.

4
14
2 5
3 7
4 8
58
6 10
7 10
8 12
9 14
1015
11 16
12 19
13
20
1422
15 22
1625
1727

29
18 29
19 31
20 32
2134
22 35
2337
25 41
26 43
27 44
28 45
2947

49
30 49
31 50
32 53

54
54

57
58
1 59
2 60
3 62
64
65

1 70
2 73
376

S A B
S B
AB

(x,y,z)

4
-

M K K K
K

K K
K K K -

K
K K
K

KKK

K
K
K0
K K K0
K K0
K

30
3

K0

6
v
w

W
v

W=v+w
;

c=300000

De Sitter

c
v

W W

w=c-v

8
A B

A B

AB AB M
90
B

M M M

A M B M

A
B C

v 1

v
A

v
B

1
AB

AB
A B AB M
A B A B M AB
M M M
v M
M A B

B A
B A

B A

7
6
w

w
6

10
v

A
B v
A B A B
8
AB


6
w
w

11
7

1
2
7 6

6
6

K K
K x,y,z
K'
x',y',z',t' x,y,z,t

Z
K

Z'
V
K'
y'
y

V
V

x'

2
K x,y,z,t
K K

x vt

x =

v2
e2

y = y

z = z

t =

v
x
c2
v2
1 2
c

x = x vt

y = y
z = z

t = t

K K x

x = ct
c x t
x t x ct

x =

(c v)t
1

v2
c2

v
(1 )t
c
t =
v2
1 2
c

x = ct

K
K c

12
K x x=0
x=1 K
K t K
t=0

x = 0 1

v2
c2

x = 1 1

v2
c2

v2
K v
c2

2
2
v 1 v c
2
2
v=c 1 v c =0

c
c
c v
K x
2
2
K 1 v c

x,y,z,t

Kx=0 t = 0
t = 1

t=0

t=

v2
c2

K v
1

1
v2
1 2
c

13

6
11
K
x = wt

x t x t

x = (v + w)t

K
W 6
W =v+w

x = wt

x t x t

A
w=

v+w
vw
1+ 2
c

w v T
3
T
V

6 K
K
W W A
(B)
(B)
v
B

14

c
x,y,z t

K
x',y',z',t' K x,y,z,t,

15

m
m

v2
2

mv 2
1

v2
c2

v c
v c

mc 2 + m

v2
c2

v2 3 v4
+ m + ....
2 8 c2

mc 2

K
K K


v
E0

E0
1

v2
c2

E0 2

m + 2 c
c

v2
c2

m +

E0
U
c2

E0

mc 2 + E 0
1

v2
c2

E0

1920
E0
E

m 20
c

16

-
-

v2

c2

13

K K K
K K

KK

K K
K'
K' K

 T'
v
T' T'

12

17

x,y,z

x1,y1,z1

x,y,z,

Minkowski

-
x,y,z
t

x1,y1,z1,t1 x,y,z,t

t'=t

v
x
2
c
t =
v2
1 2
c
t

K t
K t ' K
K'

1 ct

18

1
2
2

1
2

KK'

K
K K
K
K

K'

19

( =j

( j
(
( j

20

18

21

K
K
K K
K K

K K'

22
20

K
K
K

K
K

K c
K'

1.7

K K
K'

23

K
K
K K'

 K' K K'

K
K

K 12
K

 12
K

=3.14 K

x,y,z

24

23

25

U =1
U =2

P
V =1

V =2

V =3

u
u=1,u=2 u=3, u=1,u=2
1 2 u
u

u v
u
u v

P u=3, v=1
P P
P u,v
P : u + du , v + dv

du dv ds P P

ds 2 = g11du 2 + 2 g12 dudv + g 22 dv 2

g11,g12,g22 u v g11,g12,g22
u v

u v
ds 2 = du 2 + dv 2

u v

x1,x2,x3,x4
ds P P

ds 2 = g11dx12 + 2 g12 dx1dx2 + + g 44 dx42

g11
x1x4

ds 2 = dx12 + dx 22 + dx32 + dx42

ds2

26
17

x,y,z,t,

dx,dy,dz dt
dx,dy,dz,dt

dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2 c 2 dt 2 = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2 c 2 dt 2

ds 2 = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2 c 2 dt 2
x1,x2,x3,x4

 x,y,z 1ct

ds 2 = dx12 + dx 22 + dx32 + dx42

ds

t 1ct

27

26
21

23

23
25 26
x1,x2,x3,x4

x1,x2,x3 x4

x1,x2,x3,x4

x1,x2,x3,x4

x1,x2,x3,x4

A B
x1,x2,x3,x4

28
18

18

KK

K x,y,z,t
K x,y,z,t
x1,x2,x3,x4

20 28

29

K
K

K' G
K
G

G G

1
2
15

21

Leverrier

43"

