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Petr Vanysek
There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E values, at 298.15 K (25C), and at a pressure
of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes
those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In
Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reduction
potentials which have E negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential
and range from 0.0000 V to 4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures
have lower reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional
revisions.
REFERENCES
1. G. Milazzo, S. Caroli, and V. K. Sharma, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978.
2. A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan, Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985.
3. S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 121, 1989.
TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing
TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
TABLE 2
Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode
The molar conductivity of an electrolyte solution is defined as the conductivity divided by amount-of-substance concentration. The customary
unit is S cm2mol-1 (i.e., -1 cm2mol-1). The first part of this table gives the molar conductivity of the hydrohalogen acids at 25C as a function of the
concentration in mol/L. The second part gives the temperature dependence of for HCl and HBr. More extensive tables and mathematical
representations may be found in the reference.
REFERENCE
Hamer, W.J., and DeWane, H.J., Electrolytic Conductance and the Conductances of the Hydrohalogen Acids in Water, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.-
Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 33, 1970.
Inf. dil. 405.1 426.1 427.7 426.4 3.5 218.3 217.5 215.4
0.0001 424.5 425.9 424.6 4.0 200.0 199.4 195.1
0.0005 422.6 424.3 423.0 4.5 183.1 182.4 176.8
0.001 421.2 422.9 421.7 5.0 167.4 166.5 160.4
0.005 128.1 415.7 417.6 416.4 5.5 152.9 151.8 145.5
0.01 96.1 411.9 413.7 412.8 6.0 139.7 138.2 131.7
0.05 50.1 398.9 400.4 400.8 6.5 127.7 125.7 118.6
0.10 39.1 391.1 391.9 394.0 7.0 116.9 114.2 105.7
0.5 26.3 360.7 361.9 369.8 7.5 107.0 103.8
1.0 24.3 332.2 334.5 343.9 8.0 98.2 94.4
1.5 305.8 307.6 316.4 8.5 90.3 85.8
2.0 281.4 281.7 288.9 9.0 83.1
2.5 258.9 257.8 262.5 9.5 76.6
3.0 237.6 236.8 237.9 10.0 70.7
HCl
5-90
MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI (continued)
c/mol L1 20C 10C 0C 10C 20C 30C 40C 50C
HBr
5-91
STANDARD KCl SOLUTIONS FOR CALIBRATING CONDUCTIVITY CELLS
This table presents recommended electrolytic conductivity (k) values for aqueous potassium chloride solutions with molalities of 0.01 mol/kg,
0.1 mol/kg and 1.0 mol/kg at temperatures from 0C to 50C. The values, which are based on measurements at the National Institute of Standards
and Technology, provide primary standards for the calibration of conductivity cells. The measurements at 0.01 and 0.1 molal are described in
Reference 1, while those at 1.0 molal are in Reference 2. Temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. The uncertainty in the conductivity is about
0.03% for the 0.01 molal values and about 0.04% for the 0.1 and 1.0 molal values. The conductivity of water saturated with atmospheric CO2 is
given in the last column. These values were subtracted from the original measurements to give the values in the second, third, and fourth
columns. All k values are given in units of 10-4 S/m (numerically equal to mS/cm).
The assistance of Kenneth W. Pratt is appreciated.
REFERENCES
1. Wu, Y.C., Koch, W.F., and Pratt, K.W., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 96, 191, 1991.
2. Wu, Y.C., Koch, W.F., Feng, D., Holland, L.A., Juhasz, E., Arvay, E., and Tomek, A., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 99, 241, 1994.
3. Pratt, K.W., Koch, W.F., Wu, Y.C., and Berezansky, P.A., Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 1783, 2001.
t/C 0.01 m KCl 0.1 m KCl 1.0 m KCl H2O (CO2 sat.)
5-91
EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Petr Vanysek
This table gives the equivalent (molar) conductivity at 25C for some common electrolytes in aqueous solution at concentrations up to 0.1 mol/
L. The units of are 104 m2 S mol1.
For very dilute solutions, the equivalent conductivity for any electrolyte of concentration c can be approximately calculated using the Debye-
Hckel-Onsager equation, which can be written for a symmetrical (equal charge on cation and anion) electrolyte as
= (A + B)c1/2
For a solution at 25C and both cation and anion with charge *1*, the constants are A = 60.20 and B = 0.229. can be found from the next table, Ionic
Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution. The equation is reliable for c < 0.001 mol/L; with higher concentration the error increases.
Concentration (mol/L)
Infinite
Compound dilution 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1
5-92
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION
Petr Vanysek
This table gives the molar (equivalent) conductivity for common ions at infinite dilution. All values refer to aqueous solutions at 25C. It also
lists the diffusion coefficient D of the ion in dilute aqueous solution, which is related to through the equation
( )
D = RT / F 2 ( / z )
where R is the molar gas constant, T the temperature, F the Faraday constant, and z the charge on the ion. The variation with temperature is fairly sharp;
for typical ions, and D increase by 2 to 3% per degree as the temperature increases from 25C.
