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,$'(352'8&

,(

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centru de decizii. Din acest punct de vedere toate ntreprinderile

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UD LRQDO vQ VHQVXO F  XUP UHWH V
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XQ

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GH

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FDUH

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vQ

maximizarea profitului. Studiul economic al comportamentului

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)XQF LD

GH

SURGXF LH

HVWH

IRUPDOL]DUHD

UHOD LHL

vQWUH

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RE LQHUHD DFHVWHLD )XQF LD GH SURGXF LH GHVHPQHD]  OHJ WXUD
H[SULPDW IXQF LRQDO GLQWUHUH]XOWDWXOXQHLDFWLYLW

LGHSURGXF LHL

HOHPHQWHOH PDWHULDOH LQIRUPD LL HQHUJLH HWF FDUH FRQFXU  OD

realizarea acestuia.

9ROXPXOGHSURGXF LHFH
PD[LPL]HD] SURILWXO

------------------------------

ETAPA 4

IXQF LDGHSURILW

SUH XOGHSLD

DOSURGXVXOXL

9ROXPXOSURGXF LHLL
FRVWXULOHGHSURGXF LH

minime
------------------------------

ETAPA 3

IXQF LDGHFRVW

SUH XOGHSLD

Consumul de factori ce
PLQLPL]HD] FRVWXOWRWDO

DOIDFWRULORUGH

SURGXF LH

pentru un volum dat al

SURGXF LHL

ETAPA 2

-----------------------------LQGLFDWRULLGHHILFLHQ

D

SURGXF LHL

progresul tehnic
Metode (procedee,
WHKQLFLUH HWH
WHKQRORJLLGHSURGXF LH

----------------------------IXQF LDGHSURGXF LH

ETAPA 1

YROXPXOSURGXF LHLL

cantitatea de factori)
3URGXF WRUXO

Mediul social economic

Fig. 27 (WDSHOHVWXGLXOXLFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLSURGXF

WRUXOXL

$FHVWH HOHPHQWH SRW IL FRQVLGHUDWH DJUHJDW VDX QX GXS  FXP R FHU
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FRQVLGHUDUH
H[SHULHQ

SH

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VSHFLDOL] UL

QLYHOH

GH

FDOLILFDUH

HWFGXS FXPFDSLWDOXOIL[SRDWHILDERUGDWSHFDWHJRULL

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PDLQLLLQVWDOD LLGH

prelucraUH WHUHQXUL SODQWD LL DQLPDOH GH UHSURGXF LH HWF VDX SH
QLYHOH

WHKQRORJLFH

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SULQ

JUXSD

GH

YkUVW 

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IDEULFD LHL
Q WHUPHQLL FHL PDL VLQWHWLFL IXQF LD GH SURGXF LH HVWH R
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GH

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DO

F UXL

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investigat ntr-XQVWXGLXSULYLQGUHOD LDvQWUHSURGXF LHLPLMORDFHOH

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ci cnd se fac aprecieri sau se iau decizii de

PDUH VLQWH]  SULYLQG DFWLYLWDWHD vQWUHSULQGHULL Q DVWIHO GH VLWXD LL

FHUFHWDUHDVWXGLXOVHS VWUHD] ODXQQLYHOPDFURILJ

Mecanism de
SURGXF LH

LQWU UL

LHLUL

Fig. 28 ExpresLDVLQWHWLF

DGHSHQGHQ HL

FHFDUDFWHUL]HD] SURGXF LD

FormalizQGDFHDVW

OHJ WXU VHH[SULP SULQUHOD LD

E = f(I),

(1.1)

XQGHIHVWHIXQF LDGHSURGXF LH

3UHVXSXQkQGQHOHPHQWHSDUWLFLSDQWHODSURGXF LH
L

  Q DOH F URU FDQWLW

L XWLOL]DWH VXQW [i LDU SURGXF LD

H[SULPDW FDQWLWDWLY4DYHP

Q = f(x1, x2, , xi, , xn)

(1.2)

Q = f(X),

(1.3)

sau
XQGHSULQ;GHVHPQ PYHFWRUXOFDQWLW

LORU[i

X = || xi || 1*n

:
(1.4)

LDUIHVWHRDOW PRGDOLWDWHGHLQWURGXFHUHDIXQF LHLGHSURGXF LH

Elementele, mijloacele participante la activitatea de

SURGXF LH VXQW QXPLWH IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH

. Din punct de vedere al

SRVLELOLW

LORUGHFRPELQDUHSHQWUXRE LQHUHDXQHLSURGXF LLGDWHVH

GLVWLQJGRX FDWHJRULL

a)

IDFWRULVXEVWLWXLELOLDGLF DFHLDFXFDUHSRWILFRQVWUXLWHGLIHULWH
FRPELQD LLDVWIHOvQFkWV VHRE LQ YROXPXOGDWDOSURGXF LHL

b)

IDFWRUL FRPSOHPHQWDUL DGLF  DFHLD FDUH

produsul dorit WUHEXLHUHVSHFWDW

SHQWUX D RE LQH

RFRPELQD LHVWULFW LQXPDL

aceia.
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presupunnd, de

DVHPHQHD GDW  WHKQLFD WHKQRORJLD GH SURGXF LH

DGLF I FkQGDEVWUDF LHGHRSRUWXQLW

LOHFUHDWHGHSURJUHVXOWHKQLF

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cursul unei perioade scurte de timp. Din acest punct de vedere se

disting:
a)

IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH YDULDELOL DGLF  FHL SHQWUX FDUH YDULD LD
SURGXF LHL RE LQXWH QHFHVLW  YDULD LD HYLGHQW vQ DFHODL VHQV D
FDQWLW

b)

LLGHIDFWRULXWLOL]DW 

IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH ILFL DGLF  FHL SHQWUX FDUH YDULD LD
SURGXF LHLQXQHFHVLW YDULD LDFDQWLW
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OXQJLPHD

