SUBCOURSE

EDITION

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PETROLEUM STORAGE TANKS

PETROLEUM STORAGE TANKS Subcourse Number QM 4500 EDITION A United States Army Combined Arms Support Command Fort Lee, Virginia 23801-1809 5 Credit Hours Edition Date: September 1991 SUBCOURSEOVERVIEW Thissubcourseisdesignedtoteachyoutoselectthecorrecttypeof storagetanksforagivensetofconditionsaswellashowandwhen requiredmaintenanceisperformedonpetroleumstoragetanks.The subcoursealsoprovidesinstructionontheproceduresforsamplingand gaggingpetroleumstoragetanks. Therearenoprerequisitesforthissubcourse. Thissubcoursereflectsthedoctrinewhichwascurrentatthetimethatit wasprepared.Inyourownworksituation,alwaysrefertothelatest publications. Thewords"he,""him,""his,"and"men,"whenusedinthispublication, representboththemasculineandthefemininegendersunlessotherwise stated. TERMINALLEARNINGOBJECTIVE TASK: Youwillbeabletoidentifybulkpetroleumstoragetanks, selectthemostappropriatetypeoftankforagiven situation,andsupervisetankpreparationandmaintenance. YouwillhaveaccesstoextractsfromFM1018and informationfromFM1020. Youwillselecttanksandsupervisealltypesoftank maintenanceinaccordancewithFM1018andFM1020.

CONDITIONS: STANDARDS:

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TABLEOFCONTENTS Section SubcourseOverview................................................. Lesson1: PetroleumTanksandMaintenanceProcedures............... PARTA: PARTB: PARTC: PARTD: PARTE: PARTF: TypesandUsesofPetroleum StorageTanks.................................. TankAccessoriesand Maintenance................................... ReasonsforTankCleaning..................... TankCleaningPrecautions..................... VaporFreeingandTesting Procedures.................................... TankCleaningProcedures...................... Page i 1 1 7 18 21 31 35 41 44 47 47 54 71 74 77 77 79 80

PracticeExercise....................................... AnswerKeyandFeedback................................. Lesson2: SamplingandGagingPetroleumStorage Tanks .................................................. PARTA: PARTB: Sampling...................................... Gaging........................................

PracticeExercise....................................... AnswerKeyandFeedback................................. Lesson3: StorageTankCalibration................................ PARTA: PARTB: PARTC: MethodsofStrapping/Calibrating.............. EssentialData(Measurements)................. ComputingTankVolume.........................

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Section PARTD: CalibrationofHorizontalTanks.............89

Page

PracticeExercise.....................................93 AnswerKeyandFeedback...............................96 Appendix: PublicationExtracts.................................113 FM1018PetroleumTerminalandPipelineOperations, December1986.AppendixA Usetheabovepublicationextractstotakethissubcourse.Theseextracts maynotbethemostcurrent.Atthetimethissubcoursewaswritten, thesewerethecurrentpublications.Inyourownworksituation,always refertothelatestpublications. PassingscoreforACCPmaterialis70%.

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LESSONONE PETROLEUMTANKSANDMAINTENANCEPROCEDURES MQSManualTask:035103.000028

OVERVIEW TASKDESCRIPTION: Inthislessonyouwilllearntoidentifybulkpetroleumtanksand theirmaintenancerequirementsandprocedures. LEARNINGOBJECTIVE: TASK: CONDITIONS: STANDARDS: REFERENCES: Selectappropriatestoragetanksandsupervisetheir maintenance. YouwillbegivenaccesstoinformationfromFM1018 andFM1020. Storagetankselectionandmaintenanceprocedureswill beperformedinaccordancewithFM1018andFM1020. Thematerialcontainedinthislessonwasderivedfrom thefollowingpublications: FM1018 FM1020

INTRODUCTION Uponcompletingthislesson,youwillbeabletoidentifytypesof petroleumstoragetanksandselecttheappropriatetankforagiven setofconditions.Asapetroleummanagementofficer,youmustlearn tosupervisepetroleumtankmaintenanceprocedures,includingtank cleaning,vaporfreeing,andtestingprocedures. PARTATYPESANDUSESOFPETROLEUMSTORAGETANKS Theprinciplesofsurfacebulkstorageforpetroleumproductsare basicallythesameforthemilitaryastheyareforthepetroleum industry.Thetanksingeneralcommercialusehavecapacitiesof

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1,000,25,000,30,000,55,000,82,000,and120,000barrels.The militaryforcesmostcommonlyusetanksthatrangeincapacityfrom 100to50,000barrels. Surfacetanksareusuallyconstructedofsteelplates.;Normally, storagetanksareofweldedconstruction.However,boltedsteel tanksareavailableinsizesupto10,000barrels,andcollapsible fueltanksrangingincapacityfrom3,000gallonsto5,000barrels (forstorageinforwardareas)areavailable. Pressureandatmospherictanksarethetwomaincategoriesofstorage tanks. Pressurestoragetanksareusedtostoreproductsofasufficiently highvaporpressureastoboilatnormalatmosphericpressure.Use pressuretankstostoresuchproductsasnaturalpetroleumgasoline andliquifiedpetroleumgases(LPG)aswellassomeothervolatile liquids,suchasanhydrousammonia.Pressuretanksareofvarious shapes,suchasspheres,hemispheres,andcylinders.Asitis unlikelythatyouwillencounterthesepressurestoragetanksinthe militarypetroleumfield,theywillnotbefurtherdiscussedinthis subcourse. Atmospherictanksarecommonlyusedforthestorageofbulkpetroleum products.Usethesetanksforproductsthatremainintheliquid formundernormalatmosphericconditions. Atmospherictankscanbeofanyofthefollowingtypes: oSteeltanks. oConcretetanks. oCollapsibletanks. oConerooftanks. oFloatingrooftanks. oLifterrooftanks. 1. SteelTanks.

Unlinedsteeltanksareusedforthestorageofnearlyeverykindof petroleumproduct.Steeltanksinthesmallersizes(capacitiesof 500orfewerbarrels)maybehorizontalorvertical.Theymaybe installedeitheraboveorbelowground.

a. RivetedTanks.Priortothedevelopmentofeffectivewelding techniques,allsteelstoragetankswereofrivetedconstruction. Thistypeofconstructionrequirescontinualmaintenancetoprevent leakage.Rivetedtanksarenowusuallyassignedtothestorageof nonvolatile

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productsbecausetheyaredifficulttokeeptight.Wherethereisa choicebetweenweldedandrivetedtanksatadepot,useweldedtanks tostorevolatileproducts. b.BoltedSteelTanks.Formilitaryuse,boltedsteeltanksare availableinthefollowingcapacities:100,250,500,1,000,3,000, and10,000barrels.AstandardArmyspecificationhasbeen establishedwhichmakespossibleaninterchangeabilityoftanksmade bydifferentmanufacturers.Characteristicsofthesetanksareshown inFigure11.

Figure11.ThreeRing,10,000GallonBoltedSteelTank. Youcanobtainboltedsteeltanksthroughthemilitarysupplysystem. Thesetankshavetheadvantageofbeingeasilyassembledwithoutthe needofhighlyspecializedpersonnel.Youneedlesstimetoerect thesetanksthanyouneedtoerectweldedtanks.Anotheradvantage isthatyoucandisassemble,move,andreassemblethetankata differentlocation.

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NOTE:

Onceatankhasbeenused,itisvitalthatyouensurethat allpartsarenumberedduringdisassemblysothatthetankis exactlyasitwasbeforeitwasdisassembled.Otherwise,it willleak.

Youshouldconsiderboltedsteeltanksforusewhenbettertanksare notavailable.Becauseoffundlimitations,youwillfindthemin useatmanymilitaryinstallationsassemipermanentstoragetanksfor alltypesofpetroleumfuels. c. WeldedTanks.Atpermanentinstallations,youshouldnormally storepetroleumproductsinweldedsteeltankswhichmaybeinstalled aboveorbelowground.Weldedsteeltanksaremoreexpensiveto constructthanboltedsteeltanksbecauseconstructionmustbedone accordingtoAmericanPetroleumInstitute(API)standardsandby properlycertifiedwelders.However,tanksthatareproperly constructed,tested,andmaintainedremainfreeofleaksforalong timeperiod. 2. ConcreteTanks.

