ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES

Petr Vanýsek

There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E° values, at 298.15 K (25°C), and at a pressure
of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes
those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E° values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In
Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reduction
potentials which have E° negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential
and range from 0.0000 V to –4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures
have lower reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional
revisions.

Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2⇥-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline.

REFERENCES

1. G. Milazzo, S. Caroli, and V. K. Sharma, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978.
2. A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan, Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985.
3. S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1—21, 1989.

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing

Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V

Ac3+ + 3 e ⇥ Ac –2.20 Al(OH)4– + 3 e ⇥ Al + 4 OH– –2.328

Ag+ + e ⇥ Ag 0.7996 H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇥ Al + 4 OH– –2.33
Ag2+ + e ⇥ Ag+ 1.980 AlF63– + 3 e ⇥ Al + 6 F– –2.069
Ag(ac) + e ⇥ Ag + (ac)– 0.643 Am4+ + e ⇥ Am3+ 2.60
AgBr + e ⇥ Ag + Br– 0.07133 Am2+ + 2 e ⇥ Am –1.9
AgBrO3 + e ⇥ Ag + BrO3– 0.546 Am3+ + 3 e ⇥ Am –2.048
Ag2C2O4 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Ag + C2O42– 0.4647 Am3+ + e ⇥ Am2+ –2.3
AgCl + e ⇥ Ag + Cl– 0.22233 As + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇥ AsH3 –0.608
AgCN + e ⇥ Ag + CN– –0.017 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇥ 2 As + 3 H2O 0.234
Ag2CO3 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Ag + CO32– 0.47 HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇥ As + 2 H2O 0.248
Ag2CrO4 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Ag + CrO42– 0.4470 AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇥ As + 4 OH– –0.68
AgF + e ⇥ Ag + F– 0.779 H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e–⇥ HAsO2 + 2 H2O 0.560
Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e ⇥ 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– 0.1478 AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇥ AsO2– + 4 OH– –0.71
AgI + e ⇥ Ag + I– –0.15224 At2 + 2 e ⇥ 2 At– 0.3
AgIO3 + e ⇥ Ag + IO3– 0.354 Au+ + e ⇥ Au 1.692
Ag2MoO4 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Ag + MoO42– 0.4573 Au3+ + 2 e ⇥ Au+ 1.401
AgNO2 + e ⇥ Ag + 2 NO2– 0.564 Au3+ + 3 e ⇥ Au 1.498
Ag2O + H2O + 2 e ⇥ 2 Ag + 2 OH– 0.342 Au2+ + e –⇥ Au+ 1.8
Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇥ 2 AgO + 2 OH– 0.739 AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e ⇥ Au+ + H2O 1.32
Ag3+ + 2 e ⇥ Ag+ 1.9 AuBr2– + e ⇥ Au + 2 Br– 0.959
Ag3+ + e ⇥ Ag2+ 1.8 AuBr4– + 3 e ⇥ Au + 4 Br– 0.854
Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e ⇥ 2 Ag + 2 H2O 1.802 AuCl4– + 3 e ⇥ Au + 4 Cl– 1.002
2 AgO + H2O + 2 e ⇥ Ag2O + 2 OH– 0.607 Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇥ Au + 3 H2O 1.45
AgOCN + e ⇥ Ag + OCN– 0.41 H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e ⇥ BH4– + 8 OH– –1.24
Ag2S + 2 e ⇥ 2 Ag + S2– –0.691 H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇥ B + 4 OH– –1.79
Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 Ag + H2S –0.0366 H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇥ B + 3 H2O –0.8698
AgSCN + e ⇥ Ag + SCN– 0.08951 B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e ⇥ BH4– + 3 H2O –0.481
Ag2SeO3 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Ag + SeO42– 0.3629 Ba2+ + 2 e ⇥ Ba –2.912
Ag2SO4 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Ag + SO42– 0.654 Ba2+ + 2 e ⇥ Ba(Hg) –1.570
Ag2WO4 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Ag + WO42– 0.4660 Ba(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Ba + 2 OH– –2.99
Al3+ + 3 e ⇥ Al –1.662 Be2+ + 2 e ⇥ Be –1.847
Al(OH)3 + 3 e ⇥ Al + 3 OH– –2.31 Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇥ 2 Be + 6 OH– –2.63

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

 ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)

Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V

p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ hydroquinone 0.6992 HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Cl– + 2 H2O 1.570

Bi+ + e ⇥ Bi 0.5 ClO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ ClO– + 2 OH– 0.66
Bi3+ + 3 e ⇥ Bi 0.308 ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇥ Cl– + 4 OH– 0.76
Bi3+ + 2 e ⇥ Bi+ 0.2 ClO2(aq) + e ⇥ ClO2– 0.954
Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇥ BiH3 –0.8 ClO3– + 2 H+ + e ⇥ ClO2 + H2O 1.152
BiCl4– + 3 e ⇥ Bi + 4 Cl– 0.16 ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇥ HClO2 + H2O 1.214
Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇥ 2 Bi + 6 OH– –0.46 ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇥ 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O 1.47
Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O 1.593 ClO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇥ Cl– + 3 H2O 1.451
BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇥ Bi + H2O 0.320 ClO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ ClO2– + 2 OH– 0.33
BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇥ Bi + Cl– + H2O 0.1583 ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇥ Cl– + 6 OH– 0.62
Bk4+ + e ⇥ Bk3+ 1.67 ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ ClO3– H2O 1.189
Bk2+ + 2 e ⇥ Bk –1.6 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇥ 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O 1.39
Bk3+ + e ⇥ Bk2+ –2.8 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇥ Cl– + 4 H2O 1.389
Br2(aq) + 2 e ⇥ 2 Br– 1.0873 ClO4– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ ClO3– + 2 OH– 0.36
Br2(l) + 2 e ⇥ 2 Br– 1.066 Cm4+ + e ⇥ Cm3+ 3.0
HBrO + H+ + 2 e ⇥ Br– + H2O 1.331 Cm3+ + 3 e ⇥ Cm –2.04
HBrO + H+ + e ⇥ 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 1.574 Co2+ + 2 e ⇥ Co –0.28
HBrO + H+ + e ⇥ 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O 1.596 Co3+ + e ⇥ Co2+ 1.92
BrO– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ Br– + 2 OH– 0.761 [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e ⇥ [Co(NH3)6]2+ 0.108
BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇥ 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O 1.482 Co(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Co + 2 OH– –0.73
BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇥ Br– + 3 H2O 1.423 Co(OH)3 + e ⇥ Co(OH)2 + OH– 0.17
BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇥ Br– + 6 OH– 0.61 Cr2+ + 2 e ⇥ Cr –0.913
(CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 HCN 0.373 Cr3+ + e ⇥ Cr2+ –0.407
2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ (CN)2 + 2 H2O 0.330 Cr3+ + 3 e ⇥ Cr –0.744
(CNS)2 + 2 e ⇥ 2 CNS– 0.77 Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e ⇥ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O 1.232
CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ HCOOH –0.199 CrO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇥ Cr + 4 OH– –1.2
Ca+ + e ⇥ Ca –3.80 HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇥ Cr3+ + 4 H2O 1.350
Ca2+ + 2 e ⇥ Ca –2.868 CrO2 + 4 H+ + e ⇥ Cr3+ + 2H2O 1.48
Ca(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Ca + 2 OH– –3.02 Cr(V) + e ⇥ Cr(IV) 1.34
Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl 0.2800 CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e ⇥ Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– –0.13
Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) 0.2801 Cr(OH)3 + 3 e ⇥ Cr + 3 OH– –1.48
Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl 0.3337 Cs+ + e ⇥ Cs –3.026
Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE) 0.2412 Cu+ + e ⇥ Cu 0.521
Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) 0.2360 Cu2+ + e ⇥ Cu+ 0.153
Cd2+ + 2 e ⇥ Cd –0.4030 Cu2+ + 2 e ⇥ Cu 0.3419
Cd2+ + 2 e ⇥ Cd(Hg) –0.3521 Cu2+ + 2 e ⇥ Cu(Hg) 0.345
Cd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– –0.809 Cu3+ + e ⇥ Cu2+ 2.4
CdSO4 + 2 e ⇥ Cd + SO42– –0.246 Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e ⇥ 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O 2.0
Cd(OH)42– + 2 e ⇥ Cd + 4 OH– –0.658 Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e ⇥ [Cu(CN)2]– 1.103
CdO + H2O + 2 e ⇥ Cd + 2 OH– –0.783 CuI2– + e ⇥ Cu + 2 I– 0.00
Ce3+ + 3 e ⇥ Ce –2.336 Cu2O + H2O + 2 e ⇥ 2 Cu + 2 OH– –0.360
Ce3+ + 3 e ⇥ Ce(Hg) –1.4373 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Cu + 2 OH– –0.222
Ce4+ + e ⇥ Ce3+ 1.72 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O –0.080
CeOH3+ + H+ + e ⇥ Ce3+ + H2O 1.715 2 D+ + 2 e ⇥ D2 –0.013
Cf4+ + e ⇥ Cf3+ 3.3 Dy2+ + 2 e ⇥ Dy –2.2
Cf3+ + e ⇥ Cf2+ –1.6 Dy3+ + 3 e ⇥ Dy –2.295
Cf3+ + 3 e ⇥ Cf –1.94 Dy3+ + e ⇥ Dy2+ –2.6
Cf2+ + 2 e ⇥ Cf –2.12 Er2+ + 2 e ⇥ Er –2.0
Cl2(g) + 2 e ⇥ 2 Cl– 1.35827 Er3+ + 3 e ⇥ Er –2.331
HClO + H + + e ⇥ 1/2 Cl2 + H2O 1.611 Er3+ + e ⇥ Er2+ –3.0
HClO + H+ + 2 e ⇥ Cl– + H2O 1.482 Es3+ + e ⇥ Es2+ –1.3
ClO– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ Cl– + 2 OH– 0.81 Es3+ + 3 e ⇥ Es –1.91
ClO2 + H+ + e ⇥ HClO2 1.277 Es2+ + 2 e ⇥ Es –2.23
HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ HClO + H2O 1.645 Eu2+ + 2 e ⇥ Eu –2.812
HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇥ 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O 1.628 Eu3+ + 3 e ⇥ Eu –1.991

