Poly Phase Induction

Motors in Power Plant

2x700 MW Rajpura Thermal Power Plant

Hazira Manufacturing Complex

Aakash Trivedi
L&T – PTI
Outline

 Induction Motor Components

 Operating Principle
 Synchronous Speed and Slip
 Constructional Features
 Torque/Speed Curves
 Protections of Induction Motors/Selection
Criteria

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Types of Electric Motors
Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)

Motors Motors

Synchronous Asynchronous/ Separately Self Excited

Induction Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

Squirrel cage Slip Ring

3/54 Induction Motor Induction Motor
AC Motors In Thermal Power Plant
Boiler Auxiliaries :-
ID Fans, Important LT Auxiliaries
FD Fans, DC. Lube oil
DC Seal oil /AC Seal oil.
PA Fans,
Vacuum Pumps
Coal mills Scanner Fans AC/DC
Bcwp Jacking Oil Pumps
Turbine Auxiliaries :- BA Grinders,
Air Heaters
Boiler Feed Pumps,
Air compressors,
Condensate Extraction Pumps Seal air Fans
Starting Oil Pumps etc. Oil Pumps
Cooling Water Systems :-
CCW Pumps, ACW Pumps.
Ash Handling Systems :- Ash Slurry Pumps.
Coal Handling Plant :-Conveyers, Crushers
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What is an Induction Motor?

• Electromechanical device that converts electrical

energy to mechanical energy
• Mechanical energy used to--
•Rotate pump impeller, fan, blower
•Drive compressors
•Lift materials
• Motors in industry-more than 70% of electrical load
• Termed as “Work Horse” in an industry.

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Types Of Induction Motors
 Squirrel cage Induction Motors :-
Used in general applications like fans, pumps, mills,
centrifugal compressors.
 Slip ring Induction Motors -
Used for mechanism having severe starting conditions
Also used where high starting torque &low currents
Are the requirement of the system, mills crushers
wagon tipplers,trains,etc.
 The Basic difference :-
a) Construction of Rotor,( rotor slots )
b) Operating characteristics( torque /speed,
current /speed )
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Types Of Induction Motor Mounting
 Horizontal mounting.
These types of motors have shaft orientation as horizontal. Motors for
driving ID,FD,PA FANS, MILLS,BFP,STARTING OIL PUMPS AND CRUSHERS
ETC. Are all Horizontal Motors.
 Vertical mounting.
These types of motors have shaft orientation as vertical. Motors for
C.W.Pumps/ Condensate extraction pumps and ACW Pumps

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How an Induction Motor Work?

 Electrical power supplied to stator

 Rotating Magnetic field generated that moves around
rotor
 Current induced in rotor
 Rotor produces second magnetic
field that opposes stator magnetic
Electromagnetics
field
 Rotor begins to rotate

Rotor

Stator

8
Lorrenz Force
Po:lnil.t h u m b in dlrecUcm o f
C u rl f lngers a s f velocjfy. fingers in magnetic
rotating -vector v into fle d d recUon. T h e n pe.llm
vector B. Tlhu m b Is In direction is direCtion of
the direction of force. force on c h a r g e
, - ...;;;...._--:;:::::=

South S
pole of
magnet

North
pole of
magnet

F o r c e is in d rectto n F o r c e d j rection s
that t h u m b points. outward f r o m paJm

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How an Induction Motor Work?

2
4

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Three-Piutse lnductio-
n-l-
lf-
a-
c-
h-
i-e-------------------------- 221
n-

rength '

(a)

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Working Principle
The following sequence of events takes place:
1. A voltage E = B.L.v is induced in each
conductor while it is being cut by the flux
(Faraday’s Law)
2. The induced voltage produces currents
which circulate in a loop around the
conductors (through the bars).
3. Since the current-carrying conductors lie
in a magnetic field, they experience a
mechanical force (Lorentz force).
4. The force always acts in a direction to drag
the conductor along with the magnetic field.
A torque is produced as a result of the
interaction of those two magnetic fields
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Q. Is this principle is applicable to single phase
motors ?

