Capitolul III

INDICATORI STATISTICI
12

,81($'(,1',&$72567$7,67,&7,385,

DE INDICATORI
Surprinderea

YDULDELOLW

LL GLQ IRUPD GH PDQLIHVWDUH D IHQRPHQHORU GH PDV  QHFHVLW 

HODERUDUHDGHF WUHVWDWLVWLF DXQRUPHWRGRORJLLLWHKQLFLGHRE LQHUHDXQRUGHWHUPLQ ULFDQWLWDWLY

numerice denumite generic indicatori statistici.

Indicatorul statistic vQ VHQVXO FHO PDL ODUJ HVWH H[SUHVLD QXPHULF
DFWLYLW

 D XQRU IHQRPHQH SURFHVH

LVDXFDWHJRULLHFRQRPLFHLVRFLDOHGHOLPLWDWHvQWLPSVSD LXLVWUXFWXU RUJDQL]DWRULF 3HQWUX

FXQRDWHUHD IHQRPHQHORU GH PDV  LQGLFDWRULL VWDWLVWLFL vQGHSOLQHVF PDL PXOWH IXQF LL L DQXPH

de

P VXUDUH GH FRPSDUDUH GH DQDOL]  VDX VLQWH]  GH HVWLPDUH GH YHULILFDUH D LSRWH]HORU LVDX GH
WHVWDUHDVHPQLILFD LHLSDUDPHWULORUXWLOL]D L
6LPSOD HQXPHUDUH D SULQFLSDOHORU IXQF LL DOH LQGLFDWRULORU VWDWLVWLFL SXQH vQ HYLGHQ

 R

PXOWLWXGLQHGHDVSHFWHFDUHWUHEXLHDYXWHvQYHGHUHODHODERUDUHDLIRORVLUHDDFHVWRUDvQDQDOL] 'H
DLFL L QHFHVLWDWHD VWDELOLULL FX UHJXODULWDWHD FRQGL LLORU L OLPLWHORU vQFDUHSRW IL XWLOL]D L LQGLFDWRULL
VWDWLVWLFL vQ UDSRUW FX FRQ LQXWXO VSHFLILF DO IHQRPHQHORU DO VXUVHORU GH LQIRUPD LH GH FDUH VH
GLVSXQHFXVFRSXOFHUFHW ULL
'XS  HWDSD vQ FDUH DSDUvQ SURFHVXOFHUFHW ULL VWDWLVWLFHLQG

icatorii statistici sunt primari

L

GHULYD L

Indicatorii primari VHRE LQvQSURFHVXOSUHOXFU

care provin dintr-RREVHUYDUHWRWDO VDXSDU LDO 

ULLSULPDUHSULQFHQWUDOL]DUHDDJUDJDUHDGDWHORU

,QGLFDWRULL GHULYD L VH RE LQ SULQ FRPSDU UL DEVWUDFWL] UL JHQHUDOL] UL SULQ DSOLFDUHD XQRU
SURFHGHH VSHFLILFH GH SUHOXFUDUH D P ULPLL DEVROXWH D LQGLFDWRULORU SULPDUL ,QGLFDWRULL GHULYD L DX UROXO
GHDSXQHvQHYLGHQ

colHFWLYLW

DVSHFWHFDOLWDWLYHDOHIHQRPHQHORUDQDOL]DWHvQWUXFkWH[SULP UHOD LDGLQWUHS U LOH

LL GLQWUH GLIHULWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL OHJ WXULOH GH LQWHUGHSHQGHQ

 GLQWUH IHQRPHQH VDX YDORULOH

WLSLFH FDUH VH IRUPHD]  vQ PRG RELHFWLY FRQWULEX LD GLIHUL LORU IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ

 OD YDULD LLOH XQXL

fenomen complex etc. Indicatorii statistici deULYD LvQPRGIUHFYHQWVHRE LQSULQFRPSDUD LLGDULSULQ

alte metodHGHFDOFXOSUH]HQWDWHSHSDUFXUVXOOXFU ULL
&RPSDUD LLOHSRWILHIHFWXDWHvQWUHGDWHSULQGLIHUHQ
VDXSULQUDSRUWDUHQXUPDFRPSaU ULL
SULQ GLIHUHQ

 D GDWHORU FDUH VH UHIHU  OD XQLW

L GH WLPS GLIHULWH XQLW

L WHULWRULDOH GLIHULWH S U L

GLIHULWH GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWH VH RE LQH LQGLFDWRUXO GHULYDW PRGLILFDUH DEVROXW



acest indicator

VHPQLILFkQGFUHWHUHDVDXUHGXFHUHDDEVROXW HFRQRPLDVDXSLHUGHUHDDEVROXW 

Indicatorii statisWLFL GHULYD L VH RE LQ vQ XUPD FRPSDU

relative.

ULL SULQ UDSRUWDUH VH QXPHVF P

ULPL

3.2. INDICATORI RELATIVI

2 SULP  FDOH GH WUHFHUH GH OD P ULPLOH DEVROXWH OD LQGLFDWRULL GHULYD L GH OD FRQFUHW OD
DEVWUDFW vO UHSUH]LQW  FDOFXOXO L DQDOL]D LQGLFDWRULORU UHODWLYL 3ULQ GHILQL LH R P ULPH UHODWLY 
H[SULP  vQWU XQ VLQJXU QXP U SURSRU LLOH LQGLFDWRUXOXL SULPDU UDSRUWDW ID

 GH LQGLFDWRUXO ED]  GH

UDSRUWDUHED] GHFRPSDUD LH

6HPQLILFD LD UHDO  D FRQ LQXWXOXL P ULPLORU UHODWLYH FDOFXODWH HVWH DVLJXUDW  vQ P VXUD vQ
FDUHvQWUHWHUPHQLLFRPSDUD LH[LVW RFRUHVSRQGHQ

ORJLF GHFRQGL LRQDUHVDXGHFDX]DOLWDWHHVWH

DVLJXUDW  FRPSDUDELOLWDWHD GDWHORU GLQ SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DO FRQ LQXWXOXL VIHUHL GH FXSULQGHUH
PHWRGRORJLD GH FDOFXO XQLW

LORU GH P VXU  VXUVHORU GH LQIRUPD LL HWF ED]D GH FRPSDUD LH GH

UDSRUWDUHHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWLY FDWLPSFDVSD LXVDXFDVWUXFWXU RUJDQL]DWRULF 0 ULPLOHUHODWLYHVH

H[SULP vQXQLW

LGHP VXU FRQFUHWHvQFRHILFLHQ LvQSURFHQWHSURPLOHHWF

Q IXQF LH GH VFRSXO DQDOL]HL L D GLUHF LHL vQ FDUH VH HIHFWXHD]  FRPSDUDUHD P ULPLORU
UHODWLYHVXQWGHVWUXFWXU GHLQWHQVLWDWHGHGLQDPLF GHFRRUGRQDUHLDOHSODQXOXL

ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXU  VH PDL QXPHVF SRQGHUL VDX JUHXW

anali]DVWUXFWXULLGLIHULWHORUFROHFWLYLW

L L VXQW XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX

LVWDWLVWLFH(OHH[SULP UDSRUWXO S U LORUID

GHvQWUHJ'HFL

P ULPLOHUHODWLYHGHVWUXFWXU VHFDOFXOHD] GXS XQDGLQUHOD LLOHXUP WRDUH

-SHQWUXIUHFYHQ H
n
f 1 = r i  100


i=1

ni

(3.1)