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

 ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)

Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V

Eu3+ + e ⇥ Eu2+ –0.36 Ho3+ + 3 e ⇥ Ho –2.33

F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 HF 3.053 Ho3+ + e ⇥ Ho2+ –2.8
F2 + 2 e ⇥ 2 F– 2.866 I2 + 2 e ⇥ 2 I– 0.5355
F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇥ H2O + 2 F– 2.153 I3– + 2 e ⇥ 3 I– 0.536
Fe2+ + 2 e ⇥ Fe –0.447 H3IO62– + 2 e ⇥ IO–3 + 3 OH– 0.7
Fe3+ + 3 e ⇥ Fe –0.037 H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e ⇥ IO3– + 3 H2O 1.601
Fe3+ + e ⇥ Fe2+ 0.771 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ I2 + 2 H2O 1.439
2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e ⇥ Fe2O3 + 5 H2O 2.09 HIO + H+ + 2 e ⇥ I– + H2O 0.987
HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇥ FeOOH + 2 H2O 2.08 IO– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ I– + 2 OH– 0.485
HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇥ Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2.07 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e ⇥ I2 + 6 H2O 1.195
Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 FeOH+ + H2O 0.16 IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇥ I– + 3 H2O 1.085
[Fe(CN)6]3– + e ⇥ [Fe(CN)6]4– 0.358 IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇥ IO– + 4 OH– 0.15
FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e ⇥ Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2.20 IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇥ IO– + 6 OH– 0.26
[Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇥ Fe(bipy)2]2+ 0.78 In+ + e ⇥ In –0.14
[Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇥ Fe(bipy)3]2+ 1.03 In2+ + e ⇥ In+ –0.40
Fe(OH)3 + e ⇥ Fe(OH)2 + OH– –0.56 In3+ + e ⇥ In2+ –0.49
[Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇥ [Fe(phen)3]2+ 1.147 In3+ + 2 e ⇥ In+ –0.443
[Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇥ [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) 1.06 In3+ + 3 e ⇥ In –0.3382
[Ferricinium]+ + e ⇥ ferrocene 0.400 In(OH)3 + 3 e ⇥ In + 3 OH– –0.99
Fm3++ e ⇥ Fm2+ –1.1 In(OH)4– + 3 e ⇥ In + 4 OH– –1.007
Fm3+ + 3 e ⇥ Fm –1.89 In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇥ 2 In + 6 OH– –1.034
Fm2+ + 2 e ⇥ Fm –2.30 Ir3+ + 3 e ⇥ Ir 1.156
Fr+ + e ⇥ Fr –2.9 [IrCl6]2– + e ⇥ [IrCl6]3– 0.8665
Ga3+ + 3 e ⇥ Ga –0.549 [IrCl6]3– + 3 e ⇥ Ir + 6 Cl– 0.77
Ga+ + e ⇥ Ga –0.2 Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇥ 2 Ir + 6 OH– 0.098
GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e ⇥ Ga + H2O –0.498 K+ + e ⇥ K –2.931
H2GaO–3 + H2O + 3 e ⇥ Ga + 4 OH– –1.219 La3+ + 3 e ⇥ La –2.379
Gd3+ + 3 e ⇥ Gd –2.279 La(OH)3 + 3 e ⇥ La + 3 OH– –2.90
Ge2+ + 2 e ⇥ Ge 0.24 Li+ + e ⇥ Li –3.0401
Ge4+ + 4 e ⇥ Ge 0.124 Lr3+ + 3 e ⇥ Lr –1.96
Ge4+ + 2 e ⇥ Ge2+ 0.00 Lu3+ + 3 e ⇥ Lu –2.28
GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ GeO + H2O –0.118 Md3+ + e ⇥ Md2+ –0.1
H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Ge + 3 H2O –0.182 Md3+ + 3 e ⇥ Md –1.65
2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ H2 0.00000 Md2+ + 2 e ⇥ Md –2.40
H2 + 2 e ⇥ 2 H– –2.23 Mg+ + e ⇥ Mg –2.70
HO2 + H+ + e ⇥ H2O2 1.495 Mg2+ + 2 e ⇥ Mg –2.372
2 H2O + 2 e ⇥ H2 + 2 OH– –0.8277 Mg(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Mg + 2 OH– –2.690
H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 H2O 1.776 Mn2+ + 2 e ⇥ Mn –1.185
Hf4+ + 4 e ⇥ Hf –1.55 Mn3+ + 3e ⇥ Mn2+ 1.5415
HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Hf + H2O –1.724 MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ Mn2+ + 2 H2O 1.224
HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Hf + 2 H2O –1.505 MnO4– + e ⇥ MnO42– 0.558
HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇥ Hf + 4 OH– –2.50 MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇥ MnO2 + 2 H2O 1.679
Hg2+ + 2 e ⇥ Hg 0.851 MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e ⇥ Mn2+ + 4 H2O 1.507
2 Hg2+ + 2 e ⇥ Hg22+ 0.920 MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇥ MnO2 + 4 OH– 0.595
Hg22+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 Hg 0.7973 MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇥ MnO2 + 4 OH– 0.60
Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Hg + 2(ac)– 0.51163 Mn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Mn + 2 OH– –1.56
Hg2Br2 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Hg + 2 Br– 0.13923 Mn(OH)3 + e ⇥ Mn(OH)2 + OH– 0.15
Hg2Cl2 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Hg + 2 Cl– 0.26808 Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e ⇥ 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O 1.485
Hg2HPO4 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Hg + HPO42– 0.6359 Mo3+ + 3 e ⇥ Mo –0.200
Hg2I2 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Hg + 2 I– –0.0405 MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Mo + 4 H2O –0.152
Hg2O + H2O + 2 e ⇥ 2 Hg + 2 OH– 0.123 H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e ⇥ 7 Mo + 24 H2O 0.082
HgO + H2O + 2 e ⇥ Hg + 2 OH– 0.0977 MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇥ Mo + 3 H2O 0.075
Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ Hg + 2 H2O 1.034 N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇥ 2 NH4OH 0.092
Hg2SO4 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Hg + SO42– 0.6125 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 HN3 –3.09
Ho2+ + 2 e ⇥ Ho –2.1 N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 NH4+ 1.275

