Synchronous Machines - Structure

Synchronous Machines - Structure

rotates at constant speed. primary energy conversion devices of the words electric power system. both generator and motor operations can draw either a lagging or a leading reactive current from the supply system. Non-salient pole generator high speed (2 - 4 poles) large power (100 - 400 MVA) steam and nuclear power plants

Salient pole generator small and mid-size power ( 0 - 100 MVA) small motors for electrical clocks and other domestic devices mid size generators for emergency power supply mid size motors for pumps and ship propulsion large size generators in hydro-electric power plants

Synchronous Generators No-load

excitation voltages

frequency depends on the speed

np f = 120

n=

120 f p

Ef = 4.44 f f NK w

Ef n f

open circuit characteristics magnetization characteristics

Synchronous Generators - loaded

the stator currents will establish a rotating field in the air-gap armature reaction flux a resultant air-gap flux

r = f + a

Synchronous Machines The Infinite Bus

Synchronous Machines Paralleling with The Infinite Bus

same voltage frequency phase sequence phase synchronizing lamps

1. Same f and phase sequence

2. Same V and phase sequence

1. Same V and f

Synchronous Motor - Starting

high inertia of the rotor prohibits direct connection into supply net

variable-frequency supply

start as an induction motor

Synchronous Machines Per Phase Equivalent Circuit Model

armature flux, armature reaction flux, armature leakage flux

a = ar + al
r = f ( I f ) + ar ( I a )
Er = Ear + Ef Ear = jXar I a Ef = I a jXar + Er
magnetizing reactance Xar , (reactance of armature) synchronous reactance Xs =Xar + Xal synchronous impedance Zs =Ra + jXs

Synchronous Machines Equivalent Circuit Model

Norton equivalent circuit

If =

Ef Xs

If =

Xar nI f Xs

2 N re n= 3 N se

Equivalent Circuit Model Determination of the Synchronous Reactance

open circuit test synchronous speed stator open-circuited measure Vt(If) open-circuit characteristic air-gap line short circuit test synchronous speed stator short-circuited measure Ia(If) short-circuit characteristic straight line flux remains at low level

Ia lags the Ef by almost 90 because

Ra

Xs

Equivalent Circuit Model Determination of the Synchronous Reactance

unsaturated value from the air-gap line

Zs(unsat)

Eda = = Ra + jXs(unsat) I ba

Xs(unsat)

Eda I ba

Equivalent Circuit Model Determination of the Synchronous Reactance Saturated

Er = Vt + I a ( Ra + jXal ) Vt
at infinite bus operation the saturation level is defined by terminal voltage operation point c if the field current is changed the excitation voltage will change along modified air-gap line OC

Zs(sat)

Eca = = Ra + jXs(sat) I ba Eca I ba

Xs(sat)

Synchronous Machines Phasor Diagram

terminal voltage taken as the reference vector generator power angle positive

Ef = Vt + I a Ra + I a jXs = Ef
motor power angle negative

Vt = Ef + I a Ra + I a jXs
Ef = Vt 0 I a Ra I a jXs = Ef
convention: generating current flows out of the machine

Synchronous Machines Power and Torque

Vt = Vt 0 Ef = Ef
Zs = Ra + jXs = Zs s
* S = Vt I a

* Ef Vt* Ef Vt * Ia = = * * Zs Zs Zs

Vt 0 Ef = Zs s Zs s Vt Ef s s = Zs Zs
convention: lagging reactive power positive

Synchronous Machines Power and Torque

complex power

Vt Ef Vt s s S= Zs Zs
real power

Vt Ef Vt P= cos( s ) cos s Zs Zs

reactive power

Vt Ef Vt Q= sin( s ) sin s Zs Zs

Synchronous Machines Power and Torque

Ra neglected real power

P3

3 Vt Ef sin = Pmax sin = Xs

3 Vt Ef 3 Vt = cos Xs Xs
2

reactive power

Q3

torque

T=

P3

syn

syn

Vt Ef sin = Tmax sin N m Xs

Synchronous Machines Complex Power Locus

P3

3 Vt Ef = sin = Pmax sin Xs

Q3

3 Vt Ef 3 Vt = cos Xs Xs

Synchronous Machines Capability Curves

armature heating, length of OM field heating, length of YM steady-state stability

