58

TEEETRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS. VOL. IS, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2000

A Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator Model for the Power Flow Solution of Practical Power Networks
C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel, E. Acha, and H. Ambriz-PBrez

concept of a variable Series Compensator whose changing reactance adjusts itself in order to constrain the power flow across the branch to a specified value. The reactance value is determined efficiently by means of Newton's method. The changing reactance represents the fundamental frequency, equivalent reI. INTRODUCTION actance of the TCSC module. The drawback of this model is LECTRIC utilities are operating in an increasingly com- that the firing angle corresponding to such a compensation level petitive market where economic and environmental pres- has to be determined by resorting to an iterative process, in ad'. sures limit their scope to expand transmission facilities. The op- dition to the load flow solution. Moreover, it is not possible to timization of transmission corridors for power transfer has be- assess within the load flow solution whether or not the solution come at' great importance. In this scenario, the FACTS tech- is taking place in the vicinity of a resonant point. The only indinology is an attractive option for increasing system operation cation would be a divergent iterative process. flexibility [ I ] , New developments in high-current, high-power This paper presents a new TCSC power flow model, which electronics are making it possible to control electronically the circumvents the additional iterative process required to calcupower flows on the high voltage side of the network during both late the firing angle. Moreover, since explicit information of the steady state and transient operation. TCSC impedance-firing angle characteristic is available, good One important FACTS component is the TCSC which initial conditions are easily selected, hence, preventing the load allows rapid and continuous changes of the transmission line flow iterative process from taking place in non-operative regions impedance [Zl. Active power flows along the compensated owing to the presence of resonant impedancc bands. The model transmission line can be maintained at a specified value under a takes full account of the loop current present in the TCSC under range of operating conditions. Fig. 1 is a schematic representa- both partial and full conduction operating modes [Z]. Harmonic tion of a TCSC module [Z], which consists o f a series capacitor studies carried out for the TCSC have shown that, apart from the bank in parallel with a Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR). third harmonic, all other harmonic currents are of small magThe controlling element is the thyristor controller, shown as a nitude and, hence, are cause of no concern [3].In this paper bidirectional thyristor valve. it is assumed that filters are available to cancel out third harIn load flow studies the TCSC can be represented in several monic currents and any other troublesome harmonic currents. forms. For instance, the model presented in [ 3 ] is based on the In this way, the TCSC is adequately represented by its fnndamental frequency impedance. The linearized TCSC power flow equations, with respcct to the firing angle, are incorporated into Manuscript received August 5 , 1998: revised December 31,1998. Financial an cxisting Newton-Raphson load flow algorithm. In common iissistiiiice for H. Ambrir-Perez for this project was provided by CONACYI: with all other controllable plant component models available in Mexico. C. I<. Foerte-Eaquivel is with the Departinanto de Ingenieria Electrica y Elec- our load flow program [41, [51, the TCSC firing angle is comtrbnica, lnstituta TccnoMgica de Morclia, Mexica. bined with the nodal voltage magnitudes and angles inside the E. Acha and H. Amhriz-Perez ere with Department of Slectronics end ElecJacobian and mismatch cquations, leading to very robust iteratrical Engineering, The University d 3liisguw. Scotland, UK. tive solutions. Puhlishcr ltcm ldcntilicr S 08% .950(00)01853-8.
Index Terms-FACTS, TCSC.

Abstract-A new and comprehensive load flow model for the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) is presented in this paper. In this model the state variable is the TCSC's firing angle, which is combined with the nodal voltage mugnitudes and angles of the entire network in a single frame-of-reference for a unified iterative solution through a Newton-Raphson method. Unlike TCSC models available in the open literature, this model takes account of the loop current that exists in the TCSC under both partial and full conduction operating modes. Also, the model takes proper care of the resonant points exhibited by the TCSC fundamental frequency impedance. The Newton-Raphson algorithm exhibits quadratic or near-quadraticconvergencecharacteristics, regardless of the size of the network and the number of TCSC devices.

