CAPITOLUL 4

02'(/$5($35()(5,1

(/25

CONSUMATORULUI
6WXGLXO GHFL]LLORU DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL FRQVXPDWRUL VDX
SURGXF WRULVHED]HD] SHLSRWH]DF HLVHFRPSRUW UD LRQDODGLF 
vQFHDUF V

-LDWLQJ

RELHFWLYHOHODFHOPDLvQDOWQLYHOSRVLELO LQkQG

cont GH UHVWULF LLOH OD FDUH VXQW VXSXL HL L GHFL]LLOH ORUQFHHDFH
vO SULYHWH SH FRQVXPDWRU VH SUHVXSXQH F  HO FXQRDWH SUH XULOH
XQLWDUH DOH SURGXVHORU FDUH vO LQWHUHVHD]  V D KRW UkW DVXSUD

bugetului de consum (suma pe care s-DGHFLVV

RFKHOWXLDVF SHQWUX

a-L SURFXUD EXQXULOH QHFHVDUH L HVWH vQ P

VXU  V  IRUPXOH]H

SUHIHULQ H V  RSWH]H vQ UDSRUW FX JXVWXULOH VDOH L FX VDWLVIDF LD SH
FDUH DWHDSW  V  R RE LQ  SULQ FRQVXP 3UHRFXSDUHD VD HVWH GH D
SXWHD V  RSWH]H SHQWUX R VROX LH FDUH V

-i asigure un maxim de

VDWLVIDF LH vQ FRQGL LLOH EXJHWXOXL L DOH SUH XULORU GDWH Q DFHVW IHO
VH SRDWH IRUPXOD vQ FRQWLQXDUH R SUREOHP  FRQH[  GDU FDUH WRWXL

excede ntr-R P

VXU  FRQVXPXO SUREOHP  FDUH vO LQWHUHVHD]  WRWXL

LSHSURGXF WRULDQXPHFXPVHIRUPHD] FHUHUHDSHQWUXGLIHULWH

SURGXVH FHUHUH F UHLD SURGXF WRUXO WUHEXLH V

cu oferta lui.

-L U

VSXQG  SH SLD

4.1. 8WLOLWDWHD$QDOL]

FDUGLQDO

LRUGLQDO

&HOH GRX  DERUG UL GDX U VSXQVXUL GLIHULWH vQ FHHD FH
SULYHWH SRVLELOLWDWHD P VXU ULL XWLOLW

LL GD HVWH U VSXQVXO DQDOL]HL

cardinale; nu, este cel al analizei ordinale.

$ERUGDUHD FDUGLQDO

 SUHVXSXQH F  P VXUD XWLOLW

LL HVWH

GDW  GH YDORULOH SH FDUH OH LD IXQF LD GH XWLOLWDWH WRWDO  SHQWUX
FRQVXPXOFDQWLW

LORU4x

din bunul x:

UTx = UT(Q x )

(1)

8WLOLWDWHD HVWH DFFHSWDW  VWULFW vQ VHQV HFRQRPLF VXE IRUPD

JUDGXOXLGHVDWLVIDF LHSHFDUHXQFRQVXPDWRUVHDWHDSW V
SULQFRQVXPXOXQHLFDQWLW

LGDWHGLQWU

-ORE LQ

-un bun, presupunnd:

UDSRUWDUHDFRQWLHQW vQWUHEXQLRQHYRLHDOXL

LQH[LVWHQ DEXQXOXLvQSURSULHWDWHDFRQVXPDWRUXOXL

DFFHVXOODEXQVHIDFHSULQSLD

IRUPDUHDXQHLFRUHOD LLvQWUHLQWHQVLWDWHDQHYRLLUHVSHFWLYJUDGXO

GH VDWLVIDF LH DWHSWDW SH GH R SDUWH L SUH XO GH DFKL]L LH DO

bXQXOXLSHGHDOW

SDUWH

)XQF LDGHXWLOLWDWHSUH]LQW XUP WRDUHOHSURSULHW

(i)

FUHWHRGDW FXFDQWLWDWHDFRQVXPDW 

UTx > 0

(2)

L

(ii) JUDGXO GH VDWLVIDF LH FUHWH IRDUWH PXOW DWXQFL FkQG FRQsumul
HVWH IRDUWH PLF DGLF  DWXQFL FkQG QHYRLD HVWH SUDFWLF WRWDO
QHDFRSHULW 

lim UTx = +

(3)

Q x 0

(iii) JUDGXO GH VDWLVIDF LH QX PDL FUHWH DWXQFL FkQG FRQVXPXO HVWH
IRDUWHPDUHDGLF DWXQFLFkQGVHLQVWDOHD] VDWXUD LD

lim UTx = 0

(4)

Q x

(iv) FUHWHUHDGHXWLOLWDWHWRWDO

RE LQXW SHVHDPDFRQVXPXOXLXQLWDU

VXSOLPHQWDUVHQXPHWHXWLOLWDWHPDUJLQDO

UM Q x = UTx (Q x )
QLYHOXOFRQVXPXOXL4x

este 1,2,,n avem:

astfel nctGDF

(5)

80

87

=1

(v)

()
L

(5.1)

XWLOLWDWHD  PDUJLQDO  FUHWH FX R FRW  QHJDWLY  VHPQLILFkQG

VSRUXO WRW PDL PLF GH XWLOLWDWH SH P VXU  FH JUDGXO GH VD LHWDWH
FUHWH

UTx < 0

(vi) XWLOLWDWHDPDUJLQDO

(6)
HVWHSR]LWLY GHRDUHFHHVWHQHUD LRQDOV VH

FRQWLQXH FRQVXPXO GDF  DFHVW OXFUX QX PDL SURGXFH QLFL XQ
HIHFWIDYRUDELOSULYLQGVDWLVIDF LDLDFHVWOXFUXFXDWkWPDLPXOW

cu cW SHQWUX ILHFDUH XQLWDWH FRQVXPDW

 vQ SOXV WUHEXLH SO WLW

SUH XOGHDFKL]L LH

(vii) XWLOLWDWHDHVWHQXO
UT

GDF QLYHOXOFRQVXPXOXLHVWH]HUR

UM
UM(Q)

UT(Q)

Qmax Q
)LJ*UDILFXOXWLOLW

LLWRWDOHLDOXWLOLW

LL

marginale

$ERUGDUHD FDUGLQDO  HVWH UH]XOWDWXO VWXGLLORU HIHFWXDWH GH

PDL PXO L HFRQRPLWL SULQWUH FDUH /HRQ :DUODV vQWHPHLHWRUXO
FROLL PDWHPDWLFH vQ HFRQRPLH vQ WLPS FH DERUGDUHD RUGLQDO  HVWH
UH]XOWDWXO VWXGLLORU OXL 9 3DUHWR L - +LFNV HFRQRPLWL DL DQLORU

'30-'FDUHDXFRQWULEXLWODFRQVROLGDUHDPRGHO
$ERUGDUHD

RUGLQDO

vQORFXLHWH

ULLvQH

P VXUD

conomie.

XWLOLW

LL

FX

FDSDFLWDWHD GH RUGRQDUH D SUHIHULQ HORU 3HQWUX DFHDVWD VH GHILQHVF

PXO LPHDEXQXULORUGHFRQVXP

B ={1,2,,n}; vectorii de consum

VDXSDQHUHOHFRXULOHGHSURGXVHYj

= { vij / i B ; j = 1, 2, m ;

vij

FDQWLWDWHDGHEXQLLQWUDW vQFRPSRQHQ DYHFWRUXOXLGHFRQVXP

j}

SUHFXP L PXO LPHD

0XO LPHD
RUGRQDW

V

V Rn a vectorilor de consum vj.

 HVWH VSD LXO GH FRQVXP

$FHDVW 

XOWLP 

n-GLPHQVLRQDO

FDUDFWHULVWLF 

H[SULP 

L WRWDO

FDSDFLWDWHD

consumatorului de a-LRUGRQDSUHIHULQ HOHLSUHVXSXQH

(i) consumatorul poate alege ntre doi vectori, vpLYq V , pe cel
SUHIHUDWDGLF 

% Y , vpPDLSX LQSUHIHUDWGHFkWYq

()vpL vq V fie

v p v q , vpLYqVXQWLQGLIHUHQ L
Y

, vp preferat lui vq

(ii) UHFLSURFD OXL L vQ PXO LPHD GHILQLW

 D SDQHUHORU GH SURGXVH

QX H[LVW  GRX  SDQHUH DVXSUD F URUD FRQVXPDWRUXO V  QX L

SRDW H[SULPDRUGLQHDGHSUHIHULQ

HVWHUHIOH[LY DGLF XQFRGHSURGXVHHVWH

(iv) UHOD LD GH SUHIHULQ

GHHOvQVXL

) vp V Y Y .

preferat sau indiferentID

(iii) UHOD LDGHSUHIHULQ

 HVWH WUDQ]LWLY  DGLF  vQWUH WUHL YHFWRUL GH

FRQVXP GDF  SULPXO HVWH SUHIHUDW FHOXL GH

-al doilea, iar acesta

GLQXUP FHOXLGH

-al treilea, atunci primul este preferat celui

de-al treilea:

(v)

