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The 7th International Conference on Climate Change 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1016 (2022) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012012

The effect of pottery material composition as subsurface

irrigation on the growth of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) in
Alfisols and Entisol

Rahayu1*, H Aktavia1, Rivaldi A S2 and Komariah1

1
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Ir.
Sutami Street 36A, 57126, Jebres, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
2
Graduate School of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture Sebelas Maret University, Ir.
Sutami Street 36A, 57126, Jebres, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: rahayu_uns@yahoo.co.id

Abstract. Climate change requires the agricultural sector to be more precise in water
management. Rainfed lands and irrigated lands with no year-round water supply require an
efficient way of using water in the dry season. One of the efforts to utilize irrigation efficiently
is to develop subsurface seepage irrigation techniques using pottery. This study aims to
determine the composition of the pottery material, the ratio of sand, silt and clay which is optimal
for the growth of chilli plants. The experiment was carried out with plots arranged in a nested
design with a treatment of five pottery materials with different compositions of clay, soil and
sand, and tested on entisol and alfisol soils. The results showed that the pottery irrigation with a
combination of pottery material composition on two types of soil affected the weight of chilli
fruit. Pottery with a composition of 70% clay and 30% sand is the most effective pottery for
chilli and yields on surface growth irrigation.

Keywords : hydraulic conductivity, water use

1. Introduction
Climate change requires the agricultural sector to be more precise and efficient in water management.
One of the efforts to use irrigation efficiently is to develop a subsurface irrigation system. One of the
subsurface irrigation systems is using pottery, which utilizes capillary irrigation water seepage from
inside the pottery out to the soil surface and root zone. According to Pariante [1], pottery irrigation is
classified as water-efficient because relatively little water evaporates from the pottery. After all, it is
protected by the pottery body [2]. Imanudin reported that subsurface irrigation has 100% irrigation
efficiency, i.e. water is used fully to increase capillary water that wets the entire soil surface around
plant roots [2].
The amount of seepage on the pottery wall is a very important measure of an earthenware irrigation
system because it will determine the ability of the system to meet crop water needs. The ratio of water
diffusion through the pottery is influenced by the proportion of the material mixed with clay during the
pottery making process [3,4].
Chilli plant is economical plants and is generally cultivated in the dry season because they are
relatively resistant to disease and the productivity of chilli plants increase when coupled with adequate
irrigation. Nurfalach reported that the chilli plant did not provide optimal results in conditions of
continuous heavy rain which resulted in leaf damage, flower loss and root disease [5]. Although planting
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The 7th International Conference on Climate Change 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1016 (2022) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012012

in the dry season is more productive, chilli plants are sensitive to water shortages due to their shallow
root system [6]. Water supply from rainfall and irrigation that is less efficient does not necessarily meet
the water need of plants. Lack of water can reduce plant productivity so lack of water requires irrigation
innovation by using water as efficiently as possible. This research is an experimental plot for the growth
of chilli plants by using irrigation pots with different compositions of pottery materials. The subsurface
irrigation system using pottery is expected to be an effective and efficient irrigation system in helping
to optimize the use of dry land seasonal crops.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pottery material composition in providing
seepage irrigation water. To provide recommendations for appropriate pottery material composition for
subsurface irrigation suitable for chilli cultivation.

