E. V.

Gray and the Self-Sustaining Motor

Table of Contents
E. V. Gray and the Self-Sustaining Motor..............................................................................................1 Table of Contents..................................................................................................................................2 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................4 Chapter 1...............................................................................................................................................5 The Life and Times of Edwin Gray.....................................................................................................5 Gray's Formative Years..................................................................................................................5 After the War................................................................................................................................6 The Beginning of Invention............................................................................................................7 The Underlying Principles of Gray's Invention...............................................................................7 The Birth of EVGRAY Enterprises, LTD...........................................................................................8 Problems and Upturns for Edwin Gray..........................................................................................9 Reorganization and More Problems............................................................................................12 Moves, Moves and More Moves.................................................................................................12 Letter Writing, a "Government Contact" and More Moves.........................................................13 The Beginning of the End............................................................................................................14 Gray's Legacy...............................................................................................................................15 Chapter 2.............................................................................................................................................17 Gray's Breakthrough Technology....................................................................................................17 What Was Gray's Motor?............................................................................................................18 How an Electric Motor Works.....................................................................................................19 How Electromagnets Work..........................................................................................................20 Gray's Motor and Circuit Schematics..........................................................................................20 Chapter 3.............................................................................................................................................49 The Real Deal...................................................................................................................................49 A Picture Is Worth A Thousand Words........................................................................................49 The Internals of the Device..........................................................................................................55 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................69

Introduction
The problem with energy production is that it is unsustainable through traditional methods. However, modern life without energy is unthinkable untenable. The process of creating energy, whether that energy is used to power your home, your car or some other item, requires the exploitation of natural resources in ever-shorter supply. If only there was a way to produce clean, free energy! Consider the modern automobile. To create enough energy to get you to the grocery store, you must use gasoline, refined from oil deposits located deep within the earth. These deposits are growing ever more scarce. Eventually, there will simply be no more crude oil to exploit. In addition, the usage of fossil fuels like petroleum is not without cost. The increasing concern about global warming caused by burning fossil fuels is only one example of this. Others include increased water and soil pollution, as well as harm to natural environments around the world. The impact on humans, plants and animals is immense. However, there is promise for the future. Many brilliant scientists have ventured into alternative fuel options, with some very promising results. One of the most promising (and most controversial) might just be the electric motor developed by Edwin V. Gray. Actually, Gray created a series of prototypes, each more refined than the previous version. If you have longed to have free energy, produced effortlessly and with no need to rely on the power grid for your energy, then you are in luck. This book will highlight the key areas of Gray's motor and show you how it can achieve over unity. Your energy needs (and the world's) can be met with this innovative motor.

Chapter 1
The Life and Times of Edwin Gray
To understand Edwin Gray and the potential offered by his invention, it is necessary to start at the beginning, with his childhood and early education, as well as what he did during his early life. There was much more to Gray than just genius with electronics and magnetism.

Gray's Formative Years

Edwin Gray was born in Washington D.C. in 1925, one of 14 children born to his parents. He grew up poor and largely on the street. At the time, there was nothing to suggest that Gray was a budding genius, although he did show a marked interest in automobiles and electronics. In fact, his interest was very different from other children his age. Where most children simply enjoyed learning about how electronics or engines worked, Gray was bound and determined to discover WHY they worked. One of the major influences in Gray's formative years was watching the early radar tests conducted just across the Potomac River. Gray attended school in the D.C. area, but did not remain enrolled very long. In fact, he dropped out at just 14 years of age, which was not unheard of during this time in history. What is more impressive is the fact that at just 15 years of age, Gray enlisted in the Army and attended the Army's Advanced Engineering School for a full year. When it was discovered that he was underage, Gray received an honorable discharge, and returned to civilian life, though only for a short time. After the
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Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, Gray joined the Navy, where he served three years in the Pacific Theater with combat duty.

After the War

After his stint in the Navy, Gray married. He and his new bride, Geraldine, soon started a family in Maryland, where he was employed in an automotive repair shop. It was not until 1956 that Gray decided a move to Southern California was called for and he promptly moved his family to Venice, CA. Shortly thereafter, he moved again to Santa Monica and started his first company, an automobile collision shop. His early efforts as an entrepreneur were successful and he actually managed to open a second location before an economic downturn forced him to close his doors. This failure forced Gray to make yet another move. This time, his destination was Prescott, Arizona. He was not to remain here long, though, and moved to Colorado in 1961, and then to Las Vegas in 1962, where he once more worked in the automotive repair industry. By 1965, Gray was once more living in Southern California, where he founded a partnership with George Watson, an automotive painter with a considerable clientele of Hollywood A-list celebrities. Gray stayed in this business until 1969, when his life was once again turned upside down. A divorce from his wife with whom he had seven children was the first thing to occur during this time. The second thing was that Gray shut down his auto business. He sold most of the building to one of his nephews and retained the rest of the property for use in his electronics inventing. Gray was to remarry again in 1971, to Renate Lenz, and went on to have three more children with her. That marriage also ended in divorce, and Gray married three more times during his life.