VSD LXOGHFRQVXPHVWHXQVSD LXVXSHULRUQHP UJLQLW

() vp V LXQVFDODU a > 1 a vp V ,

L Y

Y

()vp, vqLYr V GDF

DGLF  PXOWLSOLFkQG FDQWLW

LOH GLQ EXQXULOH L L

Q FDUH

LQWU  vQ VWUXFWXUD SDQHUXOXL GH SURGXVH VH RE LQH XQ QRX SDQHU
GHSURGXVHvQDFHHDLPXO LPHvQFDUHHVWHLQFOXVLFHOGLQWkL

Proprietatea (v)
XWLOLW

VW  OD ED]D UHSUH]HQW ULL SULQWU R IXQF LH D

LL DVWIHO GHILQLWH 6H DFFHSW  F  XWLOLWDWHD HVWH vQWU

-o

OHJ WXU  GLUHFW  FX YROXPXO UHVSHFWLY FDQWLWDWHD FRQVXPDW 

DVWIHO vQFkW GDF  H[LVW  GRL YHFWRUL Yp L Yq
FHO SX LQ FRPSRQHQWD L D ORU HVWH vQ UHOD LD

v ip > v iq (oricare ar
Y

QDWXQFL Y

ILDFHDVW FRPSRQHQW L

V pentru care

3UHVXSXQkQG87IXQF LDGHXWLOLWDWHSXWHPVFULH

UT(vp) UT(vq)

GDF  Y

GDF 

v p v q UT(vp)= UT(vq)

(7.1)
(7.2)

4.2. &XUEHGHLQGLIHUHQ
&XUED GH LQGLIHUHQ

 HVWH PXO LPHD YHFWRULORU GH FRQVXP Y

j

FDUH DX DFHHDL XWLOLWDWH SHQWUX FRQVXPDWRU DGLF 

Denumirea provine de la iPDJLQHD

UT( v j ) =constant.

UH]XOWDW  GLQ UHSUH]HQWDUHD

JUDILF  D DFHVWRU YHFWRUL Yj 3HQWUX DFHDVWD VH DFFHSW  FRPSOHWDUHD

ILHF UXL YHFWRU Yj FX R FRPSRQHQW  VXSOLPHQWDU  UHSUH]HQWkQG
XWLOLWDWHDDGLF 

v j ={vij / i B ; j=1,2,m; UT(vj)} V Rn+1,

DGLF  YHFWRUXO Yj

era n-dimensional, v j = v 1 j , v 2 j ,..., v nj , n timp

ce vectorul v j este (n+1)-dimensional:

( )

v j = v1 j , v 2 j ,..., v nj , UT v j .
ntr-XQ
reprezeQWD L

VSD LX Q GLPHQVLRQDO WR L YHFWRULL

FD

SXQFWH

vQ

KLSHUSODQXO

VLPSOLILFDUHD SUH]HQW ULL YRP FRQVLGHUD L

87

v j sunt

'DF 

SHQWUX

  DWXQFL WR L YHFWRULL

v j  VXQW UHSUH]HQWD L vQWU-XQ SODQ GLQ VSD LXO WULGLPHQVLRQDO )LH

planul bazei cel pentru care UT = 0. Oricare dintre planele paralele
FX ED]D HVWH SODQXO XQHL DQXPLWH P ULPL D XWLOLW

LL DGLF  SHQWUX

 





 
 
 

oricare dintre aceste plane, avem UT = constant.

V1
V2

M =

Fig.12 Reprezentarea vectorilor

D[DSHQWUXUHSUH]HQWDUHDFDQWLW

LOR

D[DSHQWUXUHSUH]HQWDUHDFDQWLW

LORUGLQEXQXOL

LM

()

 87 Y

r din bunul i=1



=12

87

D[DSHQWUXUHSUH]HQWDUHDP ULPLLXWLOLW

FW

RYDORDUHRDUHFDUHFRQVWDQW DXWLOLW

LL

LL

Q ILJXUD  $ % L & UHSUH]LQW  YHFWRUL GH FRQVXP FX

DFHHDL XWLOLWDWH DVWIHO vQFkW UHSUH]HQWDUHD ORU VH IDFH vQ DFHODL

plan.
3RWULYLW

SURSULHW

LL

Y

GH

OD

XWLOLWDWHD

RUGLQDO 

L

FRQVHFLQ HORU DFHVWHLD  L  SHQWUX FD XWLOLWDWHD V  U PkQ 

FRQVWDQW  vQWUH GRL YHFWRUL GH FRQVXP
FDPRGLILFDUHDFDQWLW

v p  L v q V , este necesar

LORUEXQXULORULV VHVFKLPEHFRQMXJDW

Astfel, pentru a avea

v p = v1p , v 2 p , ct
v q = v1q , v 2q , ct ,
este necesar ca, de exemplu, v1p > v1q L Y2p < v2q 'DF
PRGLILF PvQ

 GRULP V 

v p FDQWLWDWHDGLQEXQXOvQVHQVXOFUHWHULLS

VWUkQG

pentru noul vector, v r DFHHDLXWLOLWDWHFDPDLvQDLQWHHVWHQHFHVDU

V PLFRU PFDQWLWDWHDGLQEXQXODVWIHOvQFkW

v r = v 1r , v 2 r , ct , cu v1r > v1pLY2r < v2p.

/D OLPLW  DSOLFkQG DFHDVW  SURFHGXU  GH PRGLILFDUH YRP
RE LQHGRLYHFWRULGHIRUPD

v s = v 1s , v 2s 0, ct

v t = v 1t 0, v 2 t , ct ,
FDUHS VWUHD] DFHHDLYDORDUHFWDXWLOLW

LLFDLYHFWRUXO

v p , v q L

v r .

ntr-XQ SODQ LPDJLQHD DFHVWHL PXO LPL GH YHFWRUL HVWH R

FXUE DVLPSWRWLF ODFHOHGRX D[HFHGHOLPLWHD] SODQXO
Q ILJXUD  VH REVHUY  UDSRDUWHOH GH P ULPH  vQWUH

componentele celor doi vectori de consum A(x1,y1L%[2,y2).

y(v2)
y1

2
y2

x1

x2

x(v1)

)LJ&XUEDGHLQGLIHUHQ

3HQWUX VLPSOLILFDUHD SUH]HQW ULL FDQWLW

i =1 au fost reprezenWDWH SH DEVFLV

SHQWUX EXQXO L

LOH FRQVXPDWH GLQ EXQXO

 L QRWDWH WUDGL LRQDO FX [ LDU

 DX IRVW UHSUH]HQWDWH SH RUGRQDW  L QRWDWH FX \

&HL GRL YHFWRUL GH FRQVXP LQFOXG FDQWLW

L GLIHULWH GLQ FHOH GRX 

EXQXUL GDUDXDFHHDL XWLOLWDWH2ULFHYHFWRUGHFRQVXPDUDOHJHXQ

consumator de-D

OXQJXO

DFHVWHL

FXUEH

HO

YD

VDWLVIDF LH SULQ FRQVXP GDU YD FRQVXPD FDQWLW

RE LQH

DFHHDL

L GLIHULWH GLQ FHOH

GRX EXQXUL
QFD]XOGHVFULVPDLVXVL

H[SUHVLDXWLOLW

UT = f(x,y).

LLHVWH

(8.1)

3UHVXSXQkQG F  IXQF LD HVWH H[SOLFLWDW  vQ UDSRUW FX \ VH
RE LQHSHQWUX87

FWH[SUHVLDFXUEHLGHXWLOLWDWH

y = [f ] (x , ct ) .
1

'HSLOG GDF 

(8.2)

UT = 3 x \2, iar UT = U0, avem:

y = U0

x .

(8.3)

&XUED GH LQGLIHUHQ

 SUH]LQW  SDWUX SURSULHW

PXO LPHDWXWXURUFXUEHORUGHLQGLIHUHQ
UH]XOWDWH GLQ FRQVLGHUHQWXO F  XWLOLW
XQ

(i)

L GHILQLWH SH

DGLF SHQWUXWRDWHFXUEHOH

LL L VH SRDWH DWULEXL VXFFHVLY

ir de valori ct1, ct2, etc:

FXUEHOH GH LQGLIHUHQ

 VXQW GHVFUHVF WRDUH DGLF  GHSODVDUHD ILH

spre dreapta, fie spre stnga, de-a lungul unei curbe de

LQGLIHUHQ

GHWHUPLQ GLPLQXDUHDFDQWLW

LLFHOSX LQDXQXLDGLQ

EXQXULOH FH IRUPHD]  YHFWRUXO GH FRQVXP

(fig. 13): deplasarea

din A n B presupune reducerea lui y (y2 < y1 GXS

 FXP

deplasarea din B n A presupune reducerea lui x (x1 < x2).