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

 ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)

Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V

N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ N2 + H2O 1.766 H2P2– + e ⇥ P + 2 OH– –1.82

H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ N2 + 2 H2O 2.65 H3PO2 + H+ + e ⇥ P + 2 H2O –0.508
N2O4 + 2 e ⇥ 2 NO2– 0.867 H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ H3PO2 + H2O –0.499
N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 NHO2 1.065 H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇥ P + 3 H2O –0.454
N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ 2 NO + 2 H2O 1.035 HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇥ H2PO2– + 3 OH– –1.65
2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇥ N2H5+ + 2 H2O 1.42 HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇥ P + 5 OH– –1.71
2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ N2O + H2O 1.591 H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ H3PO3 + H2O –0.276
2 NO + H2O + 2 e ⇥ N2O + 2 OH– 0.76 PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇥ HPO32– + 3 OH– –1.05
HNO2 + H+ + e ⇥ NO + H2O 0.983 Pa3+ + 3 e ⇥ Pa –1.34
2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ H2N2O2 + 2 H2O 0.86 Pa4+ + 4 e ⇥ Pa –1.49
2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ N2O + 3 H2O 1.297 Pa4+ + e ⇥ Pa3+ –1.9
NO2– + H2O + e ⇥ NO + 2 OH– –0.46 Pb2+ + 2 e ⇥ Pb –0.1262
2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇥ N2O22– + 4 OH– –0.18 Pb2+ + 2 e ⇥ Pb(Hg) –0.1205
2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇥ N2O + 6 OH– 0.15 PbBr2 + 2 e ⇥ Pb + 2 Br– –0.284
NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇥ HNO2 + H2O 0.934 PbCl2 + 2 e ⇥ Pb + 2 Cl– –0.2675
NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇥ NO + 2 H2O 0.957 PbF2 + 2 e ⇥ Pb + 2 F– –0.3444
2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ N2O4 + 2 H2O 0.803 PbHPO4 + 2 e ⇥ Pb + HPO42– –0.465
NO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ NO2– + 2 OH– 0.01 PbI2 + 2 e ⇥ Pb + 2 I– –0.365
2 NO3– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇥ N2O4 + 4 OH– –0.85 PbO + H2O + 2 e ⇥ Pb + 2 OH– –0.580
Na+ + e ⇥ Na –2.71 PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ Pb2+ + 2 H2O 1.455
Nb3+ + 3 e ⇥ Nb –1.099 HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ Pb + 3 OH– –0.537
NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ NbO + H2O –0.646 PbO2 + H2O + 2 e ⇥ PbO + 2 OH– 0.247
NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Nb + 2 H2O –0.690 PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ PbSO4 + 2 H2O 1.6913
NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ Nb + H2O –0.733 PbSO4 + 2 e ⇥ Pb + SO42– –0.3588
Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇥ 2 Nb + 5 H2O –0.644 PbSO4 + 2 e ⇥ Pb(Hg) + SO42– –0.3505
Nd3+ + 3 e ⇥ Nd –2.323 Pd2+ + 2 e ⇥ Pd 0.951
Nd2+ + 2 e ⇥ Nd –2.1 [PdCl4]2– + 2 e ⇥ Pd + 4 Cl– 0.591
Nd3+ + e ⇥ Nd2+ –2.7 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e ⇥ [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 1.288
Ni2+ + 2 e ⇥ Ni –0.257 Pd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Pd + 2 OH– 0.07
Ni(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Ni + 2 OH– –0.72 Pm2+ + 2 e ⇥ Pm –2.2
NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ Ni2+ + 2 H2O 1.678 Pm3+ + 3 e ⇥ Pm –2.30
NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇥ Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– –0.490 Pm3+ + e ⇥ Pm2+ –2.6
No3+ + e ⇥ No2+ 1.4 Po4+ + 2 e ⇥ Po2+ 0.9
No3+ + 3 e ⇥ No –1.20 Po4+ + 4 e ⇥ Po 0.76
No2+ + 2 e ⇥ No –2.50 Pr4+ + e ⇥ Pr3+ 3.2
Np3+ + 3 e ⇥ Np –1.856 Pr2+ + 2 e ⇥ Pr –2.0
Np4+ + e ⇥ Np3+ 0.147 Pr3+ + 3 e ⇥ Pr –2.353
NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e ⇥ Np(OH)3 –0.962 Pr3+ + e ⇥ Pr2+ –3.1
O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ H2O2 0.695 Pt2+ + 2 e ⇥ Pt 1.18
O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ 2 H2O 1.229 [PtCl4]2– + 2 e ⇥ Pt + 4 Cl– 0.755
O2 + H2O + 2 e ⇥ HO2– + OH– –0.076 [PtCl6]2– + 2 e ⇥ [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 0.68
O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇥ H2O2 + 2 OH– –0.146 Pt(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Pt + 2 OH– 0.14
O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇥ 4 OH– 0.401 PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ PtO2 + H2O 1.7
O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ O2 + H2O 2.076 PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ Pt(OH)22+ + H2O 1.5
O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇥ O2 + 2 OH– 1.24 PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇥ Pt + H2O 1.2
O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ H2O 2.421 PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ PtO + H2O 1.01
OH + e ⇥ OH– 2.02 PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Pt + 2 H2O 1.00
HO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ 3 OH– 0.878 Pu3+ + 3 e ⇥ Pu –2.031
OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇥ Os + 4 H2O 0.838 Pu4+ + e ⇥ Pu3+ 1.006
OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ OsO2 + 2 H2O 1.02 Pu5+ + e ⇥ Pu4+ 1.099
[Os(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇥ [Os(bipy)2]2+ 0.81 PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ Pu(OH)4 1.325
[Os(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇥ [Os(bipy)3]2+ 0.80 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e ⇥ PuO2OH + H2O 1.062
P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇥ PH3(g) –0.111 Ra2+ + 2 e ⇥ Ra –2.8
P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇥ PH3(g) –0.063 Rb+ + e ⇥ Rb –2.98
P + 3 H2O + 3 e ⇥ PH3(g) + 3 OH– –0.87 Re3+ + 3 e ⇥ Re 0.300

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

 ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)

Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V

ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇥ ReO2 + 2 H2O 0.510 SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Si + 2 H2O 0.857

ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Re + 2 H2O 0.2513 SiO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇥ Si + 6 OH– –1.697
ReO4– + 2 H+ + e ⇥ ReO3 + H2O 0.768 Sm3+ + e ⇥ Sm2+ –1.55
ReO4– + 4 H2O + 7 e ⇥ Re + 8 OH– –0.584 Sm3+ + 3 e ⇥ Sm –2.304
ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇥ Re + 4 H2O 0.368 Sm2+ + 2 e ⇥ Sm –2.68
Rh+ + e ⇥ Rh 0.600 Sn2+ + 2 e ⇥ Sn –0.1375
Rh+ + 2e⇥ Rh 0.600 Sn4+ + 2 e ⇥ Sn2+ 0.151
Rh3+ + 3 e ⇥ Rh 0.758 Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇥ Sn2+ + 3 H2O 0.142
[RhCl6]3– + 3 e ⇥ Rh + 6 Cl– 0.431 SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e–⇥ Sn2+ + 2 H2O –0.094
RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e ⇥ Rh + H2O 0.83 SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Sn + 2 H2O –0.117
Ru2+ + 2 e ⇥ Ru 0.455 SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇥ SnOH+ + H2O –0.194
Ru3+ + e ⇥ Ru2+ 0.2487 SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇥ Sn + 4 OH– –0.945
RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ Ru2+ + 2 H2O 1.120 HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ Sn + 3 OH– –0.909
RuO4– + e ⇥ RuO42– 0.59 Sn(OH)62– + 2 e ⇥ HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O –0.93
RuO4 + e ⇥ RuO4– 1.00 Sr+ + e ⇥ Sr –4.10
RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O 1.40 Sr2+ + 2 e ⇥ Sr –2.899
RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇥ Ru + 4 H2O 1.038 Sr2+ + 2 e ⇥ Sr(Hg) –1.793
[Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e–⇥ [Ru(bipy)3]2+ 1.24 Sr(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Sr + 2 OH– –2.88
[Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e–⇥ [Ru(H2O)6]2+ 0.23 Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇥ 2 Ta + 5 H2O –0.750
[Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e–⇥ [Ru(NH3)6]2+ 0.10 Ta3+ + 3 e ⇥ Ta –0.6
[Ru(en)3]3+ + e –⇥ [Ru(en)3]2+ 0.210 Tc2+ + 2 e ⇥ Tc 0.400
[Ru(CN)6]3– + e–⇥ [Ru(CN)6]4– 0.86 TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇥ TcO2 + 2 H2O 0.782
S + 2 e ⇥ S2– –0.47627 Tc3+ + e ⇥ Tc2+ 0.3
S + 2H+ + 2 e ⇥ H2S(aq) 0.142 TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇥ Tc + 4 H2O 0.472
S + H2O + 2 e ⇥ SH– + OH– –0.478 Tb4+ + e ⇥ Tb3+ 3.1
2 S + 2 e ⇥ S22– –0.42836 Tb3+ + 3 e ⇥ Tb –2.28
S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 H2SO3 0.564 Te + 2 e ⇥ Te2– –1.143
S2O82– + 2 e ⇥ 2 SO42– 2.010 Te + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ H2Te –0.793
S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 HSO4– 2.123 Te4+ + 4 e ⇥ Te 0.568
S4O62– + 2 e ⇥ 2 S2O32– 0.08 TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Te + 2 H2O 0.593
2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e ⇥ HS2O4– + 2 H2O –0.056 TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇥ Te + 6 OH– –0.57
H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ S + 3 H2O 0.449 TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇥ Te + 4 H2O 0.472
2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇥ S2O42– + 4 OH– –1.12 H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ TeO2 + 4 H2O 1.02
2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇥ S2O32– + 6 OH– –0.571 Th4+ + 4 e ⇥ Th –1.899
SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ H2SO3 + H2O 0.172 ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Th + 2 H2O –1.789
2 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ S2O62– + H2O –0.22 Th(OH)4 + 4 e ⇥ Th + 4 OH– –2.48
SO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ SO32– + 2 OH– –0.93 Ti2+ + 2 e ⇥ Ti –1.630
Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇥ SbH3 –0.510 Ti3+ + e ⇥ Ti2+ –0.9
Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇥ 2 Sb + 3 H2O 0.152 TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ Ti2+ + 2 H2O –0.502
Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Sb2O3 + 2 H2O 0.671 Ti3+ + 3 e ⇥ Ti –1.37
Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Sb2O3 + 2 H2O 0.649 TiOH3+ + H+ + e ⇥ Ti3+ + H2O –0.055
Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇥ 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O 0.581 Tl+ + e ⇥ Tl –0.336
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇥ Sb + 2 H2O 0.212 Tl+ + e ⇥ Tl(Hg) –0.3338
SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇥ Sb + 4 OH– –0.66 Tl3+ + 2 e ⇥ Tl+ 1.252
SbO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ SbO2– + 2 OH– –0.59 Tl3+ + 3 e ⇥ Tl 0.741
Sc3+ + 3 e ⇥ Sc –2.077 TlBr + e ⇥ Tl + Br– –0.658
Se + 2 e ⇥ Se2– –0.924 TlCl + e ⇥ Tl + Cl– –0.5568
Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ H2Se(aq) –0.399 TlI + e ⇥ Tl + I– –0.752
H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Se + 3 H2O 0.74 Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇥ 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– 0.02
Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ H2Se –0.082 TlOH + e ⇥ Tl + OH– –0.34
SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇥ Se + 6 OH– –0.366 Tl(OH)3 + 2 e ⇥ TlOH + 2 OH– –0.05
SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ H2SeO3 + H2O 1.151 Tl2SO4 + 2 e ⇥ Tl + SO42– –0.4360
SeO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ SeO32– + 2 OH– 0.05 Tm3+ + e ⇥ Tm2+ –2.2
SiF62– + 4 e ⇥ Si + 6 F– –1.24 Tm3+ + 3 e ⇥ Tm –2.319
SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ Si + H2O –0.8 Tm2+ + 2 e ⇥ Tm –2.4

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

 ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)

Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V

U3+ + 3 e ⇥ U –1.798 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ W2O5 + H2O –0.029

U4+ + e ⇥ U3+ –0.607 H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ XeO3 + 3 H2O 2.42
UO2+ + 4 H+ + e ⇥ U4+ + 2 H2O 0.612 XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇥ Xe + 3 H2O 2.10
UO22+ + e ⇥ UO+2 0.062 XeF + e ⇥ Xe + F– 3.4
UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ U4+ + 2 H2O 0.327 Y3+ + 3 e ⇥ Y –2.372
UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e ⇥ U + 2 H2O –1.444 Yb3+ + e ⇥ Yb2+ –1.05
V2+ + 2 e ⇥ V –1.175 Yb3+ + 3 e ⇥ Yb –2.19
V3+ + e ⇥ V2+ –0.255 Yb2+ + 2 e ⇥ Yb –2.76
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇥ V3+ + H2O 0.337 Zn2+ + 2 e ⇥ Zn –0.7618
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇥ VO2+ + H2O 0.991 Zn2+ + 2 e ⇥ Zn(Hg) –0.7628
V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O 0.957 ZnO22– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇥ Zn + 4 OH– –1.215
V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇥ 2 V + 5 H2O –0.242 ZnSO4 ⇤ 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O –0.7993
V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e ⇥ VO2+ + 3 H2O 1.00 (Saturated ZnSO4)
V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e ⇥ V + 4 H2O –0.254 ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇥ Zn + H2O –0.497
[V(phen)3]3+ + e ⇥ [V(phen)3]2+ 0.14 Zn(OH)42– + 2 e ⇥ Zn + 4 OH– –1.199
W3+ + 3 e ⇥ W 0.1 Zn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Zn + 2 OH– –1.249
W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 WO2 + H2O –0.031 ZnO + H2O + 2 e ⇥ Zn + 2 OH– –1.260
WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ W + 2 H2O –0.119 ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇥ Zr + 2 H2O –1.553
WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇥ W + 3 H2O –0.090 ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇥ Zr + 4 OH– –2.36
WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ WO2 + H2O 0.036 Zr4+ + 4 e ⇥ Zr –1.45

TABLE 2
Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode

Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V

2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ H2 0.00000 Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇥ Sn2+ + 3 H2O 0.142

