1970s

1980s

present CONSTRUCTIVISM

Behaviourism Cognitive science

Relationship btw behaviour, environment, personal Social cognitive

Constructivism
Information processing

Processing of information - store in memory

Learning Mathematics require construction, NOT passive reception

Constructivism

Learning Mathematics require construction, NOT passive reception

Constructivism

Mathematical learning should be viewed as active individual construction and a process of enculturation into mathematical practices.

JEROME BRUNER
learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon existing knowledge

JEAN PIAGET
Cognitive development of children

LEV VYGOTSKY
scaffolding

JOHN DEWEY
Experiential education LEV VYGOTSKY

SEYMOUR PAPERT
Project-Based Learning

JEAN PIAGET

JOHN DEWEY

JEROME BRUNER

SEYMOUR PAPERT

CONSTRUCTIVISM

ENDOGENEOUS

EXOGENEOUS

DIALECTICAL

Based on Piagetian theory - reconstruction of pre-existing ideas

Social cognitive theory Information processing theory - new abstract knowledge developing through cognitive activity

Vygotsky Scaffolding -source of knowledge is based on social interactions between learners and environment

1. Readiness 2. Spiral organization 3. Going beyond informatio

1. Readiness
2. Spiral organization 3. Going beyond information given
Learners have background on a topic before studying
Preparing students willingness and ability to learn

1. Readiness

2. Spiral organization
3. Going beyond information given
Learners learn in steps
Allow learners to learn at different level Allow learners to always have previous knowledge and experience with learning topics

1. Readiness 2. Spiral organization

Learning needs room for further exploration
Develop clearer understanding from previous knowledge Learn to gain more knowledge

3. Going beyond informatio

 Learning is an active process Each student has basic idea and knowledge Knowledge is personally and socially constructed Must be student-centered Emphasis on creative and critical thinking skills

In an constructivist classroom, learning is: Constructed Active Reflective Collaborative Inquiry- or problem-based Evolving