The Beginning of Invention

Information is quite mixed about how and when Gray first began inventing. Some sources cite the man's lifelong interest in electricity. Others state that he had never shown any proclivity for invention before selling his auto shop in 1969. There are even rumors that the experience that started the entire process was meeting one Dr. Popov, a Russian immigrant. Popov purportedly gave Gray information that had been transferred from Nikola Tesla, himself. There are certainly some similarities between Gray's work and Tesla's inventions in the late 1800s, though no positive connection has ever been made between the two men. Regardless of how it came to be, 1969 marked something of a dramatic turning point for Gray. He went from plying a trade in which he had been involved for most of his adult life to one that he had never tried before that of inventing. However, it soon appeared that inventing was going to be Gray's true calling.

The Underlying Principles of Gray's Invention

Regardless of whether Gray received information from a Russian named Popov or developed the entire idea on his own, the fact is that the motors worked. The underlying principle has been well documented by scientists for some time. Ferromagnetic material is quite capable of storing energy and then discharging it. Electric motors of all types use electromagnets for that very purpose. Gray's invention was not different because it used electromagnets, but rather because he was able to recharge those magnets using capacitors and the static electricity that surrounds us at all times. In a regular electric motor, electromagnets must be recharged by an outside source this equates to power consumption. However, Gray's system recharged itself it

was self-sustaining. It did not require an external power source beyond the batteries required to start the system. Those batteries were then recharged by the motor, requiring no additional electricity in order to operate. In addition, Gray's invention had the benefit of "running cold." In most systems where electricity is generated or used, heat caused by friction in the materials is an inherent problem. However, Gray was able to overcome this problem and keep his motor running cool enough to touch. One of the tests that displayed his invention's real potential involved a participant catching a heavy metal plate that had been subjected to the electromagnetic field of the motor and flung in the air by that force. The plate was cool enough to handle by hand.

The Birth of EVGRAY Enterprises, LTD.

In 1971, Gray founded EVGRAY Enterprises, LTD. It was this company that would make him famous (or infamous, depending on your point of view). It took him just a single year to accumulate enough investors and other financial backers to create a working prototype of his motor. This was a small 10 horsepower motor, and it was sent to Crosby Research Institute for a full battery of tests. These tests demonstrated the power and potential of Gray's invention. According to the notes form this initial test, this small motor was capable of producing 7,460 watts with an input of just 26.8 watts almost 300 times more output than input. The report showed that the motor had a higher than 99% operating efficiency, and one scientist actually noted on the report that the system would change the way the world used energy. In fact, the report was sufficient to entice Bing Crosby (the Hollywood great and brother of Larry Crosby, owner of the Crosby Research Institute) to sign on as a financial backer.

The owner of Mallory Electric Company, "Boot" Mallory, also signed on with Crosby, as did several other "big names." It was Mallory's company that supplied the high voltage ignition coils that Gray used in his machine, in fact. In 1973, Gray had made sufficient progress to produce a 100 horsepower prototype that was also fully functional. By this point, the company numbered a total of 15 investors, and Gray had even received a Certificate of Merit from the Governor of California, Ronald Reagan.

Problems and Upturns for Edwin Gray

1973 marked a good year for Gray. He received a considerable amount of good press from his many demonstrations of his motor, and his technology seemed to be well received. In addition, he had formed a deal with Paul M. Lewis, an automobile designer. This partnership would have seen the design and production of the first fully electric car in the US, but it was not to be. Below, you will find the test data for Gray's 100 horsepower, functional motor that might have been used in such a vehicle. The test was conducted in 1973 and recorded by Jack Scagnetti.

EMA-4 MOTOR PRELIMINARY TEST DATA

Input Power: 12 volts dc (of a 24 volt DC system, making use of a 12 volt standard starter motor)

RPM: 2550 RPM constant Torque: 66 lbs. / constant Horsepower: 100 HP Brake Horsepower: 32.05

Foot-pounds/minute: 1.057.650 Foot-pounds/second: 755 lbs. (includes 110 lbs for four 6-volt batteries) Volume: 42" long x 18" wide x 22" high. (This is overall geometry including control unit, etc. The basic motor is a 16" dia. x 24" cylinder, which can be repackaged into a 9" dia. x 12" cylinder)

Test Run Time: 21.5 minutes Battery Voltage Reading at Test completion: 25.7 volts Ambient Temperature: 84 degrees constant Humidity: 51% Fuel Consumption: None (other than air) Cooling: Conduction / 1/2 pound (flow through) air pressure Magnetic Field: 360 degrees-all directions during motor operation Lubrication: High temperature bearing grease (2 bearings) Vibration: Negligible Noise Level: No direct reading taken - without shielding, no louder than small kitchen appliance, e.g., fan, etc