Synchronous Machines Power Factor Control

machine connected to an infinite bus

P = 3Vt I a cos
for constant power operation

I a cos = const.
reactive current can be controlled by field current

jXs I a = Vt Ef

also

Vt Ef P=3 sin Xs

Ef sin = const

Synchronous Machines Independent Generators

purely inductive load (Isc is short-circuit current)

Vt = Ef I a Xs = I sc Xs I a Xs = Xs ( I sc I a )
purely resistive load

Ia =

Ef
2 2 RL + Xs

Xs I sc
2 2 RL + Xs

Vt = I a RL
quarter ellipse

( Xs I sc )2

Vt2

2 I sc

2 Ia

=1

control curves constant terminal voltage

Salient Pole Synchronous Machines

the field mmf and flux are along the d-axis stator current is in phase with the excitation voltage armature mmf and flux are along the q-axis stator current is lagging the excitation voltage by 90 degrees armature mmf and flux act along the d-axis, directly opposing the field

the same magnitude of the armature mmf produces more flux in ddirection than that in q-direction magnetizing reactance is not unique in a salient pole machine

Salient Pole Synchronous Machines

the armature quantities can be resolved into two components one acting along the d-axis (Fd, Id), and the other acting along the q-axis (Fq, Iq),

these components produce fluxes along the respective axes (ad, aq), d-axis armature reactance Xd q-axis armature reactance Xq leakage reactance Xal

synchronous reactances

Xd = Xad + Xal
Xq = Xaq + Xal

Salient Pole Synchronous Machines Phasor Diagrams

the component currents (Id, Iq), produce component voltage drops (jIdXd, jIqXq)

Ef = Vt + I a Ra + Id jXd + I q jXq
generator phasor diagram (Ia lagging)

I a = Id + I q

internal power factor angle terminal power factor angle torque angle

Ra neglected

Salient Pole Synchronous Machines Phasor Diagrams

motoring phasor diagram (Ia lagging) internal power factor angle terminal power factor angle torque angle

Vt = Ef + Id jXd + I q jXq

=
Id = I a sin = I a sin( )
I q = I a cos = I a cos( ) tan = I a Xq cos Vt I a Xq sin

Ef = Vt cos Id Xd

Power Transfer
* S = Vt I a

= Vt ( I q j Id )* = Vt ( I q + j Id )

Ef Vt cos Id = Xd
Vt sin Iq = Xq

Power Transfer

Vt Vt Ef Vt S= sin + 90 cos 90 = P + jQ Xq Xd Xd

Vt Ef P= sin + Xd

Vt ( Xd Xq ) 2 Xd X q

sin 2 = Pf + Pr

Vt Ef Q= cos Vt Xd
if Xd = Xq, then

sin 2 cos 2 + Xq Xd

Vt Ef P= sin Xd

Vt Ef Vt Q= cos Xd Xd

Power Transfer - Torque

Vt ( Xd Xq ) Vt Ef P= sin + sin 2 = Pf + Pr Xd 2 Xd X q

Determination of Xd and Xq
slip test rotor is driven at a small slip field winding open-circuited stator is connected to a balanced three phase supply stator encounters varying reluctance path amplitude of the stator current varies

Xd =

Vt imin Vt imax 2 2

Xq =

Speed Control of Synchronous Motors

open-loop frequency control

Speed Control of Synchronous Motors

frequency control

P = T m

3Vt Ef sin = Xs

4 f = p

Xs = 2 fLs
field current kept constant

Ef = K1 f
Vt T = K sin f
voltage is changed with the frequency

Speed Control of Synchronous Motors

self-controlled synchronous motor rotor position information is used to decrease the stator frequency open-loop / closed-loop control

Applications
ac generator constant speed operation high efficiency motor-generator set, air compressor, centrifugal pump, blower, crusher, mill power factor control, synchronous reactor, -condenser