CuI2– + e ⇥ Cu + 2 I– 0.00 Np4+ + e ⇥ Np3+ 0.147
Ge4+ + 2 e ⇥ Ge2+ 0.00 Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e ⇥ 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– 0.1478
NO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ NO2– + 2 OH– 0.01 IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇥ IO– + 4 OH– 0.15
Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇥ 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– 0.02 Mn(OH)3 + e ⇥ Mn(OH)2 + OH– 0.15
SeO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇥ SeO32– + 2 OH– 0.05 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇥ N2O + 6 OH– 0.15
WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇥ WO2 + H2O 0.036 Sn4+ + 2 e ⇥ Sn2+ 0.151
UO22+ + e = UO2+ 0.062 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇥ 2 Sb + 3 H2O 0.152
Pd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Pd + 2 OH– 0.07 Cu2+ + e ⇥ Cu+ 0.153
AgBr + e ⇥ Ag + Br– 0.07133 BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇥ Bi + Cl– + H2O 0.1583
MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇥ Mo + 3 H2O 0.075 BiCl4– + 3 e ⇥ Bi + 4 Cl– 0.16
S4O62– + 2 e ⇥ 2 S2O32– 0.08 Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ 2 FeOH+ + H2O 0.16
H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e ⇥ 7 Mo + 24 H2O 0.082 Co(OH)3 + e ⇥ Co(OH)2 + OH– 0.17
AgSCN + e ⇥ Ag + SCN– 0.8951 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇥ H2SO3 + H2O 0.172
N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇥ 2 NH4OH 0.092 Bi3+ + 2 e ⇥ Bi+ 0.2
HgO + H2O + 2 e ⇥ Hg + 2 OH– 0.0977 [Ru(en)3]3+ + e ⇥ [Ru(en)3]2+ 0.210
Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇥ 2 Ir + 6 OH– 0.098 SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇥ Sb + 2 H2O 0.212
2 NO + 2 e ⇥ N2O22– 0.10 AgCl + e ⇥ Ag + Cl– 0.22233
[Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e ⇥ [Ru(NH3)6]2+ 0.10 [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e ⇥ [Ru(H2O)6]2+ 0.23
W3+ + 3 e ⇥ W 0.1 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇥ 2 As + 3 H2O 0.234
[Co(NH3)6]3+ + e ⇥ [Co(NH3)6]2+ 0.108 Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) 0.2360
Hg2O + H2O + 2 e ⇥ 2 Hg + 2 OH– 0.123 Ge2+ + 2 e ⇥ Ge 0.24
Ge4+ + 4 e ⇥ Ge 0.124 Ru3+ + e ⇥ Ru2+ 0.24
Hg2Br2 + 2 e ⇥ 2 Hg + 2 Br– 0.13923 Calomel electrode, saturated KCl 0.2412
Pt(OH)2 + 2 e ⇥ Pt + 2 OH– 0.14 PbO2 + H2O + 2 e ⇥ PbO + 2 OH– 0.247
[V(phen)3]3+ + e ⇥ [V(phen)3]2+ 0.14 HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇥ As + 2 H2O 0.248
S + 2H+ + 2 e ⇥ H2S(aq) 0.142 Ru3+ + e ⇥ Ru2+ 0.2487

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

 MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI

The molar conductivity of an electrolyte solution is defined as the conductivity divided by amount-of-substance concentration. The customary
unit is S cm2mol-1 (i.e., ⇥-1 cm2mol-1). The first part of this table gives the molar conductivity of the hydrohalogen acids at 25°C as a function of the
concentration in mol/L. The second part gives the temperature dependence of for HCl and HBr. More extensive tables and mathematical
representations may be found in the reference.

REFERENCE

Hamer, W.J., and DeWane, H.J., Electrolytic Conductance and the Conductances of the Hydrohalogen Acids in Water, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.-
Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 33, 1970.

c/mol L–1 HF HCl HBr HI c/mol L–1 HF HCl HBr HI

Inf. dil. 405.1 426.1 427.7 426.4 3.5 218.3 217.5 215.4
0.0001 424.5 425.9 424.6 4.0 200.0 199.4 195.1
0.0005 422.6 424.3 423.0 4.5 183.1 182.4 176.8
0.001 421.2 422.9 421.7 5.0 167.4 166.5 160.4
0.005 128.1 415.7 417.6 416.4 5.5 152.9 151.8 145.5
0.01 96.1 411.9 413.7 412.8 6.0 139.7 138.2 131.7
0.05 50.1 398.9 400.4 400.8 6.5 127.7 125.7 118.6
0.10 39.1 391.1 391.9 394.0 7.0 116.9 114.2 105.7
0.5 26.3 360.7 361.9 369.8 7.5 107.0 103.8
1.0 24.3 332.2 334.5 343.9 8.0 98.2 94.4
1.5 305.8 307.6 316.4 8.5 90.3 85.8
2.0 281.4 281.7 288.9 9.0 83.1
2.5 258.9 257.8 262.5 9.5 76.6
3.0 237.6 236.8 237.9 10.0 70.7

c/mol L–1 –20°C –10°C 0°C 10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C

HCl

0.5 228.7 283.0 336.4 386.8 436.9 482.4

1.0 211.7 261.6 312.2 359.0 402.9 445.3
1.5 196.2 241.5 287.5 331.1 371.6 410.8
2.0 182.0 222.7 262.9 303.3 342.4 378.2
2.5 131.7 168.5 205.1 239.8 277.0 315.2 347.6
3.0 120.8 154.6 188.5 219.3 253.3 289.3 319.0
3.5 85.5 111.3 139.6 172.2 201.6 232.9 263.9 292.1
4.0 79.3 102.7 129.2 158.1 185.6 214.2 242.2 268.2
4.5 73.7 94.9 119.5 145.4 170.6 196.6 222.5 246.7
5.0 68.5 87.8 110.3 133.5 156.6 180.2 204.1 226.5
5.5 63.6 81.1 101.7 122.5 143.6 165.0 187.1 207.7
6.0 58.9 74.9 93.7 112.3 131.5 151.0 171.3 190.3
6.5 54.4 69.1 86.2 103.0 120.4 138.2 156.9 174.3
7.0 50.2 63.7 79.3 94.4 110.2 126.4 143.3 159.7
7.5 46.3 58.6 73.0 86.5 100.9 115.7 131.6 146.2
8.0 42.7 54.0 67.1 79.4 92.4 106.1 120.6 134.0
8.5 39.4 49.8 61.7 72.9 84.7 97.3 110.7 123.0
9.0 36.4 45.9 56.8 67.1 77.8 89.4 101.7 112.9
9.5 33.6 42.3 52.3 61.8 71.5 82.3 93.6 103.9
10.0 31.2 39.1 48.2 57.0 65.8 75.9 86.3 95.7
10.5 28.9 36.1 44.5 52.7 60.7 70.1 79.6 88.4
11.0 26.8 33.4 41.1 48.8 56.1 64.9 73.6 81.7
11.5 24.9 31.0 38.0 45.3 51.9 60.1 68.0 75.6
12.0 23.1 28.7 35.3 42.0 48.0 55.6 62.8 70.0
12.5 21.4 26.7 32.7 39.0 44.4 51.4 57.9 64.8

5-90
 MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI (continued)
c/mol L–1 –20°C –10°C 0°C 10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C
HBr