Themajorityofconcretetanksatmilitaryinstallationsare undergroundtankshavingwallsofprestressedconcrete.Steel tensionmembersareplacedaroundtheshellofthetankinaseries ofringsorinacontinuousspiral.Thetensionmembersarestressed toaprescribedpercentageofthemetal'syieldpoint.Theexterior ofthetankshellisthenprotectedwithasecondpourofconcreteor theentiresurfaceoftheshellisunited. Whenyouarestoringfuelswhichareheavierthandieselfuel,use concretetanksthathavebeencoatedwithasodiumsilicatesolution. Concretetanks,usedtostoredieselandlighterfuels,havesurfaces thatarenormallyprovidedwithacoatingsystem. Limitthetemperature(or,moreimportantly,therateoftemperature change)oftheconcretetank'scontentstopreventexcessive temperaturedifferencesbetweentheinsidewallsurfacesandthe outsidesteelbands.Rememberthatitisnotsafetohavethe concreteatanytimemorethan75Fwarmerthanthesteelbands. Thisistheuppermostlimitandismuchmorethanisdesirable. Besurethattheflowofoilintoacold,emptytankisstarted slowlywhenthetemperatureoftheoilismorethan65Fwarmerthan thetank'stemperature.Allowanundergroundtanktobeheated slowlysothatthesteelandconcretetemperatureswillnotdiffer greatlybecauseoftheinsulatingeffectoftheearthenfillthat surroundsthetank.Limittherateofheatingtheoilinstorageto 4Fper

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hour,anddonotletthetemperatureoftheoilberaisedabovethe toplimitof155F.Thislimitismorethanenoughforallnormal depotoperationsexceptreclamationprocessesforwhichsteeltanks wouldbeusedinsteadofconcreteones. Donotallowoiltemperatureinabovegroundconcretetankstoexceed thetemperatureoftheairbymorethan84F.Locatepitscontaining pumpsandheatersalongsideundergroundtanks.Replaceladdersor othermeansofaccessbystairswherethisisfeasible.Deepaccess pitsareconsideredunsafebecauseofvaporcollection.Besureto provideadequateforcedventilation,whichisnecessaryforallsuch pits,especiallywhentheyareadjacenttogasolineandjetfuel tanks. 3. CollapsibleTanks.

Collapsibletankscanbeinstalledrapidlyforemergencystorage. Suchtanksareoftenusedinsteadofboltedtanksandrangein capacityfrom3,000to210,000gallons.Ifpermanenceofstorageis expectedtoexceedoneyear,thetanksmaybereplacedwithsteel tanks.Fieldconditionsmaydictatetheuseofthe500gallon collapsibledrumfortemporarystorage. Atmospherictankscanbefurtherclassifiedaccordingtothetypeof theroofonthetank. 4. ConeRoofTanks.

Theconerooftankisthemostcommonlyusedtank,primarilybecause ofitsrelativelylowconstructioncostascomparedtootherdesigns. Thistypeoftankissubjecttobreathingandfillinglosses.Vapors areforcedoutandairissuckedintothetankbyexpansionand contractioncausedbyfillingorissuingfromthetank. Theroofisconedtowardthecenterofthetank,andsufficientpitch isallowedtoprovideadequatedrainage,usually3/4inchpitchper foot.Youmayuseconerooftankstostorepracticallyallgradesof petroleumproducts.Militaryserviceshaveadaptedinternalpan floatersinconerooftanks.Thistypeoftankoffersthe conservationandsafehandlingadvantagesofthestandardfloating rooftank,butwithoutthedisadvantagesassociatedwiththe introductionofrain,snow,andsleetintotheopenrooftank. 5. FloatingRoofTank.

Thestandardfloatingrooftanksaredesignedtopermittheroofto floatonthesurfaceoftheliquidwhichrisesorfallsinaccordance withchangesinproductlevels.Thereisnovaporspace. Consequently,withproperdesignofthedeckandanefficient

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closure(vaporseal)aroundtheedgeofthefloatingroof,breathing andfillinglossesarepracticallyeliminated. Firehazardsareeliminatedbecauselittle,ifany,vaporispresent abovetheleveloftheproductinthetank.Theclosurearoundthe edgeofthefloatingroofconsistsofacontinuousgastight, weatherproof,syntheticrubbercoatedasbestosfabricattachedtoa sealingringthatslidesalongthefaceofthetankshellastheroof movesupanddown.Thissealingringismaintainedinclosecontact withtheinsideofthetankshellbymeansofcounterweightedhangers orsimilardeviceswhichexertconstantpressureoutwardagainstthe tankshell. Twogeneraltypesoffloatingrooftanksareinuse:thepontoontype andthedoubledecktype.Inmostmilitaryfacilities,thefloating rooftankswithoutconeroofsarefittedwithgeodesicdomeroofsfor protectionfromrain,snow,andsleet.Floatingrooftanksarebest suitedforuseinvolatileproductservicewhereinventoryturnover israpid,suchasairfieldjetfueltanks. 6. LifterRoofTanks.

Thelifterroofisconstructedtoallowtherooftoriseorfallas thepressureofvaporinsidethetankincreasesordecreases.A troughisconstructedaroundtheupperpartofthetankshellonthe outsidetoholdaliquidsealinwhichaskirtplateattachedtothe roofisimmersed.Theliquidsealpreventstheescapeofvaporsfrom insidethetankuptothemaximumlimitoftravelforthetankroof. Acontrolvalveisprovidedtoventtheexcessvolumeofvaporsor pressureastheroofrisestoitsextremeupperlimitsoftravel. Whentheroofcomesdownwardasthetank'scontentsareremovedand whenthevacuumthatisformedreaches1ouncepersquareinchor more,asimilarcontrolvalveallowsairintothetanktoprevent excessivevacuum.Thislatterconditionusuallyonlyoccurswhile theroofrestsontheroofraftersinitslowestposition. Itisbesttousethelifterrooftankinvolatileproductservicein practicallyanyclimateinsituationswherethefuelwillbekeptin storageforrelativelylongtimeperiods,asfrequentemptyingand fillingwoulddefeatthepurposeofthelifterroof.Removeany excessivecollectionoficeandsnowtopreventtheexcessweight fromopeningthecontrolvalveasaresultofincreasedpressure insidethetank. Youmayconnectlifterrooftanksbyvaporlinestooneormorecone rooftanksinthesameproductservicetoformavaporconservation system.Whenthisisdone,usecautiontomakesurethatthe

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conerooftanksinthesystemaregastightandcapableof withstandingthemaximumpressureimposedonthesystembythelifter rooftank.Thistypeofinterconnectionis,ofcourse,impossible withfloatingrooftanks. PARTBTANKACCESSORIESANDMAINTENANCE Allstoragetanksareequippedwithanumberoffittingsand accessorieswhichvaryinaccordancewiththetypeoftankandthe producttobestored.Theseaccessoriesaswellasthetanks themselvesmustbeinspectedandmaintainedtopreventproductloss andtopreventfiresandexplosions. 1. SteelTankExteriors.

Checktheoutsideofanabovegroundsteeltankeverymonthforleaks. Beawarethatseepingfueldiscolorspaint.Repairleaksif possible.Donottrytorepairaleakonthebottomofastorage tank.First,determinehowmuchfuelisbeinglostbycheckingthe dailygauge.Thenreporttheleaktosupportmaintenance. 2. PaintedSurface.

Lookforrustandchippedpaintonthesidesofthetankeverymonth. Checkthepaintontheroofeverysixmonthsandspotpaintif necessary.Donotpainttheentiretank.Paintinganentiretankis asupportmaintenancefunction.Tospotpaintareasofthetank: o Cleanthesurfaceofthetankdowntothebaremetalwithawire brush. o Painttheareawithonecoatofredleadprimer(DODP17545), andallowittodry. o Puttwocoatsofrustinhibitingsemiglossenamel(Federal SpecificationTTE485)onthesides.Usewhiteoilpaint (FederalSpecificationTTP102)ontheroof.Ifthetankhas beencamouflaged,uselusterlessenamel(FederalSpecifications TTE527)inblack,brown,yellow,andsand. 3. FloatingRoof. Checkthesealonafloatingroofmonthly.Makesureitisingood conditionandtightlysealed.Reportanydamagetosupport maintenance.Checktheroofdailyduringrainy,freezing,orsnowy weather.Ifthesealhasfrozentothetank'ssurface,freetheseal beforeraisingorloweringtheroof.Removesnowbyshovelingit overthesideofthetankassoonaspossibletopreventtheroof fromcollapsingundertheweightofthesnow.