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Induction Motor Working Principle

Speed and slip

• S C Motor never runs at synchronous speed but
lower “base speed”
• Difference is “slip”
• Calculate % slip:

% Slip = Ns – Nb x 100
Ns
Ns = synchronous speed in
120 f e RPM Nb = base speed in RPM
nsync  rpm
P
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Frequency induced in the rotor
The frequency induced in the rotor depends on the slip:

FR = sF
FR = frequency of voltage and current in the rotor
F= frequency of the supply and stator field

•At no-load, the slip is nearly zero (<0.1%).

•At full load, the slip for large motors rarely exceeds 0.5%.
For small motors at full load, it rarely exceeds 5%.
• The slip is 100% for locked rotor.

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:onstruction Of Induction Motor

- 120 g . Sopcrauon -

c
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Torque
 While the input to the induction motor is
electrical power, its output is mechanical power
(HP)
HP = 746 Watts

 Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft

will introduce a Torque on the motor shaft. This
torque is related to the motor output power and
the rotor speed
Pout 2nm
 load  N .m m  rad / s
m and 60
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 How Induction Motor Starts ? At 80% of full
speed: highest
At start: high current
“pull-out” torque
and current drops

At start: low At full speed:

“pull-up” torque and
torque stator current
18 are zero
 Efficiency of Electric Motors

• Most efficient at 75% load

• Rapid drop below 50% load
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 Power flow in induction motor

.
Arr-gapI
power
I Pout= ftoadWm
I
I
I
I

PRCL andwindage
PscL (Rotor
(Core copper
(Stator losses) loss)
copper
loss)

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 Energy Efficiency
Motor performance affected by
• Poor power quality: too high fluctuations in
voltage and frequency
• Voltage unbalance: unequal voltages to three
phases of motor
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

Voltage unbalance (%) 0.30 2.30 5.40

Unbalance in current (%) 0.4 17.7 40.0
Temperature increase (oC) 0 30 40
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 Pa1 ts of AC Motor
1

F & F->" e<l'ftr

,_, HolM
H i p T r r ,•
.., W
"s

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 Construction of Induction Motors
1.Stator
a) Frame
b) Core
c) Winding

2.Rotor
a) Squirrel cage
b) Wound rotor

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Stator Frame
1.Capability to prevent
deformation due to
large EMFs.

2.High grade accuracy

Machining.

3.Laminated core with

winding is pressed in
And locked against
rotational and axial
displacement

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 STATOR OF 6.6 kV, 5.65 mw, 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

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1.Core-Low Loss High
Grade pre-coated
Silicon Steel (0.5 to 0.65
mm
.
2.Assembled under
pressure between two end
pressing plates.
3.Overhang with string tied
blocks, bandage rings,
nose blocks

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1.Class-F insulated under VPI.
2.Double layer lap winding.
3.Conductor insulated with epoxy Mica paper Tape.
4.Coils inserted in open slots of laminated core
And closed with magnetic wedges

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 1
I

full speed half speed

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Squirrel cage rotor

1.Shaft made of ultrasonically

tested alloy-steel forging.
2.Rotor core- Pre coated
silicon steel sheet
laminations
3. squirrel cage rotors
consists of bare sectional bars
of copper or its alloys, firmly
seated in the slots of the
rotor core using steel liners.
These bars are inductively
brazed to short circuiting
rings (s.c rings) on both the
sides 29
 Slipring Rotor
1.In Slipring/ wound rotor
construction, insulated
copper bars are inserted
in the semi-closed rotor
slots and then these are
connected to form a
normal three phase wave
winding connected in
star.
2.The three leads of the
star- connected wave
winding is brought along
the shaft and terminated

