URP4131:NATURALRESOURCESMANAGEMENT

NaturalResourcesofBangladesh
SubmittedBy StudentId030413

Urban&RuralPlanningDiscipline,KhulnaUniversity,Khulna9208

TableofContents Introduction 1 ClassificationofnaturalresourcesofBangladesh 1 WaterResources 1 River 1 Fisheriesresource 5 ForestResources 7 Nonrenewablemineralnaturalresources 9 Oilandgas 9 Coal 11 Limestone 12 HardRock 12 Peat 12 Metallicminerals 13 Constructionsand 13 Gravel 13 13 Glasssand WhiteClay 14 Beachsand 14 BrickClay 14 Conclusion 14 Table Table:MajorriversofBangladesh 2 Table:Areaunderdifferenttypesofwaterbodies 6 Table:Production(mtons)ofdifferentspeciesoffish,shrimpandprawninvarioustypesofinland 6 waters,198788 Table:Statusofthestateownedforestland(inha) 7 TableCoalfieldsandcoalquality 11 TablePeatdepositsandquality 13 Map Map:MainRiversofBangladesh 3 Map:ForestZoneofBangladesh 8 Map:NonrenewablenaturalresourcesofBangladesh 10

Introduction Natural resources is most important for a country. There are many countries which are directly dependsonnaturalresources.Bangladeshisadevelopingcountry.AreaofBangladeshissmall.We havealsosomenaturalresources.Somearerenewableandsomearenonrenewable. Classificationofnaturalresourcesofbangladesh InthecontextofBangladeshthenaturalresourcesareclassifiedintotwotypes.Followingsarethe categoriesofnaturalresourcesofBangladesh.RenewableNaturalResourcesareWater,Fish,Forest etcandNonrenewableMineralNaturalResourcesareGas&Oil,Coal,Rock,Sandetc. WaterResources

Water is the available renewable natural resources of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is endowed with plenty of surface and groundwater resources. The surface water resources comprise water available from flowing rivers and static water bodies as ponds, beels and haors. Surface water inflows of the country vary from a maximum of about 140,000 m3/s in August to a minimum of about 7,000 m3/s in February. Two main rivers, the brahmaputra and the ganges account for more than 80% of streamflows. The highest flood discharge of the Ganges observed at hardinge bridge in1987 was 76,000 m3/s and that of the Brahmaputra observed at Bahadurabad in 1988 was 98,600 m3/s. the minimum discharges of the rivers are 261 m3/s and 2800 m3/s, respectively. The average daily flow of the Ganges is about 10,874 m3/s, which reduces to 1366 m3/s during season and increases to 32,00 m3/s. The highest flow is about 44,000 m3/s which is usually received in August. The annual average discharge of the Meghna at Bhairab Bazar is approximately 4,800 m3/s and the maximum flow occurs generally around mid August. (Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)
River

long water course that flows down a slope along a bed between banks. It originates from a 'source' and culminates to a SEA or lake at its 'mouth'. Along its length it may be joined by smaller rivers called 'tributaries'. A river and its tributaries form a 'river system'. Land surfaces are never perfectly flat, and as a result the RUNOFF WATER after precipitation tends to flow downward by the shortest and steepest course in DEPRESSIONs formed by the intersection of slopes. Runoff water of sufficient volume and velocity join to form a stream that, by the EROSION of underlying earth and rock, becomes deep enough to be fed ground water or when it has as its source an ultimate water RESERVOIR, for example, the GANGES flowing from the Gangotri Glacier and the BRAHMAPUTRAfrom the Manas Sarovar. (Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)

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Table:MajorriversofBangladesh River ArialKhan Bangshi BetnaKholpotua Bhadra Bhairab BhogaiKangsa BrahmaputraJamuna(Jamuna207) Buriganga Chitra Dakatia Dhaleshwari DhanuBaulaiGhorautra DonaiCharalkataJamuneshwari Karatoya GangesPadma(Ganges258,Padma 120) GoraiMadhumatiBaleshwar