Fig. 1. TCSC module

Newton-Raphson, Power Flow Control,

0885-XY50100510.00 0 2000 IBEE

PUERTE-ESOUIVIIL et o,:A THYRISTOR CONrROLLEO SERIES COMPENSATOR MODEL

59

11. TCSC FUNDAMENTAL IMPEDANCE

We start the derivation by examining thc voltages and currents in thc TCSC circuit under the full rangc oloperating conditions. The basic eqoation is,

L 0

40

Inductive region
20 -

- iq. (4)
. . .. .
i q . (8)

s
n J

O-20-40,...

LT

wherc (bold type indicatcs complex quantitics). V . l . ~ ~ is the ) ~(l fundamental frequency voltage across the TCSC module, is the fundamental frequency line current and %.L.c;sc(lj is the TCSC impedancc. The voltage VTCSC(Ij is equal to the voltage across theTCSC capacitor and ( I ) can be written as,

> .W

. . . :
,

....
.

Copocitive region

-60 -

. .

Firing angle (degrees)

Fig. 2. Comparison of TCSC equivalent rcactnnces.

If the external power network is represented by an idealized currenl source, as seen from the TCSC tcrminals, this current source is cqual to the sum of the currents flowing through the TCSC capacitor and inductor. The TCSC impedance can then be exprcssed as,

Substituting the expression for ITc;lL(,j, (A.18) of the Appendix, into (3) and assuming Ili,be = 1 cos w l , leads to the fundamental frequency TCSC equivalent reactance, as a tinction of the TCSC firing anglc, IY:

XTC;~(:(, j =

Xc

+ C1(2(lr- m ) + sin(Z(n - n ) ) )
- a ) ( W I n , l r ( q ? i -e))

- Ca cosy,

-tan(* - 0))
where

(4)

neglected 131. Equation (8) underestimates the overall steady state TCSC impedance, since it neglects the capacitor stored charge effects. As shown in Fig. 2, representing these effects correctly become more important when the TCSC operates in the neighborhood of a resonant frequency. An intrinsic characteristic of the TCSC module shown in Fig. 1 is that a loop current exists under both partial and full conduction operating modes. The reason is that thc thyristor turn-on produccs a voltage across the inductor which is of equal magnitude and phase to the capacitor voltage [3]. This voltage, in turn, drives a current through the inductor which has opposite polarity to the capacitor current. This effect produces the loop current which has a distorting effect on the voltage waveform across the TCSC terminals. Fig. 2 compares theTCSC equivalent reactances as afunction of the firing angle, as given by (4) and (8). The TCSC inductive and capacitive reactances were taken to be 2.6 and 15 Cl, respcctively, at ii base frequency of 60 Hz. These parameters correspond to the Kayenta scheme 12]-[4]. This result shows that ncglecting the loop current under TCSCs partial conduction mode gives an erroneous value of the firing angle that is needed in order to obtain a required level of compensation. 111. TCSC POWER FLOW MODEL

It should he noted that prcvious, hut incorrect attempts have been made to incorporate the TCSC impedance into a load flow algorithm. For instance, (8) was given in 161 to represent the overall TCSC fundamental impcdance,
&CR(l)JlC

The admittance matrix of the TCSC module shown in Fig. 1 IS,

XCXL

xc XL- -(2(n-m)+sin(2m))
7r

(8)

where

The problem with (8) is that the harmonic analysis has only been conducted for the TCR while the capacitive reactance of the TCSC has been neglected. Thc total impedance has been obtained by paralleling thc TCR equivalent impedance at the fundamental frequency and the fixed capacitive reactance. This makes (8) only valid for the first cycle of the current. The reason is that after thc first cycle has elapsed, the capacitor stores charge, where leading to higher steady state voltages compared to cases when the capacitor charging effect is

The TCSC power equations at node k are,

-VkV,HTcsqlj

sin(0k - O,,,)

(1 1)