Power Hazard: Fully secure - full design safety features Start Mode: Simple push button - standard 12V starter motor Operating Mode: Rheostat principle with switchable range(500-1300-1950-25503350-4100 RPM's)

Physical Condition: Motor mounted on wheeled test stand no external connections to stand

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When an ex-employee made unfounded claims and accusations to local authorities, Gray's situation deteriorated rapidly. 1974 saw the Los Angeles District Attorney's Office raid EVGRAY Enterprises offices. During the raid, almost everything in the offices was confiscated. The DA took all working prototypes of Gray's motors, as well as all business records and other files. The DA then undertook an eight-month campaign against Gray, in an attempt to get his investors to file charges against him for fraud. None of the investors would do so, and the DA was disappointed to find that because of how few investors Gray had, many SEC regulations did not apply to his situation. The case dragged on, racking up financial charges and fees. In the end, Gray had to plead guilty to two minor SEC violations and pay a fine. He was released after that, but significant damage had been done. In addition, the DA never returned a single prototype afterward. However, it was not all bleak during this period of his life. Gray actually had a few things going for him. For instance, it was in 1975 that Gray was issued his first patent. In addition, he was named "Inventor of the Year" by the Patent Attorney's Office in Los Angeles for his discovery of a new form of electric power. However, Gray was definitely scarred from his previous run-ins with authority, and his profile was much lower than previously. Keeping his head down turned out to be the least of his worries, though. Later that same year, he failed to deliver the promised motor to Paul Lewis for his Fascination car (the all-electric, fuel-less vehicle the two were designing). When this happened, Lewis pulled out of the deal. Gray tried to raise more money through a press conference and fundraising, but it did not work. Shortly after this, both Crosby and Mallory died, leaving Gray without two of his bastions of support.

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Reorganization and More Problems

If Gray thought that his worries would lessen any time soon, he was sorely mistaken. After the deaths of his two main supporters, he reorganized himself into ZETEX, Inc and EVGRAY Enterprises, Inc. was no more. The immediate side effect of this move was that all of his remaining backers lost their funds. It was immediately after this that Gray moved to Kalona, Iowa, where he founded a new development and operations center and went about securing more financial backing. This new arrangement was quickly dissolved when his business partners attempted a hostile takeover of his new business, and Gray once again found himself on the move. He loaded all of his designs and prototypes and moved to San Diego. He was to remain in this new city for just over a year.

Moves, Moves and More Moves

If it seems that Gray's life had thus far been marked by moves, that trend was certainly not going to abate any time soon. In fact, he moved again. This time, his destination was Canyon Country, California. Here, he setup shop once more and hired several assistants to help him with the completion of his prototypes and other promotional equipment. However, it was not to last. Gray became suspicious of his workers, and fired all of them in a single day. That marked a move to a second location in Canyon Country, where he was to remain until 1984. Gray next moved back to Las Vegas, but he only remained here for a short while. In 1985, he moved to be closer to his oldest son, in Council, Idaho. Here, he actually managed to finish work on five different motor prototypes, as well as other assorted equipment. With the completion of this equipment, Gray felt comfortable contacting TV stations and making videos to promote his designs and technology.

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It was at this time that Gray partnered with Joe Gordon, an oil exploration lawyer working in Montana. The two formed their own partnership, as well as a branch holding company. The company operated out of the Cayman Islands and sold a considerable amount of stock in their new venture. Gray also moved once more. This time, he headed for Grand Prairie, Texas, with the goal being to gain more international investors through better exposure. Gray was contacted by several Israeli investors and invited to visit Israel, where he would enter negotiations to sell his technology. After several highly emotional meetings, no arrangement was found, and he left the Holy Land. The investors liked the promise offered by the technology, but it was not ready for full time use in their applications (battlefield tech), and Gray gummed up the process by insisting on maintaining a controlling interest in any deal reached. The inventor hit another snag when he returned home, however. Some of those individuals who had been selling his shares to investors decided to take what they had sold and run with it. They actually oversold the company stock by three times what was available, and made off with a considerable amount of profit.

Letter Writing, a "Government Contact" and More Moves

After returning to the US to find that he had been double-crossed, Gray decided on a different tack. He wrote letters to every single congressman and senator. He even wrote to the president and vice president. The goal was to interest the government in his technology for use in the Star Wars program conceived of by then President Reagan. Gray did not receive a single reply to any of his letters. It was shortly afterward that Gray received a visitor who called himself Reznor Orr. Orr claimed to be a contact from the government and made direct offers to buy all of Gray's inventions, though the price was definitely not high. Gray refused.

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However, when Gray's income from his Cayman Islands business stopped suddenly, Orr's offers became more forceful. There were even veiled threats of violence contained here. Gray decided that it was best to leave town when Orr gave him time to consider his offers. Gray found himself without money and with a serious problem in Mr. Orr. To get things moving, he liquidated family belongings, furniture and more. The only equipment that he kept was what could be fit within his van. He then made the drive to Portland, Oregon, where he would hide for the next half-year.