(ii) R

FXUE  GH LQGLIHUHQ

XWLOLW

 HVWH VXSHULRDU  DOWHLD GDF  YDORDUHD

LL SULPHD ILH FW2

) este mai mare dect a celei de-a doua

(fie ct1). Astfel, ntr-R SURLHF LH vQ SODQXO ED]HL D XQHL PXO LPL
GHFXUEHGHLQGLIHUHQ

FHDFXRYDORDUHPDLPDUHDXWLOLW

LLVH

YD J VL GHSODVDW  PDL VSUH GUHDSWD $VLPSWRWLVPXO OD D[H VH
FRQVHUY ILJ

y2
y1
A

u4

y3

u1
x1x2

u2

u3

x3

)LJ$PSODVDUHDvQSODQXOED]HLDXQHLPXO LPLGHFXUEHGHLQGLIHUHQ

'DF  QRW P 8k N

 FXUEHOH GH LQGLIHUHQ

UHOD LDGHRUGLQHvQWUHXWLOLW

ct1 < ct2 < ct3 < ct4 <

LOHFDUDFWHULVWLFH8k

 DWXQFL

= ctk este:

$FHDVW  SURSULHWDWH VH SRDWH SURED SULQ IDSWXO F  SH RULFDUH

GRX  FXUEH GH LQGLIHUHQ

 ILH 81 L 82 VH SRDWH J VL FkWH XQ

punct (vector de consum), fie A pe U1 L % SH U2, pentru care

VHSRDWHDU WDvQED]DSURSULHW

LLYLDFRQVHFLQ HORUHL

LF YHFWRUXO%HVWHSUHIHUDWOXL$

'LQ ILJXUD  VH REVHUY  UHOD LD GH RUGLQH vQWUH FRPSRQHQWHOH
OXL$ L% UHVSHFWLY[1

< x2 L\1 < y2, astfel nct

$ LGH

aceea, ct1 < ct2. ntruct oricare alt punct C de pe U2 este

HFKLYDOHQW FX % GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO XWLOLW

LL UH]XOW  F 

SURSULHWDWHD U PkQH DGHY UDW  FKLDU GDF  vQ FD]XO DFHVWXL

SXQFW & XQD GLQ FRRUGRQDWH QX PDL UHVSHFW  UHOD LD GH
GHFDUHVHEXFXU SXQFWXO%DVWIHO\1

(iii) FXUEHOH GH LQGLIHUHQ

ordine

> y3.

 DOH XQHL PXO LPL IDPLOLL GDWH QX VXQW

VHFDQWH Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DU IL ILJXUD  DU vQVHPQD F 

YHFWRUXO $ FRUHVSXQ]kQG LQWHUVHF LHL FHORU GRX  FXUEH 81 L

U2 DUH DFHHDL XWLOLWDWH L FX YHFWRUXO % UHVSHFWLY FW1 L FX

vectorul C (respectiv ct2), ceea ce este imposibil atta vreme
ct U2HVWHVXSHULRDU

OXL81

(ct2 > ct1).

y
y1
y3
y2

B
x1 x 2 x 3

)LJ&XUEHOHGHLQGLIHUHQ

U2
U1
x
QXVHLQWHUVHFWHD]

(iv) RULFH FXUE

 GH LQGLIHUHQ

 HVWH FRQYH[  ILJ   FHHD FH GLQ

SXQFWGHYHGHUHJUDILFvQVHDPQ F RULFDUHDUILDUFXO$%HOVH
YD VLWXD VXE FRDUGD OXL FX H[FHS LD FHORU GRX  SXQFWH H[WUHPH
$ L % $GLF  XQ SXQFW & GH SH FRDUGD $% VH YD DIOD SH DOW 
FXUE GHLQGLIHUHQ

GHFkWFHDSHFDUHVHDIO $L%VXSHULRDU 

acesteia.
y

y1
A
y3

y2
x1

x3

x2

U2
U1
x

)LJ&RQYH[LWDWHDFXUEHLGHLQGLIHUHQ

'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH HFRQRPLF DFHDVWD vQVHDPQ  F  R

comELQD LH OLQLDU

 D FRQVXPXULORU FDUDFWHULVWLFH YHFWRULORU GH

FRQVXP $ L % FRQGXFH OD XQ DOW YHFWRU GH FRQVXP & SHQWUX

care utilitatea este mai mare, deoarece U2 este deplasat n

dreapta lui U1 $OWIHO VSXV FRQVXPDWRULL SUHIHU

produse echilibrateFDQWLW

 SDQHUH GH

LOHGHEXQXULLFXSULQVHvQ&VXQW

PDL DSURSLDWH GHFkW vQ FD]XO OXL $ L % DGLF  UDSRUWXO GLQWUH
FHOH GRX  FDQWLW

L HVWH PDL DSURSLDW GH  vQ FD]XO & GHFkW vQ

FD]XO$L%

Pornind de la aceste rapoarte, vectorul de consum poate fi

interprHWDW FD R UH HW

 VDX FDXQ YHFWRUGHFRQVXPXULVSHFLILFH

'H SLOG  SHQWUX D SUHJ WL R SU MLWXU  HVWH QHYRLH GH  J
I LQ J]DK URX OLQJXULGHXOHLHWF

Vp = (500, 200, 3, 3 etc)

HVWH R UH HW  GLQ FDUH QX UH]XOW  GLUHFW FRQVXPXO VSHFLILF

dHRDUHFH QX VH SUHFL]HD]

 L GH PXOWH RUL QLFL QX HVWH QHYRLH

V  VH SUHFL]H]H FkWH EXF

L GH SU MLWXUL YRU LHL 3UHVXSXQkQG

FD]XO FRQIHF LRQ ULL XQXL FRVWXP GH KDLQH E UE WHWL KDLQ 
YHVW SDQWDORQLVXQWQHFHVDULPGHVWRI GHO

2 nasWXULPDULQDVWXULPLFLIHUPRDUPF

LPHP
SWXHDO HWF

Vh = (3, 2, 10, 1, 3 etc.);

vectorul de consum este un vector de consumuri specifice,
GHRDUHFHILHFDUHFRQVXPVHUHIHU ODRXQLWDWHGHSURGXVILQLW

4.3. 5DWDPDUJLQDO
Ca o consecin

 D SURSULHW

GHVXEVWLWXLUH

LL L D FXUEHORU GH LQGLIHUHQ

ILJ  VH REVHUY  F  UDSRUWXO \[ VH PLFRUHD]  SH P VXU FHQH

GHSODV P GH OD SXQFWXO $ OD SXQFWXO % L FUHWH GDF  GHSODVDUHD VH
IDFHvQVHQVLQYHUVGHOD%F WUH$
9DULD LD DFHVWXL UDSRUW DWXQFL FkQG YDULD LD OXL [ HVWH

x ,

H[SULP  P ULPHD UDWHL PDUJLQDOH GH VXEVWLWXLUH 506y/x DGLF 

YDULD LD OXL \ DWXQFL FkQG [ YDULD]  FX R XQLWDWH DVWIHO vQFkW
XWLOLWDWHD U PkQH DFHHDL 'HRDUHFH YDULD LLOH OXL [ L \ DX VHQVXUL

diferite (de exemplu x 

L

y !

P ULPHD 506 YD IL

vQWRWGHDXQDQHJDWLY 

RMS y x =

y
x

n acest sens, RMSy/x DUDW

(9.1)
 FX FkWH XQLW

L DU WUHEXL P ULW

FRQVXPXOGLQ\SHQWUXDSXWHDPLFR

ra cu o unitate consumul din x,

DVWIHOvQFkWVDWLVIDF LDFRQVXPDWRUXOXLV U PkQ QHPRGLILFDW 

&RQVLGHUkQG H[SUHVLD FXUEHL GH LQGLIHUHQ
DGLF  vQWU R IRUP  PDL VLPSOLILFDW  \

 FRQIRUP 

I[ L DFFHSWkQG F 

x 0 , expresia RMSy/x devine:

= I ([) ,



506

(9.2)

FHHDFHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHJUDILFUHYLQHODIDSWXOF 506HVWHGH
YDORDUHD WDQJHQWHLOD FXUED GHLQGLIHUHQ

vQSXQFWXOvQFDUHVHIDFH

YDULD LDGHFRQVXPSHQWUX[3HQWUXRYDULD LHvQVHQ

RMS x y = 1 RMS y x

s invers, avem:

(9.3)

5DWD

PDUJLQDO 

GH

VXEVWLWXLUH

DUH

GRX 

SURSULHW

L

importante:
(i)

SH P VXU  FH XQ EXQ HVWH VXFFHVLY L FRQWLQXX vQORFXLW GLQ

FRQVXP UDWD PDUJLQDO  GH VXEVWLWXLUH D DFHVWXLD FUHWH IL

g.

17).
y
y6

y5

y4

D
C

y3

y2

y1

x 6x 5x 4 x 3 x 2

x1

)LJ&UHWHUHDUDWHLPDUJLQDOHGHVXEVWLWXLUH

Presupunem

succesiv

vectorii

B(x2,y2)F(x6,y6 YHFWRUL FH VHPQLILF

DEXQXOXL[SULQIDSWXOF [1

de

consum

A(x1,y1),

 vQORFXLUHD GLQ FRQVXP

>x2>>x6 L\1<y2<<y6.

Grupnd aceste SXQFWHGRX

FkWHGRX SXWHPGHWHUPLQDWUHL

rate marginale de substituire a lui x prin y:

RMS1 =

RMS2 =

RMS 3 =

y B

x B

x D

x F

y 2 y1
x 2 x1

y 4 y3
x 4 x3

y6 y5
,
x6 x5

y D

y F

C
C

E
E

pentru care avem RMS1<RMS2<RMS3.

'DF  OD FRQVXP HVWH vQORFXLW \ SULQ [ L LQHP VHDPD GH

(9.3), rezulW

5063

<RMS2<RMS1

FHHD

FH

FRQILUP 

proprietatea n ambele sensuri de nlocuire la consum.