GLQWUH

SHULRDGHL

YDULDELOLWDWH

GH

UHIHULQ

LLGHIDFWRULXWLOL]DW 
L
L

FRQVWDQ
GH

GHSLQGH

QDWXUD

DFWLYLW

GH
LL

vQWUHSULQGHULL6HDFFHSW vQJHQHUDOF SHWHUPHQOXQJWR LIDFWRULL

GH SURGXF LH DX FDUDFWHULVWLFD GH YDULDELOLWDWH GDU F  QDWXUD

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WLPSLSHULRDGDOXQJ GHWLPS

3URSULHW

LOHIXQF LHLGHSURGXF LH

1. Att pURGXF LD FkW L IDFWRULL GH SURGXF LH SRW OXD QXPDL
YDORULSR]LWLYHFHHDFHvQVHDPQ F

f : Rn+ R+,
unde Rn+

UHSUH]LQW 

(2.1)
PXO LPHD

YHFWRULORU

-dimensionali X,

VHPLSR]LWLYGHILQL L

Rn+ = M { X = || xi || 1*n, xi 0, i = 1,2,,n}

iar R+HVWHPXO LPHDYDORULORUSHQWUXSURGXF LHDGLF

(2.2)
DYHP4

R+.

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SURGXF LHvQVHDPQ [i

(0, + ) i=1,2,,n reprezentnd de fapt

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IDFWRUXOXLGHSURGXF LHQXSRDWHILQHJDWLY
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care nu au nici-RUHOHYDQ

SHQWUXHFRQRPLVW3UHVXSXQkQGF XQXO

GLQ IDFWRUL  HVWH  IRU D GH PXQF  /   DWXQFL /

DSDU LQkQGLQWHUYDOXOXLPHQ LRQDWFDGHDOWIHOL/
VDX/

10

10

 

10-12

 H[S

QXVXQWUHSUH]HQWDWLYHILHSHQWUXF VXQWSUHDPLFL

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atkWPDLPXOWODQLYHOXOXQHLILUPHILHSHQWUXF

VXQWQXPHUHFXR

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QLFLRGDW GHFLVSHQWUXGHUXODUHDXQHLDFWLYLW

L

2. )XQF LDGHSURGXF LHHVWHFRQWLQX

$FHDVWD vQVHDPQ  F  GDF  H[LVW  R YDULD LH

suficient de

PLF  SHQWUX ILHFDUH IDFWRU GH SURGXF LH L FX DWkW PDL PXOW FkQG
DFHDVW  YDULD LH HVWH GHILQLW  SHQWUX XQ VLQJXU IDFWRU GH SURGXF LH
DWXQFLYROXPXOSURGXF LHLQXVHPRGLILF DGLF 

lim f (X ) = f (X ) = lim f (X + ) ,

i 0
XQGH 

__

i 0

(2.3)

i ||1*n

3. )DFWRULLGHSURGXF LHVXQWVWULFWQHFHVDUL
$FHDVWD vQVHDPQ  F  GDF  FHO PXOW XQD GLQ FRPSRQHQWHOH
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4. 3URGXF LDHVWHFUHVF

f xi (X) 0
Potrivit dHILQL LHL



WRDUHvQRULFDUHGLQWUHIDFWRUL

(2.4)
FX FDUH HVWH LQWURGXV  GHULYDWD XQHL

IXQF LL DFHVWD DUDW  YDULD LD IXQF LHL vQ FD]XO F  DUJXPHQWXO DUH R
YDULD LH LQILQLWHVLPDO  'HULYDWD HVWH XQ UDSRUW vQWUH GRX  YDULD LL

ceea ce corespunde n economie indicatorului de tip marginal. n

cazul

IXQF LHL GH SURGXF LH GHULYDWD VHPQLILF  SURGXFWLYLWDWHD

PDUJLQDO DIDFWRUXOXLvQUDSRUWFXFDUHV DI FXWGHULYDUHD

$FHDVW  SURSULHWDWH SRDWH IL vQ HOHDV  L vQ VHQVXO F 

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SURGXF LH

SHQWUX

FHLODO L

FDQWLW

LOH

XWLOL]DWH

-un factor de

U PkQkQG

FKLDU

QHPRGLILFDWHSHQWUXDVHRE LQHRSURGXF LHPDLPLF 

Limita acestei prRSULHW

L HVWH GDW  GH FRQGL LLOH WHKQLFH L

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YDULD LD FDQWLW

LL XWLOL]DWH GLQWU XQ IDFWRU DWXQFL FkQG FDQWLW

LOH

XWLOL]DWH GLQ FHLODO L IDFWRUL U PkQ QHPRGLILFDWH QX SRDWH IL RULFkW

de

PDUH GHRDUHFH VH SRW GHS L OLPLWHOH WHKQLFHWHKQRORJLFH DOH

SURGXF LHL'HSLOG GDF vQFD]XOFRPELQ ULLIDFWRULORUFDSLWDO.

L  PXQF  OLPLWHOH UDSRUWXOXL GH FRPELQDUH /. VXQW GDWH GH
LQWHUYDOXO >  @ vQVHDPQ  F  SURGXF LD VH SRDWH H[HFXWD XWLOL]k
ODRXQLWDWHGHFDSLWDOvQWUHLXQLW
.

L/

nd

LGHPXQF $GLF SHQWUX

VHSRDWHVSHUDV VHRE LQ SURGXF LHGHRDUHFH

H[LVW RWHKQLF WHKQRORJLHFDUDFWHUL]DW SULQDFHVWUDSRUW


HVWH

L

SX LQ

[3 ; 8]. Pentru o valoare L = 600 sau L = 3000

SUREDELO

V 

VH

RE LQ 

SURGXF LH

GHRDUHFH

tehnicii/tehnologii caracterizate prin raportul L/K = 600/250 = 2,4

vQF  QX V

-a inventat, iar pentru raportul L/K = 3000/250 = 12 sunt

GHMDGHS LWHLDXIRVWDEDQGRQDWH

5. 3URGXF LDDUHUDQGDPHQWGHVFUHVF

WRU

f x2 ( X ) < 0

(2.5)

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QLYHOXO GH XWLOL]DUH D XQXL IDFWRU GH SURGXF LH VSRUXO GH SURGXF LH
RE LQXW UDQGDPHQWXO HVWH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PLF SHQWUX ILHFDUH

uniWDWH

VXSOLPHQWDU 

IRORVLW 

GLQ

UHVSHFWLYXO

IDFWRU

$FHDVW 

proprietate corespunde legii randamentelor descrescnde.

6. 3URGXF LDDUHUDQGDPHQWJOREDOQHGHVFUHVF

WRU

F(X + Y) f(X) + f(Y),

(2.6)

XQGH < HVWH XQ YHFWRU GH IRUPD L VWUXFWXUD OXL ; DGLF  <

M,

(vezi 2.2).
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L

GHIDFWRULGHSURGXF LHVHSRDWHUHDOL]DXQHIHFWPDLPDUHGHFkWFHO
RE LQXWSULQIRORVLUHDVHSDUDW DUHVSHFWLYHORUFDQWLW

7.

L

)XQF LD GH SURGXF LH DUH SURSULHWDWHD GH G

DGLF IRUPDHLQXHVWHDIHFWDW GHPRGLILFDUHDXQLW

FDUHVHH[SULP SURGXF LDVDXFDQWLW

ivizibilitate,

LLGHP VXU vQ

LOHGHIDFWRULXWLOL]DWH

8. )XQF LDGHSURGXF LHHVWHRPRJHQ de un grad oarecare h.

f( * X) = h * f(X),
unde > 1.

(2.7)

ProprietateD VHPQLILF

 IDSWXO F  GDF  QLYHOXO GH XWLOL]DUH D

IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH VH PXOWLSOLF  GH XQ QXP U GH RUL
YROXPXO SURGXF LHL UH]XOWDWH VH PXOWLSOLF  GH
IXQF LDVHQXPHWHRPRWHWLF

, atunci

 RUL 'DF  K

 

5DQGDPHQWXOGHVFDU

Randamentul de sFDU

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HFRQRPLFLSURSULHWDWHDGHRPRJHQLWDWHDIXQF LHLGHSURGXF LH3ULQ

DFHDVW  QR LXQH VH LQWURGXFH VWXGLXO LQIOXHQ HL SH FDUH R H[HUFLW 
PRGLILFDUHD FDQWLW

LORU XWLOL]DWH GH IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH DVXSUD

volumului acesteia.
3HQWUX vQFHSXW V  SUHVXSXQHP K

  Q DFHVWFD] IXQF LD VH

]LFHFXUDQGDPHQWFRQVWDQWGDF

f( * X) = * f(X)

(3)

$FHDVW  SURSULHWDWH DUDW  vQ JHQHUDO FHHD FH VXJHUHD] 

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exprLPDW L FD]XO PRGLILF

ULL XQLW

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LL GH P VXU  D IDFWRULORU GH

LL  IRUPDIXQF LHLQX VH PRGLILF FL

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LLGHP VXU 

40
25
20
10

15
10

1
2

12

12
4

4
K

UDQGDPHQWGHVFDU GHVFUHVF WRU

UDQGDPHQWGHVFDU FRQVWDQW

Q
60

25
10
1
2

12 L

4
K

UDQGDPHQWGHVFDU FUHVF W

)LJ5DQGDPHQWXOGHVFDU

or

JOREDO

 >IXQF LDVH]LFHFXUDQGDPHQWGHVFDU

<  IXQF LD VH ]LFH FX randameQW GH VFDU

QGDF 
FUHVF

WRU LDU GDF 

GHVFUHVF

WRU $VWIHO GHILQLW UDQGDPHQWXO GH VFDU  HVWH FRQVLGHUDW

JOREDO ILJ  vQ FH SULYHWH R IXQF LH GH SURGXF LH GDW 
UDQGDPHQWXO HL GH VFDU  HVWH DFHODL LQGLIHUHQW GH FRPELQDUHD GH
IDFWRULVDXGHGLPHQVLXQHDDQJDMDW DDFHVWRUD

n fig. 29 s-D SUHVXSXV R IXQF LH GH SURGXF LH GHGRL IDFWRUL
4

I./LQLYHOHFRQVWDQWFUHVF WRDUHFXFRHILFLHQWPXOWLSOLFDWLY

  SHQWUX ILHFDUH GLQ FHL GRL IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH .1

3); (K2 = 2, L2 = 6); (K3 = 4, L3

  Q FD]XO IXQF LH

UDQGDPHQW FRQVWDQW FRHILFLHQWXO PXOWLSOLFDWLY U PkQH

F  DYHP 41

i cu

= 2, astfel

= 10, Q2 = 2 * Q1 = 20, Q3 = 2 * Q2 = 40. n cazul

IXQF LHL FX UDQGDPHQW GHVFUHVF WRU DYHP 41

 L 43

= 1, L1 =

= 1,667 * Q2

= 10, Q2 = 1,5 * Q1 =

  WLSXO GH UDQGDPHQW VH S VWUHD]  FKLDU

GDF  FRHILFLHQWXO PXOWLSOLFDWLY DO SURGXF LHL D FUHVFXW vQ VLWXD LD 
ID

 GH VLWXD LD  GHRDUHFH HO U PkQH vQ FRQWLQXDUH PDL PLF GHFkW

FRHILFLHQWXO PXOWLSOLFDWLY DO IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH D F UXL YDORDUH

HVWH  QFD]XOIXQF LHL FX UDQGDPHQWFUHVF WRU DYHP 41

= 2,5 *Q1

  L  43

= 10, Q2

= 2,4 * Q2 = 60 (tipul de randament se

S VWUHD]  FKLDU GDF  FRHILFLHQWXO PXOWLSOLFDWLY DO SURGXF LHL V

UHGXV vQ VROX LD  ID

-a

 GH VLWXD LD  GHRDUHFH HO U PkQH PDL PDUH

dect coeficientul multiplicativ alIDFWRULORUGHSURGXF LH

 Q

5DQGDPHQWXOGHVFDU VHH[SULP vQJHQHUDOSHQWUX

DFHVWFD]VHDVXP 

> 1, astfel nct tipul de randament este redat

de valoarea lui h:

GDF K

GDF K

GDF KUDQGDPHQWXOGHVFDU HVWHGHVFUHVF WRU

UDQGDPHQWXOGHVFDU HVWHFRQVWDQW

>UDQGDPHQWXOGHVFDU

HVWHFUHVF WRU

'DF  UDQGDPHQWXO GH VFDU  HVWH FUHVF WRU VH ]LFH GHVSUH R
vQWUHSULQGHUH F  EHQHILFLD]
RSXV  VH ]LFH F  VXSRUW

 GH HFRQRPLH GH VFDU

 GH]HFRQRPLH GH VFDU

de caUHGHSLQGHUDQGDPHQWXOGHVFDU

 vQ VLWXD LD

. Principalii factori

VXQWRUJDQL]DUHDSURGXF LHLL

FDUDFWHULVWLFLOHWHKQLFHDOHSURFHVXOXLGHSURGXF LH
&UHWHUHD SURGXF LHL FD UH]XOWDW DO FUHWHULL YROXPXOXL
IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH XWLOL]D L GHWHUPLQ  R PRGLILFDUH D WDOLHL

(dimensiunilor) unei ntreprinderi. Aceasta, pe plan organizatoric,

SURGXFH DWkW HIHFWH IDYRUDELOH GH HFRQRPLH GH VFDU  FkW L
QHIDYRUDELOH GH GH]HFRQRPLH GH VFDU  HIHFWXO UHVLP LW ILLQG GH
IDSW R UH]XOWDQW  vQWUH FHOH GRX  $VWIHO vQWUH HIHFWHOH IDYRUDELOH

apare

VSHFLDOL]DUHD DQJDMD LORU FDUH JHQHUHD]  FUHWHUHD HILFLHQ HL

FRPELQ ULL IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH FD L FRQVWDQ D XQRU FKHOWXLHOL
FDUH JHQHUHD]  GLPLQXDUHD FRVWXOXL XQLWDU SH VHDPD FRVWXOXL IL[
PHGLX D 3H GH DOW  SDUWH vQV  DSDU HIHFWH QHIDYRUDELOH FXP
FUHWHUHD

FRPSOH[LW

LL

SUREOHPHORU

GH

RUJDQL]DUH

FX

sunt

LPSDFW

QHJDWLYvQHILFLHQ

LFRVWXULLQFOXVLYSULQFUHWHUHDJUDGXOXLLQWHUQ

GH ELURFUDWL]DUH VDX FUHWHUHD FRVWXULORU SULYLQG SURWHF LD PXQFLL

VDXDPHGLXOXLD

Din punct de vedere al caracteristicilor tehnice ale

SURFHVXOXL GH SURGXF LH HIHFWH IDYRUDELOH FD L QHIDYRUDELOH SRDWH
JHQHUD

LQGLYL]LELOLWDWHD

IDFWRULORU

GH

SURGXF LH

'H

H[HPSOX

FDSDFLWDWHDGHSURGXF LHQXSRDWHILPRGLILFDW GHIDFWXU FRQWLQX 

FL QXPDL GLVFRQWLQX  GHRDUHFH FUHWHUHDGHVFUHWHUHD DFHVWHLD VH
IDFH PRGXODU DGLF  SH PRGXOH GH FDSDFLWDWH 2 LQVWDOD LH XQ
HFKLSDPHQW R PDLQ  XQ DJUHJDW HWF SRW GD R DQXPLW  SURGXF LH
DQXDO GHH[HPSOXEXF

L2ILUP DUHRSURGXF LHGH

EXF DQXDO UH]XOWDW  SULQ XWLOL]DUHD OD PD[LP D FDSDFLW

 PRGXOH D FkWH  GDU FHUHUHD SH SLD

LL H[LVWHQWH

 HVWH vQ FUHWHUH

HVWLPDW  SHQWUX DQXO XUP WRU vQ MXU GH 

43000 buc.

&UHWHUHDGHFDSDFLWDWHVHSRDWHIDFHvQV QXPDLPRGXODUFX
EXF2SRUWXQLWDWHDJHQHUDW GHFHUHUHQXSRDWHILUDWDW DVWIHOF VH
IDFH LQYHVWL LD SHQWUX FUHWHUHD GH FDSDFLWDWH FX  EXF )LUPD
EHQHILFLD] GHDYDQWDMXOF GDF WHQGLQ DGHFUHWHUHDFHUHULLVHYD
S VWUD HD YD SXWHD SURGXFH vQ SOXV I U  R LQYHVWL LH VXSOLPHQWDU 

(economieGHVFDU

GDUSkQ DWXQFLFRVWXULOH HL GHSURGXF LH YRU

IL PDL PDUL GHRDUHFH DPRUWL]DUHD PDUJLQDO  JHQHUDW  GH QRXD

LQYHVWL LHHVWHPDUHFDLvQPRGUHODWLYFRVWXULOHGHvQWUH LQHUHL

IXQF LRQDUH D QRLL FDSDFLW

L GHRDUHFH HD QX OXFUHD]  OD PD[LP

GH]HFRQRPLHGHVFDU 
5DQGDPHQWXO GH VFDU  HVWH OHJDW L GH DOWH DVSHFWH DOH
SURGXF LHLLDQXPH

QR LXQHD GH UDQGDPHQW GH VFDU  HVWH IXQGDPHQWDW  SH YDULD LD
VLPXOWDQ  D FDQWLW

LL XWLOL]DWH GLQ GLIHUL LL IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH

I U FD QLYHOXO GH SURJUHV WHKQLF V ILH PRGLILFDW 5DQGDPHQWXO

GH VFDU  QX PRGLILF  IRUPD IXQF LHL GH SURGXF LH vQ WLPS FH
SURJUHVXOWHKQLFRPRGLILF )D

GHDFHDVW GHOLPLWDUHWHRUHWLF 

HVWH GH UHPDUFDW F  PRGLILFkQGX L WDOLD SULQ DFKL]L LL UHSHWDWH

L

VXSOLPHQWDUH

GH

IDFWRUL

GH

SURGXF LH

R

ntreprindere

EHQHILFLD]  QX QXPDL GH UDQGDPHQW GH VFDU  FL L GH SURJUHV
WHKQLF

GHRDUHFH

QRLOH

XQLW

L

GH

IDFWRUL

GH

SURGXF LH

DFKL]L LRQDWH vQFRUSRUHD]  XQ QLYHO WHKQLF VXSHULRU ID

XQLW

 GH

LOH PDL YHFKL H[SHULHQ D FUHVFXW  D IRU HL GH PXQF 

nivele dH FDOLILFDUH VXSHULRDU

 JHQHUD LL PDL QRL GH WHKQRORJLL

LDOWHPLMORDFHGHSURGXF LHHWF

QR LXQHD GH UDQGDPHQW GH VFDU  H[SOLF  HYROX LD FRVWXOXL SH
WHUPHQOXQJUHOD LDUDQGDPHQWGHVFDU 

FRVWHVWHLQYHUV

UDQGDPHQWXOGHVFDU GHSLQGHGHHILFLHQ DLQGLYLGXDO SDU LDO 

D ILHF UXL IDFWRU GH SURGXF LH GDU L GH HILFLHQ D FRPELQ ULL
DFHVWRUDHILFLHQ DJOREDO DIDFWRULORUGHSURGXF LH

,]RFXDQWDLUDWDPDUJLQDO

6XEVWLWXLUHD

posibilit

IDFWRULORU

GH

GHVXEVWLWXLUH

SURGXF LH

HVWH

UH]XOWDW 

GLQ

LOH WHKQLFH GH FRPELQDUH D ORU FD L GLQ FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH

WHKQLFHWHKQRORJLFH DOH SURFHVXOXL GH SURGXF LH I U  D OH OXD vQ

considerare pe cele generate de progresul tehnic. Studiul

VXEVWLWXLELOLW

LL VH IDFH FX DMXWRUXO L]RFXDQWHL L DO UDWHL PDUJLQDOH

de substituire.

6.3.1. Izocuanta
,]RFXDQWD
LQFOX]kQG FDQWLW

HVWH

PXO LPHD

GH

YHFWRUL

GH

SURGXF LH

;

L GLIHULWH GLQ IDFWRULL GH SURGXF LH FDUH DX FD

UH]XOWDWXQDFHODLYROXPGHSURGXF LH

M 0DVWIHOvQFkWGDF
SURSULHWDWHDF [i
LL

;

__[i

||1*nL<

__ \i

||1*n cu

/xj yi/yjSHQWUXFHOSX LQXQLLXQM [1,2,,n]

M DYHPWRWXLI;

I<

X, Y 0LDWXQFL0VH]LFH

L]RFXDQW 
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH JUDILF L]RFXDQWD HVWH R FXUE  vQ

hiperplanul Q din Rn+1 6SD LXO 5n+1 HVWH VSD LXO YHFWRULORU ;
RE LQX L SULQ H[WLQGHUHD QXP UXOXL GH FRPSRQHQWH Q GLQ YHFWRULL ;

FX vQF  R FRPSRQHQW  D Q D  L FDUH UHSUH]LQW  YROXPXO

SURGXF LHL

X= (x1,x2,,xi,,xn, Q) Rn+1
'LQ DFHOHDL PRWLYH GH UD LRQDOLWDWH WUDGXVH vQ WHUPHQLL
SURGXF LHL SH FDUH OH DP LQYRFDW OD FXUED GH LQGLIHUHQ

 FDS 

ILJ L  JUDILFXO L]RFXDQWHL HVWH R FXUE  vQ KLSHUSODQXO 4

DVLPSWRWLF ODWRDWHFHOHODOWHD[HQFD]XOXQHLIXQF LLGHSURGXF LH

cu doi IDFWRUL 4

 I./ GDF  QLYHOXO FRQVWDQW DO SURGXF LHL HVWH

Q0L]RFXDQWDFRUHVSXQ]

WRDUHLSURLHF LDHLvQSODQXOED]HL4



sunt reprezentate n fig. 30.

Q
KA

Q0

LB

K
KB

KC
KC

LC
L

LA
A

B
K

KB
KA

LC

LB

LA

Fig. 30 Izocuanta Q0 = f(K,L)

3XQFWHOH$%L&UHSUH]LQW FRPELQ ULOHGLIHULWHGHIDFWRUL

GHSURGXF LH

Q0 = f(KA,LA) = f(KB,LB) = f(KC,LC)

,]RFXDQWD

VH

FDUDFWHUL]HD] 

SULQWU

-un nivel variabil al

UDSRUWXOXL vQWUH IDFWRULL GH SURGXF LH 3UHVXSXQkQG DFHVW UDSRUW vQ
VHQVXO vQ]HVWU ULL WHKQLFH D PXQFLL N

 ./ VH REVHUY  F  DFHVW

UDSRUW VFDGH GDF  QH GHSODV P SH L]RFXDQW  VSUH GUHDSWD L FUHWH
GDF QHGHSODV PVSUHVWkQJD
&RQVLGHUkQG L DOWH FRPELQ UL GH IDFWRUL FDUH DX FD UH]XOWDW
FRQVWLWXLUHD GH VXEPXO LPL 0 SHQWUX FDUH QLYHOXO SURGXF LHL HVWH

Q1, Q2 etc SXWHP YRUEL GH R IDPLOLH GH L]RFXDQWH 3URLHF LD ORU vQ
SODQXO ED]HL JHQHUHD]  R VXFFHVLXQH GH FXUEH ILHFDUH GH IHOXO FHOHL
GLQ ILJ  D F URU GLVSXQHUH UHVSHFW  UHOD LD GH RUGLQH GLQWUH
YROXPHOHGHSURGXF LHFDUDFWHULVWLFHILHF UHLDGLQWUHHOHILH

Q0 < Q1 < Q2 < .(fig.31).

K

Q1
Q0

Q2

L
Fig. 31 Familie de izocuante
,]RFXDQWD DUHDFHOHDL SURSULHW

L FD LFXUED GH LQGLIHUHQ

([SUHVLDL]RFXDQWHLVHRE LQHGLQUHOD LDGHGHILQL LH



Q0 = f(K,L),

(4.1)

SHFDUHRH[SOLFLW PvQUDSRUWFL.LDQXPH

K = g(L,Q0),

(4.2)

n care g (HVWHRIXQF LHGHRYDULDELO

40ILLQGFRQVWDQW 

Q FD]XO vQ FDUH IDFWRULL GH SURGXF LH VXQW FRPSOHPHQWDUL

L]RFXDQWD ILJ  H[SULP  FDUDFWHULVWLFD DFHVWRUD GH D JHQHUD
SURGXF LH QXPDL L QXPDL GDF  VXQW FRPELQD L vQWU

-un raport dat,

strict.
K
A

KA
K2

Q2

K1

Q1

K0

Q0
L0

L1

L2

LB

)LJ,]RFXDQWDIDFWRULORUGHSURGXF LHFRPSOHPHQWDUL

9DULD LD RULF UXLD GLQWUH IDFWRULL GH SURGXF LH vQ DIDUD

raportului strict K0/L0, K1/L1, K2/L2 HWF QX DUH FD HIHFW RE LQHUHD
DOWXL YROXP GH SURGXF LH &RPELQD LD $ FDUDFWHUL]DW  SULQWU

nivel al capitalului KA >

K0 DUH

-un

FD HIHFW RE LQHUHD DFHOHLDL

SURGXF LL 40 FD L FRPELQD LD .0

LB > L0JHQHUHD]

,L0 GXS

DFHODLHIHFW40

5DWDPDUJLQDO

Q

FD]XO

 FXP FRPELQD LD % FX

DQDOL]HL

GHVXEVWLWXLUH

SURGXF LHL

DFHDVW 

VXEVWLWX LH

DUH

R

FRQRWD LH WHKQLF  L GH DFHHD LQGLFDWRUXO SULPHWH DWULEXWXO GH

WHKQLF 5DWD PDUJLQDO  GH VXEVWLWX LH WHKQLF  5067 HVWH
GHILQLW SULQVSRUXOFDQWLWDWLYGLQWU XQDQXPLWIDFWRUFDUHVXSOLQHWH

UHGXFHUHD FX R XQLWDWH D DOWXL IDFWRU DVWIHO vQFkW SURGXF LD V  QX VH
VFKLPEHDGLF

f(x1, x2,,xi..,xj,..n) = f(x1, x2,.., xi+RMST,, xj-1,,n) = Q

&XP vQ JHQHUDO YDULD LD IDFWRUXOXL VXEVWLWXLW ILH M QX HVWH

xj, atunci:

XQLWDU ILH

RMST =

x
,
x j

(5.1)

unde xiHVWHYDULD LDIDFWRUXOXLVXEVLWXHQW fie i.

3RWULYLW LQWHUSUHW ULL HFRQRPLFH GDWH GH SURSULHWDWHD  D
IXQF LLORUGHSURGXF LHUHOD LDGHULYDWDIXQF LHLFDUDSRUW
4 

[i HVWH SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PDUJLQDO  D IDFWRUXOXL

nct se poate scrie:

i wmgi, astfel

Q
Q
x i =
wmg i
x i

wmg i =
LVLPLODU

[j

(5.2)

4ZPJj

(5.3)

)RORVLQGLvQRE LQHP

RMST =
DGLF 

5067

SURGXFWLYLW

wmg j

(5.4)

wmg i

DUH

LORU

R

YDORDUH

PDUJLQDOH

DOH

HJDO 

FX

IDFWRULORU

LQYHUVXO
FDUH

DX

UDSRUWXOXL
LQWUDW

vQ

FRPELQD LH (VWH GH UHPDUFDW F  5067 HVWH UH]XOWDWXO UDSRUWXOXL

vQWUH GRX  YDULD LL

(conform 5.1) care au ntotdeauna sensuri

GLIHULWHLGHDFHHDUH]XOW FDQHJDWLY
'DF  SRUQLP GH OD L]RFXDQWD  SHQWUX FDUH IDFHP
GLIHUHQ LDODWRWDO RE LQHP

O = fK * dK + fL * Dl,

(5.5)

vQ FDUHDSUR[LPkQG RSHUDWRUXO GH GLIHUHQ LHUH G SULQ FHO GH YDULD LH

RE LQHP
K f L
=
,
L f K

DGLF

RMST =

wmgL
wmgK

(5.6)

$PY ]XWF L]RFXDQWDSRDWHILH[SULPDW SULQIXQF LD

DVWIHO 5067 UHSUH]LQW  YDORULF WDQJHQWD vQ

tr-un punct dat la

JUDILFXOUHVSHFWLYHLIXQF LLILJ /D IHOFDL vQ]HVWUDUHDWHKQLF 

D PXQFLL L 5067 HVWH YDULDELO  GH

-a lungul curbei reprezentnd

L]RFXDQWD GHVFUHWH GDF  QH GHSODV P VSUH GUHDSWD SH L]RFXDQW  L

FUHWHGDF QHGHSODV PvQVHQV

invers (fig. 33).

