GENOME

Are linkage maps that shows the relative location of genes on a chromosome as determined by recombination frequencies.

GENETIC MAPS

Genetic map of common shrew consist of 45 genes marking 8 chromosomes of 10 of Sorex araneus karyotipe.

y Are

diagrams showing the relative positions of Landmarks within specific DNA sequence. y Landmarks include specific sequences of DNA and sites where restriction enzymes cut DNA.

Physical Maps

y The

distance between landmarks on a physical map are measured in base-pair (1 000 base pairs equal 1 kilobase, kb)

Physical map of the Y chromosome indicating some known genes and gene regions.

y It

is not necessary to know the DNA sequence of a segment of DNA in order to create a physical map or to know the DNA codes for a specific gene.

yAlfred

Sturtevant

mapped 5 genes in a Drosophila melanogaster

y

It is measured in centrimorgan (cM), the distance of a genetic map.

1st Genetic Map (1911-1913) (1911-

yThe

entire set of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue or organism.

Proteome

Cloning

y y y y y y y y y

Based from the article what is cloning? Who cloned the first animal? What was that animal? Who was the scientist in-charge for cloning dolly? Dolly was born last _________________. How many trials was done before dolly was fully cloned? Dolly was named after _______________. What was the institute responsible for cloning Dolly Dolly was a combination of what type of cells and organisms (animal/s)? Give two applications of cloning in the present time.

Clone refers to genetically identical cells originating from one cell. They take DNA from a cloned cell of another animal, and insert it into a zygote that had its DNA removed, and replace it with the cloned DNA.

What is a clone?

1996, they successfully cloned the first animal- a sheep named Dolly. y The nucleus they used was from an adult of the same species. y Since then, they have successfully cloned sheep and pigs.
y In

Who did they clone?

do this to study genetic disorders and disease susceptibility. y It is done strictly for medical research. y Ian Wilmut and other scientists was in charged for cloning Dolly
y They

Why do they want to clone animals?

Other Genetic Engineering strategies

Technology used for large animals such as cattle, buffaloes or carabaos and goats Biotechnology Research Team of the Phil. Carabao Center (Nueva Ecija)
Produced healthy elite breeds of water buffaloes from in-vitro produced frozen thawed embryos from Aurangadan, India. Named it Glory.

Embryo Transfer

Set of techniques for combining genes from different sources and transferring the resulting recombinant DNA into a cell by means of a test tube.

Recombinant DNA Technology (1970s)

y Joshua

Lederberg and Edward Tatum Conducted experiment with Escherischia coli The E. coli contain sexual mechanism that results in combining genes from two different cells.

Use of E. coli

(1946)

BACTERIA USED TO TRANSFER DNA

y TRANSFORMATION y TRANSLOCATION y CONJUGATION

Three Ways to Transfer DNA by a Bacteria

y Taking

up of DNA from a fluid surrounding a cell

Griffith (1920s)

y Frederick

Experiment regarding pneumoniacausing bacteria

Transformation

yThe

transfer of bacterial genes by a phage

TRANSLOCATION

y When

two bacterial cell mate y Male contains sex pili y Female serve as the recipient

CONJUGATION

F Factor y Caries genes for making sex pili and other things needed for conjugation y Also contains the origin of replication, where DNA replication can start. y It can exist as a PLASMID
y Contains

Experiment of E. coli

ySomething

to carry the recombinant DNA molecule

xPlasmids xPhages

VECTOR

yA

small circular DNA molecule that is separated from a much bigger bacterial chromosome. y Carrier of recombinant DNA Molecule.

PLASMID

yViruses

that infect bacterial cell and may carry a recombinant DNA molecule.

Phages

Steps to Multiply Useful DNA by means of Plasmids

Plasmid is isolated from a bacteria y DNA of interest is obtained from other cell y DNA of interest is inserted into the plasmid (Recombinant DNA) y Bacterial cell takes up the plasmid by transformation y Bacterium is the cloned
y

Uses of Recombinant DNA

Production of Pest resistant Plants y Cleaning toxic wastes y For insulin production y Proteins dissolves blood clots in the heart attack therapy
y

y If

you are Ian, what organism will you clone? What will be its significance in the following:
Environment Economy Society