The Beginning of the End

Gray remained in Oregon for some time, during which he contracted pneumonia and was even hospitalized for it. Combined with the effects of being a heavy smoker, the pneumonia left him in a weakened state from which he never recovered. He was on oxygen for the remainder of his life. After leaving the hospital, Gray moved to Sparks, Nevada, where he setup a combined shop and living area. Dorothy McKellips was his romantic partner at the time, and she claims that Gray continued to experiment during the day. In April of 1989, at 2 AM, there was a loud banging on the shop door. Gray, fearful, took a gun to go scare away the visitor by firing a shot into the night. However, the gun failed to fire and McKellips found him shortly afterward, dead on the floor of the shop. The presumed cause of death was a heart attack due to the stress of the situation, but no actual cause was ever determined, even though an autopsy was supposed to have been completed. No one learned who had visited the shop that night.

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Gray's Legacy
Gray's eldest son was the one who identified the body of his father for authorities, having flown to Sparks for that purpose. He also represented a group from Kansas interested in recovering his father's work. However, McKellips would not release any of Gray's technology until she had received some sort of compensation. Gray's son procured a court order for the release of Gray's technology, but it was not correctly worded. It really only gave him the right to take the motors that Gray had made, and McKellips happily obliged by giving him all of the motors then constructed. None of these were operational, or even sufficiently finished to reconstruct the entirety of the motor. Before the court battle could begin in earnest, McKellips took all of Gray's materials, videos, equipment and notes and had them thrown in the landfill. This sufficiently ended any attempts by Gray's son to reconstruct what his father had been doing. Meanwhile, the millions of dollars still sitting in the Cayman Islands banks were untouchable due to the overselling of stock. Eventually, these funds were simply consumed by the banks and through fines and fees by the government. However, the real legacy left to us by Gray might be something more than a series of moves and government suppression, hard-handed tactics and scandal. His motor designs prove that reliance on fossil fuels is not only unnecessary, but unrealistic. There is a better way to propel vehicles, to heat and cool homes and to power industry around the globe. Here is a very simple schematic of Gray's concept. The patent for his motor can be found in the next chapter, but this schematic shows just how simple the setup can truly be.

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This device can offer some significant benefits the very benefits that so stunned people like Bing Crosby and "Boot" Mallory. These benefits include the following:

Electrical energy produced without creating pollution Electrical energy produced without consuming fossil fuels A drastic reduction in global warming causing agents A drastic reduction in environmental pollution of all types A simple, effective power system for all types of vehicles, from automobiles to aircraft

A cost effective, feasible means of heating and cooling homes

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Chapter 2
Gray's Breakthrough Technology
As we learned in the previous chapter, anyone who saw a demonstration of Gray's technology was immediately impressed. Even the Israeli investors were forced to concede that the technology had lots of potential, though it was not immediately of use for the battlefield. What, exactly, was the secret behind this technology? What was the foundation of Gray's fuel-less motor and what made it so impressive? In this chapter, we'll take a closer look at what it was that Gray actually developed, the theory behind it, and more.

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What Was Gray's Motor?

Gray's motor was the subject of much discussion and showed tremendous potential for use in many different applications. Such a device could certainly be used to power an automobile, but it could also have implications for the American home, generating electricity with minimal input needed and limiting (or even eliminating) the need to be connected to the power grid. Gray's motor was essentially a permanent magnet/pulsed DC electromagnet motorgenerator. In this arrangement, there are two opposing discs. One is the rotor and one is the stator. Using a flange, the rotor is attached to an axle. Bearings attached to the frame are used to allow the axle and rotor to turn. Finally, the rotor has several permanent magnets equidistant from each other around the outside perimeter of the side facing the stator. The stator is not connected to the same shaft as the rotor, and is stationary (as the name implies). It faces the rotor, and the rotor's axle travels through a hole in the center of the stator to its mounting location on the frame behind the stator. The stator holds another set of electromagnets, all of which are located opposite their counterparts on the rotor. The permanent magnets and the electromagnets align with each other as the rotor spins. Here, the permanent magnets are attracted to the iron cores of the electromagnets, which provides torque for the entire system. There is no power consumption here, as the magnetic attraction is all that is required. Each time the permanent magnets rotate past the electromagnets, a pulse of power is created. Because the permanent magnet and the electromagnet both have the same polarity, the permanent magnets are repelled, spinning the rotor still more. During this phase, torque is provided to the rotor's axle by magnetic flux generated by the magnetic field created. Power is consumed during this phase, but only for a few milliseconds. This makes the motor extremely efficient.

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Wound around each of the electromagnets is a pickup coil, which generates an electric current created by the collapsing magnetic field. This current is then used to charge secondary batteries. In addition, a small DC generator is attached to the axle of the rotor, which powers a load.

How an Electric Motor Works

Understanding how an electric motor works is essential to understanding Gray's motor design. It's actually pretty simple. It's really just magnetism at work here, as illustrated in the example above. There are several key parts to any electric motor. These include:

The Stator: The stator is really nothing more than the part of the motor that doesn't turn you'll find them in automotive alternators, too. In an electric motor, the stator is usually made of magnets (for small motors) or has permanent magnets (or electromagnets) added to an existing frame, as outlined in the previous section, but not always.

The Rotor: The rotor is the part of the motor that turns it spins within the stator. Usually, the rotor has coils (layers of wrapped wire) in key positions that will interact with the magnetic field generated by the magnets and transfer the current generated through the commutator. In this type of design, the rotor is an electromagnet.

Axle: The axle is what the rotor spins on just like an axle in a car or truck. The rotor spins around on the axle propelled by magnetic force (like poles repel each other, creating rotary motion in the motor).

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How Electromagnets Work

Electromagnets are really not hard to understand. In fact, you can use a very simple example to understand even something like Gray's motor design. In an electromagnet, you combine a conductive material and a source of electricity, such as a small battery. If you were to take a nail, wrap it in copper wire and then attach the two ends of that wire to a small battery, you would have a very basic electromagnet. The part where this becomes very interesting is when these magnets interact with each other. As you know, one of the basic magnetic laws is that like poles repel and opposite poles attract. Now, if you combine two magnets, one suspended inside another on an axle so that the north poles and south poles of each magnet were facing each other, the magnet on the axle would turn until the poles were no longer forcing away from each other. In an electromagnet, the fields can be flipped, so that what was the north pole becomes the south pole. This allows the magnet to continue spinning because there is a constant force pushing the poles away from each other. Gray's motor amps up this example, certainly, by using higher voltage to attain a very high rate of spin. However, from this brief example, you can see just how simple these devices really are.

Gray's Motor and Circuit Schematics

One of the key components to the system is the high voltage circuit. In the original motors, low voltage energy was sent through this circuit to create a series of "high energy spikes." This creates a self-sustaining motor. According to the inventor, himself, "The idea of a self-sustaining electric motor at first appears to go against much of the theory of electricity and conservation of energy. The EMA motor does not, however, violate the basic laws of physics, but rather utilizes them in a unique integration in a system in order to maximize upon the

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characteristics and interrelationships between electrical, magnetic, and physical components. The EMA prototype motor has had considerable operating test time and has been adapted to standard and automatic automobile transmissions." How did Gray intend to use this device, though? To give you a bit of insight into the inventor's mind, you will find his patent for a pulsed capacitor discharge electric engine as well as his patent for an inductive load power supply below. These patents contain a full set of diagrams for his designs, as well as descriptions of the various diagrams and for the way in which the systems operate as a whole.

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FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of the electrical driving system. FIG. 5 is a schematic circuit diagram of the alternating-current input circuit.

FIG. 2 is an elevational sectional view of the electrical conversion element.

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FIG. 3 is a plan sectional view taken along line 33 of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a plan sectional view taken along line 4 4 of FIG. 2. EFFICIENT POWER SUPPLY SUITABLE FOR INDUCTIVE LOADS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an electrical driving system and a conversion element, and more particularly, to a system for driving an inductive load in a greatly improved and efficient manner. 2. Description of the Prior Act In the opinion of the inventor, there is no known device which provides the conversion of energy from a direct-current electric source or an alternating-current electric source to a mechanical force based on the principle of this invention. EXAMPLE: A portable energy source, (1) such as a battery, (2) such as alternating-current, (3) such as the combination of battery and alternating-current, may be used with highly improved efficiency to operate a mechanical device, whose output is a linear or rotary force, with an attendant increase in the useful productive period between external applications of energy restoration for the energy source. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a more efficient driving system comprising a source of electrical voltage; a vibrator connected to the low-voltage source for forming a pulsating signal; a transformer connected to the vibrator for receiving the pulsating signal; a highvoltage source, where available, connected to a bridge-type rectifier; or the bridge-type rectifier connected to the high voltage pulse output of the transformer; a capacitor for
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receiving the voltage pulse output; a conversion element having first and second anodes, electrically conductive means for receiving a charge positioned about the second anode and an output terminal connected to the charge receiving means, the second anode being connected to the capacitor; a commutator connected to the source of electrical voltage and to the first anode; and an inductive load connected to the output terminal whereby a high energy discharge between the first and second anodes is transferred to the charge receiving means and then to the inductive load. As a sub-combination, the present invention also includes a conversion element comprising a housing; a first low voltage anode mounted to the housing, the first anode adapted to be connected to a voltage source; a second high voltage anode mounted to the housing, the second anode adapted to be connected to a voltage source; electrically conductive means positioned about the second anode and spaced therefrom for receiving a charge, the charge receiving means being mounted to the housing; and an output terminal communicating with the charge receiving means, said terminal adapted to be connected to an inductive load. The invention also includes a method for providing power to an inductive load comprising the steps of providing a voltage source, pulsating a signal from said source; increasing the voltage of said signal; rectifying said signal; storing and increasing the signal; conducting said signal to a high voltage anode; providing a low voltage to a second anode to form a high energy discharge; electrostatically coupling the discharge to a charge receiving element; conducting the discharge to an inductive load; coupling a second capacitor to the load; and coupling the second capacitor to the source. It is an aim of the present invention to provide a system for driving an inductive load which system is substantially more efficient than any now existing. Another object of the present invention is to provide a system for driving an inductive load which is reliable, is inexpensive and simply constructed. The foregoing objects of the present invention together with various other objects, advantages, features and results thereof which will be evident to those skilled in the art in light of this disclosure may be achieved with the exemplary embodiment of the invention described in detail hereinafter and illustrated in the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [Inserted above after each drawing -- SDA.] DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT While the present invention is susceptible of various modifications and alternative constructions, an embodiment is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood however that it is not the intention to limit the invention to

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the particular form disclosed; but on the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternative constructions falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims. There is disclosed herein an electrical driving system which, on theory, will convert low voltage electric energy from a source such as an electric storage battery to a high potential, high current energy pulse that is capable of developing a working force at the inductive output of the device that is more efficient than that which is capable of being developed directly from the energy source. The improvement in efficiency is further enhanced by the capability of the device to return that portion of the initial energy developed, and not used by the inductive load in the production of mechanical energy, to the same or second energy reservoir or source for use elsewhere, or for storage. This system accomplishes the results stated above by harnessing the electrostatic or impulse energy created by a high-intensity spark generated within a specially constructed electrical conversion switching element tube. This element utilizes a lowvoltage anode, a high-voltage anode, and one or more electrostatic or charge receiving grids. These grids are of a physical size, and appropriately positioned, as to be compatible with the size of the tube, and therefore, directly related to the amount of energy to be anticipated when the device is operating. The low-voltage anode may incorporate a resistive device to aid in controlling the amount of current drawn from the energy source. This low-voltage anode is connected to the energy source through a mechanical commutator or a solid-state pulser that controls the timing and duration of the energy spark within the element. The highvoltage anode is connected to a high- voltage potential developed by the associated circuits. An energy discharge occurs within the element when the external control circuits permit. This short duration, high-voltage, high-current energy pulse is captured by the electrostatic grids within the tube, stored momentarily, then transferred to the inductive output load. The increase in efficiency anticipated in converting the electrical energy to mechanical energy within the inductive load is attributed to the utilization of the most optimum timing in introducing the electrical energy to the load device, for the optimum period of time. Further enhancement of energy conservation is accomplished by capturing a significant portion of the energy generated by the inductive load when the useful energy field is collapsing. This energy is normally dissipated in load losses that are contrary to the desired energy utilization, and have heretofore been accepted because no suitable means had been developed to harness this energy and restore it to a suitable energy storage device. The present invention is concerned with two concepts or characteristics. The first of these characteristics is observed with the introduction of an energizing cur- rent through the inductor. The inductor creates a contrary force (counter-electromotive force or CEMP) that opposes the energy introduced into the inductor. This CEMF increases

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throughout the time the introduced energy is increasing. In normal applications of an alternating-current to an inductive load for mechanical applications, the useful work of the inductor is accomplished prior to terminating the application of energy. The excess energy applied is thereby wasted. Previous attempts to provide energy inputs to an inductor of time durations limited to that period when the optimum transfer of inductive energy to mechanical energy is occurring, have been limited by the ability of any such device to handle the high current required to optimize the energy transfer. The second characteristic is observed when the energizing current is removed from the inductor, As the current is decreased, the inductor generates an EMF that opposes the removal of current or, in other words, produces an energy source at the output of the inductor that simulates the original energy source, reduced by the actual energy removed from the circuit by the mechanical load. This regenerated, or excess, energy has previously been lost due to a failure to provide a storage capability for this energy. In this invention, a high-voltage, high-current, short duration energy pulse is applied to the inductive load by the conversion element. This element makes possible the use of certain of that energy impressed within an arc across a spark-gap, without the resultant deterioration of circuit elements normally associated with high energy electrical arcs. This invention also provides for capture of a certain portion of the energy induced by the high inductive kick produced by the abrupt withdrawal of the introduced current. This abrupt withdrawal of current is attendant upon the termination of the stimulating arc. The voltage spike so created is imposed upon a capacitor that couples the attendant current to a secondary energy storage device. A novel, but not essential, circuit arrangement pro-vides for switching the energy source and the energy storage device. This switching may be so arranged as to actuate automatically at predetermined times. The switching may be at specified periods determined by experimentation with a particular device, or may be actuated by some control device that measures the relative energy content of the two energy reservoirs. Referring now to FIG. 1, the system 10 will be described in additional detail. The potential for the high- voltage anode, 12 of the conversion element 14 is developed across the capacitor 16. This voltage is produced by drawing a low current from a battery source 18 through the vibrator 20. The effect of the vibrator is to create a pulsating input to the transformer 22. The turns ratio of the transformer is chosen to optimize the volt- age applied to a bridge-type rectifier 24. The output of the rectifier is then a series of high-voltage pulses of modest current. When the available source is already of the high voltage, AC type, it may be coupled directly to the bridge-type rectifier. By repetitious application of these output pulses from the bridge-type rectifier to the

