Organizational Behavior

Definition:
1- OB is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behavior within organization for purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an Organizational Effectiveness.

Definition:
2- OB is concerned with the study of people in organization and how that behavior affects the performance of the organization. Further to say it is specially concerned with employment related situations that is concerned with works absenteeism, employment turnover, productivity, human performance and management.

Definition:
3- OB is concerned with the motivation, leader behavior and power, interpersonal communication, group structure and process, learning, attitude development, perception, change processes, conflict, work design and work stress.

Why Study Organizational Behavior?

Success isnt a destination its a process. And the margin between successes is often small. Learn the principles of defining and achieving success in your own life and begin the journey today. This journey begins with understanding the behaviors between the leader, the followers, and the organization. This is also a leadership course of study. To be successful leader, one needs to understand the behaviors of people, organizations, and the situation.

Organizational Behavior
Is organizational behavior really just common sense ?
When employees are happy workers are mor productive Friendly, trusting, and approachable bosses can motivate their workers. Leaders who exhibit a stable behavior, regardless of the situations faced, make the best leaders. Experiences have shown us that interviews where the interviewer leads with tell me about yourself are very effective selection methods. A challenging job appeals to everyone.

History Of OB
The Greek philosopher Plato wrote about the essence of leadership. Aristotle addressed the topic of persuasive communication. The writings of 16th century Italian philosopher Niccol Machiavelli laid the foundation for contemporary work on organizational power and politics. In 1776, Adam Smith advocated a new form of organizational structure based on the division of labour. One hundred years later, German sociologist

 Max Weber wrote about rational organizations and initiated discussion of charismatic leadership. Soon after, Frederick Winslow Taylor introduced the systematic use of goal setting and rewards to motivate employees. In the 1920's, Australian-born Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his colleagues conducted productivity studies at Western Electric's Hawthorne plant in the United States. AND FOCUSSED ON Human Factor

 Though it traces its roots back to Max Weber and earlier, organizational studies is generally considered to have begun as an academic discipline with the advent of scientific management in the 1890s, with Taylorism representing the peak of this movement. Proponents of scientific management held that rationalizing the organization with precise sets of instructions and time-motion studies would lead to increased productivity. Studies of different compensation systems were carried out.

 After the First World War, the focus of organizational studies shifted to analysis of how human factors and psychology affected organizations,

 a transformation propelled by the discovery of the Hawthorne Effect(1927 - 1932) examining the physical and environmental influences of the workplace (e.g. brightness of lights, humidity) and later, moved into the psychological aspects (e.g. breaks, group pressure, working hours, managerial leadership). This Human Relations Movement focused more on teams, motivation, and the actualization of the goals of individuals within organizations.

What management do?

Management have four main functions: i- Planning ii- Organizing (determined task) iii- Leading (motivating employees) iv- Controlling (Monitoring)

Role of Management in Organizational Behavior

Interpersonal role: Leadership (hiring, training & motivating) Liaison (contacting entire/ outside for information) Decision role (taking decisions)

Management Skills
Technical, Human and conceptual: Technical Examples: focus on engineers, surgeons and their capacity building. Human Examples: HR, Conflict Resolution, motivation and communication. Conceptual: Evaluation alternatives and select best one.

Contributing disciplines to the OB field

Organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science that is built on contributions from a number of behavioral disciplines.

The predominant areas are psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science. As we shall learn, psychologys contribution have mainly in individual and micro level analysis.

Psychology
The science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals. in organization to know problems of workers about fatigue , bored ness, job satisfaction etc

Sociology

The study of people in relation to their fellow human beings. In organization to know group dynamics, design of work team, organizational culture etc

Social psychology
In area within psychology that blends concepts from psychology and sociology and that focuses on the influence of people on one and other. To know changing attitudes, building trust, changing communication, satisfaction individual needs.

Anthropology

Study of human beings their activities behavior, culture in the organization. (Pathan and naswar)

Political Science

Peoples political organization.

attitude

in

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Responding to globalization
It effects managers people skill in at least two ways: 1- If you are transferred foreign assignments where the culture is deferent and the things are straight forward. 2- While in your own country the culture is different and attitudes are different.

Improving quality and productivity

The constant attainment of customer satisfaction through the continues improvement of all organizational process.

Responding to the labour shortage

Economic ups and downs are difficult to predict. In late nineties in was difficult to find skilled workers. In year 2001 most of the developed countries suffered an recession economic. USA hired IT professional all over the world.

 Improving peoples skills

- Capacity Building Empowering people - Encourage to employees participation in work related decisions. Coping with temporariness. - To updates the employees information, knowledge and skills.

 Stimulating, innovative and change - Employees needs more learning and squaring skills (Bugti Example). Improving ethical behavior - To create healthy climate for the employees as they can work affectivity.

Turn -

Absenteeism Failure to report Withdrawal from

work. Over organization.

to

DEVELOPING AN OB MODEL
An abstraction of reality. A simplified representation of some real-world phenomenon.

Dependent variable
A response that if affected by an independent variable. Productivity A performance measure that includes effectiveness and efficiency.

Effectiveness Achievement of goals. Efficiency The ratio of effective output to the input required to achieve it. Organizational citizenship Discretional behavior that is not part of an employees formal job requirements. Helping others on their team, volunteering of extra job activities, avoiding unnecessary conflicts, showing care for organizational property, respecting the spirit as well as the letter of rules and regulations.

Organization want and need employees who will do those things that arent in any job description.

(Sense of ownership)
Job Satisfaction An individuals general attitude toward his or her job. Independent Variable The presumed cause of some change in the dependent variable. Individual-Level Variables Manager that as parent some worker are slow & some are good sped

Group-Level Variables The behavior of people in groups is more than the sum total of all the individuals acting in their own way. Organization Systems The design of the formal organization, work processes, and jobs; the organizations human resource policies and practices (that is, selectin process, training programs, performance evaluation methods); and the internal culture all have an impact on the dependent variables.

Fundamentals of Individual Behavior

Bio Graphical Characteristics

Personal characteristics Such as Age, Gender , Marital Status,

Age
There is relation between age and performance . Job performance and productivity declines with age increasing . ( For physical job performance) but there is positive performance results in older age As experience , judgment, strong ethics, commitment to the quality . But also having less flexibility

GENDER
Male Females have same problem solving,analytial skills and abilities And competitive drive.

Psychologists says that women are more willing

to confirm to authority and the men is aggressive.

Women prefer to work in flexible work hours. Absenteeism . Due to care of kids

MARITAL STATUS Marriage imposes increased responsibilities that may make a steady job more valuable and important and that affects on the productivity TENURE The longer a person in a job .the les likely he or she is to quit . This is also a potent variable in a turn over .

Ability
The individual capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. Intellectual abilities The capacity to do mental activities.IQ For skilled jobs. physical abilities. For un skilled jobs (stamina )

Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.

Theories of Learning
Classical conditioning ( A type of conditioning which individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response ) Operant Conditioning A type of condition that desires volunteer behavior leads towards the reward or prevent the punishment .

Social Learning
Learning from observations ( Environment , teachers, peers , Parents)