Length (km) 160 238 191 193 250 225 276 27 170 207 160 235 450 378 371

Areacovered(olddistricts)inkm Faridpur(102)Barisal(58) Mymensingh(198)Dhaka(40) Jessore(103)Khulna(88) Jessore(58)Khulna(135) Jessore,Khulna Mymensingh(225) Rangpur(140)Pabna(136) Dhaka(27) Kushtia(19)Jessore(151) Comilla(180)Noakhali(27) Mymensingh,Dhaka Mymensingh(126)Sylhet(109) Rangpur(193),Bogra(157),Pabna(100) Rajshahi(145),Pabna(98),DhakaandFaridpur (135) Kushtia(37),Faridpur(71),Jessore(92),Khulna (104),Barisal(67) Rangpur(236) Dinajpur(259),Rajshahi(258),Pabna(80) ChittagongHT,Chittagong Jessore(80)Khulna(180) Jessore,Faridpur Sylhet(228) Noakhali(95)Comilla(100) fromChandpurtotheBayofBengal ChittagongHTandChittagong Rajshahi(16),Kushtia(140) Kushtia(26)Jessore(204) Mymensingh(276) Dinajpur(80)Rajshahi(80) Khulna(141) Chittagong(80),ChittagongHillTracts(93) Sylhet(290),Comilla(235),Barisal(145) Rangpur(115)

Ghaghat 236 KaratoyaAtraiGurGumaniHurasagar 597 Karnafuli 180 Kobadak 260 Kumar 162 Kushiyara 228 LittleFeniDakatia 195 LowerMeghna 160 Matamuhuri 287 Mathabhanga 156 Nabaganga 230 OldBrahmaputra 276 Punarbhaba 160 RupsaPasur 141 Sangu 173 SurmaMeghna 670 Tista 115 SourceBangladeshBureauofStatistics1999

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Map:MainRiversofBangladesh

Sources:Banglapedia,CDversion2.0

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Another surface water sources of Bangladesh is Bay of Bengal, a northern extended arm of the INDIAN OCEAN, is located between latitudes 5N and 22N and longitudes 80E and 100E. It is boundedinthewestbytheeastcoastsofSriLankaandIndia,onthenorthbythedeltaicregionof the GangesBrahmaputraMeghna river system, and on the east by the Myanmar peninsula extended up to the AndamanNicobar ridges. The southern boundary of the Bay is approximately alongthelinedrawnfromDondraHeadinthesouthofSriLankatothenorthtipofSumatra.TheBay occupiesanareaofabout2.2millionsqkmandtheaveragedepthis2,600mwithamaximumdepth of5,258m.BangladeshissituatedattheheadoftheBayofBengal.(Banglapedia,CDversion2.0) Bottom topography characterisedbyabroadUshapedbasinwithitssouthopeningtotheIndian Ocean. A thick uniform abyssal plain occupies almost the entire Bay of Bengal gently sloping southwardatanangleof810.Inmanyplacesunderwatervalleysdissectthisplainmass.

Sources:Banglapedia,CDversion2.0

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Fisheriesresource
Bangladesh possesses a wide range of fishes, prawns, lobsters and other crustaceans, molluscs, turtlesandotherfisheryresourcesinhabitingitsextensivemarineandinlandopenwaters.Thetotal fish production of Bangladesh was estimated at 11,72,800 m tons (DOF 1995) in 1995. Inland openwaterfisheriescontributed73percentofthetotalfishproduction.In1987,Bangladeshbecame thirdinworldinlandfishandshrimpproductionafterChinaandIndiaandproduced5,81,827mtons offishandshrimp(FAO1987).Fisheriesplayanimportantroleinthenationaleconomyandaccount for 4.7 percent of GDP, 9.1 percent of the export earnings (199596), 6 percent of the supply of protein and about 80 percent of the animal protein intake of its population. But the human populationgrowthhasresultedinadeclineinpercapitafishconsumptionfrom36gperdayin1965 66tothelevelof20.5gperdayin1996inplaceoftherequired38gpercapitaconsumptionperday. (Banglapedia,CDversion2.0) Somefreshwaterfishes

Punti

Mola

Chela

Chapila

Aid

Koi

Shuil

Meni

Kholisa

Chanda

Magur(above)

Shing

Baim

EkThota

Chital

Bual

Catla Rui Figure:SomefreshwaterfishesofBangladesh(Sources:Banglapedia,CDversion2.0) 5|P a g e

Table:Areaunderdifferenttypesofwaterbodies Sector Capturefisheries(199293) Riversandestuaries(ExcepttheSundarbans) Floodplains Beels KaptaiLake Total Culturefisheries(199293) Ponds Baors Shrimpfarms Total InlandTotal