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capacitor 16, a high-voltage, high-level charge is built up on the capacitor. Control of the conversion switching element tube is maintained by a commutator 26. A series of contacts mounted radially about a shafts or a solid-state switching device sensitive to time or other variable may be used for this control element. A switching element tube type one-way energy path 28 is introduced between the commutator device and the conversion switching element tube to prevent high energy arcing at the commutator current path. When the switching element tube is closed, current from the voltage source 18 is routed through a resistive element 30 and a low voltage anode 32. This causes a high energy discharge between the anodes within the conversion switching element tube 14. The energy content of the high energy pulse is eletrostatically coupled to the conversion grids 34 of the conversion element. This electrostatic charge is applied through an output terminal 60 (FIG. 2) across the load inductance 36, inducing a strong electromagnetic field about the inductive load. The intensity of this electromagnetic field is determined by the high electromotive potential developed upon the electrostatic grids and the very short time duration required to develop the energy pulse. If the inductive load is coupled magnetically to a mechanical load, a strong initial torque is developed that may be efficiently utilized to produce physical work. Upon cessation of the energy pulse (arc) within the conversion switching element tube the inductive load is decoupled, allowing the electromagnetic field about the inductive load to collapse. The collapse of this energy field induces within the inductive load a counter EMF. This counter EMF creates a high positive potential across a second capacitor which, in turn, is induced into the second energy storage device or battery 40 as a charging current. The amount of charging current available to the battery 40 is dependent upon the initial conditions within the circuit at the time of discharge within the conversion switching element tube and the amount of mechanical energy consumed by the work load. A spark-gap protection device 42 is included in the circuit to protect the inductive load and the rectifier elements from unduly large discharge currents. Should the potentials within the circuit exceed predetermined values, fixed by the mechanical size and spacing of the elements within the protective device, the excess energy is dissipated (bypassed) by the protective device to the circuit common (electrical ground). Diodes 44 and 46 bypass the excess overshoot generated when the Energy Conversion Switching Element Tube is triggered. A switching element U allows either energy storage source to be used as the primary energy source, while the other battery is used as the energy retrieval unit. The switch facilitates interchanging the source and the retrieval unit at optimum inter- vals to be determined by the utilization of the conversion switching element tube. This switching may be accomplished manually or

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automatically, as determined by the choice of switching element from among a large variety readily available for the purpose. FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 show the mechanical structure of the conversion switching element tube 14. An outer housing 50 may be of any insulative material such as glass. The anodes 12 and 22 and grids Ma and 34b are firmly secured by nonconductive spacer material 54, and 56. The resistive element 30 may be introduced into the low-voltage anode path to control the peak currents through the conversion switching element tube. The resistive element may be of a piece, or it may be built of one or more resistive elements to achieve the desired result. The anode material may be identical for each anode, or may be of differing materials for each anode, as dictated by the most efficient utilization of the device, as determined by appropriate research at the time of production for the intended use. The shape and spacing of the electrostatic grids is also susceptible to variation with application (voltage, current, and energy requirements). It is the contention of the inventor that by judicious mating of the elements of the conversion switching element tube, and the proper selection of the components of the circuit elements of the system, the desired theoretical results may be achieved. It is the inventors contention that this mating and selection process is well within the capabilities of intensive research and development technique. Let it be stated here that substituting a source of electric alternating-current subject to the required cur- rent and/or voltage shaping and/or timing, either prior to being considered a primary energy source, or there- after, should not be construed to change the described utilization or application of primary energy in any way. Such energy conversion is readily achieved by any of a multitude of well established principles. The preferred embodiment of this invention merely assumes optimum utilization and optimum benefit from this invention when used with portable energy devices similar in principle to the wet-cell or dry-cell battery. This invention proposes to utilize the energy contained in an internally generated highvoltage electric spike (energy pulse) to electrically energize an inductive load.: this inductive load being then capable of converting the energy so supplied into a useful electrical or mechanical output. In operation the high-voltage, short-duration electric spike is generated by discharging the capacitor 16 across the spark-gap in the conversion switching element tube. The necessary high-voltage potential is stored on the capacitor in incremental, additive steps from the bridge-type rectifier 24. When the energy source is a direct-current electric energy storage device, such as the battery 12, the input to the bridge rectifier is provided by the voltage step-up transformer 22, that is in turn energized from the vibrator 20, or solid-state chopper, or similar device