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 Wound rotor

Squirrel cage rotor

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 Sleeve Type Journal Bearing (Horizontal Mot.)
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Criteria Of Insulation Dryness
1.At a winding temperature of 400C, the minimum value
of IR shall be as determined by the following empirical
formula (as per IEEE recommendations St 43-1974).
R40 (min) = KV + 1 in mega ohms
Where R40 (min) is the minimum Value of IR at 400C in
Mega ohms and KV is the rated voltage of the machine in
kilovolts.
2. The polarization Index (PI) should be more than 2
(minimum Value)
Polarization Index is the ratio of the 10 minute Insulation
resistance to the one minute insulation resistance i.e.
PI = R10min/R1min,
35
  To determine the insulation resistance value at other
winding temperature, the rule of thumb can be used
i.e. for every 100C rise in the temperature of the
winding, the insulation resistance value may be
halved and for every 100C drop it is doubled.
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Important IEC and IS standards

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 Protection Codes

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Important IEC & IS Standards
Enclosure Protection-- IP54

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If cooling is IC8A1W7 Then What is it?
E N C L O S U R E/ C O O L I N G SYSTE1\·1 S a c C O D E )

METHOD O F COOLIN G AS PER IS6362/IEC34-6 APPLICABLE F O R A.C. MACHINES

C O M P L E TE D E S I GN A TION : IC B A 1 w 7

S I M P L I R E D D E S I GN A TION : lC 8
1 w
METHOD OF MOVEMENT OF
SECONDARY COOLANT
I INTERNAT IONAL C O OL IN G I
r--- 1- SHAFT MOUNTED FAN
ClRCUIT ARRANGEMEN T f---6-SEPARATELY DR:IVEN FAN '-
-7-WA.TER DISTRIBUTION
-SPDP (OPEN CIRCUIT)
SYSTEM
3 - D UCT VENTILATED {OPEN CIRCUIT)
- S U R F A C E COOLED
RIBBED SURFACE
'-----1 SECONDARY COOLANT I
PRIMARY COOLANT ( CLOSED CIRCUIT) t- A-AIR
SECONDARY COOLANT {SURROUNDIN G MEDIUM) ._ W-WATER
-TETV
HEAT EXCHANGER INTEGRAL L---------1 METHOD
OF MOVEMENT
PRIMARY COOLANT ( CLOSED CIRCUIT) OF PRIMARY COOLANT
SECONDARY COOLANT {SURROUNDIN G MEDIUM)
-CACA. r--- 1- SHAFT MOUNTED FAN
HEAT EXCHANGER (MACHINE MOUNTED) t-6-SEPARATELY DR:IVEN FAN
PRIMARY COOLANT ( CLOSED CIRCUIT)
. 7-WA.TER DISTRIBUTION
SECONDARY COOLANT {SURROUND JN G MEDIUM)
-CACW SYSTEM
HEAT EXCHANGER ( MACHINE MOUNTED)
PRIMARY COOLANT ( CLOSED CIRCUIT)
SECONDARY COOLANT
(REMOTE MEDIU M e_gWATER) . PRI:MARY COOLANT

, A- AIR
40 W -WATER

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Classification according to DUTY standards

. . -
IablgIV.Du QP ∙- •,J•

Du· DeignatiDn Du e Deiignadon I

Sl Collticruoditty S6 lconrinoos-oJJemmg r dmJ I
Coorimros-DJmrion enoo!r dmy1iith! &tria!
S2 s:ncrt-m du1f S7
oo:og
S3 Intermittent errodicd!Jty;i1001Jtstmting ss Coorimros mooir dmywithalmd
l ad·'sp:edchimge;
ls4 IIntermittentpermdkdtrty;ith;tnrtirlg sg Oolj1rithnon-pi!JiGdkandsp!edvmiatOOn5

S5 Etermti!I!D.t permdie.d!lty!ili1hi!IKlriWlm.k!ng
I
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Insulation Standards IEC- 85

180 Thermal
margin
160

140

120
u
-- 100 Permissible
temperdture
g-
oJ.I
80 rise
oJ.I
1-
60

40
Maximum
20 ;ambient
temperdture
0
A E B F H
Insulation class
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 Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled
(TEFC) - IP54 or IP55

Totally Enclosed Water-to-Air

Cooled (TEWAC) - IP54 or IP55
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 BOILER FEED PUMP MOTOR 6.6 kV

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EPC ENGINEER OWNERS ENGINEER LENDERS ENGINEER SPECIAL SERVICES
 Totally Enclosed Air-to-Air
Cooled (TEAAC) - IP54 or
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IP55
 D

3000 W890 revjnn'n CA

6600 V 3ph 60Hz
Vertical Thruster Motor
r - - - L _
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 \
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 Closed Air Circulated Water Cooled Motors
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 PHASE
SEPARTED
TYPE
UPTO 13.5
5OOMVA/0.2 sec KV
750MVA/0.2 sec.
Up to 11KV 51
 o ?r Nameplate Data

Motor nameplate data provides valuable information

about tbe motor. Some of the most common data that the
motor nameplate displays is given below:

(a) HP: Indicates the horsepower rating o f

t h e m o t o r.

(b) RPM: Indicates the normal operating speed

o f t h e motor.

(c) Volts: Indicates the normal operating

voltage o f the m o t o r.

( d ) Amp: Indicates the normal operating full

load current of the motor.

( e ) Cycles: Indicates the normal operating

frequency of the power supply
connected to the motor.

(f) Phase: Indicates t h e type of motor - 3

phase or single phase.

(g) Service Factor: Indicates how much overload above

its nameplate rating the motor can
52 d e l i v e r continuous ly.
----------------- ------- - - - - - - - - --------------
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(h) Power Factor: Indicates the power factor of the
motor at rated current, voltage
and frequency.
(i)Time Rating: · Indicates the duty cycle, ie,
frequency of start and stop
permitted for the motor. A motor
rated a continuous duty·cycle is
not suited for frequent starts and
stops.
(j)Insulation Class: Letter associated with this rating
corresponds to the temperature
rating of the insulation used in the
motor. For further explanation see
the lesson on Insul a t ion ••• 11

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------------------ ------------ ---------
 (k) Max Ambient Temp: ·Each motor is rated to .operate at a
certain maximum working temperature,
at rated HP. This temperature
rating depends on the class of
insulation used. The working
temperatures are based on a standard
4o•c surrounding temperature,
referred to as the ambient
temperature. If the ambient
temperature is more than the
standard 40°C, then ·the motor would
have to be derated, in terms of HP.

(1) CEMA Designation: Letter associated with this

d e s i g n a t i o n indicates the motor
speed/torque characteristics, %
slip, normal voltage, frequency and
starting current of the motor as
standardized by canadian Electrical
M a n u f a c t u r e r s Ass.o c i a t i o n (CEMA).
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 (m) Frame: Number and letters associated with
this designation indicate the
physical dimensions of the frame, as
standardized by CEMA.
The l e t t e r designa·
'
(n) Type: tion ssociated
with this information is the
manufacturer·s· own designation for
his own recording convenience. It
will vary from manufacturer to
manufacturer.
(o) Model: Numbers and letters associated with
this designation indicate the model
number for a particular
man-u f a c t u r e r.
( p ) Serial Number: Indicates the serial number assigned
to a particular motor.

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 Protections for Induction Motors
Protection Philosophy.
1.Mechanical Overloads:-
a) Sustained overloads
b) Prolonged starting/lock rotor
c) Stalling.
Abnormal conditions:-
a)Loss of supply voltage
b)Unbalance supply voltage
c)Phase sequence
d)Overvoltage/Under voltage
e)Under frequency.
Motor Internal Faults
Phase faults (ph-ph,ph-E.)
Phase loss
Mechanical failure
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 d o it all

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 DIAGRAM OF A LARGE SQIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIRCOOt..ER
II

I
u

STATOR LAMINATE:D CORE:

INTE:RNAL FAN
ROTOR SHAFT

58 HT DRIVES/CDE/15/03/20 13

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