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Chapter 27

Differences between American ASME Y 14.5M Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD & T) and ISO/BS 8888 geometrical tolerancing, standards
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This chapter aims to highlight, identify and analyse, the differences between the ASME and ISO/BS 8888 systems. The Authors make no claim as to which might be the better and/or accommodate in any specific application. Some of these differences are of a smaller nature, and as such are self-evident, while others are not, and involve indications which are interpreted differently by users of the two different systems, giving rise to significant differences of the intended design specification. All Geometric controls included throughout this manual are to the ISO/BS 8888 standards. There are a few differences in terminology as detailed in Table 27.1.
TABLE 27.1 Comparison of ASME Y 14.5M and ISO terminologies
ASME Y 14.5M
Basic dimension Feature control frame Variation True position (TP) Reference dimension

Specification of datums
Whilst the general understanding that a datum is basically a good starting surface or point is not wrong. The advancement and availability of todays manufacturing technology, has created many more options of specific applications of datums that may be required. ISO 5459 and ASME Y 14.5 M standards comprehensively define these conceptual options together by their respective rules. These two set of rules can lead to substantially different conclusions. A brief explanation appears below. ISO standards keeping in line with these developments of modern techniques, give a wide range of different, sophisticated, practical conceptual terms and procedures for the various types of datums which may be specified on a drawing. Basically, where a specified datum feature has a form that allows the work piece to rock within itself, the ISO rule is to equalize the rock, in order to establish an average position and orientation, to be used as the intended datum. ASME Y 14.5M specifies the concept of candidate datums which allows every position that an unstable datum can rock to (with some limitations) is a valid candidate datum. A set of candidate datum reference frames can be derived for each set of requirements that are referenced to the same datum system, using the same precedence and the same material conditions. These sets of requirements are, by default, evaluated simultaneously to each candidate datum reference frame. If there is a candidate datum reference frame where all the requirements are fulfilled exists, the workpiece is acceptable with regard to the requirements. In general, the ASME Y 14.5M system accepts more workpieces as the form error of the datum feature increases. However, some workpieces accepted under the applied ISO rules can be rejected upon application of the ASME Y 14.5M rules, so assumptions should not be made.
209

ISO
Theoretical exact dimension (TED) Tolerance frame Deviation Theoretical exact position Auxiliary dimension

Applicability of standards
The rules to which any drawing is produced must be indicated within the framework of the drawing, i.e. ISO or ASME Y 14.5M. If a provision from ASME Y 14.5M were needed to be invoked on a drawing conforming to ISO rules, the relevant ASME Y 14.5M cross-reference must be specifically identified at the point of application.

Symbology
ASME Y14.5 specifies in addition to or deviating from ISO 1101 the symbols shown in Table 27.2.
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210

Manual of Engineering Drawing

TABLE 27.2 Additional symbols found in ASME Y 14.5M

Symbol Designation
Tangent Controlled radius

Interpretation
Symbol placed within the tolerance frame indicating a tolerance applies to the contacting tangential element Symbol placed before the toleranced radius dimension. The tolerance zone is defined by two arcs (the minimum and maximum radii) that are tangent to the adjacent surfaces. The part contour within the crescent-shaped tolerance zone must be a fair curve without reversals with all points on the radii being within the tolerance zone Symbol placed after a toleranced dimension indicating the assigning of tolerances to related components of an assembly on the basis of sound statistics (such as the assembly tolerance is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the individual tolerances) Symbol indicating a flat bottom hole, presented before the associated dimension Symbol indicating a countersink, presented before the associated dimension Symbol indicating depth of a feature, presented before the dimension

T
CR

Statistical tolerancing

Counterbore or spotface Countersink Deep/depth

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Exclusion of surface texture

The ISO standards do not currently state whether surface texture should be included or excluded within a specified geometric control, when evaluated. (However, the application of BS 8888 requires that surface texture be excluded by the use of appropriate filtering techniques.) ASME Y 14.5M states that all requirements apply after application of the smoothing functions. In other words surface texture shall be disregarded when evaluating workpieces using ASME Y 14.5M and thus is similar to the dictates of BS 8888.