43"

30
21
Seeliger

31

Poincare

24

r
sin
R

r

R

22R3

r r
F

F 4r2 r F
r


30

32

30

[ 11 ]
2 x
x
K x t K
x t x t x t
x

x = ct

x ct = 0

c K K

x ct = 0

12

(x ct ) = (x ct )

x ct x ct

(x + ct ) = (x + ct )

34
a b

a=

b=
2

x = ax bct

ct = act bx

a b a b

K x=05

x=

bc
t
a

K K v

v=

bc
a

v 5 K K
K K x

v
K K
K K
K K

K x
tK t=0 t
5
x = ax

Kx x = 1

x =

1
a

K(t=0)5 t

6
v2

x = a1 2 x
c

x 1 K

v2
x = a1 2
c

7a


7 x
7a x

a2 =

1
v2
1 2
c

7b

67b a b5
11

x vt

v2
1 2
c

v
t 2 x
c
t =

v2
1 2
c
x =

x 2 c 2 t 2 = x 2 c 2 t 2

8a

x
8

y = y

z = z

K K

t=0 K

r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = ct

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 c 2t 2 = 0

10

r = ct

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 c 2 t 2 = 0

10a

10a10

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 c 2 t 2 = a x 2 + y 2 + z 2 c 2 t 2

11

8a x = 1
118a9
= 1 11
89
89 K
K K K
x

x,y,z,t x,y,z,t,

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 c 2 t 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 c 2 t 2

11a

x,y,z,t 11a
x,y,z,t,11a

[ 17 ]
1 ct t

x1 = x
x2 = y
x3 = z
x4 = 1 ct

x1 2 + x2 2 + x3 2 + x 42 = x12 + x 22 + x32 + x42

12

11a
12 x4 x1,x2,x3,

x4
x1,x2,x3,
x1,x2,x3,x4

x1,x2,x3
x1,x2,x3 x1,x2,x3

x1 2 + x2 2 + x3 2 = x12 + x22 + x32

12

360

24 3 a 2
T 2c 2 1 e2

2
2

a e c
T

43

1859 [Newcomb] 1895

+43
2
22

1.7


5
D1
S
D2

Sobral
principe[
cottinghamcrommelinDavidson]

1919 5 29

11

-0.19

-0.22

+0.16

+0.02

+0.29

+0.31

-0.46

-0.43

+0.11

+0.10

+0.83

+0.74

+0.20

+0.12

+1.00

+0.87

+0.10

+0.04

+0.57

+0.40

10

-0.08

+0.09

+0.35

+0.32

+0.95

+0.85

-0.27

-0.09

3
23 K K

r
K
v = r

K K v0 K
K
K
v 12

v = v0 1

v2
c2

1 v2
v = v0 1 2
2 c

1 2r 2

v = v0 1 2
2
c

2r 2
2

v = v 0 1 + 2
c

= K

M
r

v0 v K M
= 2
v0
c r

M r
1920

GtebeBachem
EvrershedSchwarzschild

(St.John)

E.Freundlich [ Julius

Springer
ie Naturwissenschaften1919 35 520 ]

Adams 1924

[ 32 ]

Friedman

21

Hubble

s S s
S s S

s s S
s S

--

T t

x,y,z
t

 S1

S2 S1
S2 S2
S2

S2 S2

S1 S2

S1S2

S2

dx12 + dx22 + dx32

dx4(x1,x2,x3)

dS 2 = dx12 + dx 22 + dx32 dx42

dS2
1

dS

dS 2 = g ik dxi dxk
I k 1112 44 gik
la
1

gik

gik

la


gik
gik 1

gik

1
gik
gik