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to properly drive the transformer and rectifier circuits. When the energy source is an alternating-current, switches 64 disconnect transformer 22 and the input to the bridge-type rectifier 24 is provided by the voltage step-up transformer 66, that is in turn energized from the vibrator 20, or solid-state chopper, or similar device to properly drive the transformer and rectifier circuits. The repetitions output of the bridge rectifier incrementally increases the capacitor charge toward its maximum. This charge is electrically connected directly to the highvoltage anode 12 of the conversion switching element tube. When the low-voltage anode 32 is connected to a source of current, an arc is created in the spark-gap designated 62 of the conversion switching element tube equivalent to the potential stored on the high-voltage anode, and the current available from the lowvoltage anode. Because the duration of the arc is very short, the instantaneous voltage, and instantaneous current may both be very high. The instantaneous peak apparent power is therefore, also very high. Within the conversion switching element tube, this energy is absorbed by the grids 34a and 34b mounted circumferentially about the interior of the tube. Control of the energy spike within the conversion switching element tube is accomplished by a mechanical, or solid-state commutator, that closes the circuit path from the low-voltage anode to the current source at that moment when the delivery of energy to the output load is most auspicious. Any number of standard high-accuracy, variable setting devices are available for this purpose. When control of the repetitive rate of the systems output is required, it is accomplished by controlling the time of connection at the low-voltage anode. Thus there can be provided an electrical driving system having a low-voltage source coupled to a vibrator, a transformer and a bridge-type rectifier to provide a high voltage pulsating signal to a first capacitor. Where a high-voltage source is otherwise available, it may be coupled direct to a bridge-type rectifier, causing a pulsating signal to a first capacitor. The capacitor in turn is coupled to a high-voltage anode of an electrical conversion switching element tube. The element also includes a low-voltage anode which in turn is connected to a voltage source by a commutator, a switching element tube, and a variable resistor. Mounted around the high-voltage anode is a charge receiving plate which in turn is coupled to an inductive load to transmit a high-voltage discharge from the element to the load. Also coupled to the load is a second capacitor for storing the back EMF created by the collapsing electrical field of the load when the current to the load is blocked. The second capacitor in turn is coupled to the voltage source.

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Chapter 3
The Real Deal
If you were following along in the first chapter, you remember that Gray's last girlfriend destroyed all of his notes, research and components to avoid a costly legal battle. However, does that mean that nothing from Gray's developments was salvaged? Actually, it is quite the contrary. Several of his motors have been accounted for, and some of his components were even found in an electronic store's junk pile.

A Picture Is Worth A Thousand Words

Proof that Gray's motors still exist (and can still be used) comes in the form of several pictures. For instance, in the image below, you can see the original motor built by Gray, as well as one of his production prototype motors.

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The original motor uses seven high voltage spark plug cables and a single ground. Another one of Gray's production motors can be seen undergoing testing in the photograph below:

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The motor being tested used sequential banks of three capacitors for power production, each of which was charged using a high power generator. Before, during and after the testing, the charge on the batteries was measured. It was found that they maintained a full charge throughout the process, and actually ended the testing with a higher charge than what they had at the beginning.

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Tests of this production prototype show that the device is capable of producing a staggering amount of energy. For instance, tests indicated that if the unit was
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operated at 10,000 RPM, it would be capable of producing 1,000 horsepower. That would equate to 760 kilowatts (760,000 watts) of electricity. The average home only requires about 15,000 watts of electricity per day to operate. Therefore, it is feasible for this device to provide more than sufficient electricity to operate a home (and then some!).

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The two images above are provided for scale. Each unit shown is about three to four feet in length, and roughly one and a half feet in diameter. Each unit also has a pulley on one end, over which a belt can be placed to power a load.

The Internals of the Device

Of course, pictures of the outside of Gray's devices do not show much of how they operate. Therefore, you'll find a selection of interior pictures of these motors below. The two photos below show the motor used to charge the batteries in the example cited in the previous section.

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The following series of photographs shows the dimensions of the exterior housing, as well as how the interior repulsor coils are aligned within the housing.

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The next series of images shows the details of how the repulsor coils on the rotor are constructed.

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Below, you will find a series of photographs showing how the contactor plate works in a similar fashion to an automobile distributor cap, sending the high voltage charge to the coils.

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Conclusion
Edwin V. Gray might not have received the recognition he was due during his life, but his inventions live on. The Gray motor offers all users a source of clean, renewable energy to power everything from automobiles to homes, from agricultural equipment to aircraft and beyond. This device represents the harnessing of one of the oldest power sources in the world, though in a unique way. Through the ingenuity of Gray and his colleagues, the world has an alternative to costly exploitation and use of fossil fuels. This motor offers significant advantages, including benefits to the environment, a reduction in energy generation costs and a sustainable form of energy that will serve for years to come. If you have been looking for a means to generate your own energy without relying on fossil fuels or paying enormous amounts of money to the power company, then congratulations. You have in your hand the key to sustainable energy production on an incredible scale a simple motor based on this concept can power an entire home, while more complex motors can power your automobile, or even several homes! There has never been a better time to make this smart decision now, when global warming, declining natural resources and steep energy prices are so common, you can choose to use this powerful design for your own benefit.

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