0.5 240.9 295.9 347.0 398.9 453.6 496.8

1.0 229.6 276.0 329.0 380.4 418.6 465.2
1.5 209.5 254.9 298.9 340.6 381.8 421.4
2.0 150.8 188.6 231.3 271.8 314.1 350.5 387.4
2.5 136.8 171.7 208.3 244.8 281.7 316.0 349.1
3.0 125.7 157.2 189.5 222.2 255.0 287.8 318.6
3.5 116.1 144.1 174.6 203.2 234.4 263.7 291.9
4.0 84.0 107.5 132.3 160.2 186.8 214.2 239.7 266.9
4.5 78.0 99.0 123.0 146.4 171.2 195.1 218.8 242.6
5.0 72.3 91.4 112.6 134.0 155.7 178.2 199.6 221.3
5.5 67.0 84.2 103.1 122.7 142.1 162.8 181.4 201.8
6.0 61.8 77.2 94.3 112.0 129.6 148.0 165.4 183.4
6.5 56.8 70.7 86.0 102.0 118.0 134.1 150.5 166.3
7.0 51.9 64.6 78.4 92.6 107.1 121.4 136.3 150.8

5-91
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✏◆⌥ ⇤ ⇣⌅✏⌘↵⌘ ! ⌥ ⌘ ⇧◆ ⌥ ⇧✓ ⌥ ⌃ ✏◆ ◆⌃⌥ ⇡⌘ ⌥ ⌅ ⌥ ⇣ ↵⇧⌦ ⇧⌘✏⌥ ⌘⇡⌥ ⇣⌘✏◆ ⇣ ⇧ ⇧ ⌥ ⇣ ↵↵⌃ ⌥ ⇤⌅ ⌥ ✓ ⌃ ✓ ✏ ⌃⌥ ⌥ ⌧ ⌧⇥ ⌥ ✏◆⌥ ⌧ ⇥ ⌥ ✓⌘↵ ↵⌥ ⌥ ◆ ⌃⇣ ⇧⌦ ◆⌥ ⇧✏
( ⇡ ✏⇣ ⌥ ⇥ ! ⌥ ⌅⇧↵ ⌥ ⌅⌘⌃ ⌥ ⌥ ⇥ ⌧⌥ ✓⌘↵ ↵⌥ ⌥ ⇧✏⌥ ( ⇡ ✏⇣ ⌥ ) ⌥ ⇤ ✓ ⌃⌥ ⌥ ⇧ ✏⌥ ⌘✏⌥ ⌅ ⌥ &⇤' * ⌧⌥ ⌃⇣ ↵ ⌥ ⇤⌅ ⌥ ✏⇣ ⇧✏ ⌥ ⇧✏⌥ ⌅ ⌥ ⇣⌘✏◆ ⇣ ⇧ ⇧ ⌥ ⇧⌃⌥ ⌦⌘
⌧ ⌧+ , ⌥ ⇡⌘ ⌥ ⌅ ⌥ ⌧ ⌧⇥ ⌥ ✓⌘↵ ↵⌥ ↵ ⌃⌥ ✏◆⌥ ⌦⌘ ⌥ ⌧ ⌧-, ⌥ ⇡⌘ ⌥ ⌅ ⌥ ⌧ ⇥ ⌥ ✏◆⌥ ⇥ ⌧⌥ ✓⌘↵ ↵⌥ ↵ ⌃ ⌥ ⇤⌅ ⌥ ⇣⌘✏◆ ⇣ ⇧ ⇧ ⌥ ⌘⇡⌥ ⌥⌃ ◆⌥ ⇧ ⌅⌥ ✓⌘⌃ ⌅ ⇧⇣⌥ ". ) ⌥ ⇧⌃
⇧ ✏⌥ ⇧✏⌥ ⌅ ⌥ ↵ ⌃ ⌥ ⇣⌘↵ ✓✏ ⌥ ⇤⌅ ⌃ ⌥ ↵ ⌃⌥ ⌥ ⌃ ⌦ ⇣ ◆⌥ ⇡ ⌘✓⌥ ⌅ ⌥ ⌘ ⇧ ⇧✏ ↵⌥ ✓ ⌃ ✓ ✏ ⌃⌥ ⌘⌥ ⇧ ⌥ ⌅ ⌥ ↵ ⌃⌥ ⇧✏⌥ ⌅ ⌥ ⌃ ⇣⌘✏◆! ⌥ ⌅⇧ ◆! ⌥ ✏◆⌥ ⇡⌘ ⌅
⇣⌘↵ ✓✏⌃ ⌥ /↵↵⌥ k⌥ ↵ ⌃⌥ ⌥ ⇧ ✏⌥ ⇧✏⌥ ✏⇧ ⌃⌥ ⌘⇡⌥ ⇥ ⌧ *-⌥ ' ✓⌥ ⌫✏ ✓ ⇧⇣ ↵↵⌥ ⇢ ↵⌥ ⌘⌥ m' ⇣✓⇠
⇤⌅ ⌥ ⌃⌃⇧⌃ ✏⇣ ⌥ ⌘⇡⌥ 0 ✏✏ ⌅⌥ 1 ⌥ 2 ⌥ ⇧⌃⌥ ⇣⇧ ◆

⌘ ⌃↵ ⇤

⇥ 1 ! ⌥ 3 " ! ⌥ 0⌘⇣⌅! ⌥ 1 4 ! ⌥ ✏◆⌥ 2 ! ⌥ 0 1 ! ⌥ ⇥ ⇤ ⌅⇧⌃⇥ ⇤ ⌥ ⌦⇥ ⇤ ↵ ⌃ ⇥ ⇤ ⇥ ⇤ ✏⇧⇣⌘ ✓⌦ ⌥ 5! ⌥ ⇥ ⇥ ! ⌥ ⇥ ⇥

) 1 ! ⌥ 3 " ! ⌥ 0⌘⇣⌅! ⌥ 1 4 ! ⌥ 4 ✏ ! ⌥ 6 ! ⌥ 7⌘↵↵ ✏◆! ⌥ 8 / ! ⌥ 9 ⌅ ⌃:! ⌥ ; ! ⌥ / ! ⌥ ; ! ⌥ ✏◆⌥ ⇤⌘✓ ! ⌥ / ! ⌥ ⇥ ⇤ ⌅⇧⌃⇥ ⇤ ⌥ ⌦⇥ ⇤ ↵ ⌃ ⇥ ⇤ ⇥ ⇤ ✏⇧⇣⌘ ✓⌦⇥ ⌥ ◆ ⌥ )-⇥ ! ⌥ ⇥ -
⌥⌥⌥⌥⌥⌥+ 2 ! ⌥ 0 1 ! ⌥ 0⌘⇣⌅! ⌥ 1 4 ! ⌥ 1 ! ⌥ 3 " ! ⌥ ✏◆⌥ < : ✏⌃ ! ⌥ 2 / ! ⌥  ⇧⇤ ⌫⇠⇠⌦⇥ ⇤ ⇡⌘⇧⇢⇥ ⌥ =+ ! ⌥ ⇥ => + ! ⌥ )⌧⌧⇥

