ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES Petr Vany sek

There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E values, at 298.15 K (25C), and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reduction potentials which have E negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential and range from 0.0000 V to 4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures have lower reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional revisions. Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline. REFERENCES 1. G. Milazzo, S. Caroli, and V. K. Sharma, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978. 2. A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan, Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985. 3. S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 121, 1989.

TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing

Reaction Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac Ag+ + e 1 Ag Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+ Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac) AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3 Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42 AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32 Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO42 AgF + e 1 Ag + F Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4 AgI + e 1 Ag + I AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3 Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42 AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + 2 NO2 Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+ Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H2O 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2 Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO42 Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42 Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO42 Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH E/V 2.20 0.7996 1.980 0.643 0.07133 0.546 0.4647 0.22233 0.017 0.47 0.4470 0.779 0.1478 0.15224 0.354 0.4573 0.564 0.342 0.739 1.9 1.8 1.802 0.607 0.41 0.691 0.0366 0.08951 0.3629 0.654 0.4660 1.662 2.31 Reaction Al(OH)4 + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH H2AlO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH AlF63 + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F Am4+ + e 1 Am3+ Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am Am3+ + e 1 Am2+ As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O AsO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O AsO43 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 AsO2 + 4 OH At2 + 2 e 1 2 At Au+ + e 1 Au Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+ Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au Au2+ + e 1 Au+ AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O AuBr2 + e 1 Au + 2 Br AuBr4 + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br AuCl4 + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au + 3 H2O H2BO3 + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4 + 8 OH H2BO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4 + 3 H2O Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg) Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be Be2O32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH E/V 2.328 2.33 2.069 2.60 1.9 2.048 2.3 0.608 0.234 0.248 0.68 0.560 0.71 0.3 1.692 1.401 1.498 1.8 1.32 0.959 0.854 1.002 1.45 1.24 1.79 0.8698 0.481 2.912 1.570 2.99 1.847 2.63

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ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued)

Reaction pbenzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 hydroquinone Bi+ + e 1 Bi Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+ Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3 BiCl4 + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl + H2O Bk4+ + e 1 Bk3+ Bk2+ + 2 e 1 Bk Bk3+ + e 1 Bk2+ Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2 Br Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2 Br HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br + H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O BrO + H2O + 2 e 1 Br + 2 OH BrO3 + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O BrO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Br + 3 H2O BrO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Br + 6 OH (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH Ca+ + e 1 Ca Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE) Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH CdSO4 + 2 e 1 Cd + SO42 Cd(OH)42 + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg) Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+ CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O Cf4+ + e 1 Cf3+ Cf3+ + e 1 Cf2+ Cf3+ + 3 e 1 Cf Cf2+ + 2 e 1 Cf Cl2(g) + 2 e 1 2 Cl HClO + H + + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl + H2O ClO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl + 2 OH ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O E/V 0.6992 0.5 0.308 0.2 0.8 0.16 0.46 1.593 0.320 0.1583 1.67 1.6 2.8 1.0873 1.066 1.331 1.574 1.596 0.761 1.482 1.423 0.61 0.373 0.330 0.77 0.199 3.80 2.868 3.02 0.2800 0.2801 0.3337 0.2412 0.2360 0.4030 0.3521 0.809 0.246 0.658 0.783 2.336 1.4373 1.72 1.715 3.3 1.6 1.94 2.12 1.35827 1.611 1.482 0.81 1.277 1.645 1.628 Reaction HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl + 2 H2O ClO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO + 2 OH ClO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl + 4 OH ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2 ClO3 + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O ClO3 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O ClO3 + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O ClO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl + 3 H2O ClO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2 + 2 OH ClO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl + 6 OH ClO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3 H2O ClO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O ClO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl + 4 H2O ClO4 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO3 + 2 OH Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+ Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co Co3+ + e 1 Co2+ [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+ Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+ Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr Cr2O72 + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O CrO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH HCrO4 + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2H2O Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV) CrO42 + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH Cs+ + e 1 Cs Cu+ + e 1 Cu Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+ Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg) Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e 1 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O Cu2+ + 2 CN + e 1 [Cu(CN)2] CuI2 + e 1 Cu + 2 I Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH + H2O 2 D+ + 2 e 1 D2 Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+ Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er Er3+ + e 1 Er2+ Es3+ + e 1 Es2+ Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu E/V 1.570 0.66 0.76 0.954 1.152 1.214 1.47 1.451 0.33 0.62 1.189 1.39 1.389 0.36 3.0 2.04 0.28 1.92 0.108 0.73 0.17 0.913 0.407 0.744 1.232 1.2 1.350 1.48 1.34 0.13 1.48 3.026 0.521 0.153 0.3419 0.345 2.4 2.0 1.103 0.00 0.360 0.222 0.080 0.013 2.2 2.295 2.6 2.0 2.331 3.0 1.3 1.91 2.23 2.812 1.991

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ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued)

Reaction Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HF F2 + 2 e 1 2 F F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+ 2 HFeO4 + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe2O3 + 5 H2O HFeO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O HFeO4 + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O [Fe(CN)6]3 + e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4 FeO42 + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)2]2+ [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)3]2+ Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH)2 + OH [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) [Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene Fm3++ e 1 Fm2+ Fm3+ + 3 e 1 Fm Fm2+ + 2 e 1 Fm Fr+ + e 1 Fr Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga Ga+ + e 1 Ga GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O H2GaO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+ GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 H2 + 2 e 1 2 H HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O Hf4+ + 4 e 1 Hf HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H2O HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H2O HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg 2 Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+ Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac) Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42 Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42 Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho E/V 0.36 3.053 2.866 2.153 0.447 0.037 0.771 2.09 2.08 2.07 0.16 0.358 2.20 0.78 1.03 0.56 1.147 1.06 0.400 1.1 1.89 2.30 2.9 0.549 0.2 0.498 1.219 2.279 0.24 0.124 0.00 0.118 0.182 0.00000 2.23 1.495 0.8277 1.776 1.55 1.724 1.505 2.50 0.851 0.920 0.7973 0.51163 0.13923 0.26808 0.6359 0.0405 0.123 0.0977 1.034 0.6125 2.1 Reaction Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+ I2 + 2 e 1 2 I I3 + 2 e 1 3 I H3IO62 + 2 e 1 IO + 3 OH 3 H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3 + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I + H2O IO + H2O + 2 e 1 I + 2 OH 2 IO3 + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O IO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I + 3 H2O IO3 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO + 4 OH IO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 IO + 6 OH In+ + e 1 In In2+ + e 1 In+ In3+ + e 1 In2+ In3+ + 2 e 1 In+ In3+ + 3 e 1 In In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH In(OH)4 + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir [IrCl6]2 + e 1 [IrCl6]3 [IrCl6]3 + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH K+ + e 1 K La3+ + 3 e 1 La La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH Li+ + e 1 Li Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu Md3+ + e 1 Md2+ Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md Mg+ + e 1 Mg Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn Mn3+ + 3e 1 Mn2+ MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O MnO4 + e 1 MnO42 MnO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O MnO4 + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O MnO4 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH MnO42 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O H3Mo7O243 + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3 N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+ E/V 2.33 2.8 0.5355 0.536 0.7 1.601 1.439 0.987 0.485 1.195 1.085 0.15 0.26 0.14 0.40 0.49 0.443 0.3382 0.99 1.007 1.034 1.156 0.8665 0.77 0.098 2.931 2.379 2.90 3.0401 1.96 2.28 0.1 1.65 2.40 2.70 2.372 2.690 1.185 1.5415 1.224 0.558 1.679 1.507 0.595 0.60 1.56 0.15 1.485 0.200 0.152 0.082 0.075 0.092 3.09 1.275

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ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued)

Reaction N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + H2O H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + 2 H2O N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2 N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NHO2 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H2O 2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH HNO2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O NO2 + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH 2 NO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22 + 4 OH 2 NO2 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH NO3 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO2 + H2O NO3 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H2O 2 NO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O NO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2 + 2 OH 2 NO3 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH Na+ + e 1 Na Nb3+ + 3 e 1 Nb NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 NbO + H2O NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H2O Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H2O Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+ Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H2O NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH No3+ + e 1 No2+ No3+ + 3 e 1 No No2+ + 2 e 1 No Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np Np4+ + e 1 Np3+ NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2 O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H2O O2 + H2O + 2 e 1 HO2 + OH O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O OH + e 1 OH HO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 OsO2 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+ [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) P + 3 H2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH E/V 1.766 2.65 0.867 1.065 1.035 1.42 1.591 0.76 0.983 0.86 1.297 0.46 0.18 0.15 0.934 0.957 0.803 0.01 0.85 2.71 1.099 0.646 0.690 0.733 0.644 2.323 2.1 2.7 0.257 0.72 1.678 0.490 1.4 1.20 2.50 1.856 0.147 0.962 0.695 1.229 0.076 0.146 0.401 2.076 1.24 2.421 2.02 0.878 0.838 1.02 0.81 0.80 0.111 0.063 0.87 Reaction H2P2 + e 1 P + 2 OH H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O HPO32 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2 + 3 OH HPO32 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O PO43 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32 + 3 OH Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+ Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42 PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O HPbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH PbO2 + SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42 PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO42 Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd [PdCl4]2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl [PdCl6]2 + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2 + 2 Cl Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+ Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+ Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+ Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+ Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt [PtCl4]2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl [PtCl6]2 + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2 + 2 Cl Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+ Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+ PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra Rb+ + e 1 Rb Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re E/V 1.82 0.508 0.499 0.454 1.65 1.71 0.276 1.05 1.34 1.49 1.9 0.1262 0.1205 0.284 0.2675 0.3444 0.465 0.365 0.580 1.455 0.537 0.247 1.6913 0.3588 0.3505 0.951 0.591 1.288 0.07 2.2 2.30 2.6 0.9 0.76 3.2 2.0 2.353 3.1 1.18 0.755 0.68 0.14 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.01 1.00 2.031 1.006 1.099 1.325 1.062 2.8 2.98 0.300

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ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued)

Reaction ReO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H2O ReO4 + 2 H+ + e 1 ReO3 + H2O ReO4 + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH ReO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O Rh+ + e 1 Rh Rh+ + 2e1 Rh Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh [RhCl6]3 + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O RuO4 + e 1 RuO42 RuO4 + e 1 RuO4 RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4 H2O [Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e1 [Ru(bipy)3]2+ [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+ [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(en)3]2+ [Ru(CN)6]3 + e1 [Ru(CN)6]4 S + 2 e 1 S2 S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq) S + H2O + 2 e 1 SH + OH 2 S + 2 e 1 S22 S2O62 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3 S2O82 + 2 e 1 2 SO42 S2O82 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4 S4O62 + 2 e 1 2 S2O32 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4 + 2 H2O H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H2O 2 SO32 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42 + 4 OH 2 SO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 S2O32 + 6 OH SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O 2 SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 S2O62 + H2O SO42 + H2O + 2 e 1 SO32 + 2 OH Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O SbO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH SbO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 SbO2 + 2 OH Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc Se + 2 e 1 Se2 Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq) H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se SeO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH SeO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O SeO42 + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32 + 2 OH SiF62 + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O E/V 0.510 0.2513 0.768 0.584 0.368 0.600 0.600 0.758 0.431 0.83 0.455 0.2487 1.120 0.59 1.00 1.40 1.038 1.24 0.23 0.10 0.210 0.86 0.47627 0.142 0.478 0.42836 0.564 2.010 2.123 0.08 0.056 0.449 1.12 0.571 0.172 0.22 0.93 0.510 0.152 0.671 0.649 0.581 0.212 0.66 0.59 2.077 0.924 0.399 0.74 0.082 0.366 1.151 0.05 1.24 0.8 Reaction SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O SiO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+ Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm Sn2+ + 2 e 1 Sn Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH HSnO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH Sn(OH)62 + 2 e 1 HSnO2 + 3 OH + H2O Sr+ + e 1 Sr Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg) Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H2O Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc TcO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+ TcO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+ Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb Te + 2 e 1 Te2 Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O TeO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH TeO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+ TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O Tl+ + e 1 Tl Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg) Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+ Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl TlI + e 1 Tl + I Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42 Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+ Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm E/V 0.857 1.697 1.55 2.304 2.68 0.1375 0.151 0.142 0.094 0.117 0.194 0.945 0.909 0.93 4.10 2.899 1.793 2.88 0.750 0.6 0.400 0.782 0.3 0.472 3.1 2.28 1.143 0.793 0.568 0.593 0.57 0.472 1.02 1.899 1.789 2.48 1.630 0.9 0.502 1.37 0.055 0.336 0.3338 1.252 0.741 0.658 0.5568 0.752 0.02 0.34 0.05 0.4360 2.2 2.319 2.4

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ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued)

Reaction U3+ + 3 e 1 U U4+ + e 1 U3+ UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + e 1 UO+2 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O V2+ + 2 e 1 V V3+ + e 1 V2+ VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e 1 V + 4 H2O [V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+ W3+ + 3 e 1 W W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H2O WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H2O WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O E/V 1.798 0.607 0.612 0.062 0.327 1.444 1.175 0.255 0.337 0.991 0.957 0.242 1.00 0.254 0.14 0.1 0.031 0.119 0.090 0.036 Reaction 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O XeF + e 1 Xe + F Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+ Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) ZnO22 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH ZnSO4 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42 + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O Zn(OH)42 + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr E/V 0.029 2.42 2.10 3.4 2.372 1.05 2.19 2.76 0.7618 0.7628 1.215 0.7993 0.497 1.199 1.249 1.260 1.553 2.36 1.45

TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode
Reaction 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 CuI2 + e 1 Cu + 2 I Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+ NO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2 + 2 OH Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH SeO42 + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32 + 2 OH WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O UO22+ + e = UO2+ Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O S4O62 + 2 e 1 2 S2O32 H3Mo7O243 + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH 2 NO + 2 e 1 N2O22 [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+ W3+ + 3 e 1 W [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+ Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH [V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+ S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq) E/V 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.036 0.062 0.07 0.07133 0.075 0.08 0.082 0.8951 0.092 0.0977 0.098 0.10 0.10 0.1 0.108 0.123 0.124 0.13923 0.14 0.14 0.142 Reaction Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O Np4+ + e 1 Np3+ Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4 IO3 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO + 4 OH Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH 2 NO2 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+ BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl + H2O BiCl4 + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(en)3]2+ SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+ As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ Calomel electrode, saturated KCl PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ E/V 0.142 0.147 0.1478 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.151 0.152 0.153 0.1583 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.172 0.2 0.210 0.212 0.22233 0.23 0.234 0.2360 0.24 0.24 0.2412 0.247 0.248 0.2487

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MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI

The molar conductivity of an electrolyte solution is defined as the conductivity divided by amount-of-substance concentration. The customary unit is S cm2mol-1 (i.e., -1 cm2mol-1). The first part of this table gives the molar conductivity of the hydrohalogen acids at 25C as a function of the concentration in mol/L. The second part gives the temperature dependence of for HCl and HBr. More extensive tables and mathematical representations may be found in the reference. REFERENCE Hamer, W.J., and DeWane, H.J., Electrolytic Conductance and the Conductances of the Hydrohalogen Acids in Water, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 33, 1970. c/mol L1 Inf. dil. 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 c/mol L1 HF 405.1 HCl 426.1 424.5 422.6 421.2 415.7 411.9 398.9 391.1 360.7 332.2 305.8 281.4 258.9 237.6 10C HBr 427.7 425.9 424.3 422.9 417.6 413.7 400.4 391.9 361.9 334.5 307.6 281.7 257.8 236.8 0C HI 426.4 424.6 423.0 421.7 416.4 412.8 400.8 394.0 369.8 343.9 316.4 288.9 262.5 237.9 10C HCl 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 228.7 211.7 196.2 182.0 168.5 154.6 139.6 129.2 119.5 110.3 101.7 93.7 86.2 79.3 73.0 67.1 61.7 56.8 52.3 48.2 44.5 41.1 38.0 35.3 32.7 283.0 261.6 241.5 222.7 205.1 188.5 172.2 158.1 145.4 133.5 122.5 112.3 103.0 94.4 86.5 79.4 72.9 67.1 61.8 57.0 52.7 48.8 45.3 42.0 39.0 336.4 312.2 287.5 262.9 239.8 219.3 201.6 185.6 170.6 156.6 143.6 131.5 120.4 110.2 100.9 92.4 84.7 77.8 71.5 65.8 60.7 56.1 51.9 48.0 44.4 386.8 359.0 331.1 303.3 277.0 253.3 232.9 214.2 196.6 180.2 165.0 151.0 138.2 126.4 115.7 106.1 97.3 89.4 82.3 75.9 70.1 64.9 60.1 55.6 51.4 436.9 402.9 371.6 342.4 315.2 289.3 263.9 242.2 222.5 204.1 187.1 171.3 156.9 143.3 131.6 120.6 110.7 101.7 93.6 86.3 79.6 73.6 68.0 62.8 57.9 482.4 445.3 410.8 378.2 347.6 319.0 292.1 268.2 246.7 226.5 207.7 190.3 174.3 159.7 146.2 134.0 123.0 112.9 103.9 95.7 88.4 81.7 75.6 70.0 64.8 c/mol L1 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 20C HF HCl 218.3 200.0 183.1 167.4 152.9 139.7 127.7 116.9 107.0 98.2 90.3 83.1 76.6 70.7 30C HBr 217.5 199.4 182.4 166.5 151.8 138.2 125.7 114.2 103.8 94.4 85.8 HI 215.4 195.1 176.8 160.4 145.5 131.7 118.6 105.7

128.1 96.1 50.1 39.1 26.3 24.3

20C

40C

50C

85.5 79.3 73.7 68.5 63.6 58.9 54.4 50.2 46.3 42.7 39.4 36.4 33.6 31.2 28.9 26.8 24.9 23.1 21.4

131.7 120.8 111.3 102.7 94.9 87.8 81.1 74.9 69.1 63.7 58.6 54.0 49.8 45.9 42.3 39.1 36.1 33.4 31.0 28.7 26.7

5-90

MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI (continued)

c/mol L1 20C 10C 0C 10C HBr 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 240.9 229.6 209.5 188.6 171.7 157.2 144.1 132.3 123.0 112.6 103.1 94.3 86.0 78.4 295.9 276.0 254.9 231.3 208.3 189.5 174.6 160.2 146.4 134.0 122.7 112.0 102.0 92.6 347.0 329.0 298.9 271.8 244.8 222.2 203.2 186.8 171.2 155.7 142.1 129.6 118.0 107.1 398.9 380.4 340.6 314.1 281.7 255.0 234.4 214.2 195.1 178.2 162.8 148.0 134.1 121.4 453.6 418.6 381.8 350.5 316.0 287.8 263.7 239.7 218.8 199.6 181.4 165.4 150.5 136.3 496.8 465.2 421.4 387.4 349.1 318.6 291.9 266.9 242.6 221.3 201.8 183.4 166.3 150.8 20C 30C 40C 50C

84.0 78.0 72.3 67.0 61.8 56.8 51.9

150.8 136.8 125.7 116.1 107.5 99.0 91.4 84.2 77.2 70.7 64.6

5-91

STANDARD KCl SOLUTIONS FOR CALIBRATING CONDUCTIVITY CELLS

This table presents recommended electrolytic conductivity (k) values for aqueous potassium chloride solutions with molalities of 0.01 mol/kg, 0.1 mol/kg and 1.0 mol/kg at temperatures from 0C to 50C. The values, which are based on measurements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, provide primary standards for the calibration of conductivity cells. The measurements at 0.01 and 0.1 molal are described in Reference 1, while those at 1.0 molal are in Reference 2. Temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. The uncertainty in the conductivity is about 0.03% for the 0.01 molal values and about 0.04% for the 0.1 and 1.0 molal values. The conductivity of water saturated with atmospheric CO2 is given in the last column. These values were subtracted from the original measurements to give the values in the second, third, and fourth columns. All k values are given in units of 10-4 S/m (numerically equal to mS/cm). The assistance of Kenneth W. Pratt is appreciated.

REFERENCES
1. Wu, Y.C., Koch, W.F., and Pratt, K.W., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 96, 191, 1991. 2. Wu, Y.C., Koch, W.F., Feng, D., Holland, L.A., Juhasz, E., Arvay, E., and Tomek, A., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 99, 241, 1994. 3. Pratt, K.W., Koch, W.F., Wu, Y.C., and Berezansky, P.A., Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 1783, 2001.

104 k/S m-1 t/C 0 5 10 15 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0.01 m KCl 772.92 890.96 1 013.95 1 141.45 1 219.93 1 273.03 1 408.23 1 546.63 1 687.79 1 831.27 1 976.62 2 123.43 0.1 m KCl 7 116.85 8 183.70 9 291.72 10 437.1 11 140.6 11 615.9 12 824.6 14 059.2 15 316.0 16 591.0 17 880.6 19 180.9 1.0 m KCl 63 488 72 030 80 844 89 900 99 170 108 620 118 240 127 970 137 810 147 720 157 670 H2O (CO2 sat.) 0.58 0.68 0.79 0.89 0.95 0.99 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.51 1.61

5-91

EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION Petr Vany sek

This table gives the equivalent (molar) conductivity at 25C for some common electrolytes in aqueous solution at concentrations up to 0.1 mol/ L. The units of are 104 m2 S mol1. For very dilute solutions, the equivalent conductivity for any electrolyte of concentration c can be approximately calculated using the DebyeHckel-Onsager equation, which can be written for a symmetrical (equal charge on cation and anion) electrolyte as = (A + B)c1/2 For a solution at 25C and both cation and anion with charge *1*, the constants are A = 60.20 and B = 0.229. can be found from the next table, Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution. The equation is reliable for c < 0.001 mol/L; with higher concentration the error increases.

Compound

Infinite dilution

Concentration (mol/L) 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 131.29 135.89 131.86 121.6 422.53 149.8 147.74 138.69 166.4 116.04 148.2 125.74 142.70 132.7 126.03 139.6 113.09 104.13 125.55 147.5 124.44 115.58 125.30 89.2 245.5 78.7 125.68 131.84 121.3 130.45 134.27 130.30 115.20 421.15 148.9 146.88 137.80 163.1 167.16 115.28 143.32 124.88 141.77 131.9 234 125.12 137.0 112.34 103.39 124.15 146.7 123.68 114.82 124.19 88.5 244.6 78.6 124.09 130.27 114.47 127.14 127.96 124.19 233 94.02 415.59 146.02 143.48 134.09 150.7 146.02 112.18 144.30 121.18 138.41 230 121.31 127.5 109.35 100.52 118.25 134.4 120.59 111.70 121.19 85.68 240.7 75.7 117.09 124.18 95.44 124.70 123.88 120.30 226 83.08 411.80 143.36 141.20 131.39 134.76 110.03 142.11 118.45 132.75 126.5 228 118.49 121.8 107.27 98.56 114.49 141.21 118.45 109.54 119.18 83.72 237.9 73.7 112.38 120.23 84.87 121.35 119.03 115.59 214 72.16 407.04 140.41 138.27 127.86 122.76 107.17 139.38 114.08 132.34 114.49 115.3 104.60 96.13 109.99 138.25 115.70 106.91 116.64 81.20 106.73 115.48 74.20 115.18 111.42 108.42 59.02 398.89 135.61 133.30 121.56 107.65 134.90 106.67 126.25 219 106.40 106.2 100.06 92.15 103.03 133.22 111.01 102.35 112.73 76.88 66.3 97.70 108.20 61.17 109.09 105.14 102.41 50.55 391.13 131.32 128.90 115.14 97.82 131.05 98.2 120.34 113 213 97.40 99.1 95.81 88.52 97.05 128.69 106.69 98.38 108.73 72.76 61.8 89.94 102.14 52.61 0.02 0.05 0.1

AgNO3 1/2BaCl2 1/2CaCl2 1/2Ca(OH)2 1/2CuSO4 HCl KBr KCl KClO4 1/3K3Fe(CN)6 1/4K4Fe(CN)6 KHCO3 KI KIO4 KNO3 KMnO4 KOH KReO4 1/3LaCl3 LiCl LiClO4 1/2MgCl2 NH4Cl NaCl NaClO4 NaI NaOOCCH3 NaOH Na picrate 1/2Na2SO4 1/2SrCl2 1/2ZnSO4

133.29 139.91 135.77 258 133.6 425.95 151.9 149.79 139.97 174.5 184 117.94 150.31 127.86 144.89 134.8 271.5 128.20 145.9 114.97 105.93 129.34 149.6 126.39 117.42 126.88 91.0 247.7 80.45 129.8 135.73 132.7

5-92

IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION Petr Vany sek

This table gives the molar (equivalent) conductivity for common ions at infinite dilution. All values refer to aqueous solutions at 25C. It also lists the diffusion coefficient D of the ion in dilute aqueous solution, which is related to through the equation

D = RT / F 2 ( / z )
where R is the molar gas constant, T the temperature, F the Faraday constant, and z the charge on the ion. The variation with temperature is fairly sharp; for typical ions, and D increase by 2 to 3% per degree as the temperature increases from 25C. The diffusion coefficient for a salt, Dsalt, may be calculated from the D+ and D values of the constituent ions by the relation

Dsalt =

(z+ + z )D+ D
z + D+ + z D

For solutions of simple, pure electrolytes (one positive and one negative ionic species), such as NaCl, equivalent ionic conductivity , which is the conductivity per unit concentration of charge, is defined as

= + +
where + and are equivalent ionic conductivities of the cation and anion. The more general formula is = ++ + where + and refer to the number of moles of cations and anions to which one mole of the electrolyte gives a rise in the solution. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972, 2226. Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H., Electrolyte Solutions, Butterworths, London, 1959. Lobo, V. M. M., and Quaresma, J. L., Handbook of Electrolyte Solutions, Physical Science Data Series 41, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989. Conway, B. E., Electrochemical Data, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1952. Milazzo, G., Electrochemistry: Theoretical Principles and Practical Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1963. 10-4 m2 S mol-1 Inorganic Cations Ag+ 1/3Al3+ 1/2Ba2+ 1/2Be2+ 1/2Ca2+ 1/2Cd2+ 1/3Ce3+ 1/2Co2+ 1/3[Co(NH3)6]3+ 1/3[Co(en)3]3+ 1/6[Co2(trien)3]6+ 1/3Cr3+ Cs+ 1/2Cu2+ D+ 1/3Dy3+ 1/3Er3+ 1/3Eu3+ 1/2Fe2+ 1/3Fe3+ 1/3Gd3+ H+ 1/2Hg2+ 1/2Hg2+ 61.9 61 63.6 45 59.47 54 69.8 55 101.9 74.7 69 67 77.2 53.6 249.9 65.6 65.9 67.8 54 68 67.3 349.65 68.6 63.6 1.648 0.541 0.847 0.599 0.792 0.719 0.620 0.732 0.904 0.663 0.306 0.595 2.056 0.714 6.655 0.582 0.585 0.602 0.719 0.604 0.597 9.311 0.913 0.847 D 10-5 cm2 s-1 10-4 m2 S mol-1 66.3 73.48 69.7 38.66 53.0 53.5 73.5 59 50.08 69.4 49.6 52 71 69.5 66.8 77.8 64.7 68.5 59.4 74.7 65.4 32 62 65.6 52.8 D 10-5 cm2 s-1 0.589 1.957 0.619 1.029 0.706 0.712 1.957 1.571 1.334 0.616 0.661 0.346 0.945 0.617 0.889 2.072 0.574 0.608 0.791 1.989 0.581 0.426 0.550 0.582 0.703

Ion

Ion 1/3Ho3+ K+ 1/3La3+ Li+ 1/2Mg2+ 1/2Mn2+ NH4+ N2H5+ Na+ 1/3Nd3+ 1/2Ni2+ 1/4[Ni2(trien)3]4+ 1/2Pb2+ 1/3Pr3+ 1/2Ra2+ Rb+ 1/3Sc3+ 1/3Sm3+ 1/2Sr2+ Tl+ 1/3Tm3+ 1/2UO22+ 1/3Y3+ 1/3Yb3+ 1/2Zn2+

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IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued)

Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 Inorganic Anions Au(CN)2Au(CN)4B(C6H5)4BrBr3BrO3CNCNO1/2CO32ClClO2ClO3ClO41/3[Co(CN)6]31/2CrO42F1/4[Fe(CN)6]41/3[Fe(CN)6]3H2AsO4HCO3HF21/2HPO42H2PO4H2PO2HSHSO3HSO4H2SbO4IIO3IO4MnO41/2MoO42N(CN)2NO2NO3NH2SO3N3OCNODOHPF61/2PO3F21/3PO431/4P2O741/3P3O931/5P3O105ReO4SCN1/2SO321/2SO421/2S2O321/2S2O421/2S2O621/2S2O82Sb(OH)6SeCN50 36 21 78.1 43 55.7 78 64.6 69.3 76.31 52 64.6 67.3 98.9 85 55.4 110.4 100.9 34 44.5 75 57 36 46 65 58 52 31 76.8 40.5 54.5 61.3 74.5 54.5 71.8 71.42 48.3 69 64.6 119 198 56.9 63.3 92.8 96 83.6 109 54.9 66 72 80.0 85.0 66.5 93 86 31.9 64.7 1.331 0.959 0.559 2.080 1.145 1.483 2.077 1.720 0.923 2.032 1.385 1.720 1.792 0.878 1.132 1.475 0.735 0.896 0.905 1.185 1.997 0.759 0.959 1.225 1.731 1.545 1.385 0.825 2.045 1.078 1.451 1.632 1.984 1.451 1.912 1.902 1.286 1.837 1.720 3.169 5.273 1.515 0.843 0.824 0.639 0.742 0.581 1.462 1.758 0.959 1.065 1.132 0.885 1.238 1.145 0.849 1.723 D 10-5 cm2 s-1 1/2SeO421/2WO42Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 75.7 69 Organic Cations Benzyltrimethylammonium+ Isobutylammonium+ Butyltrimethylammonium+ Decylpyridinium+ Decyltrimethylammonium+ Diethylammonium+ Dimethylammonium+ Dipropylammonium+ Dodecylammonium+ Dodecyltrimethylammonium+ Ethanolammonium+ Ethylammonium+ Ethyltrimethylammonium+ Hexadecyltrimethylammonium+ Hexyltrimethylammonium+ Histidyl+ Hydroxyethyltrimethylarsonium+ Methylammonium+ Octadecylpyridinium+ Octadecyltributylammonium+ Octadecyltriethylammonium+ Octadecyltrimethylammonium+ Octadecyltripropylammonium+ Octyltrimethylammonium+ Pentylammonium+ Piperidinium+ Propylammonium+ Pyrilammonium+ Tetrabutylammonium+ Tetradecyltrimethylammonium+ Tetraethylammonium+ Tetramethylammonium+ Tetraisopentylammonium+ Tetrapentylammmonium+ Tetrapropylammonium+ Triethylammonium+ Triethylsulfonium+ Trimethylammonium+ Trimethylhexylammonium+ Trimethylsulfonium+ Tripropylammonium+ 34.6 38 33.6 29.5 24.4 42.0 51.8 30.1 23.8 22.6 42.2 47.2 40.5 20.9 29.6 23.0 39.4 58.7 20 16.6 17.9 19.9 17.2 26.5 37 37.2 40.8 24.3 19.5 21.5 32.6 44.9 17.9 17.5 23.4 34.3 36.1 47.23 34.6 51.4 26.1 0.921 1.012 0.895 0.786 0.650 1.118 1.379 0.802 0.634 0.602 1.124 1.257 1.078 0.557 0.788 0.612 1.049 1.563 0.533 0.442 0.477 0.530 0.458 0.706 0.985 0.991 1.086 0.647 0.519 0.573 0.868 1.196 0.477 0.466 0.623 0.913 0.961 1.258 0.921 1.369 0.695 D 10-5 cm2 s-1 1.008 0.919

Organic Anions Acetatep-Anisate1/2Azelate2BenzoateBromoacetateBromobenzoateButyrateChloroacetatem-Chlorobenzoateo-Chlorobenzoate40.9 29.0 40.6 32.4 39.2 30 32.6 39.8 31 30.2 1.089 0.772 0.541 0.863 1.044 0.799 0.868 1.060 0.825 0.804

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IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued)

Ion 1/3Citrate3CrotonateCyanoacetateCyclohexane carboxylate1/2 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylate2DecylsulfateDichloroacetate1/2Diethylbarbiturate2Dihydrogencitrate1/2Dimethylmalonate23,5-DinitrobenzoateDodecylsulfateEthylmalonateEthylsulfateFluoroacetateFluorobenzoateFormate1/2Fumarate21/2Glutarate2HydrogenoxalateIsovalerate 10-4 m2 S mol-1 70.2 33.2 43.4 28.7 53.4 26 38.3 26.3 30 49.4 28.3 24 49.3 39.6 44.4 33 54.6 61.8 52.6 40.2 32.7 D 10-5 cm2 s-1 0.623 0.884 1.156 0.764 0.711 0.692 1.020 0.350 0.799 0.658 0.754 0.639 1.313 1.055 1.182 0.879 1.454 0.823 0.700 1.070 0.871 Ion IodoacetateLactate1/2Malate21/2Maleate21/2Malonate2MethylsulfateNaphthylacetate1/2Oxalate2OctylsulfatePhenylacetate1/2o-Phthalate21/2m-Phthalate2PicratePivalatePropionatePropylsulfateSalicylate1/2Suberate21/2Succinate2p-Sulfonate 1/2Tartarate2Trichloroacetate 10-4 m2 S mol-1 40.6 38.8 58.8 61.9 63.5 48.8 28.4 74.11 29 30.6 52.3 54.7 30.37 31.9 35.8 37.1 36 36 58.8 29.3 59.6 35 D 10-5 cm2 s-1 1.081 1.033 0.783 0.824 0.845 1.299 0.756 0.987 0.772 0.815 0.696 0.728 0.809 0.849 0.953 0.988 0.959 0.479 0.783 0.780 0.794 0.932

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