60

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. IS. NO. I,PBBRUARY 2000

The TCSC linearized power equations with respect to the firing angle are,

where

-2001

go

'

iaa

110

120 130

140

/I

150 160

17a $80

Firing angle (degrees)

Fig. 3. XTCSC(,) aXTcsc(,r/8a profiles as a function of firing asgle. and

c (82 2

cos2(x - a ) - 1) cos2(ij-(n- a ) )

(16)

0.2

. - Btcsc \ .--- Partial derivative of Etcsc

,

'\,
.'-I

'

/7-

For the equations at node m exchange the subscripts i. and m l

in (11)-(14). When the TCSC module is controlling the active power flowing from nodes k to m, at a specified value, the set of linearized power flow equations is,

0.0
-0.1

90

100 110 120 1 3 0 N O 150 160 170 180

, Firing angle (degrees) /

Inductive region

-0.3

-0.4

Fig. 4. BTCSC(I) a B , o c ( , , / a m profiles as a function oftiring angle. and

IV. TCSC IMPEDANCE AS A FUNCTION FIRINGANGLE OP THB As expected, the behavior of the TCSC power flow model is influenced greatly by the number of resonant points in the TCSC impedance-firing angle characteristic, in the range of 9&180. Equation (18) may be used to determine the number of resonant points (poles) in a TCSC 121:
where

n = 1, 2 , 3 , ,

(17)

where superscript i indicates iteration, AP,, = Pfhreu Pr, is the active power flow mismatch for the TCSC module, Act = a'+' - a,is the incremental change in the TCSC's firing angle and PE, = Pk.

(18) Figs. 3 and 4 show the fundamental frequency TCSC reactance and susceptance profiles, as function of the firing angle, respectively. The partial derivatives of these parameters with respect to the firing angle are also shown in these figures. The TCSC reactance parameter values are those given in Section 11. As shown in Fig. 3, a resonant point exists at a n = 142.81'. This pole defines the transition from the inductive to the capacitive regions. It should be noted that near the resonant point, small variations of the firing angle will induce large changes in both X T , , ~ , ) and dXTese(j )/de. This, in turn, may lead to ill conditioned TCSC power equations and Jacobian teims. On the other hand, it can he observed from Fig. 4 that the B ~ c s c ( 1 ) and d H T c s c ( l ) / d a profiles do not present discontinuities. Both curves vary in a continuous, smooth fashion in both operative regions.

FUERTF,-ESQUIVEL el ai.: A THYRISTOR CONTROLLEO SERIES COMPENSATOR MODEL

61

V. TCSC PRACTICAL MODELCONSIDERATIONS

A. Firing Angle Initial Condition

31

"Ill-chosen'' starting conditions are often responsible for the Newton-Raphson load flow solution diverging or arriving at some anomalous value. In order to avoid ill-conditioned Jacobi, . if the customary zero voltage angle initialization is used, 'ins ' the TCSC's is represented as a fixed reactance in the first iteration. In subsequent iterations, a small voltage angle difference at the TCSC terminals takes place and the firing angle TCSC model is used. The initial condition for the TCSC's firing angle is selected within the range.of 18' from the resonant point.
B. Truncated Adjustments

When solving TCSC-upgraded networks, large mismatch values in AP, AQ, and Al)knL, may take place in the early stages of the iterative process, resulting in poor convergence. The problem is aggravated if the level of compensation required to maintain a specified active power flow is near to a resonant point. In this case, large increments in the TCSC firing angle uroduce changes from the cauacitive to the inductive operative regions, and vice versa, causing the solution process to oscillate. In order to reduce unwanted numerical problems, the c o n puted adjustments are replaced by truncated adjustments, if they exceed a specified limit. The size of correction of the firing angle adjustment has been limited during the backward substitution to 5'. The truncated adjustment effect is propagated throughout the remaining of the backward substitution. The AC network state variables are truncated as explained i n [41.
I

Fig. 5. Relevant ptkrt of tile 217z-node~ system.

TABLE I
POWER MISMATCHES AND TCSC PAllAMPIBK VALUES

4 5

1Eo5 148.04 -0.0237

2E-08 5E-16
148.04 148.04

-0.0237 -0.0237

6E-05 8E-09 0.0

148.18 -0.0232 148.18 -0.0232 148.18 -0.0232

C. Limits Revision
The power mismatch equations are used to activate limits rcvision in all the controllable elements. The TCSC revision criterion is based on its active power mismatch equation, lines linking nodes 30 and 32 at 40% each, when the system is operating on maximum demaud. A Static Vars Compensator (SVC) is installed at node 32 to regulate voltage magnitude. These lines are of slightly different design and when operated without compensation, the active power flows injected into node 32 through lines LI and L2 are 476 and 480 MW, respectively. For the purpose of this paper, the mechanically switched series capacitors are replaced by TCSCs and used to control active power flow. The TCSCs are set to control, at the busbar 32 end, the active power flow through each transmission line at 540 MW. The TCSC electric parameters are lhose given in Section 11. The power mismatch tolerance was set at lo-''. The firing angles of both TCSCs were initialized at 150' and convergence was obtained in 6 iterations. Table I shows the maximum absolute power mismatches at node 32. The tiring angle and the fundamental frequency TCSC equivalent impedance are also shown in this table. These values are given in degrees and p.u.. respectively. In order to validate these results, the same case was simulated with the variable series compensator model reported in 141. Convergence was obtained in 5 iterations. The same fundamental frequency, TCSC equivalent reactances as those shown in Table I were arrived al. It should be noted that when this model is used, the firing angles are calculated after the load flow has converged by resorting to an additional iterative process.

AI'jn.,,= I'~;z""f + P&,

(19)

where i varies from I to the number of TCSC's. The limit revision is activated when (19) satisfies a predefined tolerance, in our program it is If a limit violation takes place then the firing angle is fixed at that limit and the regulated active power flow is freed. In this situation no further attempts are inade to control this active power for the remaining of the iterative process. VI. TESTCASE A C++ class has been written for the TCSC firing angle-dependant model and incorporated in our object orientedprogramming (OOP) load flow program 151. The program has been applied to the solution of power networks of different sires. The example below corresponds to a real-life power network cow sisting of 2172 buses, 2294 transmission lines, and 768 transformers [7]. This network has enough complexity to show the robustness of the new TCSC model towards the convergence. The relevant part of the network is shown in Fig. 5. Mechanically switched series capacitors are used to compensate the two

62

IEEETRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 15, N . I. PEBRUARY 2000 O

TABLE II
TCSC FIRING ANGLES AND REACTANCES

TABLE 111
NUMBER OF ITERATIONS FOR THE TWO KINDS ADJUSTMCNTS OF

TCSCLI case

TCSC-L2 Xnx(1) (p.U,) -0.0237 -0.0237 -0.0237 -0.0237

I Tvoe of

a "
(deg.) 115

am

a "
(deg.) 115 160 115 160

Qd f

x ,
(p.U,) -0.0232 -0.0232 -0.0232 -0.0232

adjGtment

I
I

1 2 3 4

115
160 160

(deg.) 110.51 110.51 159.12 159.12

(deg.) 110.52 159.19 110.52 159.19

Full

Iterations reauired to achieve convereence case1 I C L 2 case3 1-caSe4 NC I NC I IO I 6