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4. SwivelJointPipeDrainorHoseDrain. Drainthewaterofftheroofdailybyopeningtheroofdrainvalve locatedonthetankshellatthebottom.Cleantheswiveljointpipe drainorhoseandthesump.Keepthepipedrainfreeofwaterduring freezingweather. 5. Vents. Openventsmaybeusedtoprovideventingfortanksinwhichfuel oilswithaflashpointof100Fandabovearestored.Thereisno reasontouseanythingmorecomplexthananopenventpipe(protected withahoodandcoarsescreentokeepoutrain,birds,andinsects) onanyundergroundtankassignedtostoreboilerorburnerfuel. Theseproductsdonotgiveoffflammablevaporsandarenot appreciablyaffectedbycontactwiththeair. Openventsarealsosuitableforabovegroundtanksassignedto nonvolatilefuelstorage,althoughundercertainconditionsbreather valvesmaybejustifiedinthelatterservice.Besuretocheckthe ventsduringnestingseasontomakesurethatnobirdshavebuilt nestsintheventopenings.Removethescreenseverysixmonthsand cleanthemwithsolvent.Checkforcorrosionanddamage.Repair, repaint,orreplacethemifnecessary. 6. PressureVacuumBreatherValve. Breathervalvesareinstalledonabovegroundgasolineorjetfuel storagetanks.Theyarealsofoundonlargeundergroundtanksbut arecommonlyomittediftheundergroundtankislessthan2,500 gallonsincapacity. Breathervalveshaveweighteddiscswhichopenatpresetpressureor vacuumlevels.Whenthevaporpressureinthetankexceedsthe settings(usually1/2ounce),theweighteddiscisraised,allowing thepressuretoescape.Whenavacuumexistsinthetank(either fromremovingfuelorbecauseofadropintemperature),thevacuum reliefdiscopens,allowingairtoenterthetank. Removethevalveeverysixmonths.Removedebrisfromthehousing. Cleanthescreenswithdrycleaningsolventorcompressedair.Clean pallets,guides,andseatswithdrycleaningsolventormildliquid metalpolish.Ifyouusemetalpolishbecarefultoremovethe polishcompletely. Lubricatethestemsandtheguides.Regrindcorrodedseatsand palletsbyplacingfinegrindingcompoundbetweenthetwopartsand lightlymovingthepalletbackandforthonitsseat.Thencleanthe partsasdescribedabove.

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7. FlameArresters. Flamearrestersareinstalledonsomestoragetanks.Flamearresters areinstalledontankventstopreventfirefromenteringthetank throughthevent.Thisisdonebymeansofbanksofboxshapedtubes madeofflatandcorrugatedmetalsheets. Inspecttheoutsideofflamearresterseverysixmonths.Cleanand spotpaintifnecessary.Removethetubebankseverysix,monthsand cleanthemwithsolventorcompressedair.Donotremoveanyofthe metalsheetsfromatubebank.Topreventdamagetothetankduring freezingweather,removetheentireflamearresterfromthetank beforethetubebanksbecomecloggedwithiceandpreventairfrom circulating. 8. GageandThiefHatches. Onabovegroundstoragetanks,gaugehatchesarelocatedsothatthe gaugercangaugethetankwhilestandingontheplatformatthetop ofthetankladderorstairway.Thisavoidsthepossibilityofthe man'sweightaffectingtheheightofthereferencemark.Wherethis isimpossible,thesamemanstandsontheroofforbothopeningand closinggauges.Thehatchesarelocatedsothatgagingtapesarenot fouledbyobstructionsinsidethetank.Hatchesmustbeclosed immediatelyafteruse.Gageandthief(sample)hatchesarenormally thesameopening. Checkthehatchcoverfordamageonceayear.Replacethesealif necessary.Toreplaceadamagedhatchcover,removethepinsand hatchcover,putanewcoverinplace,andreplacethepins. Checkthesealonthecoveronceayearforcracksanddamage. Replacethesealifnecessary. 9. Manholes. Normally,tankshaveoneormoremanholesintherooforside.The manholesareusedmainlyforaccessandventilationpriortoand duringcleaningorrepairingtasks.Manholecoversmustbekept tightlyclosedtopreventvaporsfromescapingandtopreventproduct loss. Checkthemanholecoverandgasketmonthly.Toreplaceadamaged coverorgasketonahingedmanholecover(rooftype),removethe pinsandwashersonthehinge,removethedamagedcoverorgasket, putthenewcoverorgasketinplace,andreplacethepinsand washers.Ifthemanholecoveronthesideofthetankisdamagedor leaking,thetankmustbeemptied,theboltsholdingthemanhole

coveronthetankmustberemoved,thedamagedcoverorgasketmust bereplaced,andthecoverandtheboltsmustbereplaced.

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10.

TankOutlets.

Thetankoutletsonmoststoragetanksarenormallypipeconnections nearthebottomofthetankandareequippedwithagatevalveto allowthetanktobefilledoremptied.Sometankshavebeen equippedwithswinglineoutletsthatis,withoutletswhichmaybe raisedorloweredbymeansofafloatingdeviceattachedtothefree endofthelineoramanuallyoperatedwinch. Theseswinglinesarevaluableinpermittingacleanproducttobe drawnoffincasetheproductinatankhasbecomestratifiedor containswetoilemulsionorsludgeinthelowerlevels.Theyare necessitiesintanksusedforsettlinganddehydratingwetor contaminatedstock. Sometimes,localregulationsrequirethefreeendofswinglinesto beraisedabovetheoillevelwhenthelinesarenotactuallyinuse. Innormaloperation,ifthefreeendoftheswinglineiskeptata highelevation,drawingonlyfromthetoplayeroftheproduct,the heavierpartsoftheproductsettleandaccumulateonthetank's bottom.Intheeventthatthefreeendoftheswinglineis constantlykepttoolow,youmaydrawoffproductofanunacceptable qualityforissue. Thebestoperationresultsinaminimumofaccumulationofsettlings. Theoutflowopeningontankswhicharenotequippedwithswinglines isusuallyabout10to18inchesabovethetank'sbottom.Theline maycomethroughthebottomofthetank,butonmosttanksitcomes throughthetankshell.Ifthetankisusedfrequently,inspectthe gatevalveonthetankoutletfrequentlyandlubricateitmonthly. Ontanksthatareusedforlongtermstorage,checkandlubricatethe valveeverysixmonths.Youcancheckswinglinesonlywhenthetank hasbeenemptiedandfreedofvaporbecausetheswinglinesare locatedinsidethetank.However,iftheswinglinehasanexternal winch,inspectthewinchandtheexposedcablemonthlyandlubricate accordingtothemanufacturer'sdirections. 11. WaterDrainValves.

Waterdrainvalvesareinstalledonabovegroundtankstodrain accumulatedwateroffthebottomofthestoragetank.Oneormoreof thesevalvesmaybeinstalledoneachtank.Thevalveisnormally screwedintoathreadedflangewhichisweldedtothetankshell. Thevalveseatisarrangedsothatitislocatedinsidethetank, thushelpingtopreventfreezingduringcoldweather.Thevalveis usuallymetaltometalwithanOringseal.Somevalveshavea builtincheckvalvearrangementsothatthevalveseatmaybe removedforrepairs.

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Checkthemanufacturer'smaintenanceproceduresbeforeremovingany ofthesevalvesfromthetank.Checkthewatervalveweeklyfor leaks.Atthesametime,drainanywaterthathasaccumulatedinthe tank. Torepairaleakinadrainvalvethathasacheckvalvedevice, unscrewthevalvefromthethreadedflange,replacetheOring,and screwthevalvebackintoplace.Ifthevalvedoesnothaveacheck valvedevice,thetankmustbeemptiedofproductbeforethedrain valvecanberemovedforrepair.Ifreplacingthe0ringdoesnot stoptheleak,thentheentirewaterdrainvalvemustbereplaced. 12. RoofDrains.