2. Material and methods

This research was conducted during the dry season from June to November 2019, at the Experimental
Field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, located in Karanganyar Regency, Central
Java, Indonesia. This research is an experimental plot using a variety of pottery materials mixed with
sand and clay as the independent variable and chilli (Capsicum annum L.) for the dependent variable
with Alfisols and Entisols soil planting media. The experiment was arranged in a nested design with two
treatment factors, namely the treatment of soil types which included Alfisols (T1) and Entisols (T2), as
well as the treatment of five different pottery material compositions (K1, K2, K3, K4 and K5), to obtain
10 different treatments with 3 replications.
The pottery used is pottery from the centre of the pottery silt tries in Bayat District, Klaten Regency
with different material compositions. All pottery used is tubular and has the same size, which is 20 cm
in diameter, 25 cm in height and has a pottery mouth with a diameter of 10 cm. Variations in the
composition of pottery materials are K1: 70% clay -15% silt soil -15% sand; K2: 70% clay - 10% silt
soil and 20% sand; K3: 70% clay and 30% sand; K4: 80% Clay and 20% Sand; K5: 80% clay, 10% silt
soil and 10% sand. The bottom of the pottery is sealed by providing waterproof so that water does not
seep down but to the side
This experiment was started by planting pottery in soil that had been given manure until it reached
the neck of the pottery. Each bed on the ground is placed 5 units of pottery with a distance of 50 cm
each. Each pot was planted with 4 chilli plants around the pottery with the distance of each plant from
the pottery being 15 cm. Watering chilli plants are done manually before going through the seepage of
pottery for 7 days after planting so that the plants can adapt first to the conditions in the land. After 7
days, irrigation was carried out through the seepage of the pottery by filling the water into the pottery
every 3 days with a volume of up to 7 litres. Every 10 days after planting, additional fertilization was
carried out using NPK 16:16:16 fertilizer at a dose of 100 kg/ha. Fertilization is done by immersing
fertilizer around the pottery, which is between the pottery and the plants.
Plant height measurements were carried out every week. Crop yields are harvested periodically based
on the maturity of the chillies and are calculated accumulatively. Analysis of the amount of water
seepage is carried out every day by measuring the level of water loss in the pottery. Soil moisture was
measured every day in the field using a ground moisture meter. The COLE (Coefficient of Linear
Extensibility) value of post-harvest soil was observed using the oven method. The value of hydraulic
conductivity is obtained by means of analysis using the constant head method. Calculation of hydraulic
conductivity using the constant head method [7,8]. Soil samples were also taken and measured soil pH
with a pH meter, N-total. T-test analysis was conducted to determine the difference in the results of the
two different plots. To find out the relationship between the observed variables, a correlation test was
conducted.

3. Results and discussion

From table 1. it can be seen that the highest plant was found in K5 (T2) as high as 49.83 cm, and the
lowest was in treatment K3 (T2) as high as 37.66 cm. The highest plant was 221 grams and the weight
was 152.6 gr in the K2(T1) the lowest fresh weight was 113.3 grams and plant dry weight was 79.33 g

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The 7th International Conference on Climate Change 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1016 (2022) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012012

in K1(T2). The highest chilli weight was 221.3 g K3(T1), and the lowest chilli weight was 49 g in
K1(T2). The-T test showed that there was a significant difference in plant fresh and dry weight between
Alfisols and on Entisols (significance < 0.05). The composition of the pottery material had a significant
effect on the weight of the chilli produced in the K1(T2) and K3(T1). The T-test also showed a
significant difference in weight of chilli between Alfisols and Entisols. There was a positive correlation
between plant height, chilli weight, plant fresh and dry weight.

Table 1. Mean growth and yield of chilli plants after the treatment is applied
Plant Height Weight Weight of
Treatment Weight (gram)
(cm) (gram) Chillies (gram)
K1(T1) 43.66a 192.6a 139.8a 135.3ab
K2(T1) 45.40a 221.0a 152.6a 111.0ab
K3(T1) 39.13a 173.3a 119.3a 221.3b
K4(T1) 38.70a 194.3a 136.0a 136.6ab
K5(T1) 40.20a 198.0a 135.1a 167ab
K1(T2) 40.66a 113.3a 79.33a 49.00a
K2(T2) 48.90a 178.0a 124.6a 113.3ab
K3(T2) 37.66a 154.0a 107.8a 100.3ab
K4(T2) 40.66a 121.6a 85.16a 59.00a
K5(T2) 49.83a 133.0a 93.10a 123.0ab
Remarks: K1; Composition of 70% clay, 15% soil and 15% sand, K2; Composition of clay 70%, soil
10% and sand 20%, K3; Composition of clay 70% and sand 30%, K4; Composition of 80% clay and
20% sand, K5; Composition of 80% clay, 10% soil and 10% sand, T1; Alfisols, T2; Entisols. The mean
in column followed by the same letters is not significant base on the DMRT level of 5%.

Table 2. Correlation analysis

Weight of Plant Fresh Plant Dry Plant

Variable C-Organic
Chillies Weight Weight Height
Plant height .417 .611 .620 1 -
Soil Moisture (August) - - - .363 -
Soil Moisture
.410 .413 .43 - -
(September)
Soil pH - - - - -.408
Remarks : The data above is only data from variables that correlate with other variables

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The 7th International Conference on Climate Change 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1016 (2022) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012012

3.5
K1(T1)
3
K2(T1)
2.5 K3(T1)

2 K4(T1)
liter

K5(T1)
1.5
K1(T2)
1 K2(T2)

0.5 K3(T2)
K4(T2)
0
K5(T2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
week

Figure 1. Water use dynamic

Remarks : K1; Composition of 70% clay, 15% soil and 15% sand, K2; Composition of clay 70%, soil 10% and
sand 20%, K3; Composition of clay 70% and sand 30%, K4; Composition of 80% clay and 20% sand, K5;
Composition of 80% clay, 10% soil and 10% sand, T1; Alfisols, T2; Entisols.

Figure 1. showed water seepage at week 3 decreased from week 2, week 4 increased from week 3 in
all treatments. Water seepage at weeks 7 to 9 fluctuated in all. Water seepage at week 5, week 6 and
weeks 10 to 13 showed different fluctuations in each treatment. Based on Table 3, the highest water
seepage in pottery was in August with 2.20 litres per day, in September with 2.44 litres per day and in
October with 2.49 litres per day obtained from the K3(T2). The lowest water seepage in pottery was in
August by 1.57 litres per day, in September by1.60 litres per day and in October at 1.42 litres per day
obtained from K2(T1) treatment.

Table 3. Mean water use after the treatment is applied

Water Use (litres per day)
Treatment
August September October Total
K1(T1) 1.74a 1.75a 1.66ab 1.72ab
K2(T1) 1.57a 1.60a 1.42a 1.53a
K3(T1) 1.87a 2.25a 2.01ab 2.04ab
K4(T1) 1.72a 1.92a 1.66ab 1.76ab
K5(T1) 1.72a 2.01a 1.69ab 1.80ab
K1(T2) 2.17a 2.42a 2.33ab 2.31ab
K2(T2) 2.11a 2.27a 2.18ab 2.19ab
K3(T2) 2.20a 2.44a 2.49b 2.38b
K4(T2) 2.00a 1.97a 1.69ab 1.88ab
K5(T2) 2.03a 2.38a 2.26ab 2.22ab
Remarks : K1; Composition of 70% clay, 15% soil and 15% sand, K2; Composition of clay 70%, soil
10% and sand 20%, K3; Composition of clay 70% and sand 30%, K4; Composition of 80% clay and
20% sand, K5; Composition of 80% clay, 10% soil and 10% sand, T1; Alfisols, T2; Entisols. The mean
in column followed by the same letters is not significant base on the DMRT level of 5%.

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The 7th International Conference on Climate Change 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1016 (2022) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012012

Table 4. Hydraulic conductivity in various pottery material compositions

Hydraulic Conductivity of Pottery
Potery
(cm/s)
K1 8.70263 x 10-9
K2 7.74746 x 10-9
K3 10.09314 x 10-9
K4 7.21681 x 10-9
K5 10.41683 x 10-9
Remarks : K1; Composition of 70% clay, 15% soil and 15% sand, K2;
Composition of clay 70%, soil 10% and sand 20%, K3; Composition of clay
70% and sand 30%, K4; Composition of 80% clay and 20% sand, K5;
Composition of 80% clay, 10% soil and 10% sand, T1; Alfisols, T2; Entisols.

The highest soil water content was in August, which was 19% in the K3(T2) (Table 5). While the
lowest soil water content was in September, by 11.6% in the K1(T2) and K5(T2). The highest soil
porosity value was 5.71% in K4(T2), while the lowest soil porosity was 2.20% in K1(T2). The treatment
of pottery material composition had a significant effect in September, at K1(T1) and K1(T2), and in
October at K4(T1) and K5(T2). The results of the t-test showed significant differences in soil porosity
between Alfisols and Entisols.
Based on Table 2, soil moisture in August was positively correlated with plant height. The table also
showed there was a positive correlation between moisture to chilli weight, plant fresh and dry weight.
They indicate that the higher soil moisture resulted in, higher plant height, fresh plant weight and dry
weight, and also plant fresh and dry weight.

Table 5. Mean soil moisture and soil porosity after the treatment is applied
Soil Moisture (%) Soil Porosity (%)
Treatment
August September October
K1(T1) 16.4a 15.6c 16.8b 4.80a
K2(T1) 15.8a 14.3bc 16.8b 3.43a
K3(T1) 16.3a 15.6c 16.2ab 3.16a
K4(T1) 15.9a 14.7bc 18.0b 4.52a
K5(T1) 16.1a 14.8bc 15.9ab 3.71a
K1(T2) 18.4a 11.6a 14.5ab 2.20a
K2(T2) 17.6a 12.1a 16.0ab 3.89a
K3(T2) 19.0a 12.9ab 16.1ab 4.83a
K4(T2) 18.8a 11.8a 13.7ab 5.71a
K5(T2) 18.8a 11.6a 12.2a 5.48a
Remarks : K1; Composition of 70% clay, 15% soil and 15% sand, K2; Composition of clay 70%, soil 10% and
sand 20%, K3; Composition of clay 70% and sand 30%, K4; Composition of 80% clay and 20% sand, K5;
Composition of 80% clay, 10% soil and 10% sand, T1; Alfisols, T2; Entisols.