VII. MULTIPLE RESONANT POINTS TCSCs are carefully designed to exhibit a single resonant point. However, changes in the original parameters may take place due to, among other things, the ageing of capacitors. It is not unlikely then that TCSCs may exhibit more than one resonant point. This has provided the motivation for analyzing the behavior of the load flow algorithm when solving systems that contain TCSCs with more than one resonant point For example, values of X C = 16 n and X L = 1 62 give rise to a TCSC which exhibits two resonant points, i.e. at = 110.29" and L Y R = 156.76'. ~ In cases when the fundamental frequency TCSC reactance presents multiple resonance points, different values of firing angle give the compensation levels required to achieve a specific active power flow. The network given in Section VI is solved helow but now the TCSC uses the parameter values given in this section so that the TCSC has two resonant points. The active power flow through each transmission line is set at 540 MW. Two different firing angle initial conditions ' are used for each TCSC. Table I1 1 0 shows simulation results for the four possible combinations. The simulations were carried out with truncated adjustments. The number of iterations required to obtain convergence is I for Cases 1 , 2 , and 3 and 6 iterations for Case 4. It can he observed from Table I1 that the power flows of 540 MW in transmission lines LI and L2 can he met with more than one firing angle value, i.e. in this test case the same compensation level in each TCSC is achieved with two different firing angles. For the case of transmission line L1, when a0 is specifiedat 115O, the firing anglesolution, afin.r = 110.5lo,is quite near the resonant point, i.e. 110.29O. The algorithm shows to be very robust towards the convergence. Similarly, when the TCSC firing angle is initialized at 160" the firing angle solution settles at 159.12' as opposed to llOSlo. To show some of the potential problems incurred when the iterative solution takes place near a resonant point and the correction step is not truncated during the backward substitution, the numeric examples presented above was also solved with full adjustments. Table I11 gives the number of iterations taken by both solution approaches, with full adjustments and with truncated adjustments. These results clearly show the benefits of using truncated adjustments in the backward substitution. By way of example, the maximum power mismatches for Case 3 are shown in Tables IV and V. The results in Table IV corresponds to full adjustments and in Table V corresponds to

mwer

-TCI .L1
dpn

6.2739 0.6398 2.7155 15.704 1.3204 176.05 41.904 243.78 63.374 10.026 3.9057 0.8970 0.6881 0.0131 3E-05 3E-05 2E-12

AL 4.1033

-a
5.4 0.3902 0.6037 0.0214

TCSC -L2

3Eo4
2E-06 SE44 0.0095 0.0012 1E-07 3E12

-- TCSC-L1 TCSC-L2 APa a d p n a 5.4 160 5.4 115 4.1033 115 1.4487 160 2.7154 0.3902 0.5669 1.1920 158.28 10.391 110.0 1.6329 0.2335 158.93 0.2862 110.5 0.2817 0.0159 159.13 0.1062 110.52 E - 0 3 4E-05 159.12 4E-03 110.52 3E-06 2E-07 159.12 2E-06 110.52 1E-14 2E-14 159.12 SE13 110.52

160 160 158.71 159.02 159.01 159.01 159.04 159.16 159.12 159.12 159.12

TABLE V MAXIMUM, ABSOLUTE POWER MISMATCHPS AND TCSC FIRING ANGLES WITHTRUNCATBD ADJUSTMENTS

Iterations 0
1

Nadalpwer

AP
6.2739 9.8337 11.426 0.2928 0.1221 4E-03 2E-06 1E14

A0

2 3 4 5 6 7

truncated adjustments. The firing angle values, in electrical degrees, are also shown. The TCSC power regulating capabilities were activated in the second iteration. In both simulations the TCSCs changed from the inductive to the capacitive regions. Moreover, when the increment size was not truncated, large changes in the firing angle of TCSC L2 are observed during the first few iterations. Such large perturbations are responsible for the slow down in convergence. VIII. CONCLUSIONS

A new TCSC power flow model bas been presented in the paper. The TCR's firing angle is taken to he the state variable, which is regulated in order obtain the level of compensation required to achieve a specified active power flow. It has been shown that neglecting the TCSC loop current during partial conduction gives erroneous values of firing angle. This model has

FUERTB-ESQUIVEL

et a i : A

THYRISTOR CONTKOLLED SERIES COMFENSlrOK MODEL

61

(W*

(OR)

m m nt.u<,r
1n
11ine
-* wt

hCR

Jca,

(A.6)