Floatingrooftanksareequippedwithroofdrainstoremove accumulatedwaterfromthefloatingroof.Theroofdrainassembly consistsofaswingjointpipingarrangementorhosedrainline extendingthroughtheinteriorofthetanktoaninternalflangeof thenozzleinstalledintheshellnearthetank'sbottom.Avalveis installedontheexteriorflangeoftheroofdrainline.Thedrain openingonthetopsideoftheroofdeckisfittedwithashort lengthofthreadedpipeforengaugementintheroofdrainopening.A coarsemeshscreenisinstalledoverthedrainopeningtoprevent debrisfromenteringthedrainline. Checkthescreenaftereachtimetheroofisdrainedtomakesure thatthescreenisnotclogged.Makesurethattheswingjointor hosedrainiskeptfreeofwaterduringfreezingweather.Ifthe linesbecomefrozeninwater,damageoccurswhenthefloatingroofis raised.Repairtheswingjointorhosedrainonlywhenthetankis drainedofwaterandisfreeofvapor.Inspectthisequipmentduring tankcleaningoperations.Checktheswingjointorhosedrainfor tightnessbyfillingthelinewithwaterandlookingforleaks. Replacedefectiveswingjointgasketsanddamagedordeteriorated hose. 13. LiquidLevelGage.

Somestoragetanksareequippedwithaliquidlevelgaugedesignedto indicatethelevelofproductinthestoragetankinfeetandinches. Thegaugeheadcontainingthecounterbalancingmechanismandtape drumassemblyismountedneargroundlevelontheexteriorofthe tank.Astainlesssteelgraduatedtapeextendsfromthegaugehead, throughconduitandaseriesofpulleys,tothetopofthetankand thentoafloatinsidethetank.Forconeroofandaboveground horizontaltanks,thefloatiscontainedbyguidewiresextending fromthetoptothebottomofthetank.Forfloatingrooftanks,the floatiscontainedinagaugewellintheroofofthetank.

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Thegaugeischeckedforaccuracywhenitiscalibrated.Normally, thistypeofgaugerequireslittlemaintenance.Theguidewires insidethetankarestainlesssteel,andthefloatismadefrom nonsinkablefoamglassandhasastainlesssteeljacket. Gagesthatdonothavewiperbladesinthesightglassform condensationontheglass,makingitdifficulttoreadthetape. Disassembleandcleanthesightglass.Ifcondensationfrequently occursonthesightglass.Installsilicagelinthegaugeheadto absorbmoisture.Donotuseindicatingliquidlevelgaugeswhen accuraterecordsofthereceipt,storage,issue,andshipmentof productsarerequired. Usehandgagingforaccuraterecords. 14. FireWalls.

Eachabovegroundtankmustbesurroundedbyafirewall(alsocalled abermoradike)toprovideareservoirthatwillhold100percent ofthetank'scapacityandaccommodate1footoffreeboard(empty space).Theminimumheightforafirewallis3feet,anditmustbe atleast18incheswideontop.Theareathatisenclosedbythe firewallshouldbegradedtoslopetoadrainsump.Thesumphasa drainpipewhichextendsunderthefirewallandisequippedwitha valveorotherdeviceoutsidethefirewall. Keepthevalveclosedexceptwhenitisbeingusedtodrain accumulatedwater.Donotallowwatertoaccumulateinthefirewall area,thesump,orthepipeduringfreezingweather.Providethe drainsumpwithagratetopreventdebrisfromenteringandclogging thedrain. Youmustperformrecurringmaintenanceonearthfirewallstoensure properdrainage,tocontrolerosion,andtoeliminatefirehazards. Coverthefirewallwitha2inchlayerofcrushedrockorgravel aggregatewhichisresistanttodisintegrationbyweathering.Apply asoilsterilantherbicideonfirewallswithsideslopesofaratio of11/2horizontalto1verticalorsteeper,inanareawhere rainfalldoesnotsupportvegetativegrowth,orwhenthefirewall materialisunproductive(sandy,gravel,orheavyclay).

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Onsideslopeswitharatiooftwohorizontaltooneverticaland flatterandwhererainfallsupportsvegetation,establisherosion resistinggrass.Grassonthefirewallandontheareaoutsideand inthevicinityofthepetroleumfacilitymustbemowedasnecessary toeliminatepossiblefirehazards.Inallcases,keepthearea insidethefirewallfreeofvegetationbyapplyingasoilsterilant herbicidewhenauthorizedbylocalenvironmentalregulationsandunit StandingOperationProcedure(SOP). 15. RepairofLeaksinWeldedSteelTanks.

Repairaleakingsysteminaweldedsteeltankbyreweldingtheseam. Besurethatonlyskilledweldersdothiswelding.(SeeTM9237.) Thetankmustfirstbedrained,freedofvapor,andcleaned.After obtainingapermitfromthesafetyofficertoweld: o EnsurethatallweldsareXrayedandapprovedbythe ContractingOfficerpriortofillingthetank. o Movefirefightingequipmentnearthetank. o Makesurethewelderswearprotectiveclothingandshoes. o Removepaintfromthesurfaceoftherepairwithawirebrush. o Makesuretheweldersusetherightsizeandtypeelectrodes. o Repainttherepairareaaftertheleakisfixed. 16. RepairofLeaksinBoltedSteelTanks.

Determinethemethodyouusetorepairaleakinaboltedsteeltank bythesizeandlocationoftheleak.Inanemergency,youcanstop aleakcausedbyasmallholeinastavebydrivingawoodenleak plugintothehole.Youcanalsocoversmallholeswithpatchbolts, insertingthemfromtheoutsideandtighteningthemwithawrench. Largeleaksinthemetalplatethatrequireoneormorestavesare beyondthescopeoforganizationalmaintenance. Youcansometimesstopleaksatverticalseamsbytighteningthenuts attheleakingseamwithawrench.Usuallyyoucanrepairleaksat thechimes(horizontaledges)byinstallingadditionalboltsorby replacingthegasketmaterial.

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Toinstalladditionalusingbolts,drillholesbetweentheboltsof theleakingchime.Thenusenewwashers,insertaboltintoeachnew hole,andsecurelytightenanutoneachbolt.Toinstallnewgasket material,takeoutenoughboltsintheleakingchimetoremovethe leakinggasketatandaroundtheleak.Thencutoutthedamaged sectionofthegasketmaterial,andinsertnewgasketmaterial. Overlaptheedgesoftheoldandnewgasketmaterialandcaulkthe areawithputty.Usingnewgasketsandwashersonthebolts,putthe boltsbackinandtightenthenuts. NOTE: Beforeyoucanmakemanyoftherepairs,drainthetank toalevelbelowtheleak.Ifrepairersmustenteratank tomakerepairs,thetankmustbedrainedcompletely.No oneshouldenterthetankuntilthefuelvaporlevelis belowtheexplosivelimit.Theycanthenmakesmall repairswhichtakeashorttimetocomplete,suchas tighteninganutonabolt.Repairersmustwear protectiveclothingandrespirators.Thetankshouldbe freeofvaporforlongerrepairs.

17. InspectionandMaintenanceofCollapsibleTanks. Inspectcollapsibletanksdaily,andperformanynecessary maintenanceassoonaspossible.Recordservicetocollapsibletanks onDAForm2404(EquipmentInspectionandMaintenanceWorksheet). Youwillfinddetailedinstructionsonmaintenance,troubleshooting, andrepairsinTM5543021012.Inspectandperformmaintenanceon theitemslistedbelow: a. SurroundingArea.Checkthegroundaroundthetank.Remove sticks,rocks,andsharpobjectsthatcoulddamagethetankandcause aleak. b. TankExterior.Checkthetankfortears,holes,loose handles,andleaks.Makerepairsifpossible. c. FillandDischargeParts.Checkthefittings,elbows,and hosesfordamageandsignsofaleak.Ifnecessary,cleantheparts withdrycleaningsolvent.Replaceworngasketsandpacking. d. VentPipe.Checkthecoupling,dustcap,andventpipefor damage.Lookforsignsofaleak.Replaceworngaskets.Cleanall partswithdrycleaningsolvent.Makesurethedustcapcanoperate freelytorelievepressure. e. Drain.Thefittingislocatedonthebottomofthetankat thelowerend.Checkthefittingandhoseforleaks.Replaceworn packing,andcleanallpartswithdrycleaningsolvent.