K
KC
KD

D
B

KB
KA
LC

LD

LB LA

-a lungul izocuantei

)LJ9DULD LD5067GH

9DULD LD QLYHOXOXL IDFWRULORU GLQ SXQFWXO & vQ SXQFWXO ' L
UHVSHFWLY GLQ SXQFWXO % vQ $ GHWHUPLQ  GRX  5067 vQWUH FDUH
H[LVW UDSRUWXOGHRUGLQH

RMSTC/D > RMSTB/A

(YROX LD GH DFHVWIHOD 5067 DUDW  F  XQ IDFWRU GHYHQLW UDU

eVWH WRW PDL JUHX GH vQORFXLW GH F

WUH XQ DOWXO FDUH GHYLQH WRW PDL

DEXQGHQW $FHDVWD UHIOHFW  GLILFXOWDWHD GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PDUH VDX
PDLPLF GHDVXEVWLWXLXQIDFWRUSULQDOWXO

,QGLFDWRULLGHHILFLHQ

Pentru prezentarHD

DLIDFWRULORUGHSURGXF LH

SULQFLSDOLORU

LQGLFDWRUL

GH

HILFLHQ

XWLOL]D L vQ DQDOL]D ED]DW  SH IXQF LD GH SURGXF LH YRP FRQVLGHUD R
IXQF LH GH IRUPD  vQ FDUH UH]XOWDWXO SURGXF LD QX PDL HVWH

constant.
1. Indicatori medii
productivitatea medie a muncii

Q f ( K , L)
=
= WL
L
L

productivitatea medie a capitalului

(6.1)

_
Q f ( K , L)
=
= WK , (6.2)
K
K

ILHFDUHGLQHOHUHSUH]HQWkQGYROXPXOSURGXF LHLRE LQXWvQPHGLH

ODRXQLWDWHGHPXQF UHVSHFWLYFDSLWDO

vQ]HVWUDUHDWHKQLF DPXQFLL

H[SULPkQGQXP UXOGHXQLW

k = K / L,

(6.3)

LGHFDSLWDOFHUHYLQvQPHGLHODR

XQLWDWHGHPXQF 

2. Indicatori marginali

SURGXFWLYLWDWHDPDUJLQDO DPXQFLLZPJ/

f / L

SURGXFWLYLWDWHDPDUJLQDO DFDSLWDOXOXLZPJ.

(7.1)

f / K, (7.2)

DDFXPDXIRVWLQWURGXVHLGHILQLWHvQFDSSURSULHWDWHD
UHOD LD

UDWD PDUJLQDO  GH VXEVWLWXLUH D IDFWRULORU FD R SDUWLFXODUL]DUH

SHQWUX R IXQF LH GH SURGXF LH FX GRL IDFWRUL  DD FXP D IRVW
LQWURGXV SULQUHOD LD

3. Indicatori de elasticitate
Elasticitatea unui fenomen economic n raport cu factorii
OXD L GLVWLQFW XQXO FkWH XQXO FDUH vO GHWHUPLQ  HVWH GHILQLW  FD

YDULD LH UHODWLY  SURFHQWXDO  D IHQRPHQXOXL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH

IDFWRUXOOXDWvQFRQVLGHUDUHYDULD] FX

un procent.

Fie indicatorul y prin care este caracterizat fenomenul

VWXGLDW L IDFWRUXO [i

(i=1,2,..n)

FDUH vO GHWHUPLQ  DVWIHO vQFkW

avem

OHJ WXUDIXQF LRQDO 

y = f(x1, x2, ..,xi, .., xn)

(8.1)

9RP SURFHGD OD FDOFXOXO HODVWLFLW

LL FRQVLGHUkQG YDU

iabil

QXPDLXQXOGLQIDFWRULvQWLPSFHUHVWXOU PkQQHPRGLILFD L
&DXUPDUHIXQF LDSRDWHILVFULV vQWU RIRUP VLPSOLILFDWRDUH

y = f(x)

(8.2)

)LH GRX  QLYHOXUL GLIHULWH DOH LQGLFDWRUXOXL \ 

nivel de

ED] L

QLYHOFXUHQWDVWIHOF

y0 = f (x0L\1 = f (x1),

unde

x0

QLYHOXOGHED] DOIDFWRUXOXLGHLQIOXHQ

x1

QLYHOXOFXUHQWDOIDFWRUXOXLGHLQIOXHQ

Fie operatorul VHPQLILFkQGYDULD LDDEVROXW

y = y1 y0L

(8.3)

DVWIHOvQFkW

x = x1 x0

Fie operatorul %VHPQLILFkQGYDULD LDUHODWLY

% y = y/y0

% x = x/x0

(8.4)
DVWIHOvQFkW

(8.5)

Elasticitatea lui y n raport cu x, este:

Ey / x =

% y
% x

(8.6)

'LQ UHOD LD  VH RE LQH XQ UH]XOWDW LQWHUHVDQW SULQ FkWHYD
WUDQVIRUP ULVXFFHV

ive:

y
% y
y y wmg x
y
Ey / x =
=
: =
=
% x x x x
wx
x
DGLF  P ULPHD HODVWLFLW

(8.7)

LL HVWH GDW  GH YDORDUHD UDSRUWXOXL vQWUH

SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PDUJLQDO  L SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PHGLH D IDFWRUXOXL vQ

IXQF LHGHFDUHVHFDOFXOHD] HODVWLFLWDWHD
&D LQGLFDWRUL GH HODVWLFLWDWH OHJD L GH IXQF LD GH SURGXF LH

avem:
-

HODVWLFLWDWHDSURGXF LHLvQUDSRUWFXPXQFD

EQ/ L =

wmgL

(8.8)

wL
-

HODVWLFLWDWHDSURGXF LHLvQUDSRUWFXFDSLWDOXO

EQ/ K =

wmgK

(8.9)

wK
VHPQLILFkQG FUHWHUHD SURFHQWXDO  D SURGXF LHL OD YDULD LD FX XQ

procent a nivelului de utilizare a muncii, respectiv capitalului;

-HODVWLFLWDWHD5067vQUDSRUWFXvQ]HVWUDUHDWHKQLF

(RMST/kQRWDW 

adesea cu .
3HQWUXD GHWHUPLQDH[SUHVLDDFHVWHLHODVWLFLW

LSRUQLPGHOD

IDSWXOF 5067HVWHRIXQF LHGHYDULD LDvQ]HVWU ULLWHKQLFHDGLF

RMST = g(k),
GHSHQGHQ

(9.1)

 SHQWUX FDUH VH FDOFXOHD]  HODVWLFLWDWHD DD FXP V

-a

procedat mai sus:

E RMST / k =

g ( k )
% RMST
=
,
g (k )
%k
k

(9.2)