The highest soil pH value was 6.36 which was found in the K5(T1) and the lowest soil pH value of
6.02 was found in K2(T1) (Table 6). Treatments K3(T1), K4(T1), K5(T1), K1(T2), K2(T2) and K3(T2)
had the same N-Total levels of 0.01%, where this value was lower than the levels of N-Total soil in
treatments K1(T1), K2(T1), K4(T2) and K5(T2). The highest soil C-organic content value of 3.53% was
found in K2(T1), while the lowest soil C-Organic content value of 1.30% was found in K3(T1). The

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The 7th International Conference on Climate Change 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1016 (2022) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012012

treatment of pottery material composition significantly affected the C-organic soil as happened in the
K2(T1) and K3(T1).
Based on Table 2. the results of the correlation analysis showed that soil pH was negatively correlated
with soil organic C with a significance value of 0.025 and a Pearson Correlation value of -0.408. This
means that lower soil pH may be caused by higher C-organic soil.

Table 6. Mean pH, N-total and C-Organic of the soil after the treatment is applied
Treatment Soil pH Soil N-Total (%) Soil C-Organic (%)
K1(T1) 6.16a 0.02a 1.71ab
K2(T1) 6.02a 0.02a 3.53b
K3(T1) 6.07a 0.01a 1.30a
K4(T1) 6.20a 0.01a 2.08ab
K5(T1) 6.36a 0.01a 1.54ab
K1(T2) 6.26a 0.01a 1.34a
K2(T2) 6.26a 0.01a 1.60ab
K3(T2) 6.09a 0.01a 1.78ab
K4(T2) 6.21a 0.02a 1.52ab
K5(T2) 6.21a 0.02a 1.77ab
Remarks : K1; Composition of 70% clay, 15% soil and 15% sand, K2; Composition of clay 70%, soil 10%
and sand 20%, K3; Composition of clay 70% and sand 30%, K4; Composition of 80% clay and 20% sand,
K5; Composition of 80% clay, 10% soil and 10% sand, T1; Alfisols, T2; Entisols.

The combination of pottery material composition and soil type had a significant effect on chilli
yields. The highest chilli yields in this study were obtained from pottery with the highest use of water.
The highest yield of chilli is obtained in full irrigation without a water deficit, and a water deficit will
reduce yields by 5 - 20% [9]. The results of this study showed a positive correlation between chilli yields
and plant height, plant fresh and dry weight, and this is in line with the results of Ganefianti [10] in
Rofidah [11]which showed that tall chilli plants with many primary branches will produce fruit which
is a lot per plant.
The difference in the use of water from pottery in this study was caused by the composition of
different materials. This causes the hydraulic conductivity of each pottery used to be also different
(Table 4). The conductivity value has an important role in the velocity of the pottery in passing air. The
greater conductivity resulted in faster passing of water because it has larger pores [12,13]. This is
supported by the statement of Setiawan in Agustina [7], that the amount of conductivity produced is
caused by the suction of water by the soil matrix around the pottery walls. The dry condition of the soil
around the pottery pulls out of the water through the pottery wall to fill the empty soil pores. Water
seeps little by little through the pores of the walls of the porous media into the root zone due to
hydrostatic pressure and suction of the soil matrix and the hydraulic conductivity of the pottery. In this
study, the combination of pottery material composition and soil type affects the weight of chilli fruit
produced by chilli plants in the subsurface irrigation system. Pottery with a composition of 70% clay
and 30% sand is the most effective pottery for the growth and yield of chilli plants in the subsurface
irrigation
Soil moisture content in August and September correlated with chilli plant growth, while in October
there was no correlation. This can happen because the vegetative phase of chilli plants ends in early
September and continues to the generative phase. Romadona [14] reported that if planting is done in the
nursery first, the vegetative phase usually ends when the plant is 30-40 days after planting the generative
phase is the productive period of chilli plants
The correlation between soil pH and organic C is caused by differences in water use. According to
Surya [15], the application of organic fertilizer means that there is an input of organic matter. Organic

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The 7th International Conference on Climate Change 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1016 (2022) 012012 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012012

matter affects the size of the soil absorption capacity of the water. The more water in the soil caused,
the more soil reactions that release H+ ions, so the soil is more acidic.

4. Conclusion
The combination of pottery material composition and soil type had a significant effect on chilli yields.
The highest chilli yield in this study was obtained from pottery with the highest use of water. The higher
soil moisture resulted in higher plant high, weight of chilli, plant fresh and dry weight. Pottery with a
composition of 70% clay and 30% sand is the most effective pottery for the growth and yield of chilli
plants in subsurface irrigation.

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