+ a

I
x

Icap= S2T>1(7I.I.U1L - C V &

(A.7)

been included in a Newton-Raphson load flow algorithm, which is capable of solving large power networks vcry reliably. The algorithm retains Newton's quadratic convergence and its effciency has been illustrated by numeric examples. Identical results were obtained with the firing angle TCSC model presented in this paper and with the TCSC power flow model presentcd i n [4]. The impact of limiting the tiring angle's size of correction during the iterative (AR) solution has been illustrated by numeric examples. This issue is particularly important when the solution is taking place in the vicinity of aTCSC resonant point. APPENDIX A TCSC CURRENT AND VOLTAGE EQUATIONS We start the derivations by assuming that a loop current is trapped in the reactor-capacitor circuit and that thc power system can be represented by an ideal, sinusoidal current source. Under those assumptions, the TCSC steady state voltage and current equations can be obtained from the analysis of a parallel I,C circuit with a variable inductance [2]. This representation is shown in Fig. 6 and the asymmetrical current pulses through the TCSC thyristors are shown schematically in Fig. 7. The original time reference (OR) is taken to be the positive going zero crossing of the voltage across the TCSC inductance. Also an auxiliary time reference (AR) is taken at a time when the thyristor starts to conduct. Italic, bold, and lowercase types represent Laplace, complex, and time domain quantities, respectively. The line current is,
= c.os wl

where

w 2 - -1 " - I'C' Expressing (A.8) in the time domain leads to,

i , r ~= ~ l A
COS(7IJt

(A.9)

- O, ')

COS B. COS t U o t

- D sin rc,sin 70,l

+ DV&

sin w,l

(A.lO)

whcre

To express (A.10) within the range [-u., u n a ] , is only it necessary to shift the equation to the original time reference by adding u , / u to the time variable. Hence, replacing 1 u,&/w by 1 into (A. IO) and perfuming some operations, we arrive at the following expression,

i ~ c = A cos w l n

+ ( - A cos ra cos nua - U sin a m a siri Gra + l>V& sin =ua) cos ,io,t + ( A cos r. sin Liua - 11 sin Gua cos Zua (A.12) + DV& cos am,) siri w,t
where

(A.1)

- = -. O W w
711

(A.13)

or, in the AR plane,

i ~ = cos(w-a,) = cos wt cos u,+sin tu1 sin ; ~ ~
0 , .

(A.2)

Applying Kirchhoff current law (KCL) to the circuit shown in Fig. 6,

hino

=~TCR Ltp +

(A.3)

This equation is valid for tut t [-u., u.21 and contains the transient and steady state components. It must be noted that the resulting currcnt is symmetric. The steady statc is reached when the current pulses become symmetric, i.e. ua = un2, . . . = unB. = This condition takes place when, for a given anglc, the TCSC capacitor voltage, V , & is at the same level as the coeffkient of the sinusoidal term,

64

IEEE TKANSACTtONSON POWER SYSTEMS, Vol.. 15. NO.I PEBRUARY 2UOO ,

sin(w,t), and equal to zero. At this point the capacitor's voltage

is

30
~

. . . . Inductor voltage ...

PI,
B . A K i p = sin(ua) - - cos(u.) tati(ijuo). D
(A.14)

Capmilor v o l l ~ g e
Inductor current

9
10

COpOCltor current
0.

The steady-state thyristor current equation is obtained by substituting (A.14) into equation (A. U),
cos(u,)
i,ycli = A cos(wt) - ACOS(ZU.,)

' i

h
E

,-

;L , -

--=.

2-

cos(ijwt)

(A.15)

: -10 g -20 r
>"
-30

. --- ____ ,+

-y -

j:

where
U<&, T =

'
0
100 200 wt (electrical degrees)
300 400

- a.

(A.16)

Equation (A. 15) is symmetric and it is valid in the interval w l E [-u., u.] and wl E [Zr- ua,Zr ua]. Since the thyristor current has even and quarterly symmetry, its fundamental frequency component may be obtained by applying Fourier analysis to (A.IS),

Fig. 8. Voltage and currents wavtforms in the TCSC device.