unde: fi = IUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH ni = nuP

UXOGHXQLW

LGLQJUXSDLIUHFYHQ

DEVROXW DJUXSHL

i);
r

i=1

ni

QXP UXOWRWDOGHFROHFWLYLW

-SHQWUXRFDUDFWHULVWLF
r

gi =

LGLQFROHFWLYLWDWHDLQYHVWLJDW 

FHQWUDOL]DW GLQJUXSH

x ij
j=1
m r
  x ij
i=1 j=1

100

unde: gi -H[SULP

(3.2)
centralizate a caracteristicii x n

SRQGHUHDVDXJUHXWDWHDVSHFLILF DYDORULL

WRWDOXO YDORULORU LQGLYLGXDOH DOH FDUDFWHULVWLFLL [ vQUHJLVWUDWH OD ILHFDUH XQLWDWH D FROHFWLYLW

LL GLQ

ILHFDUHJUXS IRUPDW 
'LQ UHOD LLOH  L  VH FRQVWDW  F  VXPD P ULPLORU UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXUDUH HVWH 

GDF DFHVWHDVXQWH[SULPDWH vQSURFHQWHVDXGDF P ULPLOHUHODWLYHGH VWUXFWXU VXQWH[SULPDWH

VXEIRUP GHFRHILFLHQ L
*UDILFDP ULPLORUUHODWLYHVHUHDOL]HD] SULQGLDJUDPHOHGHVWUXFWXU H[HPSOLILFDWHvQILJXUD

3.1.
100%

90
80
70

L egenda:

Capital propriu
Obliga\ii
Finan\ri

60
50
40
30
20

Scarade reprezentare:
1 cm = 10%

10
0

Figura 3.1. Structura pasLYXOXLELODQ LHUDO6&0LUDO

n trimestrul II 1994
3DVLYXO ELODQ XOXL SH WULPHVWUXO ,,  DO 6& 0,5$/ VH HYLGHQ LD]  vQ WDEHOXO 
6WUXFWXUDDFHVWHLDVHSUH]LQW vQILJXUD

Indicatori
A
1. Capital propriu
2. ObOLJD LL
)LQDQ

UL

TOTAL
0

mild. lei
1
250
50
150
450

%
2
55.6
11.1
33
100.0

ULPLOHUHODWLYH GH FRRUGRQDUH VH FDOFXOHD] FRPSDUkQG SULQ UDSRUWDUH DFHODL LQGLFDWRU

GLQ GRX  JUXSH FROHFWLYLW

L XQLW

L WHULWRULDOH GLIHULWH 5HOD LD GH FDOFXO D DFHVWRU P ULPL UHODWLYH

 DUDW  GH FkWH RUL QLYHOXO FDUDFWHULVWLFLL [ HVWH PDL PDUH VDX PDL PLF OD XQLWDWHD JUXS
FROHFWLYLWDWHD$ID

GHXQLWDWHD%

a sau

iA/B = X Ba  100
(3.3)
Spre exemplificare, se poate compara cifra de afaceri la S.C. "MIRAL" cu cea a S.C.
X

117,025

1991

1992

1993

)LJXUD(YROX LDvQPDWULFXO
0

75,179

137,411

14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0

LFRPHUFLDOHFRQFXUHQWHGLQDFHHDLWDU MXGH 

95,947

*5832VDXFXFHOHDOHDOWRUVRFLHW

1994

ULORUGHFRPHUFLDQ LvQDQLL

- 1994)

ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH LQWHQVLWDWH VH FDOFXOHD]  FRPSDUkQG SULQ UDSRUWDUH YDORULOH XQHL

FDUDFWHULVWLFL [ FX YDORULOH XQHL DOWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL \ FX FDUH VH DIO  vQWU R OHJ WXU  ORJLF  GH

LQWHUFRQGL LRQDUHVDXGHSHQGHQ

([HPSOHGHDVWIHOGHP ULPLUHODWLYHGHLQWHQVLWDWHSRWIL

-SURGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLLSURGXF LDvQXQLWDWHDGHWLPS

-FXUVXOGHVFKLPEYDOXWDUH[SULP FXFk LOHLVHSRDWHFXPS U XQGRODU
-SUH XOXQLWDU
- rentabilitatea economiF EHQHILFLXOHFRQRPLFvQVHQVODUJODXQOHXDFWLYJOREDO
-HILFLHQ DDFWLYHORUIL[H
- durata medie a zilei (lunii de lucru.
*UDILFD UHOD LHL GLQWUH P ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXU  L LQGLFDWRULL GLQ FDUH DFHVWHD VH
FDOFXOHD] HVWHH[HPSOLILFDW vQILJXUD'DF DYHPvQYHGHUHF SURGXF LDIL]LF 4HVWHIXQF LH
GHSURGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLL:LGHWLPSXOHIHFWLYOXFUDW7DWXQFLHDVHYL]XDOL]HD] vQILJXUD

T
W

)LJXUD5HOD LDGLQWUH:7L4
0

ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH GLQDPLF

 VH FDOFXOHD]  SHQWUX D FDUDFWHUL]D YDULD LD GH WLPS D XQXL

IHQRPHQ (OH H[SULP  GH FkWH RUL VDX GH FkW OD VXW  VH PRGLILF  R YDULDELO  ; GLQWU R SHULRDG 

PRPHQWGHWLPSWID

relative de dLQDPLF
LQGLFLGHGLQDPLF

I xt/0 =

Xt
X0

I xt/t1 =

Xt
X0

GHRSHULRDG PRPHQWGHUHIHULQ

GHUDSRUWDUHSULQGHILQL LHP ULPLOH

 VHFDOFXOHD] OXkQG ED]D GHUDSRUWDUHIL[   VDXPRELO   L VH QXPHVF

FXED] IL[

VDXFXED]

PRELO

vQO

100 cu t = 1, T
100

Q XLW

(fig.3.2).
(3.4)

cu t = 1, T

(3,5)
unde: Xt = nivelul caracteristicii X din perioada (momentul) t = 1, T
X0 QLYHOXOFDUDFWHULVWLFLL;GLQSHULRDGDPRPHQWXOED] IL[


GHFRPSDUD LH

$FHVWH P ULPL UHODWLYH GH GLQDPLF  VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWH SULQ FURQRJUDPH VWHURJUDPH HWF L

sunt pe larg prezentate n capitolul "serii cronologice".

ULPLOH UHODWLYH

ale prevederilor

VDX DOH SODQXOXL VH FDOFXOHD]  FRPSDUkQG ILH QLYHOXO

SUHY ]XW SURJUDPDW DO FDUDFWHULVWLFLL FX QLYHOXO UHDOL]DW vQWU R SHULRDG  DQWHULRDU  ILH QLYHOXO

UHDOL]DWGH[vQSHULRDGDGHUHIHULQ

FXQLYHOXOSUHY ]XWDODFHOHLDLFDUDFWHULVWLF

xt-1

It/t-1

xt

Ip/t-1

xp

i (fig. 3.4).

It/p

)LJXUD0

ULPLOHUHODWLYHDOHSUHYHGHULORUSODQXOXL

'LQ ILJXUD  VH REVHUY  F  VH SRW FDOFXOD P ULPL

program (Ip/t-1LP

ULPLUHODWLYHDOHUHDOL] ULLQHUHDOL]

relative ale sarcinii rezultate din

ULLSUHYHGHULORUGLQSURJUDPIt/p ).

/HJ WXUD GLQWUH VDUFLQD UHDOL] ULL SUHYHGHULORU GLQ SURJUDP L JUDGXO UHDOL] ULL SUHYHGHULORU

SURJUDPXOXLVHREVHUY vQUHOD LD

I xp t/t1  I xt/P t =

X Pt
X t1

Xt
X Pt

unde: I p t/t1 -H[SULP

mDUHVDXPDLPLFID

Xt
X t1

Xt
X t1

= I xt/t1 , cu t = 1, T

(3.6)

GHFkWHRULQLYHOXO UHDOL]DWDOFDUDFWHULVWLFLL;vQSHULRDGD7DIRVWPDL

GHQLYHOXOUHDOL]DWvQWU RSHULRDG W

-1 (t = 1, T).

QSURFHVXOSUHOXFU ULLVHFXQGDUHvQIXQF LHGHVFRSXODQDOL]HLFXUHJXODULWDWHVHFDOFXOHD] L

VH LQWHUSUHWHD]  P ULPLOH UHODWLYH DWkW vQ IRUPD SUH]HQWDW  FkW L VXE DOWH IRUPH P ULPL

medii,

FRHILFLHQ L VLQWHWLFL DL vPSU WLHULL DVLPHWULH FRUHOD LH HWF vQWUXFkW vQF UF WXUD ORU LQIRUPD LRQDO 
FRQWULEXLHODSURFHVXOGHFXQRDWHUHLGHIXQGDPHQWDUHDGHFL]LLORULDF LORUVWUDWHJLFHDGRSWDWH

n prezent, ca urmare a progreselor nregLVWUDWHGHSURGXF LDVRIWZDUHH[LVW

RPXOWLWXGLQHGH

SURJUDPH GH JUDILF  VWDWLVWLF  XWLOL]DWH DWkW SHQWUX FXQRDWHUH L DQDOL]  FkW L SHQWUX SRSXODUL]DUHD
PDQLIHVW ULLIHQRPHQHORUGLQFHOHPDLGLYHUVHGRPHQLLGHDFWLYLWDWH

QWUHE

n tabHOXO DO
firme:

ULGHFRQWURO

WXUDW VH SUH]LQW  GDWH UHIHULWRDUH OD FLIUD GH DIDFHUL SHQWUX SDWUX ILOLDOH DOH XQHL

Filiala

,QGLFHOHUHDOL]

Structura cifrei de afaceri

realizate (%)

A
B
C
D

ULL

programului cifrei de
afaceri
1,1
1,2
1,25
1,5

20
40
30
10

0 ULPHDUHODWLY DUHDOL] ULLSURJUDPXOXLFLIUHLGHDIDFHULSHvQWUHDJDVRFLHWDWHFRPHUFLDO D

fost:
a) 1,2625;
b) 1,225;
c) 1,2542;
d) 1,2168;
e) 1,2465.
Un indicator statistic este:
a) RGDW VWDWLVWLF 
b) RLQIRUPD LHVWDWLVWLF 
c) RPHWRG VWDWLVWLF 
d) un grafic statistic;
e) RPHWRG GHP VXUDUH

8QLQGLFDWRUUHODWLYHVWHRE LQXW

a) prin agregarea datelor;

b) SULQFRPSDUDUHDGDWHORUVXEIRUP GHGLIHUHQ
c) SULQFRPSDUDUHDVXEIRUP GHUDSRUW
d) SULQREVHUYDUHVWDWLVWLF WRWDO 
e) SULQREVHUYDUHVWDWLVWLF SDU LDO 

6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH GHVS

re activitatea unei firme comerciale cu patru puncte de

desfacere:
Puncte de
desfacere

Valoarea
YkQ]

SHULRDGDGHED]

I
II
III
IV

Structura

ULORUvQ

YkQ]


ULORU

programate

(u.m.)
70
95
55
100

Indicele
ndeplinirii
programului
YkQ]

30
30
25
15

ULORU

82
115
100
175

WLLQGF SHDQVDPEOXOILUPHLLQGLFHOHVDUFLQLGHSURJUDPDIRVWGH
LYDORULOHYkQ] ULORUSURJUDPDWHDXIRVW

a) 144; 144; 120; 72;

b) 150; 120; 144; 144;
c) 200; 210; 144; 150;
d) 72; 120; 160; 144;
e) 80; 220; 180; 160

ii) YDORULOHYkQ] ULORUHIHFWLYUHDOL]DWHvQSHULRDGDFXUHQW

a) 144; 118; 160; 120;
b) 118; 166; 120; 126;
c) 120; 170; 150; 200;
d) 72; 144; 144; 120;
e) 144; 144; 120; 72
LLLLQGLFLLGHGLQDPLF DXIRVW

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

205; 152; 218; 72;

169; 175; 218; 126;
150; 165; 480; 530;
118; 166; 120; 126;
180; 190; 210; 230.

DXIRVW