⇠ ⇡ ⇢ k ⇤ ⌧ ⇥⇠

⌫↵ ⇡ ⇡⇠ ⌧ ⌦↵ ⇡ ⇠ ⌧ ⌦↵ ⇠ ⇡ ⌧ ⌦↵ ↵ !"# $

⌧ ⌥ ==) ) ⌥ =⌥ ⇥ ⇥ 5 > # ⌥ 5+ ⌥ -> > ⌥ ⌧ #>

# ⌥> ⌧ 5 ⌥ > ⌥ ⇥ > + =⌧ ⌥ =)⌥ ⌧+ ⌧ ⌥ ⌧ 5>
⇥⌧ ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ ⌧⇥ + # ⌥ ⌥ ) ⇥ =) ⌥ > ⌧⌥ > -- ⌥⌧=
⇥# ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ ⇥ -⇥ -# ⌥ ⇥ ⌧⌥ -+ = ⇥ ⌥ > ⌥ ⌧⌧ ⌥⌧>
⇥> ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ )⇥ + ⌥ ⇥ ⇥ ⌥ ⇥ -⌧ 5 ⌥ ?* ⌥⌧ #
)⌧ ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ )=+ ⌧+ ⌥ ⇥ ⇥ ⌥ 5⇥ # ⌥ ⌥ ⇥ =⌧ ⌥⌧
)# ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ -⌧> )+ ⌥ ⇥ )⌥ > )- 5 ⌥ ⇥ ⌧> ⌥ 5)⌧ ⌥⇥ ⇥⌧
+⌧ ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ #-5 5+ ⌥ ⇥ -⌥ ⌧# ) ⌥ ⇥ ⇥ > ⌥ )-⌧ ⌥ ⇥ )⌧
+# ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ 5> = = ⌥ ⇥ #⌥ + ⇥ 5 ⌧ ⌥ ⇥ )=⌥ =⌧ ⌥ ⇥ +⌧
-⌧ ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ > + ⇥ )= ⌥ ⇥ 5⌥ # ⇥ ⌧ ⌥ ⇥ + =⌥ > ⇥ ⌧ ⌥ ⇥ -⌧
-# ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ =5 5) ⌥ ⇥ =⌥ > > ⌧ 5 ⌥ ⇥ -=⌥ =)⌧ ⌥ ⇥ #⇥
#⌧ ⌥ )⌥ ⇥ )+ -+ ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ ⇥ >⌧ ⌥ ⇥ #=⌥ 5=⌧ ⌥ ⇥ 5⇥

⇥ ⇥
 EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Petr Vanýsek

This table gives the equivalent (molar) conductivity at 25°C for some common electrolytes in aqueous solution at concentrations up to 0.1 mol/
L. The units of are 10–4 m2 S mol–1.
For very dilute solutions, the equivalent conductivity for any electrolyte of concentration c can be approximately calculated using the Debye-
Hückel-Onsager equation, which can be written for a symmetrical (equal charge on cation and anion) electrolyte as

= ° – (A + B °)c1/2

For a solution at 25°C and both cation and anion with charge *1*, the constants are A = 60.20 and B = 0.229. ° can be found from the next table, “Ionic
Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution”. The equation is reliable for c < 0.001 mol/L; with higher concentration the error increases.

Concentration (mol/L)
Infinite
Compound dilution 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1

AgNO3 133.29 131.29 130.45 127.14 124.70 121.35 115.18 109.09

1/2BaCl2 139.91 135.89 134.27 127.96 123.88 119.03 111.42 105.14
1/2CaCl2 135.77 131.86 130.30 124.19 120.30 115.59 108.42 102.41
1/2Ca(OH)2 258 — — 233 226 214 — —
1/2CuSO4 133.6 121.6 115.20 94.02 83.08 72.16 59.02 50.55
HCl 425.95 422.53 421.15 415.59 411.80 407.04 398.89 391.13
KBr 151.9 149.8 148.9 146.02 143.36 140.41 135.61 131.32
KCl 149.79 147.74 146.88 143.48 141.20 138.27 133.30 128.90
KClO4 139.97 138.69 137.80 134.09 131.39 127.86 121.56 115.14
1/3K3Fe(CN)6 174.5 166.4 163.1 150.7 — — — —
1/4K4Fe(CN)6 184 — 167.16 146.02 134.76 122.76 107.65 97.82
KHCO3 117.94 116.04 115.28 112.18 110.03 107.17 — —
KI 150.31 148.2 143.32 144.30 142.11 139.38 134.90 131.05
KIO4 127.86 125.74 124.88 121.18 118.45 114.08 106.67 98.2
KNO3 144.89 142.70 141.77 138.41 132.75 132.34 126.25 120.34
KMnO4 134.8 132.7 131.9 — 126.5 — — 113
KOH 271.5 — 234 230 228 — 219 213
KReO4 128.20 126.03 125.12 121.31 118.49 114.49 106.40 97.40
1/3LaCl3 145.9 139.6 137.0 127.5 121.8 115.3 106.2 99.1
LiCl 114.97 113.09 112.34 109.35 107.27 104.60 100.06 95.81
LiClO4 105.93 104.13 103.39 100.52 98.56 96.13 92.15 88.52
1/2MgCl2 129.34 125.55 124.15 118.25 114.49 109.99 103.03 97.05
NH4Cl 149.6 147.5 146.7 134.4 141.21 138.25 133.22 128.69
NaCl 126.39 124.44 123.68 120.59 118.45 115.70 111.01 106.69
NaClO4 117.42 115.58 114.82 111.70 109.54 106.91 102.35 98.38
NaI 126.88 125.30 124.19 121.19 119.18 116.64 112.73 108.73
NaOOCCH3 91.0 89.2 88.5 85.68 83.72 81.20 76.88 72.76
NaOH 247.7 245.5 244.6 240.7 237.9 — — —
Na picrate 80.45 78.7 78.6 75.7 73.7 — 66.3 61.8
1/2Na2SO4 129.8 125.68 124.09 117.09 112.38 106.73 97.70 89.94
1/2SrCl2 135.73 131.84 130.27 124.18 120.23 115.48 108.20 102.14
1/2ZnSO4 132.7 121.3 114.47 95.44 84.87 74.20 61.17 52.61

5-92
 IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION
Petr Vanýsek

This table gives the molar (equivalent) conductivity for common ions at infinite dilution. All values refer to aqueous solutions at 25°C. It also
lists the diffusion coefficient D of the ion in dilute aqueous solution, which is related to through the equation

(
D = RT / F 2 )( / z)
where R is the molar gas constant, T the temperature, F the Faraday constant, and z the charge on the ion. The variation with temperature is fairly sharp;
for typical ions, and D increase by 2 to 3% per degree as the temperature increases from 25°C.
The diffusion coefficient for a salt, Dsalt, may be calculated from the D+ and D– values of the constituent ions by the relation

Dsalt =
(z+ + z– )D+ D–
z + D+ + z – D–
For solutions of simple, pure electrolytes (one positive and one negative ionic species), such as NaCl, equivalent ionic conductivity ⇤°, which is
the conductivity per unit concentration of charge, is defined as

⇤° = + + –

where + and – are equivalent ionic conductivities of the cation and anion. The more general formula is

⇤° = ⌅+ + + ⌅⌥ ⌥

where ⌅+ and ⌅⌥ refer to the number of moles of cations and anions to which one mole of the electrolyte gives a rise in the solution.

REFERENCES

1. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972, 2—226.
2. Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H., Electrolyte Solutions, Butterworths, London, 1959.
3. Lobo, V. M. M., and Quaresma, J. L., Handbook of Electrolyte Solutions, Physical Science Data Series 41, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989.
4. Conway, B. E., Electrochemical Data, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1952.
5. Milazzo, G., Electrochemistry: Theoretical Principles and Practical Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1963.

