Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544 e-mail: shahzad2sunny@hotmail.com website: www.eservicespakistan.

com PHYSICS FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 10) ============================================================ Read Instructions before study: Bullet means you have to write the answer in paragraph shape and you could not change the sequence. Bullets are used only for your ease. i) Roman numbered, question may be written as it is. However sequence can be changed. *** This item should not be written in answer. It is just a hint for you. Pay more attention on the bold text in answers. =*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=

THEORY
Question: Define Elasticity? It is property of a body by which it regains its original shape, when applied force is removed. Question: Define Stress? Stress is the force that acts on unit area of an object and thus changes its shape or size. Mathematically it is written as: Stress = F/A. In System International, its unit is Nm-2. Question: Define Strain? Stress can produce a change in shape, length or volume of an object. If a stress produces a change in length then the ratio of change in length to original length is called tensile strain. Therefore Tensile Strain = Change in length/Original Length As it is a ratio, so it has no unit. Question: Define Hookes Law? It is known through experiments that greater force means greater amount of strain. Its mean when stress is increased then strain will also go on increasing until the elastic limit comes. Robert Hook put this result in the form of law, which is known as Hookes law. This can be defined as: Within the elastic limit, the strain produced in an object is directly proportional to the applied stress. Mathematically: Stress Strain Stress = Constant x Strain Stress Constant = ------Strain Question: Explain Youngs Modulus? i) In order to determine the relation between stress and strain; consider a rod of uniform cross section A, and length L. *** Draw Fig here. ii) Now apply two equal and opposite forces on the ends of the rod. iii) If applied force elongates the rod by L, then strain will be L/L. iv) The stress at any point of the rod is unchanged and is F/A. v) As stress elongates the rod so this stress is called tensile stress and strain thus produced is called tensile strain. vi) So within the elastic limit the relation is
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Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544 e-mail: shahzad2sunny@hotmail.com website: www.eservicespakistan.com PHYSICS FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 10) ============================================================

vii)

Tensile Stress ----------------- = Constant (Y) Tensile Strain Here constant of proportionality is known as Youngs modulus and is denoted by Y. F/A Y = ----L/L Or

FxL Y = -----A x L Question: Define and explain the Pascals law with some of its applications? This law is defined as If pressure is exerted on a liquid, the liquid transmits it equally in all directions Hydraulic Press: Consider the following figure: ***Draw the figure from book i) The cross section area of small piston is a and of large piston is A. ii) If we apply a force F1 on small piston then pressure on liquid will be F1/a. iii) This increases the pressure on larger piston, so a force will act on larger piston, which is F2. Principle of Hydraulic Press: i) Since A > a, therefore F2 > F1. ii) Result indicates that a small force is applied on smaller piston results into a large force on larger piston. iii) Therefore, in this way we can lift heavy loads by applying low force with the help of hydraulic press. Hydraulic Brake System: ***Draw figure here i) In this system, pedal of brake pressed down and a force is applied on a piston. ii) This increases the pressure of oil. iii) Oil transfers this pressure to the brakes in wheels. iv) The brake shoes or discs stop the wheels by friction. v) As the pressure is removed from pedal, brake shoes and wheels again turn freely. Question: Define Buoyant Force? It is the force that pushes an object immersed in a liquid in the upward direction. Question: Define and explain the Archimedes Principal? When an object is immersed in a liquid, the liquid exerts a buoyant force on the object, which is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the object. This statement is known as Archimedes Principal. Explanation: ***Draw figure here
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Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544 e-mail: shahzad2sunny@hotmail.com website: www.eservicespakistan.com PHYSICS FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 10) ============================================================

Let a graduated cylinder was filled with water. A cylindrical solid object of volume V having length l and area of cross section a was immersed in graduated cylinder through a depth X iii) The length of lower part of this body to upper surface of liquid is X + l. Pressure of liquid column depends on its: i) Height or depth ii) Density of water ( p ) iii) Gravitational acceleration P1 = pgx And P2 = pg(X+l) Difference in pressure = P2 P1 = pg(X+1-X) = pgl Due to this pressure difference, there acts a force in the upward directions from lower surfaces is F = = (P2 P2) a pgla

i) ii)

Length of solid body is l and area is a then volume will be la. Since Mass of liquid equal to volume of solid body m We know that F = mg = = = volume x density la x p pla

By putting the value of m F = plag Where mg is the weight of liquid displaced by the volume of solid. So it is clear here that: When an object is immersed in a liquid, the liquid exerts a up thrust force on the object, which is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the object. This force is called up-thrust force or buoyancy. If weight of a body is greater than this up-thrust force, body will sink in liquid. But if up-thrust force is greater than weight of body, then body will float over water surface. Question: Why is that a ship weighing several thousand tons keep floating on the surface of liquid while a stone weighting few grams sinks? Volume of ship is made large to increase the up-thrust, which is not cancelled by its weight. In this way ship floats over water. Where in case of stone, its weight is large as compared to up-thrust, so it sinks. Question: How does a gas exert pressure on the walls of container? Due to random motion, molecules of gas collide with one another and with the walls of container. In this way they exert pressure on the walls of container.
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Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544 e-mail: shahzad2sunny@hotmail.com website: www.eservicespakistan.com PHYSICS FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 10) ============================================================

Question: Name instrument, which is used to measure the density of milk? Lactometer. Question: How does, a submarine float over the surface of water and how it goes under water? There are tanks in a submarine. When it floats over water surface these tanks are kept empty. When it is desired to take submarine under water surface, these tanks opened to fill them with water. In this way weight of submarine becomes large then up-thrust and it goes under water. Question: Define and Explain the Surface Tension? A force acts along the surface of a liquid, which keeps it in the state of tension. This force is called surface tension, which can be explained by the following experiment: Experiment: i) Suppose there is some liquid in a glass trough. ***Draw fig here ii) There is a molecule A on the surface. iii) There is a molecule B is inside the liquid. iv) Arrows shows the forces that act on these molecules due the neighboring molecules. v) The net force acting on the molecule B is Zero. vi) As there are no liquid molecules above the liquid surface, the net force acting on the molecule A is in the downward direction. vii) Due to this, a force acts on the surface, which causes tension in the surface. This force is called surface tension. Question: Define Viscosity? Viscosity is the force that arises due to the fore of friction between different layers of a fluid in flow. Question: What are Barometers? Barometers are instruments used to measure atmospheric pressure. They are of following types: Mercury barometer: In laboratories, atmospheric pressure is measured by mercury barometer. Aneroid barometer: Aneroid is greed work, means without liquid Question: what is a fluid? A fluid is contrast to solid, is a substance that can flow. It is middle state of liquids and solids. =*=*=*=*=

More works/Tasks: Do Exercise from your Book. Do Objectives from book & from any other objective book. Do Numerical with the help of your teacher. Do Interesting Information from book. Do Scientific Reasons with the help of teacher.
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