6HQVXO HFRQRPLF DO SURSULHW

LL UH]LG  vQ IDSWXO F  SHQWUX

bunul scos n mod repetat din consum, apare sentimentul de

fruct oprit

FHHD

FH

vO

GHWHUPLQ 

SH

FRQVXPDWRU

-l

compenseze pe primul cu o cantitate tot mai mare din cel de-al

doilea.
(ii)

UDWD PDUJLQDO  GH VXEVWLWXLUH HVWH HJDO  FX UDSRUWXO LQYHUV DO
XWLOLW

LORU PDUJLQDOH 3HQWUX DFHDVWD V  FRQVLGHU P IXQF LD GH

utilitate:
UT=UT(x,y),

(10.1)

SHQWUXFDUHFDOFXO PXWLOLWDWHDPDUJLQDO WRWDO DGLF VSRUXOGH

XWLOLWDWH JHQHUDWGHFUHWHUHDVLPXOWDQ DFRQVXPXOXLOXL[L\

([SUHVLD DFHVWHLD HVWH GDW  GH GHULYDWD WRWDO  D IXQF LHL 87 L

anume:
dUT =

UT
UT
dx +
dy
x
y

(10.2)

'HRDUHFH QH VLWX PSH RFXUE GHLQGLIHUHQ

L LPSOLFLW G87

DGLF 87

FW

 SXWHP VHOHFWD UDSRUWXO G\G[ FDUH HVWH GH

IDSWRIRUP DOXL506y/x

. Astfel avem:

RMS y x =

dy UT x UM x
=
=
, (10.3)
dx UT y UM y

XQGHQXP U WRUXOLQXPLWRUXOUHSUH]LQW GHULYDWHOHSDU LDOHDOH

IXQF LHL 87 vQ UDSRUW FX [ L UHVSHFWLY \ DGLF  XWLOLW
PDUJLQDOH vQ UDSRUW FX [ L UHVSHFWLY \ FRQIRUP SURSULHW
LYDXWLOLW

LLFDUGLQDOHUHOD LD

LOH
LL

CAPITOLUL 5

MODELUL DE OPTIM AL CONSUMATORULUI

&RQVXPDWRUXO XUP UHWH V

-L VDWLVIDF

 QHYRLOH GH FRQVXP

vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH GHPHUVXO V X HVWH LQIOXHQ DW GH PDL PXO L

factori:
-

PXO LPHDEXQXULORUSHFDUHOHDUHvQYHGHUHSHQWUXFRQVXP

i B (i = 1,2,,n L FDUH GHWHUPLQ

 VWUXFWXUD FDOLWDWLY  D

vectorului de consum vj = ||vij||;

-

FDQWLW

LOH FRQVXPDWH GLQ ILHFDUH EXQ L FDUH GDX VWUXFWXUD

FDQWLWDWLY  D YHFWRUXOXL GH FRQVXP SULQ UDSRDUWHOH FDQWLWDWLYH

vpj / vqjSLT B;
-

SUH XULOHXQLWDUHSi

la care seSURFXU

EXQXULOH

VXPDGHEDQLGLVSRQLELO SHQWUXFRQVXP

i;

RLFDUHvLGHILQHWH

bugetul de consum;
-

XWLOLWDWHD

SH

FDUH

HO

R

FRQIHU 

consumate dintr-un anumit bun i

ILHF UHL

XQLW

L

GR]H

L SH FDUH L R GRUHWH

PD[LP 

Modelul de optim al consumatorului este:

max UT( v1 , v 2 ,..., v i ,..., v n )

(11.1)

p
i =1

vi = R

(11.2)

1HFXQRVFXWHOH DFHVWXL PRGHO VXQW FDQWLW

DFKL]L LRQDWH GH FRQVXPDWRU ILH Yi
vQWUHJXOEXJHWLV

LOH Yi

ce trebuie

* DVWIHO vQFkW HO V -L FRQVXPH

-LDVLJXUHPD[LPXPGHVDWLVIDF LH9DORULOH Yi*

IRUPHD] XQXOGLQYHFWRULLGHFRQVXPYjvQVSD LXOGHFRQVXP

V.

3UREOHPDHVWHGHWLSRSWLPFXOHJ WXULRSWLPFXUHVWULF LLL

VHVROX LRQHD] SULQFRQVWUXLUHDIXQF LHLODJUDQJHDQ/

max L = UT( v1 , v 2 ,..., v i ,..., v n ) + (R p i v i ) ,

i =1

(11.3)
unde HVWHSDUDPHWUXOOXL/DJUDQJH  R+.
Pentru optim sunt necesare:
DFRQGL LLGHRUGLQXO,

EFRQGL LLGHRUGLQXO,,

Q

FH

vQGHSOLQLWH

SULYHWH

GHRDUHFH

FRQGL LLOH
GHULYDWHOH

L
=0
vi

2L
vi
GH

<0

RUGLQXO

SDU LDOH

GH

i = 1,2,..,n

i = 1,2,n
,,

DFHVWHD

RUGLQXO

GRL

VXQW
DOH

lagrangeanului se reduc la derivatele de ordinul doi alH IXQF LHL GH

utilitate, ntruct termenul al doilea al lagrangeanului este liniar n
raport cu vi

DD vQFkW GHULYDWD OXL VHFXQG  HVWH ]HUR )XQF LD GH

XWLOLWDWH DUH SURSULHWDWHD Y UHOD LD DVWIHO vQFkW FRQGL LD GH

ordin doi pentru lagrangean este asLJXUDW

QFHSULYHWHFRQGL LDGHRUGLQXO,DYHP

L
= UTvi p i = 0
vi

(11.4)

sau
UM Vi p i = 0 =

UM Vi

(11.5)

pi

5HOD LD  QH SHUPLWH V  IRUPXO P FRQGL LD GH RSWLP L

aQXPHF

UDSRDUWHOHvQWUHXWLOLWDWHDPDUJLQDO DILHF UXLEXQLSUH XO

XQLWDU DO DFHVWXLD WUHEXLH V  ILH HJDOH 7RWRGDW  QH SHUPLWH V  G P

LDQXPHVSRUXOGHXWLOLWDWH

LQWHUSUHWDUHDHFRQRPLF DSDUDPHWUXOXL
RE LQXWSULQFKHOWXLUHDXQHLXQLW

LPRQHWDUHvQFD]XOVXSOLPHQW ULLFX

o unitate a consumului de produsul i. Inversul parametrului este

GHFL SUH XO SO WLW GH FRQVXPDWRU SHQWUX D L VXSOLPHQWD XWLOLWDWHD SH

VHDPDFUHWHULLFRQVXPXOXLGLQEXQXO DGLF XQSUH (VWHLPRWLYXO

pentru care acest parametru nu poate fi negativ.

5.1. Dreapta bugetului

'UHDSWD EXJHWXOXL HVWH UH]XOWDWXO UHVWULF LHL GH EXJHW GH
FRQVXP 5 3HQWUX VLPSOLILFDUHD SUH]HQW ULL YRP FRQVLGHUD L
YRPUHYHQLODQRWDUHDFDQWLW

y pentru i

LORUFRQVXPDWHFX SHQWUXL

QDFHVWHFRQGL LLUHOD LDGHYLQH

  L

LFX

px x + py y = R

(12.1)

px
R
x +
,
py
py

(12.2)

y=

FDUH SRDWH IL VFULV  FD HFXD LD RULF UHL GUHSWH \

= mx + n, n care

coeficientul unghiular al dreptei (panta) este m = -px / py, iar

ordonatar la origine n = R / py,QWHUSUHWDUHDHFRQRPLF

DOXL

n este

FDQWLWDWHD GH SURGXV  FDUH VH SRDWH SURFXUD GDF  EXJHWXO 5 VH
FKHOWXLHWHLQWHJUDOSHQWUXDFHVWSURGXV'DF IDFHP\

x=R / px

DD vQFkW vQWU XQ SODQ [ \ GLVSXQHP GH GRX  SXQFWH 5Sx   L

(0, R/pySULQFDUHVHSRDWHWUDV

GUHDSWDEXJHWXOXLILJ

y
R/py
A

y1

y2
x1

x2

R/px

Fig. 18 Dreapta bugetului de consum

2ULFH SXQFW GH SH DFHDVW  GUHDSW  VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ
IDSWXOF YDORDUHDFRQVXPXOXLHVWHDFHLDLLDQXPH5

R = px x1 + py y2 = px x2 + py y2
'H DVHPHQHD VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ IDSWXO F  SUH]LQW 
DFHLDLYDORDUHDSDQWHLLDQXPH

px / py.

'UHDSWD GHWHUPLQ  vQ SODQXO [ \ WUHL ]RQH GLQ SXQFW GH

vedere al consumului n raport cu R:

-

zona de deasupra dreptei cu consumuri prea scumpe n raport

FXEXJHWXO5DDFXPHVWHFRQVXPXOUHSUH]HQWDWSULQSXQFWXO

1 (fig. 18);
-

zona de dedesubtul dreptei cu consumuri prea ieftine n raport

FXEXJHWXO5DDFXPHVWHFRQV

umul reprezentat prin punctul

2 (fig. 18);
-

zona dreptei propriu-]LVH FX FRQVXPXUL L]REXJHWDUH DGLF

FXDFHODLEXJHW5
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH YDORDUHD OXL 5 VH PRGLILF  vQ SODQXO [ \

vor apare mai multe drepte de buget, paralele (fig. 19) caracterizate
SULQUHOD LDGHRUGLQH51

< R2 <..

R1

R2 R3

R4

x
Fig. 19 Familia dreptelor bugetului

5.2. Punctul de consum optim

&DQWLW

LOH[L\GLQEXQXULOHLFHSRWILSURFXUDWHFXXQ

EXJHW 5 GDW VXQW YDULDWH L GHWHUPLQ  R PXO LPH GH YHFWRUL GH

consum vj= (xj , yjM

P$FHWLYHFWRUL

fac posibil pentru

FRQVXPDWRUV DFFHDG ODXWLOLW

LGLIHULWH8Yj

).

'DF  QH UDSRUW P OD R FXUE  GH LQGLIHUHQ

  FD vQ ILJ 

atunci planul (x, y) este separat n alte trei zone n raport cu

XWLOLWDWHDFDUDFWHULVWLF DFHVWHLFXUEHGHLQGLIHUHQ

]RQ  GH GHDVXSUD FXUEHL GH LQGLIHUHQ

 FX QLYHOH GH XWLOLWDWH

PDLPDULDDFXPHVWHXWLOLWDWHDFDUDFWHULVWLF SXQFWXOXL

]RQ  GH GHGHVXEWXO FXUEHL GH LQGLIHUHQ

 FX QLYHOH GH XWLOLWDWH

PDLPLFLDDFXPHVWHXWLOLWDWHDFDUDFWHULVWLF SXQFWXOXL

zona curbei propriu-]LVH

FX FRQVXPXUL FH SUH]LQW  DFHLDL

utilitate.
Astfel, unele consumuri sunt inaccesibile (cum sunt cele
UHSUH]HQWDWH

SULQ

SXQFWHOH



GLQ

ILJ



L



LDU

DOWHOH

inacceptabile (cum sunt cele reprezentate prin punctele 2 din fig. 13

L

Pentru determinarea punctului de consum optim este

VXILFLHQWV VXSUDSXQHPJUDILFHOHLLV GHSLVW PSXQFWXOGH
SH GUHDSWD GH EXJHW FDUH DVLJXU  DFFHVXO OD FHD PDL vQDOW  FXUE 
GHLQGLIHUHQ

ILJ

R/py

U5

U2

U1

R/px

U4
U3
U3 U4

Fig. 20 Determinarea punctului de consum optim

%XJHWXO 5 DVLJXU  YHFWRUL GH FRQVXP FH FRQIHU  XWLOLW

L

diferite pe toate nivelele de la U4 n jos. Nivelul de utilitate U5 este

LQDFFHVLELO SHQWUX XQ EXJHW GH P ULPHD 5 $VWIHO FRQVXPXULOH
UHSUH]HQWDWH SULQ SXQFWHOH  L  FRQIHU  R XWLOLWDWH 82

, cele

UHSUH]HQWDWH SULQ SXQFWHOH  L  R XWLOLWDWH 83

, iar cel reprezentat

prin punctul 5 o utilitate U4([LVW

HYLGHQWLSXQFWHGHFRQVXPFX

utilitatea U1). Deoarece U4 >U3 > U2 > U1 consumatorul alege

pentru consum punctul 5, care este punct de consum optim. Acesta

VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ IDSWXO F  DUH R SDQW 

px/py pe dreapta de

FRQVXPFRQIRUPLRUDW PDUJLQDO GHVXEVWLWX LHGHP ULPH

UMx/UMyFRQIRUPDVWIHOvQFkWUH]XOW

RMS y / x = -

px
UM x
,
=py
UM y

(13)

GLQFDUHUH]XOW SHQWUXFD]XOSDUWLFXODUL
3HQWUX

SXQFWXO

GH

FRQVXP

UHOD LD

RSWLP

UDWD

PDUJLQDO 

GH

VXEVWLWXLUH HVWH HJDO  FX UDSRUWXO SUH XULORU XQLWDUH L FX UDSRUWXO
XWLOLW

LORUPDUJLQDOH

9DULD LDSXQF

tului optim de consum

vQUDSRUWFXYDULD LDEXJHWXOXLGHFRQVXP

'DF  EXJHWXO GH FRQVXP YDULD]  DWXQFL DYHP R IDPLOLH GH

bugete de consum (fig. 19) care permit accesul la diferite nivele de

XWLOLWDWHPDLPDULSHP VXU FHEXJHWXOHVWHPDLPDUHILJ

0XO LPHDSXQFWHORUGHFRQVXPRSWLP$%&'SHQWUX

fiecare buget de consum R1 < R2 < R3 < R4 < GHWHUPLQ

FXUEDGH

YDULD LHDFRQVXPXOXLRSWLPvQUDSRUWFXEXJHWXOGHFRQVXPQXPLW 

curba consum-venit.
3XQFWHOH GH FRQVXP RSWLP VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ FUHWHUHD
FDQWLW

LORUFRQVXPDWHDWkWGLQEXQXOFkWLGLQEXQXO

Curba consum-venit

C
B

U4

R1

R2

R3

R4
U1

U2

Fig. 21 Curba consum-venit

U3

xA < xB < xC < xD L VLPXOWDQ \ A< yB < yC < yD OXFUX ILUHVF GDF

LQHP VHDPD GH IDSWXO F  EXJHWXO GH FRQVXP D FUHVFXW $VWIHO GH

bunuri se zic QRUPDOH (VWH SRVLELO vQV

 FD SHQWUX XQ FRQVXPDWRU

FUHWHUHD YHQLWXOXL V  PRGLILFH UDSRUWXO GH QRUPDOLWDWH vQWUH

EXQXULDVWIHOvQFkWSHP VXU FHEXJHWXOV XGHFRQVXPFUHWHXQXO
GLQEXQXULHVWHDSUHFLDWFDLQIHULRUvQUDSRUWFXFHO ODOW

y
Curba consum-venit
x = bun inferior
D

U2
C

U4

B
A

R1

R2

xAxDxCxB

R4

R3

U3
U1

U3
U4

U2

U1

yC
yB
yD
yA

C
B
A

R4
R3

Curba consum-venit
y = bun inferior

R2
R1
x

Fig. 22 Curba consum-venit n cazul unor bunuri inferioare

n acest caz curba consum-YHQLW HVWH GHYLDW

 PDL SXWHUQLF VSUH

VWkQJD vQ FD]XO FkQG EXQXO  HVWH FRQVLGHUDW LQIHULRU L FRQVXPXO

V X

x YD VFDGH RGDW

 FX FUHW

erea bugetului de consum) sau spre

GUHDSWD vQ FD]XOFkQG EXQXO  HVWHFRQVLGHUDW LQIHULRU L FRQVXPXO

V X YDVFDGHRGDW FXFUHWHUHDEXJHWXOXLGHFRQVXPILJ

9DULD LDSXQFWXOXLRSWLPGHFRQVXPvQUDSRUW
FXYDULD LDSUH XULORUXQLWDUHDOH

bunurilor consumate

9RPFRQVLGHUDXQEXJHWGHFRQVXPGDW5LL

pxDOEXQXOXLVHPRGLILF



LDUSUH XO

px1 > px2 > px3 >

Q DFHVW IHO FDQWLWDWHD FH VH YD DFKL]L LRQD GLQ EXQXO  vQ
FD]XOFkQGVHDFKL]L LRQHD] QXPDLDFHVWEXQYDU PkQHFRQVWDQW 

la valoarea R/py vQ WLPS FH vQFD]XO FkQG VH DFKL]L LRQHD]
GLQ EXQXO  FDQWLWDWHD FXPS UDW  YD FUHWH

1
5Sx

 QXPDL

< R/px2 <

<R/px3, astfel nct n planul (x, y) va apare un fascicul de drepte

de buget toate avnd ca punct comun punctul (0, R/py) (fig. 23).
Q FD]XO UHGXFHULL SUH XOXL XQLWDU DO EXQXOXL  FDQWLW
FRQVXPDWH GLQ HO FUHVF UDSRUWXO SUH

-FDQWLWDWH

LOH

FRQVXPDW  HVWH

invers) astfel nct consumatorul accede la nivele de utilitate tot

PDL PDUL 0XO LPHD SXQFWHORU
IRUPHD] 

curba consum-SUH .

de consum optim A, B, C, D etc.

U1

U2

U3 U4

y
Curba consum-SUH
R/py
yD
yC
yA
yB

D
A

xA R/px1 xB

xC R/px2 xD

R/px3

Fig. 23 Curba consum-SUH

Pentru aceast

 PXO LPH GH SXQFWH DYHP [A

< xB < xC < xD

FHHDFHHVWHILUHVFGLQFDX]DUHGXFHULLSUH XOXLSx

, n schimb pentru

cel de-DOGRLOHDEXQHYROX LDHVWHRVFLODQW

VFDGHGHOD$OD%DSRL

FUHWH 5HGXFHUHD SUH XOXL EXQXOXL  vQ WLPS FH SUH XO EXQXOXL 
U PkQHQHVFKLPEDWPRGLILF DSUHFLHUHDSHFDUHFRQVXPDWRUXORG 
DFHVWXLD GLQ XUP  I FkQGX O PDL VFXPS vQ UDSRUW FX SULPXO L

modificnd astfel raportul de substituire dintre ele.

3H GH DOW  SDUWH LHIWLQLUHD EXQXOXL  GHWHUPLQ  R FUHWHUH D
SXWHULL GH FXPS U

are a consumatorului n raport cu acest bun, ceea

FH vQVHDPQ  R FUHWHUH vQ WHUPHQL UHDOL DL SXWHULL GH FXPS UDUH D

bugetului de consum.
5H]XOW  F  PRGLILFDUHD SUH XOXL OD XQ EXQ LQGXFH SHQWUX
FRQVXPDWRUGRX HIHFWHXQ

efect de venitFUHWHUHDvQWHUPHni reali

D EXJHWXOXL L XQ HIHFW GH VXEVWLWX LH

(modificarea raportului de

nlocuire a unui bun prin altul).

(IHFWXOGHVXEVWLWXLUHLHIHFWXOGHYHQLW

Efectul de substituire P

VRDU  YDULD LD FDQWLW

din fiecare bun ca rezultat exclusiY DO PRGLILF

LLFRQVXPDWH

ULL UDSRUWXOXL vQWUH

SUH XULOHXQLWDUHDGRX EXQXULSUHVXSXQkQGF DJHQWXOFRQVXPDWRU

nu-LPRGLILF

RS LXQHDSULYLQGXWLOLWDWHDWRWDO PD[LP SHFDUHHOR

SRDWH RE LQH vQ VLWXD LD FHD PDL IDYRUDELO  UH]XOWDW  SHQWUX HO vQ
DFHDVW vPSUHMXUDU

e.

Efectul de venitH[SULP

LQIOXHQ DPRGLILF ULLYHQLWXOXLUHDO

DO FRQVXPDWRUXOXL L HVWH HYLGHQ LDW  SULQ PRGLILF ULOH LQWHUYHQLWH

FD UH]XOWDW DO DFFHV ULL XQXL DOW QLYHO GH XWLOLW
LQGLIHUHQ

L XQHL DOWH FXUEH GH

5.5.1. Cazul bunurilor normale

Sunt bunuri pentru care modificarea consumului lor se
SURGXFHVWULFWvQVHQVLQYHUVGHFkWPRGLILFDUHDSUH XOXLILJ

U1

U2

y
R/py
B

yB
yA

A
C

yC
3

xA xB

2
xC R/px1

R/px2

Fig. 24 EfectuOGHVXEVWLWXLUHLYHQLWSHQWUXXQEXQQRUPDO
&RQVLGHU PVLWXD LD vQFDUHSUH XO EXQXOXL VFDGH Sx

> px2

astfel nct acest bun devine mai atractiv pentru consumator.

'UHDSWDEXJHWXOXLVHVFKLPE GLQvQLIDFHSRVLELODFF

esul la o

XWLOLWDWH VXSHULRDU  82

> U1 'HRDUHFH SXWHUHD GH FXPS

UDUH D

FRQVXPDWRUXOXL D FUHVFXW SULQ DFHDVW  UHGXFHUH GH SUH  HO DUH XQ
EXJHW UHDO GH FRQVXP PDL PDUH DGLF  HVWH FD L FXP HODU DYHD XQ
EXJHW QRPLQDO PDL PDUH vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH SUH XUL

le nu s-ar fi

PRGLILFDW 'UHDSWD DFHVWXL EXJHW HVWH  SDUDOHO  FX  GDWRULW 

LSRWH]HLF  UDSRUWXOvQWUHSUH XULDUILU PDVQHPRGLILFDW3ULQ DFHVW

EXJHWPDLPDUHFRQVXPDWRUXOSRDWHDFFHVDXWLOLWDWHDVXSHULRDU 82
DFHDVW

 XWLOLWDWH L QX DOWD PDL PDUH GHRDUHFH HD UHSUH]LQW 

PD[LPXP

GH

XWLOLWDWH

OD

FDUH

SRDWH

VSHUD

vPSUHMXUDUHDIDYRUDELO F SUH XOEXQXOXLV

FXPS U WRUXO

vQ

-a redus.

0RGLILFDUHDRSWLPXOXLFRQVXPXOXLvQDFHDVW VLWXD LHDUHORF

SULQWUHFHUHDGLQSXQFWXO$vQ%LDSRLvQ&

trecerea din A vQ % vQVHDPQ

 HIHFW GH YHQLW SHQWUX EXQXO  L

UHVSHFWLYDF URUP ULPHHVWH

EV1 = xB xA > 0

EV2 = yB yA > 0

WUHFHUHD GLQ % vQ & vQVHDPQ  HIHFW GH VXEVWLWXLUHSHQWUX EXQXO
LUHVSHFWLYDF URUP ULPHHVWH

ES1 = xC xB > 0

EV2 = yC yB < 0

HIHFWXO WRWDO UH]XOWDW GLQ PRGLILFDUHD GH SUH  SHQWUX EXQXO 

este:
ET1 = EV1 + ES1 > 0

ET2 = EV1 + ES2 < 0

Efectul de substituire pentru bunul 1 este pozitiv, n mod

ILUHVF GHRDUHFH SUH XO XQLWDU DO DFHVWXL SURGXV D VF ]XW WRW DD VH
H[SOLF  YDORDUHD QHJDWLY  SHQWUX HIHFWXO GH VXEVWLWXLUH OD EXQXO 

s-a produs nlocuirea n consum a bunului 2 cu bunul 1 deoarece

SUH XODFHVWXLDGLQXUP V DPLFRUDW(IHFWXOWRWDOGHVXEVWLWXLUHvQ

H[HPSOXO OXDW HVWH QHJDWLY I U  vQV  FD DFHDVWD V  ILH R UHJXO 

Totul depinde de raportul de ordine ntre valorile absolute ale lui

(9L(6

GDF _(9_!_(6_

ET > 0

(14.1)

GDF _(9__(6_

ET < 0

(14.2)

GDF _(9_

ET = 0

(14.3)

MeULW

_(6_

 PHQ LRQDW F  vQ FD]XO GLPLQX ULL SUH XOXL XQXL EXQ

FHOH GRX  HIHFWH (9 L (6 SHQWUX FHO GH

-al doilea bun vor fi

vQWRWGHDXQD GH VHPQH FRQWUDUH GXS  FXP vQ FD]XO PDMRU ULL
SUH XOXLXQXLEXQFHOHGRX HIHFWH(9L(6SHQWUXUHVSHFWLYXOEXQ

vor fi, de asemenea, de semne contrare. Referitor la efectele

PRGLILF ULL SUH XOXL XQLWDU SRW IL IRUPXODWH XUP WRDUHOH UHJXOL

generale:
(i)

efectul de substituire este ntotdeauna negativ pentru

EXQXODOF UXLSUH FUHWHLSR]LWLYSHQWUXFHO ODOWEXQ

(ii)

efectul de substituire este ntotdeauna pozitiv pentru bunul

DOF UXLSUH VFDGHLQHJDWLYSHQWUXFHO ODOWEXQ

(iii)

HIHFWXO GH YHQLW HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD QHJDWLY FkQG SUH XO XQXL
EXQ FUHWH GHRDUHFH vQ FD]XO XQRU EXQXU
FRQVXPXO

VFDGH

GDF 

EXJHWXO

UHDO

GH

i normale)

FRQVXP

VH

GLPLQXHD] 

(iv)

HIHFWXO GH YHQLW HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD SR]LWLY FkQG SUH XO XQXL

bun scade, deoarece (n cazul unor bunuri normale)

FRQVXPXOFUHWHGDF EXJHWXOUHDOGHFRQVXPFUHH

(v)

efectul total este negativ SHQWUX EXQXO DO F

UXL SUH  D

FUHVFXWGDUSRDWHDYHDRULFHVHPQSHQWUXFHO ODOWEXQ

- 14.3);
(vi)

HIHFWXO WRWDO HVWH SR]LWLY SHQWUX EXQXO DO F UXL SUH  VFDGH
GDUSRDWHDYHDRULFHVHPQSHQWUXFHO ODOWEXQ

14.3).

5HOD LD GLQWUH FHOH GRX  EXQXUL SRDWH IL FDOLILFDW  vQ IXQF LH
GHVHQVXOGHYDULD LHDOHIHFWXOXLWRWDODOORU

vQ FD]XO FUHWHULL GH SUH  OD XQ EXQ HIHFWXO WRWDO DVXSUD
FRQVXPXOXL V X HVWH QHJDWLY GDF  HIHFWXO WRWDO SHQWUX FHO GH

-al

doilea bun este tot negativ atunci se zice despre acesWD F

SUH]LQW RFRPSOHPHQWDULWDWHODUJ

vQUDSRUWFXSULPXODFHODL

OXFUX L vQ FD]XO UHGXFHULL GH SUH  OD XQ EXQ GDF  HIHFWXO WRWDO

pentru cel de-al doilea este pozitiv;

vQ FD]XO FUHWHULL GH SUH  OD XQ EXQ HIHFWXO WRWDO DVXSUD
FRQVXPXOXL V X HVWH QHJDWLY GDF  HIHFWXO WRWDO SHQWUX FHO GH

-al

GRLOHDEXQHVWHSR]LWLYDWXQFLVH]LFHGHVSUHDFHVWDF SUH]LQW R

VXEVWLWXLELOLWDWHODUJ

vQUDSRUWFXSULPXODFHODLOXFUXvQFD]XO

UHGXFHULL GH SUH  OD XQ EXQ GDF  HIHFWXO WRWDO SHQWUX FHO GH

doilea bun este negativ  VH

-al

]LFH F  SULPXO EXQ HVWH ODUJ

substituibil n raport cu al doilea.

5.5.2. Cazul bunurilor inferioare

%XQXULOHLQIHULRDUHVXQWFHOHDOF URUFRQVXPHVWHDIHFWDWGH
XQ HIHFW GH YHQLW SR]LWLY vQ FD]XO FkQG SXWHUHD GH FXPS UDUH D

consumatorului VH GLPLQXHD]

 Q FD]XO DFHVWRU EXQXUL FUHWHUHD

SUH XOXL ORU DQWUHQHD]  XQ HIHFW GH VXEVWLWXLUH QHJDWLY 6H GLVWLQJ
GRX FDWHJRULLGHEXQXULLQIHULRDUH

VLPSOH FkQG FUHWHUHD SUH XOXL ORU GHWHUPLQ  R UHGXFHUH D

consumului acestora (fig. 25)

y
R/py

U2
U1
B

yB

yA

yC
C

xB xC R/px2 xA

R/px1

)LJ(IHFWXOGHVXEVWLWXLUHLGHYHQLWSHQWUXXQ

bun inferior simplu

GH WLS *,))(1 FkQG SUH XO L FDQWLWDWHD HYROXHD]  vQ DFHODL

sens (fig. 26).

y
U2
R/py
B

yB

A
yA

yC

U1
xB

xA xC R/px2

R/px1 x

)LJ(IHFWXOGHVXEVWLWXLUHLGHYHQLWSHQWUXXQEXQ

inferior GIFFEN
3HQWUX XQ EXQ LQIHULRU VLPSOX FUHWHUHD SUH XOXL GH OD Sx

px

la

 GHWHUPLQ  R PRGLILFDUH D SXQFWXOXL GH RSWLP GLQ $ vQ &

(trHFkQG

SULQ % &UHWHUHD SUH XOXL GHWHUPLQ  R UHGXFHUH D

consumului. Efectul total asupra consumatorului este similar ca

pentru un bun normal, ca rezultat al unui efect de substituire
QHJDWLY L D XQXL HIHFW GH YHQLW SR]LWLY GDU PDL PLF vQ YDORDUH

absolut

GHFkWFHOGHVXEVWLWXLUH3HQWUXFHOHGRX EXQXULDYHP

ES1 = xB xA < 0

ES2 = yB yA > 0

EV1 = xC xB > 0

EV2 = yC yB < 0

ET1 = xC xA < 0

ET2 = yC yA < 0

%XQXOSUH]LQW FRPSOHPHQWDULWDWHODUJ vQUDSRUWFXEXQXO

1, deoarece ca efect al creWHULL SUH XOXL OD EXQXO  PRGLILFDUHD

WRWDO GHFRQVXPHVWHQHJDWLY SHQWUXDPEHOHEXQXUL

Bunurile inferioare GIFFEN au fost definite de economistul

HQJOH] 6LU 5 *,))(1 vQ D GRXD MXP WDWH D VHF ;,; SH ED]D

studiului consumului n familiile irlandeze la mijlocul sec. XIX.

6XQW EXQXUL GH VWULFW  QHFHVLWDWH PDL DOHV DOLPHQWDUH D F URU
SRQGHUH vQ FKHOWXLHOLOH GH FRQVXP HVWH PDUH PDL FX VHDP  FkQG
YHQLWXO FRQVXPDWRUXOXL HVWH PLF &UHWHUHD SUH XULORU OD DVWIHO GH
EXQXUL

vO

IDFH

SH

FRQVXPDWRU

V 

DIHFWH]H

onsumului lor

TXDVLWRWDOLWDWHD YHQLWXULORU VDOH &D UH]XOWDW HVWH SRVLELO  FUHWHUHD

FRQVXPXOXLDWXQFLFkQGSUH XOORUVHP UHWH3HQWUXEXQXOLQIHULRU

GH WLS *,))(1 FUHWHUHD SUH XOXL GH OD Sx

la px2 GHWHUPLQ

 R

modificare a punctului de consum optim din A n C (trecnd prin

%(IHFWHOHSHQWUXFHOHGRX EXQXULVXQW

ES1 = xB xA < 0

ES2 = yB yA > 0

EV1 = xC xB > 0

EV2 = yC yB < 0

ET1 = xC xA < 0

ET2 = yC yA < 0

5.6. Modelul dinamic al consumatorului

Modelul dinamic presupune luarea n considerare a
IDFWRUXOXL WLPS L GHILQLUHD XWLOLW

LL LQWHUWHPSRUDOH DVXSUD F UHLD

UHYHQLP

vQ

FDS



8WLOLWDWHD

LQWHUWHPSRUDO 

SUHVXSXQH

GHWHUPLQDUHD SUHIHULQ HORU FRQVXPDWRUXOXL vQWUH FRQVXPXO SUH]HQW

LFHOYLLWRU $VWIHOYRPFRQVLGHUD GRX PRPHQWHGL
W

  L W

stincte n timp

  SHQWUX FDUH VH FXQRVF YHQLWXULOH FRQVXPDWRUXOXL

respectiv V0 L 91 SUHFXP L QLYHOXO JHQHUDO DO SUH XULORU SHQWUX
bunurile consumate p0LS1. Volumul consumului, necunoscut, este
C0 L UHVSHFWLY &1LDUIXQF LD GH XWLOLWDWH LQWHUWHPSRUDO

 8&0

, C1).

)DFWRUXOGHDFWXDOL]DUHvQWUH FHOHGRX  PRPHQWHHVWH GXQGH

HVWH R UDW  GH DFWXDOL]DUH FH DU SXWHD IL GH H[HPSOX UDWD GREkQ]LL

compuse pentru intervalul [0,1].

&RPSRUWDPHQWXO

FRQVXPDWRUXOXL

VH

VFKLPE 

GH

OD

XQ

moment la altul, astfel:

OD PRPHQWXO W

  FRQVXPDWRUXO UHDOL]HD]  R HFRQRPLH (0

venitul ncasat, cu gndul de a-L

din

FRPSOHWD FRQVXPXO vQ

momentul 1;

OD PRPHQWXO W

  FRQVXPDWRUXO QX PDL HFRQRPLVHWH FL vL

FRQVXP  vQWUHJXO YHQLW FD LHFRQRPLLOH L VXUSOXVXO

de valoare

RE LQXWvQWLPSSHVHDPDDFHVWRUD

Un astfel de comportament poate fi ntlnit la un

FRQVXPDWRU FH GRUHWH V  HIHFWXH]H OD XQ PRPHQW GDW R DFKL]L LH
LPSRUWDQW  PRELO  XQ WHUHQ SHQWUX R FDV  GH YDFDQ

 XQ LPRELO

care s-ar vinde cash etc.) sau OD XQ FRQVXPDWRU FDUH vL SUHJ

WHWH

XQVXUSOXVSHQWUXFRQVXPXOGHGXS SHQVLRQDUH

Modelul dinamic al consumatorului poate fi conceput, din

SXQFWGHYHGHUHDOLPSDFWXOXLSHFDUHvODXSLH HOHILQDQFLDUHILHvQ
YDULDQWD

XWLOL] ULL

QXPDL

D

SRVLELOLW

LORU

RIHULWH

GH

SLD D

PRQHWDU  ILH vQ YDULDQWD XWLOL] ULL VLPXOWDQH FXPXODWLYH D

SRVLELOLW

LORURIHULWHLGHSLD DPRQHWDU LGHSLD DFDSLWDOXULORU

0RGHOXOGLQDPLFDOFRQVXPDWRUXOXLFXSLD

PRQHWDU

n acest caz, structura modelului este:

func LDGHXWLOLWDWHmaxUT = maxU(C0, C1)

(15.1)

HFXD LDYHQLWXOXLODW

(15.2)

HFXD LDFRQVXPXOXLODW

90

= p0C0 + E0

S1

C1 = V1 + (1 + d)E0 (15.3)

6ROX LDRSWLP VHRE LQHvQFk LYDSDL

HOLPLQ PSH(vQWUHL

5.3):

E0 = V0 p0C0
p1C1 = V1 + (1 + d)(V0 p0C0)

(15.4)

FRQVWUXLPODJUDQJHDQXOGLQL

max L = max {U(C0,C1) + [-p1C1 (1+d)p0C0 + V1 + (1+d)V0]}

(15.5)

GLQ FRQGL LLOH GH RUGLQXO , SHQWUX H[WUHPXO IXQF LHL 
UH]XOW 

= UC0 / p0(1+d) = UC1 /p1

(15.6)

FRQGL LH VLPLODU  OXL  FDUH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  PRGHOXO VWDWLF DO

consumatorului (11.1 11.2), model ce-LSURSXQHRVROX LHRSWLP

privind structura pe produse a consumului la un moment dat. Este

GH

REVHUYDW

F 

vQ

FD]XO

PRGHOXOXL

GLQDPLF

SUH XULOH

VXQW

considerate la momentul 1. Astfel, p0G GLQ  UHSUH]LQW

valoarea acWXDOL]DW

ODPRPHQWXODSUH XOXLGLQSHULRDGDW



8Q UH]XOWDW LQWHUHVDQW VH RE LQH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH IXQF LD GH
XWLOLWDWHLQWHUWHPSRUDO HVWHGHIRUPD&REE

max UT = max a C 0 C1

-Douglas:
(15.7)

unde a,  L sunW SDUDPHWULL SR]LWLYL VHPQLILFD LD HFRQRPLF

H[SRQHQ LORU ILLQG GH HODVWLFLW

 D

L YH]L FDS  8UP ULQG SURFHGXUD

SUH]HQWDW PDLVXVVHRE LQH

C0 =

V
V (1 + d ) 1

0 + 1

+ po
p0

(15.8)

C1 =

V (1 + d ) V1

0
+
p1
+ p1

(15.9)

3DUDQWH]HOH GUHSWH GLQ  L  DX VHQVXO YHQLWXOXL

real al consumatorului pe ansamblul timpului considerat. n (15.8)

este un venit real exprimat prin actualizarea la t = 0, deoarece

V1(1+d)-1HVWHYDORDUHDSUH]HQW

DYHQLWXOXLYLLWRU91

; n (15.9) este

un venit real exprimat la t = 1, deoarece V0(1+d) este valoarea

viitoare a venitului prezent V0.
&RQVXPXOILHF UHLSHULRDGHHVWHRFRW GLQYHQLWXOUHDOWRWDO
FRW  UHSUH]HQWkQG SRQGHUHD SH FDUH R DUH HODVWLFLWDWHD XWLOLW

raport cu consumul perioadei ( sau ID

XWLOLW

LL vQ

GHHODVWLFLWDWHDWRWDO D

LL

&RQVXPXO ILHF UHL SHULRDGH VH REVHUY  F  HVWH GLUHFW

SURSRU LRQDOLFXFRWDPHQ LRQDW LFXYHQLWXOUHDOWRWDO

5.6.2. Modelul dinamic al consumatorului cu

SLD

PRQHWDU

LGH

capital

n acest caz, structura modelului este :

IXQF LDGHXWLOLWDWH

HFXD LDYHQLWXOXLODW

HFXD LDFRQVXPXOXLODW

IXQF LDIOX[XULORUSR]LWLYHGHYHQLWODW

maxUT = maxU(C0, C1)

unde I0

90
S1

LQYHVWL LLOHHIHFWXDWHODW

= p0C0 + E0 + I0

C1 = V1 + (1 + d)E0+ F1
)1

= f(I0),

(16.1)
(16.2)
(16.3)
(16.4)

LFDUHYRUDVLJXUDIOX[XUL

pozitive la t = 1.
6ROX LD R RE LQHP GXS  DFHHDL SURFHGXU  vQ SDL YH]L

5.6.1) considernd QV

FDYDULDELO LSH,o

 = U C1 / p1 = U C0 / p 0 (1 + d ) ,

(16.5)

UHOD LH vQ FDUH VH REVHUY  F  SUH XULOH VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH OD W

 

deoarece po * (1+d) este valoarea viitoare a lui po.

&RQGL LDGHH[WUHPOHJDW GHYDULDELODLQYHVWL LHHVWH

f (I0) (1+d) = 0

f (I0) = (1+d),

(16.6)

GLQ FDUH UH]XOW  F  LQYHVWL LD HVWH RSWLP  vQ VHQVXO F  IOX[XO
ILQDQFLDU SR]LWLY DGXV GH HD HVWH PD[LP DWXQFL FkQG HILFLHQ D HL
PDUJLQDO  DGLF  YHQLWXO PDUJLQDO WRWDO DO LQYHVWL LHL FRLQFLGH

ca

P ULPHFXIDFWRUXOGHIUXFWLILFDUHGHILQLWGHSLD DPRQHWDU 
6 FRQVLGHU PvQPRGHOXO

RIXQF LHGHXWLOLWDWH

DGLWLY GHIRUPD

UT = U(C0) +

1
U ( C1 ) ,
1+ t

vQFDUHWHVWHUDWDGHSUHIHULQ

SULQIDFWRUXOWLPS&XFkW

(17.1)
t este mai

PDUH FX DWkW SUHIHULQ D SHQWUX SUH]HQW HVWH PDL PLF  'H SLOG 
SHQWUXW

UH]XOW F RXQLWDWHGHXWLOLWDWHGLVSRQLELO vQYLLWRUHVWH

HFKLYDOHQW FX  XQLW

L GH XWLOLWDWH vQ SUH]HQW GDF  W

  DWXQFL

SUHIHULQ DSHQWUXSUH]HQWHVWHQPRGRELQXLW

(1/(1 t)) &RQGL LDGHRSWLPGHYLQH

U C1 / p1 = ( U Co / p 0 )

1+ t
1+ d

(17.2)

Q  UDSRDUWHOH GH IRUPD 80S UHSUH]LQW  LQYHUVXO

FRVWXOXLPDUJLQDODOXWLOLW

LLDVWIHOvQFkWUDSRDUWHOHS80

sunt chiar

FRVWXULOH PDUJLQDOH &80 5DSRUWXO vQWUH GRX  DVWIHO GH FRVWXUL

este indicele acestui cost, din care se poate determina rata lui de
FUHWHUH$YHP

(p1 / U C1 ) /(p 0 / U C0 ) =
rata CUM =

1+ d
1+ t

(17.3)

dt
1+ t

(17.4)

astfel nct:
dDF

G

> t FUHWHUHDFRVWXOXLXWLOLW

GDF GW

UHGXFHUHDFRVWXOXLXWLOLW

FX FkW UDWD GH SUHIHULQ

SUHIHULQ D

SHQWUX

LLPDUJLQDOH
LLPDUJLQDOH

 WHPSRUDO  HVWH PDL PLF  DGLF 

SUH]HQW

FUHWH

FX

DWkW

FRVWXO

XWLOLW

LL

PDUJLQDOHFUHWHPDLUHSHGH

cu

FkW UDWD GH SUHIHULQ

SUHIHULQ D

SHQWUX

 WHPSRUDO  HVWH PDL PDUH DGLF 

SUH]HQW

VFDGH

FX

DWkW

FRVWXO

XWLOLW

marginale scade mai repede.

'LQUHOD LDSRDWHILVHSDUDW&1

-1

C1 = [U] (g(C0)),
unde:[.]-1

HVWHIXQF LDLQYHUV

:
(17.5)

LL

g (C 0 ) = U C0

p1 1 + p

p0 1 + d

nlocuind C1 n (16.3) n care s-D vQORFXLW L (o conform

VHRE LQHRHFXD LHvQ&o

[U]1 (g(C 0 )) + p 0 (1 + d) C 0 = V1 +
p1

GLQFDUHVHRE LQH

p1

V0
1
+ [f (I 0 ) I 0 (1 + d )]
1
p1
p 0 (1 + d )
(17.6)

nivelul de optim de consum pentru t = 0, fie Co*,

FXFDUHVH RE LQHGLQ&1

. Nivelele de optim de consum sunt

GHSHQGHQWHGHWR LSDUDPHWULLPRGHOXOXL
6  SUHVXSXQHP SHQWUX XWLOLWDWH IXQF LD FHD PDL X]XDO 
ORJDULWPXOQDWXUDODGLF 

UT = ln C 0 +

1
ln C1
1+ t

(18.1)

FRUHOD LDGHRSWLPGHYLQH

1
1
1+ t
=

p 1C1 p 0 C 0 1 + d
5DWD GH FUHWHUH D FRVWXOXL PDUJLQDO HVWH GH IRUPD ,C

Ip unde Ic

este indicele consumului fizic, iar Ip LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU 5H]XOW

F 

indicele consumului fizic este:

IC =

1+ d 1

1+ t Ip

(18.2)

'DF H[SULP PLQGLFHOHSUH XULORUSULQUDWDLQIOD LHL,

p

= 1+ ri,

atunci

IC =

1+ d
,
(1 + t )(1 + ri)

(18.3)

GLQFDUHUH]XOW F UDSRUWXOvQWUHFRQVXPXULOHFHORUGRX PRPHQWH

W

  L W

  GHSLQGH GH UDWD GH DFWXDOL]DUH G GH UDWD SUHIHULQ HL

LQWHUWHPSRUDOHWLGHUDWDLQIOD LHLUL

GDF  UDWD GREkQ]LL FUHWH FRQVXPXO SUH]HQW VH GLPLQXHD]  vQ

IDYRDUHDFHOXLYLLWRUGHRDUHFHH[LVW WHQWD LDHFRQRPLVLULL

GDF  UDWD SUHIHULQ HL LQWHUWHPSRUDOH FUHWH FRQVXPXO SUH]HQW

FUHWH

GDF  UDWD LQIOD LHL FUHWH FRQVXPXO SUH]HQW VFDGH vQ IDYRDUHD
FHOXL YLLWRU GHRDUHFH DJHQWXO FRQVXPDWRU GRUHWH V  IRORVHDVF 
EDQLLODFHDPDLPDUHSXWHUHGHFXPS UDUHDORU