Waterarea (ha)ofinlandfisheries 10,31,563 28,32,792 114,161 68,800 40,47,316 146,890 5,488 108,280 260.658 43,07,974 Source:Banglapedia,2006

Table:Production(mtons)ofdifferentspeciesoffish,shrimpandprawninvarioustypesofinland waters,198788 Typesofinlandfisheries Fishtypes Rivers Sundar Beel Flood Boars Ponds Kaptai Shrimp bans plains Lake farms Majorcarps 1,187 1,355 7,664 475 77,461 231 Exoticcarps 429 7,815 Othercarps 1,024 15,87 1 2,047 288 Catfish 3,352 4,397 2,947 1 3,078 415 Snakehead 433 16,511 54 9,698 35 Livefish 38 346 16,092 16 6,665 (=Jeolefishes) Miscellaneous 81,836 6,297 35,116 125,096 263 41,987 3,117 7,359 inlandfish Hilsa 77,577 974 Shrimpand 1,141 540 12,400 Prawn(large) Shrimpand 17,662 255 2,376 13,725 15 672 5,489 Prawn(small) Total 183,817 8,066 45,610 182,037 1,254 149,423 4,068 25,248 production (%share) (30.66) (1.35) (7.61) (30.36) (0.21) (24.92) (0.68) (4.21) Source:Banglapedia,2006

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Marine resource Of the three fishing grounds (South Patches, Middle Ground and Swatch of no Ground)occupyingabout70,000kmoftheBayofBengal,theSouthPatchesareknowntobethe mostproductive.ThefishstockandmaximumharvestablestockintheBayofBengalareestimated tobeasfollows: Varieties Standingstock(mtons) Annualharvestablestock(mtons) 197982 a.Demersalfish 200,000250,000 100,000125,000 b.Pelagicfish 160,000200,000 30,00060,000 c.Shrimp 4,0006,000 2,0003,000 199697 a.Demersalfish 150,000160,000 50,00085,000 b.Pelagicfish 90,000120,000 notestimated c.Shrimp 14,000 6,5007,000 Source:Banglapedia,2006 Table:Annualtotalcatch,areaandproductivityofbeelfisherysector Year Waterarea(ha) Totalcatch(mtons) 19921993 114,161 53,019 19931994 114,161 55,592 19941995 114,161 58,298 19951996 114,161 60,768 19961997 114,161 62,798

Catch/area(kg/ha) 464 487 511 532 560 Source:Banglapedia,2006

ForestResources
TheForestisanotherrenewablenaturalresourcesofBangladesh.Thereare16%oftotallandare forest area of Bangladesh. Forest type Based on their ecological characters, the forests of Bangladeshcanbedividedinto 1. tropicalwetevergreen, 2. tropicalsemievergreen, 3. tropicalmoistdeciduous, 4. tidal,and 5. plantedforests. Table:Statusofthestateownedforestland(inha) Forest Reserve Protected Vested Acquired BWDBand type forest forest forest forest khas Hill Inland Littoral Total 594,383 68,140 656,579 13,19,102 32,303 2,689 34,992 2,636 19,985 22,621 11,004 31,198 6 42,208

Unclassed Total state forest 721,344 1361,670 122,012 101,526 758,111 101,526 721,344 22,41,793 Source:Banglapedia,2006

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Map:ForestZoneofBangladesh

(Sources:Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)