(d) It may be overruled where a feature of size has a specified relationship between size and a geometric control for example the use of

M or L in the

tolerance frame. (e) It may be overruled with a statement such as PERFECT FORMAT MMC NOT REQUIRED placed by a feature of size tolerance. ISO promotes (ISO 8015) the The Principle of Independency which states: Each specified dimensional or geometrical requirement on a drawing shall be met independently, unless a particular relationship is specified. i.e. Maximum or Minimum Material Condition

M , L or the E .

Tolerancing principle
The ASME Y 14.5M interprets size tolerances using the Principle of Dependency of size and form in the same terms as the ISO envelope principle (Taylor principle), i.e. when only a size tolerance is quoted, the form of a workpiece is always within its maximum size when at maximum material condition (MMC). This is known as Rule 1 and stated in the ASME Y 14.5M standard. It was realized that this overall rule was not practical in all cases, and some exceptions to this rule are as follows: (a) It does not apply to stock materials (bar stock, sheet, tubing, etc.). (b) It does not apply to flexible parts, subject to free-state variation in the unstrained condition. (c) It does not apply to features of size which have a straightness tolerance applied to their axes or median plane.

envelope principle (the Taylor principle)

This means that local two point measurements control the linear dimensional tolerances only, and not the form deviations of the feature.

Features-of-size
The following table lists features of size recognized by each standard (Table 27.3).
TABLE 27.3 Feature-of-size
ISO
Cylindrical surfaces Spherical surfaces Two parallel, opposed surfaces A cone A wedge

ASME Y 14.5M
Cylindrical surfaces Spherical surfaces Two parallel, opposed surfaces Two opposed elements (such as the radiused ends of a slot)

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Chapter | 27 Differences between the ASME and ISO/BS 8888 standards

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Tolerance characteristics (Table 27.4)

TABLE 27.4 Comparison of tolerance characteristics
Tolerance
Positional

BS 8888 and ISOs

Positional tolerance can be used to control the location of features-of-size and also points, lines and flat planes

ASME Y 14.5M:1994
The positional tolerance is only used with features of size ASME Y 14.5M recommends the use of Profile of a Surface to control a flat planar surface Known only as Concentricity tolerance. It is defined as the condition whereby the median points of all diametrically opposed elements of a figure of revolution are congruent with the axis or centre point of a datum feature The standard states that concentricity cannot be used with the maximum and minimum material modifiers

Concentricity coaxiality

These characteristics have the same symbol even though they distinctively relate to different characteristics, with the term concentricity frequently and mistakenly confused with coaxially, and visa versa

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The ISO definition describes concentricity as the situation whereby the centre point of a feature is located on a datum point or axis Coaxially is described as the situation where an axis of a feature is aligned to a datum axis. Concentricity/coaxially tolerances can be replaced by using a positional tolerance to provide an identical control Both these characteristics like the positional tolerance can be used with the maximum and minimum material condition modifiers

Symmetry

ISO considers this as a special case of the positional tolerance, which can be used to control the location of an axis or median plane of a feature of size in relation to a datum axis

Symmetry is defined as the condition where the median points of all opposed or corresponding located elements of two or more feature surfaces are congruent with the axis or centre plane of a datum feature It is also stated that symmetry cannot be used with the maximum or minimum condition modifiers These tolerance zones are generated by a vector offset from the theoretically exact profile (or surface) to generate the boundary limits

Profile of a line and surface

These tolerance zones are generated by placing a theoretical circle or sphere, with a diameter corresponding to the size of the tolerance, on every point of the theoretically exact profile (or surface) to generate the boundary limits. Where the theoretically exact profile (or surface) contains sharp corners (or edges) the tolerance zone boundary external to the corners (or edges) is radiused

Where the theoretically exact profile (or surface) contains sharp corners or (edges) the tolerance zone boundary is extended to give a sharp corner (or edge) ASME uses the term Circularity for this form of tolerance

Roundness

ISO uses the term Roundness for this form of tolerance

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