The diffusion coefficient for a salt, Dsalt, may be calculated from the D+ and D values of the constituent ions by the relation
Dsalt =
(z+ + z )D+ D
z + D+ + z D
For solutions of simple, pure electrolytes (one positive and one negative ionic species), such as NaCl, equivalent ionic conductivity , which is
the conductivity per unit concentration of charge, is defined as
= + +
where + and are equivalent ionic conductivities of the cation and anion. The more general formula is
= ++ +
where + and refer to the number of moles of cations and anions to which one mole of the electrolyte gives a rise in the solution.
REFERENCES
1. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972, 2226.
2. Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H., Electrolyte Solutions, Butterworths, London, 1959.
3. Lobo, V. M. M., and Quaresma, J. L., Handbook of Electrolyte Solutions, Physical Science Data Series 41, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989.
4. Conway, B. E., Electrochemical Data, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1952.
5. Milazzo, G., Electrochemistry: Theoretical Principles and Practical Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1963.
D D
Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1 Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1
Inorganic Cations
1/3Ho3+ 66.3 0.589
Ag+ 61.9 1.648 K+ 73.48 1.957
1/3Al3+ 61 0.541 1/3La3+ 69.7 0.619
1/2Ba2+ 63.6 0.847 Li+ 38.66 1.029
1/2Be2+ 45 0.599 1/2Mg2+ 53.0 0.706
1/2Ca2+ 59.47 0.792 1/2Mn2+ 53.5 0.712
1/2Cd2+ 54 0.719 NH4+ 73.5 1.957
1/3Ce3+ 69.8 0.620 N2H5+ 59 1.571
1/2Co2+ 55 0.732 Na+ 50.08 1.334
1/3[Co(NH3)6]3+ 101.9 0.904 1/3Nd3+ 69.4 0.616
1/3[Co(en)3]3+ 74.7 0.663 1/2Ni2+ 49.6 0.661
1/6[Co2(trien)3]6+ 69 0.306 1/4[Ni2(trien)3]4+ 52 0.346
1/3Cr3+ 67 0.595 1/2Pb2+ 71 0.945
Cs+ 77.2 2.056 1/3Pr3+ 69.5 0.617
1/2Cu2+ 53.6 0.714 1/2Ra2+ 66.8 0.889
D+ 249.9 6.655 Rb+ 77.8 2.072
1/3Dy3+ 65.6 0.582 1/3Sc3+ 64.7 0.574
1/3Er3+ 65.9 0.585 1/3Sm3+ 68.5 0.608
1/3Eu3+ 67.8 0.602 1/2Sr2+ 59.4 0.791
1/2Fe2+ 54 0.719 Tl+ 74.7 1.989
1/3Fe3+ 68 0.604 1/3Tm3+ 65.4 0.581
1/3Gd3+ 67.3 0.597 1/2UO22+ 32 0.426
H+ 349.65 9.311 1/3Y3+ 62 0.550
1/2Hg2+ 68.6 0.913 1/3Yb3+ 65.6 0.582
1/2Hg2+ 63.6 0.847 1/2Zn2+ 52.8 0.703
D D
Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1 Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1
D D
Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1 Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1
1/3Citrate3- 70.2 0.623 Iodoacetate- 40.6 1.081
Crotonate- 33.2 0.884 Lactate- 38.8 1.033
Cyanoacetate- 43.4 1.156 1/2Malate2- 58.8 0.783
Cyclohexane carboxylate- 28.7 0.764 1/2Maleate2- 61.9 0.824
1/2 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylate2- 53.4 0.711 1/2Malonate2- 63.5 0.845
Decylsulfate- 26 0.692 Methylsulfate- 48.8 1.299
Dichloroacetate- 38.3 1.020 Naphthylacetate- 28.4 0.756
1/2Diethylbarbiturate2- 26.3 0.350 1/2Oxalate2- 74.11 0.987
Dihydrogencitrate- 30 0.799 Octylsulfate- 29 0.772
1/2Dimethylmalonate2- 49.4 0.658 Phenylacetate- 30.6 0.815
3,5-Dinitrobenzoate- 28.3 0.754 1/2o-Phthalate2- 52.3 0.696
Dodecylsulfate- 24 0.639 1/2m-Phthalate2- 54.7 0.728
Ethylmalonate- 49.3 1.313 Picrate- 30.37 0.809
Ethylsulfate- 39.6 1.055 Pivalate- 31.9 0.849
Fluoroacetate- 44.4 1.182 Propionate- 35.8 0.953
Fluorobenzoate- 33 0.879 Propylsulfate- 37.1 0.988
Formate- 54.6 1.454 Salicylate- 36 0.959
1/2Fumarate2- 61.8 0.823 1/2Suberate2- 36 0.479
1/2Glutarate2- 52.6 0.700 1/2Succinate2- 58.8 0.783
Hydrogenoxalate- 40.2 1.070 p-Sulfonate 29.3 0.780
Isovalerate- 32.7 0.871 1/2Tartarate2- 59.6 0.794
Trichloroacetate- 35 0.932