D D
Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1 Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1

Inorganic Cations
1/3Ho3+ 66.3 0.589
Ag+ 61.9 1.648 K+ 73.48 1.957
1/3Al3+ 61 0.541 1/3La3+ 69.7 0.619
1/2Ba2+ 63.6 0.847 Li+ 38.66 1.029
1/2Be2+ 45 0.599 1/2Mg2+ 53.0 0.706
1/2Ca2+ 59.47 0.792 1/2Mn2+ 53.5 0.712
1/2Cd2+ 54 0.719 NH4+ 73.5 1.957
1/3Ce3+ 69.8 0.620 N2H5+ 59 1.571
1/2Co2+ 55 0.732 Na+ 50.08 1.334
1/3[Co(NH3)6]3+ 101.9 0.904 1/3Nd3+ 69.4 0.616
1/3[Co(en)3]3+ 74.7 0.663 1/2Ni2+ 49.6 0.661
1/6[Co2(trien)3]6+ 69 0.306 1/4[Ni2(trien)3]4+ 52 0.346
1/3Cr3+ 67 0.595 1/2Pb2+ 71 0.945
Cs+ 77.2 2.056 1/3Pr3+ 69.5 0.617
1/2Cu2+ 53.6 0.714 1/2Ra2+ 66.8 0.889
D+ 249.9 6.655 Rb+ 77.8 2.072
1/3Dy3+ 65.6 0.582 1/3Sc3+ 64.7 0.574
1/3Er3+ 65.9 0.585 1/3Sm3+ 68.5 0.608
1/3Eu3+ 67.8 0.602 1/2Sr2+ 59.4 0.791
1/2Fe2+ 54 0.719 Tl+ 74.7 1.989
1/3Fe3+ 68 0.604 1/3Tm3+ 65.4 0.581
1/3Gd3+ 67.3 0.597 1/2UO22+ 32 0.426
H+ 349.65 9.311 1/3Y3+ 62 0.550
1/2Hg2+ 68.6 0.913 1/3Yb3+ 65.6 0.582
1/2Hg2+ 63.6 0.847 1/2Zn2+ 52.8 0.703

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 IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued)

D D
Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1 Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1

Inorganic Anions 1/2SeO42- 75.7 1.008

1/2WO42- 69 0.919
Au(CN)2- 50 1.331
Au(CN)4- 36 0.959 Organic Cations
B(C6H5)4- 21 0.559
Br- 78.1 2.080 Benzyltrimethylammonium+ 34.6 0.921
Br3- 43 1.145 Isobutylammonium+ 38 1.012
BrO3- 55.7 1.483 Butyltrimethylammonium+ 33.6 0.895
CN- 78 2.077 Decylpyridinium+ 29.5 0.786
CNO- 64.6 1.720 Decyltrimethylammonium+ 24.4 0.650
1/2CO32- 69.3 0.923 Diethylammonium+ 42.0 1.118
Cl- 76.31 2.032 Dimethylammonium+ 51.8 1.379
ClO2- 52 1.385 Dipropylammonium+ 30.1 0.802
ClO3- 64.6 1.720 Dodecylammonium+ 23.8 0.634
ClO4- 67.3 1.792 Dodecyltrimethylammonium+ 22.6 0.602
1/3[Co(CN)6]3- 98.9 0.878 Ethanolammonium+ 42.2 1.124
1/2CrO42- 85 1.132 Ethylammonium+ 47.2 1.257
F- 55.4 1.475 Ethyltrimethylammonium+ 40.5 1.078
1/4[Fe(CN)6]4- 110.4 0.735 Hexadecyltrimethylammonium+ 20.9 0.557
1/3[Fe(CN)6]3- 100.9 0.896 Hexyltrimethylammonium+ 29.6 0.788
H2AsO4- 34 0.905 Histidyl+ 23.0 0.612
HCO3- 44.5 1.185 Hydroxyethyltrimethylarsonium+ 39.4 1.049
HF2- 75 1.997 Methylammonium+ 58.7 1.563
1/2HPO42- 57 0.759 Octadecylpyridinium+ 20 0.533
H2PO4- 36 0.959 Octadecyltributylammonium+ 16.6 0.442
H2PO2- 46 1.225 Octadecyltriethylammonium+ 17.9 0.477
HS- 65 1.731 Octadecyltrimethylammonium+ 19.9 0.530
HSO3- 58 1.545 Octadecyltripropylammonium+ 17.2 0.458
HSO4- 52 1.385 Octyltrimethylammonium+ 26.5 0.706
H2SbO4- 31 0.825 Pentylammonium+ 37 0.985
I- 76.8 2.045 Piperidinium+ 37.2 0.991
IO3- 40.5 1.078 Propylammonium+ 40.8 1.086
IO4- 54.5 1.451 Pyrilammonium+ 24.3 0.647
MnO4- 61.3 1.632 Tetrabutylammonium+ 19.5 0.519
1/2MoO42- 74.5 1.984 Tetradecyltrimethylammonium+ 21.5 0.573
N(CN)2- 54.5 1.451 Tetraethylammonium+ 32.6 0.868
NO2- 71.8 1.912 Tetramethylammonium+ 44.9 1.196
NO3- 71.42 1.902 Tetraisopentylammonium+ 17.9 0.477
NH2SO3- 48.3 1.286 Tetrapentylammmonium+ 17.5 0.466
N3- 69 1.837 Tetrapropylammonium+ 23.4 0.623
OCN- 64.6 1.720 Triethylammonium+ 34.3 0.913
OD- 119 3.169 Triethylsulfonium+ 36.1 0.961
OH- 198 5.273 Trimethylammonium+ 47.23 1.258
PF6- 56.9 1.515 Trimethylhexylammonium+ 34.6 0.921
1/2PO3F2- 63.3 0.843 Trimethylsulfonium+ 51.4 1.369
1/3PO43- 92.8 0.824 Tripropylammonium+ 26.1 0.695
1/4P2O74- 96 0.639
1/3P3O93- 83.6 0.742 Organic Anions
1/5P3O105- 109 0.581
ReO4- 54.9 1.462 Acetate- 40.9 1.089
SCN- 66 1.758 p-Anisate- 29.0 0.772
1/2SO32- 72 0.959 1/2Azelate2- 40.6 0.541
1/2SO42- 80.0 1.065 Benzoate- 32.4 0.863
1/2S2O32- 85.0 1.132 Bromoacetate- 39.2 1.044
1/2S2O42- 66.5 0.885 Bromobenzoate- 30 0.799
1/2S2O62- 93 1.238 Butyrate- 32.6 0.868
1/2S2O82- 86 1.145 Chloroacetate- 39.8 1.060
Sb(OH)6- 31.9 0.849 m-Chlorobenzoate- 31 0.825
SeCN- 64.7 1.723 o-Chlorobenzoate- 30.2 0.804

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 IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued)

D D
Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1 Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1
1/3Citrate3- 70.2 0.623 Iodoacetate- 40.6 1.081
Crotonate- 33.2 0.884 Lactate- 38.8 1.033
Cyanoacetate- 43.4 1.156 1/2Malate2- 58.8 0.783
Cyclohexane carboxylate- 28.7 0.764 1/2Maleate2- 61.9 0.824
1/2 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylate2- 53.4 0.711 1/2Malonate2- 63.5 0.845
Decylsulfate- 26 0.692 Methylsulfate- 48.8 1.299
Dichloroacetate- 38.3 1.020 Naphthylacetate- 28.4 0.756
1/2Diethylbarbiturate2- 26.3 0.350 1/2Oxalate2- 74.11 0.987
Dihydrogencitrate- 30 0.799 Octylsulfate- 29 0.772
1/2Dimethylmalonate2- 49.4 0.658 Phenylacetate- 30.6 0.815
3,5-Dinitrobenzoate- 28.3 0.754 1/2o-Phthalate2- 52.3 0.696
Dodecylsulfate- 24 0.639 1/2m-Phthalate2- 54.7 0.728
Ethylmalonate- 49.3 1.313 Picrate- 30.37 0.809
Ethylsulfate- 39.6 1.055 Pivalate- 31.9 0.849
Fluoroacetate- 44.4 1.182 Propionate- 35.8 0.953
Fluorobenzoate- 33 0.879 Propylsulfate- 37.1 0.988
Formate- 54.6 1.454 Salicylate- 36 0.959
1/2Fumarate2- 61.8 0.823 1/2Suberate2- 36 0.479
1/2Glutarate2- 52.6 0.700 1/2Succinate2- 58.8 0.783
Hydrogenoxalate- 40.2 1.070 p-Sulfonate 29.3 0.780
Isovalerate- 32.7 0.871 1/2Tartarate2- 59.6 0.794
Trichloroacetate- 35 0.932

© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC