vQ WDEHOXO 

GH .DUO

Tabelul 2.14
'LVWULEX LD XQLW

LORU XQHL FROHFWLYLW

L GXS

GRX

FDUDFWHULVWLFL

LQWHUGHSHQGHQWH [ L \

y1

Valorile/variantele
caracteristicii y
Valorile/variantele
caracteristicii x
x1
,
,
,
x1
,
,
,
x1

yj

n11
,
,
,
n11
,
,
,
n11
n.1

YDULDELOD \

'LQ WDEHOXO  VH REVHUY

...

n1j
,
,
,
nij
,
,
,
nrj
n.j

...
...
...

- n.j

SRVHG

GXS

UHSUH]LQW

YDULDQW JUXS

SRVHG

- Q UHSUH]LQW
2 IRUP
SUH]LQW

UHSDUWL LD XQLW

...

YDULDELOD [

n1p
,
,
,
n1p
,
,
,
nrp
n.p

...
...
...

n1
,
,
,
ni
,
,
,
nr
n..

YDULDQWDJUXSD [L L \L
FDUH

SRVHG

YDULDQWDJUXSD

[L

LQGLIHUHQW

FH

WRWDO

GH

XQLW

FDUH

SRVHG

YDULDQWDJUXSD

\L

LQGLIHUHQW

FH

FDUDFWHULVWLFD [

QXP UXO WRWDO GH XQLW

SDUWLFXODU

Totalul
IUHFYHQ HORU

FDUDFWHULVWLFD \

QXP UXO

GXS

yp

XUP WRDUHOH

- nij UHSUH]LQW QXP UXO GH XQLW L FDUH SRVHG

- ni UHSUH]LQW QXP UXO WRWDO GH XQLW L

YDULDQW JUXS

...

GXS

7RWDOXO IUHFYHQ HORU

GXS

...

L LQYHVWLJDWH vQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD VWDWLVWLF 

D WDEHOXOXL GH FRQWLQJHQ

LORU GXS

GRX

HVWH WDEHOXO GH DVRFLHUH WDEHOXO 

Acesta

FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOWHUQDWLYH FRUHODWH vQWUH HOH

Tabelul 2.15
$VRFLHUHD IUHFYHQ HORU GXS

Variantele alternative ale

caracteristicii x (ex.: mediul)

GRX

FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOWHUQDWLYH

Total

Variantele alternative ale

caracteristicii y (ex.: profilul
LORU FRPHUFLDOH

VRFLHW

y2 (de ex.

y1 (de ex.

352'8&

,(

&20(5

DA sau NU y1=1
n11(=80.000)

n1(140.000)

n21=35.000

n22(=10.000)

n2(45.000)

n.1(=115.000)

x1(DA sau x1=1)

(de ex. URBAN)
x2 (NU sau x2=0)
(de ex. RURAL)
Total

(NU sau y2=0)

n12(=60.000)

n.2(=70.000)

n..(185.000)

- WDEHOH VWDWLVWLFH GH SUH]HQWDUH D YDORULORU IXQF LLORU ELRPHWULFH VDX D UHSDUWL LLORU
statistice teoretice. Q DFHDVW FDWHJRULH vQFDGU P WDEHOHOH GH PRUWDOLWDWH WDEHOHOH UHSDUWL LHL
ELQRPLDOH WDEHOHOH GLVWULEX LLORU )LVKHU 6WXGHQW .UXVWDO- Wallis, Wilcoxon, Gauss- Laplace etc.;
7DEHOHOH VWDWLVWLFH LQGLIHUHQW GH WLSXO ORU  GH PRGDOLWDWHD ORU GH HODERUDUH PDQXDO

VDX

DXWRPDW  FRQ LQ XQD VDX PDL PXOWH VHULL

2.3.2. Serii statistice

6HULLOH VWDWLVWLFH UHSUH]LQW
UH]XOWDW

DO

statistice

VLVWHPDWL] ULL
vQ

FDUH

SULPXO

LVDX

R DOW

JUXS ULL

UHSUH]LQW

PRGDOLWDWH GH SUH]HQWDUH D GDWHORU 6HULD VWDWLVWLF  FD

GHILQHWH

YDULD LD

FRUHVSRQGHQ D

FDUDFWHULVWLFLL

GLQWUH

XUP ULWH

LDU

GRX
DO

IUHFYHQ HOH GH DSDUL LH D YDULDQWHORU FDUDFWHULVLWLFLL Q IRUPD FHD PDL JHQHUDO

VLQJXU

FDUDFWHULVWLF

VH SUH]LQW

x 1 x 2 ... x r
n 1 n 2 ... n r

DVWIHO

(2.9)

LUXUL

GRLOHD

LU

GH

GDWH

FXSULQGH

R VHULH VWDWLVWLF

FX R

Unde: x1, x2, ..., xn sunt variante nregistrate pentru caracteristica x;

n1, n2, ..., nr VXQW IUHFYHQ HOH GH DSDUL LH DOH YDULDQWHORU FDUDFWHULVWLFLL [
)RUPD JHQHUDO

- VHULD WUHEXLH

D VHULHL VWDWLVWLFH  LPSXQH XQHOH REVHUYD LL L DQXPH

RIHUH LQIRUPD LL FX SULYLUH OD VXFFHVLXQHD P

L D IUHFYHQ HORU FRUHVSXQ]

- vQWUH FHOH GRX

WRDUH

valoarea iQGLYLGXDO

R OHJ

LUXUL GH GDWH H[LVW

RDUHFDUH vL FRUHVSXQGH R DQXPLW

ULPHD YDORUL

lor nregistrate

;
IUHFYHQ

WXU

XQLYRF

 vQ VHQVXO F

XQHL YDORUL LQGLYLGXDOH

 UHVSHFWLY XQ QXP U FDUH DUDW

GH FkWH RUL VH UHSHW

UHVSHFWLY 

Q IXQF LH GH QDWXUD FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU XUP ULWH VHULLOH VWDWLVWLFH VXQW FODVLILFDWH vQ
UHSDUWL LH
L

sau VHULL GH GLVWULEX LH; serii cronologice (sau de timp); serii teritoriale
serii descriptive sau enumerative.

serii de

VDX GH VSD LX

6HULLOH GH UHSDUWL LH GH GLVWULEX LH VXQW HODERUDWH DWXQFL FkQG FDUDFWHULVWLFD XUP ULW
QXPHULF

HVWH

FDQWLWDWLY  $FHVWH VHULL VXQW H[HPSOLILFDWH vQ WDEHOHOH  L 

Seriile cronologice

GH WLPS VDX GLQDPLFH SUH]LQW

GHVFULH XQ DQXPLW SURFHV )RUPD JHQHUDO

HYROX LD vQ WLPS

a unui fenomen sau

D XQHL VHULL FURQRORJLFH HVWH SUH]HQWDW

vQ WDEHOXO 

Tabelul 2.16
Variabila timp (t)
A
0
1
2
,
,
,
t
,
,
,
T

Valorile caracteristice
1
y0
y1
y2
,
,
,
yt
,
,
,
yr

Tabelul 2.17
8QLW

L WHULWRULDOH

Valorile caracteristice (y)

1
yA
yB
,
,
,
yr
,
,
,
y2

A
A
B
,
,
,
I
,
,
,
Z

Seriile teritoriale

VDX GH VSD LX SUH]LQW

aceVWH VHULL YDORULOH FDUDFWHULVWLFLL VH UHIHU

DFHVWH VHULL VH RE LQ GXS

OD XQLW

YDULD LD WHULWRULDO

LOH WHULWRULDOH GLQ FDUH IDF SDUWH Q PRG IUHFYHQW

FULWHULL DGPLQLVWUDWLY WHULWRULDOH FHHD FH vQVHDPQ

VSD LXO HVWH YDULDELO LDU WLPSXO L VWUXFWXUD RUJDQL]DWRULF

VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWH JUDILF FX DMXWRUXO K U LORU VDX VXE IRUP

Seriile descriptive
DQXPLW

D FDUDFWHULVWLFLL DQDOL]DWH Q

VDX

HQXPHUDWLYH

VH

SUH]LQW

vQ FDGUXO DFHVWRUD

VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH IL[H 6HULLOH WHULWRULDOH

GH FDUWRJUDPH VDX FDUGLRJUDPH

VXE

IRUP

GH

OLVWH

XQLW

LORU

GXS

FDUDFWHULVWLF 
(ODERUDUHD VHULLORU L WDEHOHORU VWDWLVWLFH UHSUH]LQW

QX QXPDL XQ PLMORF HILFLHQW GH SUH]HQWDUH

D GDWHORU VWDWLVWLFH GDU L R RSHUD LH SUHPHUJ WRDUH SHQWUX UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF 

 *UDILFD GDWHORU VWDWLVWLFH 3ULQFLSLL L UHJXOL

de reprezentare JUDILF
*UDILFD VWDWLVWLF
LVDX
GHVI

LQWHUGHSHQGHQWH

XUDUHD

VWDWLVWLF

XQRU

vQ VFRSXO YL]XDOL]

VH XWLOL]HD]
D

GDWHORU

RSHUD LL

GH

vQ

VFRSXO

SUHOXFUDUH

ULL P

SRSXODUL]

SUHYL]LXQH

ULL

ULPLL L YDULD LHL LQGHSHQGHQWH

DFHVWRUD

VDX

SODQLILFDUH

SHQWUX

IDFLOLWD

GH

(OHPHQWHOH

JUDILF

VH DOHJ vQ IXQF LH GH VSHFLILFXO IHQRPHQHORU DQDOL]DWH GH UHOD LLOH GLQWUH GDWHOH FDUH SRW IL

YL]XDOL]DWH

'HFL

SULQ

JUDILFD

VWDWLVWLF

rapoartele dintre date. Din DFHDVW

5HSUH]HQW ULOH
FRRUGRQDWH K

JUDILFH

DOH

QX

FDX]

VH

LOXVWUHD]

VWDWLVWLFH

GDWHOH

vQ

VLQH

FkW

SURSRU LLOH

OD OXQJLPL VXSUDIH H L YROXPH

VH DSHOHD]

GDWHORU

DWkW

IDF

DSHO

OD

figuri geometrice, sisteme de

U L GHVHQH ILJXUDOH HWF

7UDVDUHD FRUHFW

D JUDILFHORU VWDWLVWLFH VH HIHFWXHD]

SH ED]D XQRU UHJXOL FDUH VH UHIHU

DWkW OD

FRQ LQXW FkW L OD IRUP  2 SDUWH GLQ UHJXOLOH GH HODERUDUH D JUDILFHORU VWDWLVWLFH VXQW FRPXQH FX FHOH
DOH WDEHOHORU LDU DOWHOH VXQW VSHFLILFH $VWIHO SHQWUX LQWHUSUHWDUHD FRPSOHW

transmis de grafLF HVWH QHFHVDU FD DFHVWD V

DLE  OHJHQG

 UH HD L VFDU

L FRUHFW

D PHVDMXOXL

GH UHSUH]HQWDUH D[HOH GH

coordonate explicite.
/HJHQGD JUDILFXOXL H[SOLF

vQ IRUP

VLQWHWL]DW

VHPQLILFD LD VLPEROXULORU XWLOL]DWH 5H HDXD

GH UHSUH]HQWDUH GH PDL PXOWH RUL QX HVWH YL]LELO  HVWH IRUPDW

RUL]RQWDOH L YHUWLFDOH VDX GLQ FHUFXUL FRQFHQWULFH GXS

GLQWU R PXO LPH GH OLQLL SDUDOHOH

FXP JUDILFXO HVWH WUDVDW vQ FRRUGRQDWH

UHFWDQJXODUH VDX vQ FRRUGRQDWH SRODUH Q PRG IUHFYHQW vQ SUDFWLFD VWDWLVWLF

JUDILFHOH VXQW WUDVDWH vQ

sistemul de coordonare rectangulare.

Pe axa OX

D DFHVWRUD VH YRU IL[D YDULDQWHOH VDX LQWHUYDOHOH GH YDULD LH DOH FDUDFWHULVWLFLL

independente, momentele sau intervalele de timp, iar pe axa OY

VH YRU IL[D IUHFYHQ HOH YDORULOH

FDUDFWHULVWLFLL D F UHL HYROX LH HVWH XUP ULW  YDORULOH VDX LQWHUYDOHOH GH YDULD LH DOH FDUDFWHULVWLFLL
GHSHQGHQWH 3HQWUX D UHVSHFWD SURSRU LLOH GLQ GDWH HVWH QHFHVDU FD SH FHOH GRX

D[H SXQFWHOH V

ILH

IL[DWH OD VFDU 
3ULQFLSDOHOH

WLSXUL

GH

JUDILFH

FDUH

VH

WUDVHD]

vQ

KLVWRJUDPD SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU FXUED FXPXODWLY

DFHVW

VLVWHP

GH

D[H VXQW

XUP WRDUHOH

GH IUHFYHQ H GLDJUDPHOH SULQ EHQ]L L

coloane; cronograma (pentru seriile cronologice); corelograma (pentru seriile interdependente)

etc. O parte din aceste grafice sunt trasate n cadUXO DFHVWXL SDUDJUDI LDU UHVWXO vQ FXSULQVXO OXFU
Exemplul 2.3.

6RFLHWDWHD

FRPHUFLDO

XUP WRDUHOH GDWH UHIHULWRDUH OD WLPSXO GH OXFUX

$1'5(;

SUH]LQW

vQ WULPHVWUXO

ULL

,  L 

Tabelul 2.18
Indicatorii timpului de lucru la S.C. "ANDEX"
Indicatori

Trimestrul I

Trimestrul I

1999

2000

1. Fond de timp maxim disponibil din care:

3.865.100

3.773.000

2. Fond de timp efectiv lucrat

3.688.155

3.602.700

176.000

170.300

3. Fond de timp nelucrat

0 ULPHD IRQGXOXL GH WLPS OXFUDW GLQ FHOH GRX

WULPHVWUH HVWH YL]XDOL]DW

vQ ILJXUD 

3.865.155
ore-om

3.602.700

Trim. I 1999

Trim. I 2000

ore-om

Fig. 2.3. Fondul de timp efectiv lucrat (ore - om) la S.C. "ANDREX"
3HQWUX VHVL]DUHD PDL UDSLG
VH WUDVHD]

GLDJUDPD GH VWUXFWXU

,S

D PRGLILF ULORU GLQ VWUXFWXUD IRQGXOXL GH WLPS PD[LP GLVSRQLELO

WUDWXO GH VWUXFWXU

sau FHUFXO GH VWUXFXWU (2.4).

Q VFRS SXEOLFLWDU VDX SHQWUX SRSXODUL]DUHD XQRU DVSHFWH HVHQ LDOH GLQ PDQLIHVWDUHD XQRU
IHQRPHQH VH WUDVHD]

GLDJUDPHOH SULQ EHQ]L L FRORDQH ILJXUL QDWXUDOH HWF ILJ 

QWUHE

UL GH DXWRFRQWU

ol

&H VH vQ HOHJH SULQ SUHOXFUDUH VWDWLVWLF

SULPDU

L FDUH VXQW SULQFLSDOHOH RSHUD LL LPSOLFDWH "

&DUH VXQW IXQF LLOH RSHUD LLORU GH VWUXFWXUDUH D GDWHORU "

&DUH VXQW SDLL DOJRULWPXOXL GH FODVLILFDUH LHUDUKLF

"

&DUH HVWH RELHFWLYXO DJUHJ ULL GDWHORU VWDWLVWLFH L SULQ FH PHWRGH VH UHDOL]HD]
&H VH vQ HOHJH SULQ VHULH VWDWLVWLF

WHULWRULDO

&H VH vQ HOHJH SULQ VHULH FURQRORJLF

)LUPD 9,0 VSHFLDOL]DW
SUHIHULQ HORU

DFHVWRUD

ID

sistematizate astfel:
Vrsta
3kQ

OD  DQL WRWDO

Din care:
- Antena 1
- ProTV
- 7 abc
- Prima TV
19-29 ani, total
Din care:
- Antena 1
- ProTV
- 7 abc
- Prima TV
30-39 ani, total
Din care:
- Antena 1
- ProTV
- 7 abc
- Prima TV
40-49 ani, total
Din care:
- Antena 1
- ProTV
- 7 abc
- Prima TV
50-59 ani, total
Din care:
- Antena 1
- ProTV
- 7 abc
- Prima TV
 DQL L SHVWH WRWDO

L FXP VH UHSUH]LQW

GH

HD JUDILF "

L SULQ FH PHWRGH VH UHSUH]LQW

vQ FHUFHW UL GH SLD
FkWHYD

DFHDVWD "

HD JUDILF "

D LQWHUYLHYDW  SHUVRDQH SHQWUX WHVWDUHD

SRVWXUL

GH

1XP

WHOHYL]LXQH

'DWH

vQUHJLVWUDWH

VXQW

U SHUVRDQH

494
89
211
107
87
327
57
130
81
59
91
38
29
14
10
140
77
42
11
10
136
63
28
36
9
121

Din care:
- Antena 1
59
- ProTV
30
- 7 abc
21
- Prima TV
11
Se cere:
- 6 VH JUXSH]H GDWHOH GH PDL VXV L V se prezinte rezultatul ntr-XQ WRWDO GH FRQWLQJHQ
- 6 VH YL]XDOL]H]H GDWHOH GH PDL VXV SULQ FHOH PDL DGHFYDWH PHWRGH

*UDILFHOH

VWDWLVWLFH

WUDVDWH

vQ

FRRUGRQDWH

SRODUH

VH

XWLOL]HD]

vQ

PRG

FXUHQW

SHQWUX

vizualizarea:
a) RULF UHL VHULL GH GDWH VWDWLVWLFH;
b) VHULLORU GH UHSDUWL LH
c) WUHQGXOXL WHQGLQ HL GLQ HYROX LD vQ WLPS D XQXL IHQRPHQ
d) HYROX LD vQ WLPS D XQXL IHQRPHQ DIHFWDW GH RVFLOD LL VH]RQLHUH
e) WHQGLQ HL OHJ WXULL GLQWUH YDULDELOH L SHQWUX DOHJHUHD PRGHOHORU GH UHJUHVLH
Q UHSUH]HQW ULOH JUDILFH DOH GDWHORU VWDWLVWLFH VH XWLOL]HD] 

a)
b)

vQ H[FOXVLYLWDWH VFDUD DULWPHWLF 

vQ IXQF LH GH RUGLQXO GH P ULPH D GDWHORU VH XWLOL]HD]
VHPLORJDULWPLF  GXEOX ORJDULWPLF

c)

GXS

FD] VFDUD DULWPHWLF  ORJDULWPLF 

HWF

vQ IXQF LH GH RUGLQXO GH P ULPH D GDWHORU VFDOD QRPLQDO  RUGLQDO

UDSRDUWH FRQWLQX

GH LQWHUYDOH GH

VDX GLVFUHW 

RULFH VFDU  QXPDL JUDILFXO V

ILH WUDVDW vQWU

-un sistem de axe rectangulare;

-un sistem de axe polare.
&DUWRJUDPD VH IRORVHWH SHQWUX D UHSrezenta grafic:
a) XQLW L VWDWLVWLFH FX GRX GLPHQVLXQL vQWRWGHDXQD GXS R FDUDFWHULVWLF 
b) XQLW L VWDWLVWLFH FX GRX GLPHQVLXQL vQWRWGHDXQD GXS PDL PXOWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL
c) XQLW L VWDWLVWLFH FX GRX GLPHQVLXQL QLFLRGDW GXS PDL PXOWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL
d) unit L VWDWLVWLFH FX GRX GLPHQVLXQL GXS XQD VDX PDL PXOWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL
e) FDUWRJUDPD QX HVWH XQ JUDILF XWLOL]DW GH VWDWLVWLF 
'DF vQ XUPD JUXS ULL XQXL VHW GH GDWH SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HJDOH VH RE LQ IUHFYHQ HOH
d)
e)

RULFH VFDU  QXPDL JUDILFXO V

ILH WUDVDW vQWU

QXOH DWXQFL VH UHFRPDQG 

a) V VH UHJUXSH]H GDWHOH GXS R DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF 

b) VH XWLOL]HD] vQ FRQWLQXDUH DFHHDL GLVWULEX LH QH LQkQG FRQW GH IUHFYHQ HOH QXOH
c) VH XWLOL]HD] vQ FRQWLQXDUH GLVWULEX LD GDF HVWH GRDU R VLQJXU IUHFYHQ QXO 
d) VH UHJUXSHD] GDWHOH P ULQG QXP UXO GH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH
e) VH UHJUXSHD] GDWHOH P ULQG GLPHQVLXQHD LQWHUYDOXOXL
Formula lui Sturges se poate aplica pentru determinarea:
a) DPSOLWXGLQLL YDULD LHL XQHL FDUDFWHULVWLFL
b) valorii maxime dintr-un set de date;
c) valorii minime dintr-un set de date;
d) QXP UXOXL GH JUupe;
e) QXP UXOXL GH FDUDFWHULVWLFL
2 VHULH GH WLPS VH UHSUH]LQW JUDILF SULQWU-o:
a) FRUHORJUDP 
b) GLDJUDP GH VWUXFWXU 
c) FURQRJUDP KLVWRULRJUDP 
d) FDUWRJUDP 
e) FDUWRGLDJUDP 
*UDILFHOH VWDWLVWLFH vQ FRRUGRQDWH SRODUH VH XWLOL]HD] vQ PRG FXUHQW SHQWUX YL]XDOLzarea:
a) RULF UHL VHULL GH GDWH VWDWLVWLFH
b) VHULLORU GH UHSDUWL LH
c) HYROX LHL WUHQGXOXL GLQ HYROX LD XQXL IHQRPHQ
d) HYROX LHL XQXL IHQRPHQ DIHFWDW GH RVFLOD LL VH]RQLHUH
e) WHQGLQ HL OHJ WXULL GLQWUH YDULDELOH L DOHJHUHD PRGHOXOXL GH UHJUHVLH
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLQG QXP UXO GH IDFWXUL vQWRFPLWH GH 6& $QRQLPXV
S.R.L. n luna noiembrie 2000:

Data
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Nr. facturi
6
10
12
10
8
9
10
11
12
9

I
Grupe de zile
GXS

Nr. zile

Data
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Nr. facturi
10
14
6
18
13
9
14
12
17
12

II
Grupe de zile

QU GH

GXS

QU GH

facturi
05
6 11
11 15
15 20

1
13
13
3

facturi
05
6 10
11 15
16 20

IV
Intervale ale

Nr. zile

V
Intervale ale

QXP

UXOXL

zilnic de
facturi
(0 5]
(5 10]
(10 15]
(15 20]

QXP

UXOXL GH

Nr.
zile
1
16
10
3

Data
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Nr. facturi
14
12
11
10
8
4
12
9
12
16

III
Grupe de zile
GXS

QU GH

facturi
06
7 14
15 22
23 30

Nr.
zile

facturi
1
13
13
3

3RSXOD LD VWDWLVWLF

[0 5)
[5 10)
[10 15)
[16 20)
VWXGLDW

HVWH VWUXFWXUDW

1
9
17
3
L SUH]HQWDW

a) Tabelul I;
b) Tabelul II;
c) Tabelul III;
d) Tabelul IV;
e) Tabelul V.
Histograma:
a) este un grafic specific seriilor cronologice;
b) UHIOHFW GHQVLWDWHD UHSDUWL LHL VWDWLVWLFH
c) este un grafic de volum;
d) UHIOHFW IRUPD UHSDUWL LHL
e) HVWH VLPLODU FX GLDJUDPD SULQ FRORDQH

vQ

Nr.
zile
55
90
103
82