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Nonrenewablemineralnaturalresources
MineralResourcesmineralreservesplusallotherdepositsthatmayeventuallybecomeavailable either known deposits that are not economically or technologically recoverable at present, or unknown deposits, rich or lean, that may be inferred to exist but have not yet been discovered. Geologically,Bangladeshoccupiesagreaterpartofthe BENGALBASINandthecountryiscoveredby Tertiary folded sedimentary rocks (12%) in the north, north eastern and eastern parts; uplifted Pleistocene residuum (8%) in the north western, mid northern and eastern parts; and Holocene deposits(80%)consistingofunconsolidated SAND, SILTand CLAY.TheoldestexposedrockistheTura SandstoneofPalaeoceneagebutolderrockslikeMesozoic,PalaeozoicamidPrecambrianbasement havebeenencounteredinthedrillholesinthenorthwesternpartofthecountry.(Banglapedia,CD version2.0) Because of a different geological environment, important mineral deposits of Bangladesh are NATURAL GAS, COAL, LIMESTONE, HARDROCK, GRAVEL, BOULDER, GLASS SAND, construction sand, WHITE CLAY, BRICKCLAY, PEAT,and BEACHSANDHEAVYMINERALS.TertiaryBarailshalesoccurringwithintheoilandgas windowshavegeneratednaturalgasandoilfoundinBangladesh.Aftergeneration,gasandoilhave migrated upward through multikilometre rock layers above, to reach and accumulate in suitable SANDSTONEreservoirsintheNeogeneBhubanandBokabilrockunits.Gravel,glasssand,construction sand,peat,andbeachsandarefoundintheHolocenesediments,andwhiteclay(kaolin)isfoundin the latePleistocenesedimentsinthesmall hills mainly inthenorthernpartofthecountry.White clayandglasssanddepositshavealsobeendiscoveredinthenorthwesternpartbelowthesurface. Exploitationofthedepositsoflimestone,constructionsand,gravel,glasssand,whiteclayandbeach sandaredonethroughsmallscalequarrying.Thesubsurfacewhiteclayandglasssanddepositshave not been mined yet. Developments of subsurface coal and hardrock mines are going on. ( Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)

Oilandgas
Thereare22discoveredgasfieldsinBangladeshofvarioussizes.Thetotalreserveof20gasfieldsis about 26 Tcf (trillion cubic feet). Gas in most of the fields is dry, in a few fields it is wet, with considerable amounts of CONDENSATE, eg at Beanibazar (16 bbl/mmcfg), Jalalabad (15 bbl/mmcfg), and Kailashtila (13 bbl/mmcfg). Currently, natural gas accounts for more than 70% of the total commercial energy consumption and the major part of the future energy demand would be met fromit.(Banglapedia,CDversion2.0) Power sector ranks the highest (44%); fertiliser sector ranks the second (28%); and industry, domestic,commercialandothersectorstogetherrankthird(22%)ingasconsumption.Currently12 gasfieldsunderpublicandprivatesectorsareinproductionwithgassupplybetween900and930 mmcfgperday.(Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)

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 Map:NonrenewablenaturalresourcesofBangladesh

(Sources:Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)

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Coal
Coal first discovered in the country by Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) in 1959 was at great depth. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BANGLADESH (GSB) continued its efforts for exploration that resulted in the discovery of 4 coalfields. BHP Minerals, a USAustralian company, discovered a field in 1997 totalling5coalfields.Allthediscoveredfieldslieinthenorthwesternpartofthecountry.Detailsof thecoalfieldsandqualityofthecoalareshownbelow.(Banglapedia,CDversion2.0) TableCoalfieldsandcoalquality

N.D=NotDetermined SourceAsianMiningYearBook(SeventhEdition),2001 ThedevelopmentofundergroundBarapukuria Coal Mine, one of the five fields, started in June 1996, which was scheduled to be completed in May 200l, but due to some changesinminedesignitwilltakesomemore time. Exploitable coal reserve of Barapukuria is 64 million ton and annual production has been estimated to be I million ton A power station will be set up with a capacity of 300 MWusingthiscoal.(Banglapedia,CDversion 2.0)

Barajpukuriacoal,Dinajpur

BHP Minerals have discovered the Phulbari coalfield in January 1997. The right has later been transferred to anAustralian company,Asia Energy Corporation (AEC),to develop themine. AEC is now working for a detailed feasibility study for openpit mine development whose initial annual productionwillbe2.9milliontonthatwilllaterbe9millionton.(Banglapedia,CDversion2.0) CoalimportedfromIndia,China,andIndonesiaismainlyconsumedinbrickfieldsbothinpublicand privatesectors,andinsmallindustries.(Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)

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Limestone
In the early 1960s, a quarry of limestone of Eocene age with a small reserve at Takerghat in the northeasternpartofthecountrystartedsupplyingrawmaterialstoacementfactory. This was the first mine in the country which was actually a quarry. In the 1960s GSB discovered anotherlimestonedepositinJoypurhatatadepth ofabout515541mbelowthesurfacewithatotal reserveof100millionton.GSBcontinueditseffort tofindoutlimestonedepositsatshallowdepth.In the mid 1990s GSB discovered limestone deposit at a depth of 493508 and 531548m below the surface at Jahanpur and Paranagar of Naogaon respectively.Thicknessofthesedepositsis16.76m and 14.32m respectively. ( Banglapedia, CD version2.0)