FDUH DUDW  FX FkWH SURFHQWH VH PRGLILF  UDWD VXEVWLWXLULL IDF

torilor

GDF vQ]HVWUDUHDWHKQLF VHPRGLILF FX

Indicatorii de elasticitate (EQ/L, EQ/K L (RMST/k SUHFXP L

cel de substituire (RMST) sunt indicatori prin care sunt formulate
LSRWH]H DVXSUD FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU XQXL SURFHV GH SURGXF LH L SRUQLQG

de lDFDUHSRWILJHQHUDWHGLIHULWHIXQF LLGHSURGXF LHWDEHOXO

Tabel 7
Ipoteza

)RUPDIXQF LHL

EQ/L =

Q=aK

EQ/L = + k

Q = a K1- L

1-

exp (-k)

EQ/L = + k

Q = a K1- L
exp ((-/ ) k)

Denumirea
FRQVDFUDW

3
Cobb-Douglas
Cobb-Douglas
JHQHUDOL]DW

quasi CobbDouglas

1
1- /

Sato-Revancar

EQ/L =

Q=aK

EQ/L =

( k )
k +

Q = a K1- / L-

EQ/L =

k ( k )
k +

Q = a K(K+L) ( + )

(L - K) /
(K+L)- (1+ / )
L- ( + ) exp (-k)

RMST = + k

Q = a [( + 1)K + L]

RMST =

Q = a L exp (1/ exp k)

exp (-k) - k

RMST =

k
k

RMST =

a ( k 2)
K 2 L2
Q=
k (k 1)
a K 3 + a L3

= 1 / (1 + )

Allen

Q=
= (2 K L - K - L )
2

2 1/2

Rowe-Sato

CES

Q=
-1/

= a [ K + (1 - ) L ]
-

1 + k
+k

Q = a[ K- + (1 - )

Lu - Fletcher

k-c / (1 + )L-]-1/

1RW  FRQIRUP 0 $OW U & $UVHQH 5 6WURH

Probleme privind identificarea

IXQF LLORU GH SURGXF LH PDFURHFRQRPLFH SHQWUX HFRQRPLD URPkQHDVF  $6(
%XFXUHWL

)XQF LDSURGXFWLYLW

LLPXQFLL

6  SUHVXSXQHP R IXQF LH GH SURGXF LH GH GRL IDFWRUL

RPRWHWLF DVWIHOvQFkWDYHP

f(K, L) = f(K, L)

Q = f(K, L)

R+

(10.1)
valoarea 1/L atunci (10.1) devine:

'DF DOHJHPSHQWUX

1
1
K
1
f ( K, L) = f ( ,1) = f (K, L)
L
L
L
L
6XEVWLWXLQG./

f(k,1) =

(10.2)

NRE LQHP

f ( K , L)
L

(10.3)

care, prin abuz de notare, se poate scrie

WL = f (k )sauq = f (k ) ,

(10.4)

unde prin q am notat productivitatea medie a muncii; abuzul de

QRWDUH FRQVW  vQ XWLOL]DUHD DFHOHLDL QRW UL D IXQF LHL UHVSHFWLY I
DWkW vQ FD]XO FkQG HVWH GHILQLW  SULQWU R YDULDELO  L R FRQVWDQW 

IN FkW L vQ FD]XO FkQG HVWH GHILQLW  QXPDL SULQWU R YDULDELO 

(f(k)).
)XQF LD



HVWH

IXQF LD

SURGXFWLYLW

LL

PXQFLL

GHWHUPLQDW  SULQ IDFWRUXO vQ]HVWUDUH WHKQLF  $FHDVW  IXQF LH DUH

WRDWH SURSULHW

LOH IXQF LHL GH SURGXF LH &X DMXWRUXO IXQF LHL

SURGXFWLYLW

LL VH SRW UHVFULH FD H[SUHVLL GH FDOFXO WR L LQGLFDWRULL

GHHILFLHQ

DLIXQF LLORUGHSURGXF LH

1. productivitatea medie a muncii 

HVWH

FKLDU

IXQF LD

GH

SURGXF LHLQWURGXV PDLVXV

WL =

Q
= q = f (k )
L

(11.1)

2. productivitatea medie a capitalului:

WK =
3.

Q Q L
1 f (k )
= = f (k ) =
K L K
k
k

(11.2)

SURGXFWLYLWDWHDPDUJLQDO DPXQFLL

wmg L =

astfel nct

Q
,
L

unde Q = L * f(k) (conform 11.1),

=
(L * f(k)) sau
L
L

wmg L = f(k) k * f (k)

(11.3)

4.

SURGXFWLYLWDWHDPDUJLQDO DFD

FDLvQFD]XOSUHFHGHQWZPJ.

astfel nct
5.

pitalului


(L * f(k)),
K

wmg K = f (k)

(11.4)

UDWDPDUJLQDO GHVXEVWLWXLUHDIDFWRULORU

RMST =

wmgL f (k )
=
k = ( k )
wmgK f (k )

(11.5)

6. elasticitatea ratei marginale de substituire a factorilor

=

7.

(k )
k f (k ) f (k )
=
(k )
f ( k ) k f ( k ) f (k )
k

(11.6)

HODVWLFLWDWHDSURGXF LHLvQUDSRUWFXIRU DGHPXQF

EQ/L =

Q L
f (k )
= 1 k
,
Q
f (k )
L

XQGH IUDF LD

UHSUH]LQW  UDSRUWXO

vQWUH FUHWHUHD

SURGXFWLYLW

PXQFLL L QLYHOXO HL DGLF  ULWPXO FUHWHULL SURGXFWLYLW

LL

LL PXQFLL

astfel avem:
EQ/L = 1 k * ritm w
8.

HODVWLFLWDWHDSURGXF LHLvQUDSRUWFXFDSLWDOXO

EQ/L =

QK
f (k )
= k
= k ritm w
Q
f (k )
K

LVHREVHUY F FHOHGRX HODVWLFLW

cu unitatea.

LVXQWF

omplementare n raport