JTCH(1)

=T

' lo"

Typical waveforms of voltage across and current through the TCSC components are shown in Fig. 8 for the case when the thyristors are fired at an angle of 150'. The inductive and caoacitive reactances are thosc given in Section 11.
L

(A cos(wl) -A-

cos(,,)

cos(iju,)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
(A.17)

cos(wt) $ w t ) .

Therefore, the thyristor current at fundamental frequency is,

H. Ambriz-PBrez would like to thank CFE, MBxico for granting him study leave to carry out Ph.D. studies at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
REFERENCES

4A cos2(u.) ij2 - I

ij tan(Gu,) - tsn(u,)
T

(A.18)

A second current pulse is obtained by assuming that a second firing pulse takes place 180' just after the first pulse, producing a current flow through the thyristor with an opposite polarity to the current in (A.15). The current through the capacitor is obtained from (A.3). A fundamental frequency expression for the voltage across the TCSC capacitor is

or by substituting (A.15) into (A.19),

Ill N. H. Hingorani, "Flexible AC transmission systems,"IEEE Spectrum, p. 4045, Apr. 1993. 121 N. Cbristl, R. Hcdin, K. Sadck, P. Llitzelberger, p. E. Krduse, S. M. McKcnna, A. H. Maiitaya, and D. Togerson, "Advanced series compensiuion (ASC) with thyristor controllcd impedance," in Inr. Conj: Large High Vullage Elecfric Sysrems (CIGXEJ,Paris, Sept. 1992, Paper 14/37/38-05. 131 S.G. Helbing and G. G. Kaiiidy, "liivestigatioiis of an advanced form of series compensation," IEEE Tranr. PO WE^ Delivery, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 939-947, Apr. 1994. [4] C. R. Puerle-Esquivel and E. Acha,"A Newton-type algorithm for the control of power flow in electrical powcr ndworks,"lEEE Trans. Power Syslemr, vol. 12,no. 4,pp. 1474-1480,Nov. 1997. \SI C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel, E. Acha, S. G . Tan, and J. 1. Rico, "Efficient object oriented power systems software far the analysis of large-scale networks containing FACTS-controlled branches," IEEE Tranr. Power Syrtems, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 464472, May 1998. 161 2. T. Faur and C. A. Csiiizares, "Effects of FACTS devices an system loadability," in Pmc. N m h American Power Symposium (NAPS), Bozeman, MT. USA, Oct. 1995, pp. 520-524. 171 P. Abayles and G. Arroyo, "Security iissessinent in the operation of langitudinal power systems," IEEE Trans. Power Syrie~nr, PWRS-1, vol. no. 2, pp. 225-232, Miiy 19%.

The voltage across the capacitor during the period of time in which the thyristors are not conducting is given by,

C. R. Fuerte-Esquivelreccivcd the B.Eng. degree (Hons) from Institute Tecnal6gico de Murelia, Mexico, in 1990, the MSc. dcgree froin Inscituto Polildcnico Nacional, MBxico, in 1993, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK in 1997. He holds a permanent iippointrnent at the Instituto Tecnoldgicu de Morelia.

(A.22) Substituting (A.22) into (A.21) and solving for uccbp-om,

t ~ ~ . ~= ~ , ~ .

un-ull. vcap

-A

xr,sin(u,) + AG.YL

coS(U.) taIl(ijU,).

Durham. He holds a permanent appoiotnient at the Univcrsity of Glasgow, Scotland, where he lectures and conduct? research an powcr systcms analysis and power electronics spplicatians in power systems.

Xc(sin w l - sin ua) - AX,(sin + E cos

ua ta,ltiju,).

(A.23)

IT. Amhrir-Perez received the R.Eng. degree (Hons) and the M.Sc. degrce from lnstitnlo Politdcnica Nacional, Mexico in 1987 and 1992, respectively. He is cur~cenlly working toward the Ph.D. degree at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.