Fossiliferouslimestone,Sylhet

HardRock
Bangladesh has dearth of construction materials. A large deposit of granodiorite, quartz diorite, gneiss of Precambrian age has been discoveredbyGSBatdepthsrangingfrom132 to 160m below surface at Maddhyapara, Dinajpur.TheRockQualityDesignation(RQD) of fresh rock varies from 60% to 100%. Development of this underground hard rock mine is going on by Nam Nam Co, a North Korean company. Its production was scheduled to start in 2002 and the annual production has been estimated to be 1.65 million ton. ( Banglapedia, CD version 2.0) HardRock,Dinajpur

Peat
In Bangladesh peat deposits occur in the marshy areas of the northeastern, middle and south western parts with a totalreserveofmorethan170millionton.Calorificvalueof peatrangesfrom6000to7000BTU/lb.Peatcanbeusedas fuel for domestic purposes, brick manufacturing, boilers etc. However, their exploitation has not yet been started. Detailsofthepeatdepositsaregiveninthefollowingtable. (Banglapedia,CDversion2.0) Peat 12|P a g e

Table Peat deposits and quality

SourceAsianMiningYearBook(SeventhEdition),2001 (Sources:Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)

Metallicminerals
GSB has carried out investigation for mineral deposits and succeeded in locating a few potential zones. Relatively high content of metallic minerals like chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, covelline, galena, sphalerite etc have been found in the core samples from the northwestern region of the country.(Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)

Constructionsand
Itisverymuchavailableintheriverbedsthroughoutthecountry.Sandconsistsmostlyofquartzof mediumtocoarsegrains.Itisextensivelyusedasconstructionmaterialforbuildings,bridges,roads etcalloverthecountry.(Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)

Gravel
Depositsofgravelarefoundalongthepiedmontareasofthe HIMALAYASinthenorthernboundaries of Bangladesh. These river borne gravels come from the upstream during the rainy season. Total reserveofthegraveldepositsisabout10millioncum.Graveldepositsarebeingexploitedandused inthecountry.(Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)

Glasssand
ImportantdepositsofglasssandofthecountryareatBalijuri(0.64 million ton), Shahjibazar (1.41 million ton) and Chauddagram (0.285 million ton) at or near the surface, Maddhyapara (17.25 millionton)andBarapukuria(90.0millionton)belowthesurface. Glass sands consist of fine to medium, yellow to grey quartz. ( Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)
GlassSand,Comilla

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WhiteClay
There are surface to near surface deposits of white clay in Bijoypur and Gopalpur area of Netrokona district, Nalitabari of Sherpur district, Haidgaon of ChittagongdistrictandBaitulIzzatofSatkaniaupazila, Chittagong district. Besides there are subsurface deposits of white clay in Maddhyapara, Barapukuria, Dighipara of Dinajpur district and Patnitala of Naogaondistrict.Theexposedwhiteclayisnotgood in quality. It is used in the ceramic factories of Bangladesh after mixing with high quality imported clay.(Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)

Whiteclay,Netrokona

Beachsand
Deposits of beach sand have been identified in the coastal belt and in the coastal islands of Bangladesh. Different heavy minerals and their reserves (in ton) are: Zircon (158,117), Rutile (70,274), Ilmenite (1,025,558), Leucoxene (96,709), Kyanite (90,745), Garnet (222,761), Magnetite (80,599)andMonazite(17,352).AnAustraliancompanyhasappliedforthepermissiontocarryout thefeasibilitystudyforexploitation.(Banglapedia,CDversion2.0)

BrickClay
InBangladeshthemineralogical,chemicalandengineeringpropertiesofPleistoceneandHolocene brickclaysofDhaka,NarayanganjandNarsingdidistrictsarewelldocumented.Thebulkchemistry andengineeringpropertiesoftheHoloceneandPleistocenesampleshavebeenfoundsatisfactory for manufacturing good quality bricks. These are being exploited and widely used in the country.[AKMKhorshedAlamandSifatulQuaderChowdhury,Banglapedia,CDVersion2.0] Conclusion Notonlythosearenaturalresourcesbutalsosomeotherelementsareknownasnaturalresources. ButinBangladeshthosearethemostcommonandimportantnaturalresources. Sources: Banglapedia,CDVersion2.0

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