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f. ControlValves.Checkthefillanddischargevalves.Also, checkthedraincontrolvalve.Lookforleaks.Torepairaleak, replaceworngasketsandpacking.Cleanallpartswithdrycleaning solvent.Lookforbentstems.Repairorreplaceanentirevalveif necessary. g. TankInterior.Sludgecanbuildupinthebottomofa collapsibletank.Removethissludgeandcleanthetankperiodically topreventfuelcontamination.Alsocleanthetankbeforeusingit tostoreadifferentfuel.Tocleantheinsideofatank: o Clearthefuelfromthetank. o Removetheaccessplateonthefilleranddischargefitting. o Disposeofsludgeinawaythatisnotharmfultothe environment(seeparagraph4ofPartF). o Flushthetankwithwater. o Replacetheaccessplate. o Openthedrainandrollupthetanktoremoveasmuchwater aspossible. o Unrollthetank,andclosethedrain. o Pumpinafewgallonsoffuelandrollupthetankagainto wetthewallswithfuel,preventingcracking.Usethenew fuelifserviceisbeingchangedfromonefueltoanother. o Unrollthetank,andputitbackintouse. 18. RepairofCollapsibleTanks. Themethodthatyouusetorepairacollapsibletankdependsonthe sizeoftheholeortearinthetank.Repairacollapsibletankwith sealingplugsorclamps,whicheveriscalledfor,andthenreplace thetankassoonaspossibleifitrequirespermanentrepair.Usea sealingplugtorepairaholeupto3/8inchwide.Useasealing clamptorepairholeslargerthan3/8inchandtearsupto7inches. Tworepairkitsareissuedwitheachcollapsibletank.Repairkit typeI(Figure12)containssealingplugs.RepairkittypeII(also showninFigure12)containssealingclampsandsealingplugs.

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Figure12.RepairKits. a. SealingPlugRepairs.Torepairatankwithasealingplug: o Putontheprotectivehoodandrubbergloves. o Putawoodenplugintotheholetostoptheleakuntil repairmaterialsarereadytouse. o Removethewoodenplugandusearotarycuttertocuta cleanedgearoundthehole. o Pushtheconeshapedendofthesealingplugthroughthe hole. o Pullthesealingpluguptightagainsttheinsidewallof thetank. o Tightenthenutonthesealingplugwithpliers,andcut offexcessshank.

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b. SealingClampRepairs.Torepairatankwithasealingclamp: o Putontheprotectivehoodandrubbergloves. o Putawoodenplugintothehole,ifpossible,tostopthe leakuntilyouselectasealingclamp. o Selectthecorrectsizesealingclamp.Theshortersideor widthofthebottomplateoftheclampshouldfitthrough theholeortear.Itmaybenecessarytoenlargethehole ortearslightlybyusingaknifetoinsertthebottom plate(Figure13).

Figure13.RepairingaCollapsibleTank. o Foldthehingedstuddown,andputthebottomplatethrough thetear. o Straightenthestud,androtatethebottomplatesothat thelongersideorlengthofthebottomplateisinthe samedirectionasthelengthofthetear. o Slidetheupperplateoverthestud,andtightenthewing nut.

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PARTCTANKCLEANING Youshouldnotcleanatankunlessitisabsolutelynecessary.You mustdrain,vaporfree,andcleanatankforcertaininspectionsand repairs,whenfuelisbeingcontaminated,whensludgehasbuiltup, andwhenthereisachangeinproductorservice. 1. ResponsibilityforCleaningaTank.

Withtwoexceptions,vaporfreeing,decontaminating,andcleaning tanksareorganizationalmaintenanceactivities.Itisthe facilitiesengineer'sresponsibilitytocleanfixedtanksinorderto applyrustproofingandrustcoating.Itisalsothefacilities engineer'sresponsibilitytocleanfixedtanksthatarepartofmotor pools,servicestations,andaircraftfuelingsystems. 2. WhentoCleanaTank.

Youshouldcleanatankonlywhenitisabsolutelynecessary. Specifically,youshoulddrain,vaporfree,andcleanatank: o Forcertaininspections. o Forcertainrepairs. o Whenfuelisbeingcontaminated. o Whensludgehasbuiltup. o Whenthereisachangeofproduct. o Whenthereisachangeofservice. a. Inspections.MILSTD457statesthatastoragetankmustbe inspectedbyphysicalentry(seeFigure14).Thismeansthatthe inspectorsmustgoinsidethetanktocarryouttheinspection. Cleanthetankbeforesuchaninspectiontakesplace.Whenthese inspectionsaremadedependsonwhetherornottheinsideofthetank iscoatedandwhetherornotincomingfuelispumpedthrougha filter/separator.SeeFigure14formoreinformation. b. Repairs.Drain,freeofvapor,andcleanastoragetank beforemakinganyrepairstothetank,insideoroutside,that requireweldingortheuseoftoolsthatcouldignitevapors. Cleanthetankwheneveritisnecessarytoenterthetanktomake lengthyrepairs.

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Figure14.FrequencyofPhysicalEntryInspections. c. FuelContamination.Cleanastoragetankasoftenas necessarytomaintainfuelquality.MILSTD457statesthatasample shouldbetakenfromanactivestocktankatleastevery30days. Takeasamplefromadormantstocktankevery180days.If laboratorytestsshowthatthefuelisbeingcontaminatedbyrustand dirtinthetank,cleanthetank.Iftestsshowthatthetankis beingcontaminatedbybacteria,usefresh,cleanwatertoflushthe tankandlines.Ifbacteriareappearinlatertests,cleanthetank. d. SludgeBuildup.Dirt,gum,waxes,andresinssettleoutof fuelinastoragetank.Thissludgecollectsonthebottomofa storagetank.Whenthesludgehardens,itformsaheelwhichcannot bepumpedout.Thisheelremainsinthetankwhenthetankis emptiedandfilled.Theheavierorthedarkerthefuel,themore sludgeisleftbehind.Fuelpumpedinontopofthislayerofsludge canbecomecontaminated.Whenbottomsamplesshowfuelcontamination orwhengagingrevealsthattoomuchsludgehasbuiltup,thetank shouldbecleaned. e. ChangeofProduct.Useatanktostoreonlyonekindoffuel sothatqualitycanbemaintained.Iftheserviceofatankmustbe changedfromonefueltoanother,cleanthetankbeforethenewfuel ispumpedintothetank. f. RemovalofTankfromService.Ifadecisionismadetotakea tankoutofserviceforlongerthanfourmonths,takethefollowing actions: o Cleanallconcretetanks. o Cleansteeltanksthatareusedtostorefueloil,diesel fuel,andlubeoil.Thencoatthemwiththesameproduct theycontained.Thiswillpreservethemetal.

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o Cleansteeltanksusedtostoregasoline,jetfuel,and keroseneandthencoatthemwithgeneralpurpose lubricatingoil(FederalSpecificationVVL800)to preservethemetal. o Cleansteeltanksthataretobedismantledwithgeneral purposelubricatingoil. NOTE: Itisnotnecessarytocoatatankthatwastakendown inordertomoveittoanewsiteforreassembly. g. ReactivationofaTank.Ifadecisionismadetoputan inactivetankbackintoservice,takethefollowingactions: o Cleantanksthathavestoodemptyforsometimetoremove therustwhichmayhaveformedontheinside. o Cleantanksthatwerecoatedwithlubricatingoilbefore theyareusedtostoregasoline,jetfuel,orkerosene. o Cleaninactivetanksthatwereballastedwithwaterorfuel toremoverustandsludge. 3. DutiesoftheFacilitiesEngineer.

Whenthereisreasontojustifycleaningatank,notifythe facilitiesengineer.Itisthefacilitiesengineer'sdutyto: o Determinetheneedtoenteranytankthathasbeenusedto storeleadedfuel. o Determinetheneedtoenteranyothertankthatiscapableof holding1,000ormorebarrelsoffuel. o Makesurethatthereisasafetyequipmentsetavailablefor use. o Obtaintheservicesofasafetyengineerwhoisexperiencedin tankcleaningsafety.Thesafetyengineershouldbepresent whenanytankcontainingleadedfuelisentered.Thesafety engineershouldalsobepresentwhenanytankcapableof holding1,000ormorebarrelsoffuelisentered. o RequestmedicaladvicefromtheSurgeonGeneral(AR2001),if necessary.

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o Obtaintheservicesofacontractortocleanatankifthe localdemandfortankcleaningissoinfrequentthatthelocal workforcecannotmaintainalevelofexpertise(AR42049). Thecontractorshouldbeinstructedtoprovideallthe equipmentandtakealltheprecautionsnecessarytoprotect life,health,andproperty. PARTDTANKCLEANINGPRECAUTIONS Duringanyfuelhandlingoperation,fuelvaporscanaccidentally ignite,causingafireoranexplosion.Theriskoffireoran explosionisespeciallyhighwhentanksarebeingcleaned.Thereare alsootherhealthandphysicalhazardsbesidesfiresandexplosions whichmaketankcleaningdangerouswork.However,thejobcanbe performedwithoutdeath,injury,orpropertydamageifyouplanthe cleaningoperationstepbystepandifmembersofthecleaningdetail receiveextensivetraining. Aworkingknowledgeofthedangersinvolvedandhandsonexperience withthesafetyequipmentisessential.Atleasttwomembersofthe cleaningdetailmustbetrainedandtestedinfirstaid.The trainingmustincludecardiopulmonaryresuscitationandtreatmentfor vaporinhalation.You,thecleaningdetailsupervisor,mustalso prepareafireplanforthetankintheeventthatvaporsareignited. 1. FirePrevention.

Thedangeroffireandexplosionduringtankcleaningoperations comesfromthepossibleignitionoffuelvapors.Eliminateall sourcesofignition,andreducetheconcentrationofvaporstoa pointatwhichtheywillnotignite. a. SourcesofIgnition.Donotopenthetankforcleaninguntil thefollowingsourcesofignitionareundercontrol: (1) Smoking.Donotallowsmokingmaterialsintothearea. Collectmatches,lighters,cigarettes,andotherlikematerialata checkpoint.Returnbelongingstoeveryonewhentheyleavethearea. (2) StaticElectricity.Staticelectricityisimpossibleto preventbecauseitisproducedbymotion.However,itisnot dangerousuntilitbuildsupachargelargeenoughtoproducea spark.Youcanpreventthisbymakingsurethatthetankandany nearbyequipmentarewellgroundedandthatthecleaningdetailis givencottonclothingandrubberbootstowear.

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(3) ElectricalEquipment.Electricarcsandsparksproduced duringtheoperationofsomepiecesofelectricalequipmentcan ignitefuelvapors.Overheatedorshortcircuitedelectrical equipmentcancausevaporstoignite. Preventafireoranexplosionbyavoidingtheuseofelectrical equipmentinsidethetankuntilithasbeenfreedofvapors.Use onlydrycellflashlightsthathavebeenapprovedbythe Underwriter'sLaboratorytoprovidelightinsidethetank.Allother electricalequipmentusedinoraroundthetankmustbeexplosion proof. (4) Vehicles.Besurethattankvehiclesandvacuumtrucks usedtoremovesludgefromthetankareparkedwherefuelvapors cannotreachtheirinternalcombustionengines.Itisbesttolocate themoutsidethefirewallonthewindwardsideofthetank. (5) ToolSparks.Grindingandcuttingtoolsproducesparks duringoperation.Thesesparkscanignitefuelvapors.Donotuse grindingorcuttingtoolsinornearatankuntilithasbeen thoroughlycleaned,tested,anddeclaredsafe.Sparkscanalsobe producedbyfrictionwhentoolsarestrucktogetherorwhenthey strikeanotherhardsurface.Sincenonsparkingtoolsarenolonger recommendedforuse,alltoolsmustbehandledcarefully. (6) SpontaneousCombustion.Thetwocausesforspontaneous combustioninatankareironsulfideandoilyrags. (a) IronSulfide.Ascaleofironsulfideformswhen hydrogensulfidecorrodestheinsidesurfaceofatank.Hydrogen sulfideisincrudeoilswithhighsulfurcontent.Becarefulwhena crudeoiltankisopenedbecausetheironsulfidescalewilloxidize rapidlywhenexposedtoair.Thisprocessproducessomuchheatthat thescalewillglow.Theironsulfidescalecanspontaneously combustatthispointandignitefuelvapors.Topreventthis,use steamtofreethetankofvapor.Thesteamwillcovertheironoxide scalewithcondensationandpreventitfromigniting.Afterthetank isvaporfree,knockdownthescalebydirectinghighpressurehoses intothesludge.Keepthesludgewetuntilitistakentoadisposal area. (b) OilyRags.Fuelsoakedragscanigniteeventhough theyhavenotbeenexposedtoheat.Donotleaveusedcleaningrags inoraroundthetank.Placetheminairtightmetalcontainersuntil theycanbedisposedofpermanently.

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(7) ElectricalStorms.Lightningcanignitefuelvapors. Nevercleanastoragetankduringanelectricalstormorwhenthere isthethreatofanelectricalstorm. (8) Welding.Theflamefromaweldingtorch,theheat produced,andtheflyingslagcanignitefuelvapors.Neverdoany hotrepairworkonastoragetankuntilithasbeenthoroughly cleaned,tested,anddeclaredvaporfree. b. ConcentrationofFuelVapors.Fuelvaporscanbeignitedwhen theycomeintocontactwithasourceofignition.Thisispossible onlywhenacertainamountoffuelvaporhasbeencombinedwithair. Amixtureof1to8percentoffuelvaporandairwilligniteatonce whenitcomesintocontactwithasparkorflame. Themixturewillburnifitisignitedinanopenareawherethehot gasesthatareproducedhaveroomtoexpand.Themixturewill explodeifithasignitedinaclosedspacewheretheheatandgases havenoplacetogo. Amixturewithlessthan1percentfuelvaporistooleantoignite. Amixturewithmorethan8percentfuelvaporistoorichtoignite. Caremustbetakenwhenopeningatankwithamixturethatistoo richtoignite..Thetoorichvaporcouldquicklychangetoan ignitablemixtureafterthetankisopened.Thehydrogensulfide vaporsfoundincrudeoiltanksarealsocombustible.Theycan ignitewhenthehydrogensulfidecontentofthetankisbetween4.3 percentand46percent. Sothatanexplosionorafiredoesnotoccurduringtankcleaning operations,reducetheconcentrationoffuelandhydrogensulfide vaporsasquicklyaspossibletolevelsthatwillnotignite.The bestwaytoreducetheconcentrationistocirculateairthroughthe tank.Theairweakensordilutesthevaporconcentration. Eventually,theairdisplacesthevaporscompletely. Becarefultomakesurethevaporsarenotallowedtocollectinlow areasoutsidethetank.Thesevaporscouldbeignitedoutsidethe tank,andthefirecouldspreadbacktothetank. 2. HealthHazards.

Theatmosphereinsideatankthathasbeenremovedfromserviceis hazardoustohealth.Thedangerliesinseveralareas,asdescribed below. a. PresenceofFuelandSludge.Physicalcontactwithfueland sludgecancauseseriousdamagetotheskin.Fuelandsludgeremove

naturaloils,leavingtheskinchappedandcracked.Thesecracksare avenuesfordiseaseandinfectiontoenterthebody.

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Usesoapandwatertowashimmediatelyareasoftheskinwhichhave comeintocontactwithfuelorsludge.Makesurethatthemembersof thecleaningdetailwearwhiteclothingsothatfuelstainscanbe spottedeasily.Seethattheyalsowearrubberglovesandbootsto protecttheirhandsandfeet. b. PresenceofFuelVapors.Fuelvapors,especiallygasolineand jetfuelvapors,arenarcotic.Inhalingthesevaporscanslowthe centralnervoussystemtothepointthatbreathingstops.In addition,inhalingevensmallamountsofthesevaporscanirritate thelungsandrespiratorysystem,causingpneumoniaorleavinga personopentootherrespiratorydiseases.Thepoisonousortoxic limitis500partspermillion.Becertainthatthemembersofthe cleaningdetailwearrespiratoryequipmentwhileworkinguntil testingofthefuelvaporsproducesareadingatorbelowthatlimit. Workersmaythenworkinthetankuptoeighthourswithout respiratoryequipment.Thisdoesnotapplytotanksthathavebeen usedtostoreleadedfuels. c. PresenceofTetraethylLead.Contactwithtetraethylleadcan resultinpoisoning.Therefore,greatcaremustbetakenwhen enteringatankthathasbeenusedtostoreleadedfuel.Inhaling thefuelvaporscanbefatal.Youmustrequirecleaningdetailsto wearrespiratoryequipmentwhenworkinginleadedfuelstoragetanks. Theequipmentmustbeusedevenafterthetankhasbeentestedand declaredvaporfreebecauseinhalingdustparticlesfromscaleonthe wallscanalsoresultindeath.Requireworkerstoavoiddirect contactwithleadedsludgesincelethalamountsofleadcaneasilybe absorbedthroughtheskin.Thissludgeisdangerousevenafterit hasbeenremovedfromthetank,sogreatcaremustbetakenwithits disposal.Thetankisnotsafeuntilithasbeencleaneddowntothe baremetal. d. PresenceofHydrogenSulfide.Exposuretohydrogensulfide cancausedeathbyparalyzingtherespiratorysystem.Victimsbecome unconsciousandneverregainconsciousness.Mildexposuredamages theeyes.Hydrogensulfide,foundincrudeoilswithahighsulfur content,canusuallybedetectedbyitsrotteneggodor.Be cautious,however,nevertousethesenseofsmelltodetermine whetherornothydrogensulfideispresentinatank.Useapieceof moistleadacetatepaperinstead.Ifhydrogensulfideispresentin thetank,itwillblackenthepaper.Theconcentrationofhydrogen sulfidevaporcanbemeasuredbyahydrogensulfidedetector.These detectors;aredescribedinparagraph5.Thetoxiclevelis20parts permillion.Itisnotsafetoworkinatankwithoutrespiratory equipmentuntilreadingsareatorbelowthatlevel.

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e. LackofOxygen.Normalaircontains21percentoxygen.A concentrationoflessthan7percentisdangerous.Fuelvapors,in additiontobeingnarcotic,displaceoxygeninatank.Use respiratoryequipmentduringtankcleaninguntilatankhasbeen clearedofvapors.Becarefulwhenenteringacleantankthathas beenclosedforalongtime.Themetalsurfaceinsidemayhave rusted,usinguptheoxygeninsidethetank.Allownoonetoenter suchatankuntiloxygenhasbeenallowedtocirculateinsidethe tank. 3. PhysicalHazards.

Inadditiontofireandhealthhazards,therearephysicalhazards involvedintankcleaning.Membersofthecleaningdetailmusttake precautionstoavoidthefollowing: o Collapseofladders,scaffolds,andstairways.Makesurethey areingoodconditionandattachedtothetank. o Collapseofthinroofsections.Usewoodenplanksto distributeweightevenlywhenworkingonaroof. o Accidentalpumpingoffuelintothetank.Makesurelinesto thetankareblankedoffwithblindflangesorfigureeight blinds.Donotdependonclosedvalves. o Toolsandobjectsdroppedfromabove.Handletoolscarefully. Donotthrowthem.Donotdropthemthroughtheroofmanhole. Makesurefixturesinsidethetankaresecurelyattachedto thetankandcannotbeknockeddown.Lowertheswiveljoint drainpipetopreventaccidentalreleaseduringcleaning operations. o Slippingonwetfloorsandtrippingoverhoses,pipes,and fittings.Useextremecautionwhenmovingaroundinsidethe tank. o Collidingwithotherworkersortanksupportsinapoorly lightedtank.Makesurelightingisadequate.Workersmust wearwhitesotheycanbeseeneasily. 4. SafetyEquipmentSet.

Thesafetyequipmentsetcontainsequipmentnecessarytoprovide physicalandrespiratoryprotectionfortwomembersofacleaning detail.Noonemustenteratankwithouthavingsomeexperiencein handlingandoperatingthecomponentsoftheset.

a. RespiratorsandAirHoses.Tworespiratorsandfourairhoses areintheset.Respiratorsarefacemaskswhichattachtoair hoses.TherespiratorsmustbeapprovedbytheBureauofMines.When

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connectedtoablower,respiratorsprovideanindependentsupplyof freshairtothewearer.Besuretowearthematalltimesinside tanksthatwereusedtostoreleadedfuel.Weartheminsideall othertanksuntilthetankshavebeentestedandfoundtobevapor free.Also,wearrespiratorsinsidecleantanksthathavebeen closedforalongtime.Thefollowingprecautionsmustbetakenwith respiratorsandairhoses: o Inspectrespiratorsbeforeeachuse.Alsoinspectthem beforetheyarestored. o Makenecessaryrepairsatoncetobesurethatthe respiratorsarereadyforuseatalltimes. o Testrespiratorsbeforeeachuse.Totestarespirator, cutofftheairsupplytothemaskforafewsecondsby coveringtheendwiththepalmofthehand.Ifthereare noleaksandthestrapshavebeenadjustedproperly,the facepiecewillcollapseagainsttheface(seeFigure15).

Figure15.TestingaRespirator. o Whenattachingrespiratorstoairhoses,makesurethe connectionsaretightandthatgasketsarebeingusedto provideanairtightseal.Replaceworngasketsif necessary.

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o Neverremoverespiratorswhileinsideatank.Thetankmay havebeenfreedofvapors,butthefacepiecescouldstill becontaminated. o Whenenteringatank,lifttheairhosesovertheedgeof themanhole.Padtheedgeofthemanholetopreventdamage tothehoses. o Whenamemberofthecleaningdetailentersthetank, assignsomeonetomonitortheairhoseandtokeepthe workerunderobservationatalltimes.Theattendantmust bedressedandoutfittedtoenterthetanktorescuean unconsciousorinjuredworker. o Donotyank,twist,orsteponanairhose. o Wheninsideatank,donotwrapairhosesandlifelines aroundanythingthatcouldmakeanemergencyexitdifficult. o Washeachfacemaskandairhosewithsoapandwateratthe endofeachdayandletthemdrybeforestoring. b. HandOperatedBlower.Theblowerismountedinsideoneofthe twocarryingcasesfortheset.Thedetachablehandlemountsonthe outsideofthecase.Theblowerisoperatedwiththelidclosed. Whenthehandleisturned,freshairisfedthroughtheairhosesto therespirators.TheblowermustbeapprovedbytheBureauofMines. Theblowermustbesetuponthewindwardsideofthetanktomake surethatthecleaningdetailisreceivingfreshair.Besurethat theblowerismonitoredatalltimeswhileworkersarewearing respirators. c. LeatherHarnessesandLifelines.Twoleatherharnessesand lifelinesareintheset.Yourworkersmustwearharnessesintothe tankwhentheywearrespirators.Therespiratorsattachtothebacks oftheharnesses.Assignthesameworkerswhomonitortheairhoses tomonitorthelifelines.Lifelinesareusedtotraceworkersinside atankandtopullunconsciousworkerstosafety.Cleanall harnessesandlifelines,andallowthemtodrybeforestoringthem. d. Firemen'sBootsandRubberGloves.Foursetsofbootsand rubberglovesareprovidedwiththesafetyequipmentset.Theboots andglovesarefuelresistant.Thebootshavereinforcedtoesand nonslipsoles.Requirebootsandglovestobeworninthetankat alltimes.

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e. Explosimeter.Oneexplosimeter(combustiblegasindicator) (Figure16),twosamplinglines,andaprobeareinthesafety equipmentset.Anexplosimeterisusedtodeterminehowexplosive andtoxictheatmosphereisinsideatank.Theexplosimetermustbe approvedbytheBureauofMines.

Figure16.Explosimeter. (1) Operation.Squeezetherubbersuctionbulbtodrawanair samplethroughaprobeandsamplinglinetoananalyzerunit.A filamentinsidetheunitburnsthefuelvaporsinthesample.The flamethatisproducedisprotectedbyaflamearrestersothatthe fuelvaporsinsidethetankarenotignited.Thefilamentispartof anelectricalcircuitsuppliedwithcurrentbydrycellbatteries. Burningthefuelvaporsincreasesthefilament'stemperature.Asa result,thereisanincreaseinthefilament'selectricalresistance. Thisincreaseinturncreatesavoltageimbalancewhichmovesthe needleontheexplosimeterthegreatertheconcentrationoffuel vapors,thehigherthereading. (2) MeaningoftheReadings.Anexplosimeterdoesnotmeasure whatpercentageofatankismadeupoffuelvapors.Itmeasureshow explosivethecontentsareinatank.Aconcentrationof1percent fuelvaporsisexplosive.Areadingof100percentonanexplosimeter

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meansthatatleast1percentofthecontentsofatankconsistsof fuelvapors,makingthecontents100percentexplosive.Donotallow anyonetoenteratankwhenexplosimeterreadingsareatorabove100 percent.Areadingbetween14percentand100percentmeansthatthe tankisnotsafebecauseoftoxicvapors.Donotpermitworkersto gointothetankunlesstheyarewearingrespirators. Areadingbetween4percentand14percentmeansthatworkerscould gointothetankwithoutrespiratoryequipmentbutonlyforavery shorttime.Tobeonthesafeside,discouragesuchtrips. Areadingof4percentontheexplosimeterconvertstoapproximately 500partspermillion,thetoxiclimitforfuelvapors. Membersofthecleaningdetailcanworkinstoragetanksforeight hoursatatimewithoutrespiratoryequipmentwhentheexplosimeter readingis4percentorless. NOTE: Thisdoesnotapplytotanksthathavebeenusedto storeleadedfuels.

(3) DirectionsforUse.Touseanexplosimeter: o Obtainsixfresh1.5voltdrycellbatteriesandput themintotheexplosimeter. o Turnontheexplosimeterinavaporfreeareaoutside thetank. o Flushtheexplosimeterwithfreshairbysqueezingthe bulbfivetimes.Addtwosqueezesforevery10feetof lineifasamplinglineisbeingused. o Moveneartheopenmanholeofthetankandtakea sampleoftheairinsidebysqueezingthebulbuntil thereadingontheexplosimeterremainssteady.Wear theproperprotectiveequipment. o Notethereading.Itindicatestheconcentrationof combustiblevaporsinthesample. o Flushtheexplosimeterwithfreshairaftereachuse. o Turntheexplosimeteroffandremovethebatteries beforestoringtheunit.

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o Servicetheunit,ifnecessary,byfollowingthe directionsinthemanufacturer'smanual. 5. HydrogenSulfideDetector.

Havethecleaningdetaildeterminewhatkindoffuelwasstoredina tankbeforetheystartanycleaningoperation.Testtanksthatwere usedtostorecrudeoilsforthepresenceofhydrogensulfide.If thecleaningdetailisunabletodeterminewhatkindoffuelwas storedinthetank,testthetankforhydrogensulfidetobeonthe safeside.Requirethatrespiratoryequipmentbewornduringthe test. Ahydrogensulfidedetector(Figure17)consistsofasuctionbulb, aglassdetectortube,andaframewithascale.

Figure17.HydrogenSulfideDetector. Touseahydrogensulfidedetector,breakofftheendsoftheglass detectortubeandinsertthetubeintotheframe.Squeezethebulb 10timestodrawasampleintothetube.Thereadingonthescaleis showninpercent. Acontentof4.3percentto46percenthydrogensulfideisexplosive. Thetoxiclimitis20partspermillionor.002percent.Membersof thecleaningdetailmustnotgointoatankuntilthepercentof hydrogensulfideislessthan4.3percent. Theymustnotremoverespiratorsuntilthetankisvaporfree. 6. FireExtinguishers.

AfirecausedbyignitedvaporsisaClassBfire.Usealoaded stream,foam,carbondioxide,ordrychemicalfireextinguisherona ClassBfire.Theextinguishersareavailableinhandandwheel units.Becertainthatmembersofthecleaningdetailknowhowto operatethesefireextinguishers.Fireextinguishersareeffective

onlyinthefirststagesofafire,sotrainthecleaningdetailto actquickly.

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7.

ProtectiveClothingandEquipment.

Requiremembersofthecleaningdetailtowearclean,whitecotton overallswhentheygoinsideatank.Whitemustbeusedbecauseit iseasilyseeninsideadimtank,anditshowsfuelstainseasily. Cottonmustbeusedbecauseitcutsdownonthegenerationofstatic electricity.Launderallprotectiveclothingattheendofeachwork day.Requiretheteamtowearsafetyhelmetswhenitgoesinsidethe tanktoprotectitfromfallingobjectsanddebris.Whenrespirators arenolongerneeded,besureteammembersweargogglestoprotect theireyesfromloosescaleandcleaningsolventsinthetank. PARTEVAPORFREEINGANDTESTINGPROCEDURES 1. HowtoBlankOffaTank.

Beforevaporfreeingandcleaningoperationscanbegin,isolatea tank.Inotherwords,cutitcompletelyofffromtherestofthe terminalandpipelinesystem.Thereshouldbenowaytoaccidentally pumpfuelintothetank.Thereshouldalsobenowayforfuelvapors todriftbackintothetankafterithasbeenvaporfreed.Usethe followingstepstoisolateatank: o Usethelowesttankconnection,andpumpordrainasmuchfuel aspossibleoutofthetank.Ifnecessary,pumpinenough watertocoverthetankbottom.Whatfuelisleftandthe sludgethathasnothardenedwillfloatontopofthewater. Pumpthisliquidsludgetoatankvehicleanddrawoffthe water.Donotallowoilywatertospillontheground.Be awarethatsometanks,especiallyundergroundones,mayhave permanentlyinstalledsumppumpsforremovingliquidsludge. Somemayevenhavetheirownsludgedisposalsystemtopipe sludgetoadisposalarea. o Closethevalvesoutsidethefirewallonalllinesgoingto andfromthetank.Attachasigntoeachone,warningworkers nottoopenthevalves. o Drainandflushalllinesintothetank. o Breakalllines,andremovethevalvesnearesttothetank. Replacethevalveswitheitherblindflangesorfigureeight blinds.Figure18showshowtoblankoffatankwitheither blindorfigureeightflanges.Makesurethesolidhalfofthe figureeightblindisdownintheline.Iffigureeightblind holdershavealreadybeenpermanentlyinstallednearthetank, itisnotnecessarytoremovethevalves.Reversetheblinds sothatthesolidhalfclosesofftheline.Allblankendsand

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linesshouldbestrongenoughtowithstandanypressurethatmightbe exertedonaline.Respiratorsshouldbewornwhenblankinglinesto tankswhichwereusedtostoreleadedfuelsandcrudeoils.

Figure18.BlankingOffaTankwithBlindFlangesorFigureEight Blinds. 2. HowtoVaporFreeaTank.

Vaporfreeingisactuallythecompletereplacementoffuelvaporsin atankwithfreshair,butatankisusuallyconsideredvaporfree whentheconcentrationoffuelvaporsisbelowthetoxicand combustiblelevels. Vaporfreeingisadangerousoperation.Requireworkerswhomaintain themanholesandcleanoutdoorsofleadedfuelorcrudeoiltanksto wearrespirators.Allownooneintheareaaroundthetankduring vaporfreeingexceptthosewhoapproachthetankfromtimetotimeto conductvaportests. Severalmethodsofvaporfreeingatankareused;somearebetter thanothers.Themethodthatisuseddependsonthekindoftank thatisbeingcleanedandthesituation. Therearefourwaysbywhichtovaporfreeatank:

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a. NaturalVentilation.Naturalventilation,orairing,isthe easiestmethodtouse.Itsmainadvantageisthatitusesnatural forces.Littleornoequipmentandnooutsidepowersourceare required. However,thereareseveraldisadvantagestothismethod.First,it takeslongerthanothermethods.Theconcentrationofvaporsinside thetankisexplosiveandtoxicforalongerperiodoftime.Vapors maycollectatgroundleveloutsidethetank,creatinganother hazard.Second,thismethodisnotpracticalforundergroundtanks becauseofthelackofnaturalcirculation. Toventilateatanknaturally: o Removethemanholecover. o Removethetankshellmanholecoverorcleanoutdoor. o Allowairtocirculatefreelythroughthetank. o Takevaporreadingsperiodically.Donotstartsludge removaluntilthetankisatorbelowthetoxiclevelof4 percent. b. ForcedVentilation.Inusingforcedventilation,youemploy anoutsideforcetodirecttheflowofairintothetank.Byusing suchaforce,youspeedupthevaporfreeingprocess.Youmayuse eitheroftwomethodstoforceventilateatank:theblowerorfan methodortheairinjectororeductormethod. (1) BlowerorFanMethod.Usetheblowerorfanthatis installedinthetankshellmanholeorcleanoutdoor,ifonehasbeen installed,toblowfreshairintothetank.Fuelvaporsescape throughtheroofmanhole.Theblowerorfanmaybesteamturbine, gasolineengine,orelectricmotordriven.Locategasolinepowered unitsawayfromthetankonthewindwardside.Besurethattheyare equippedwithsparkarresters.Canvasductscarrytheairtothe tank.Makesurethatelectricmotordrivenunitsareexplosion proof.Touseablowerorafan: o Openthetankshellmanholeorcleanoutdoor. o Setupgasolineenginepoweredunitsawayfromthetank andlaycanvasductsonthegroundtothetankopening. Mountotherunitsinthetankopening.Whenyouare usingthismethodtovaporfreeundergroundunits, attachtheblowerstopipesleadingtothetankbottom ortoductsorhoselines.Theseductsorhoselines arefedthroughroofopeningstothetankbottom.

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o Removethetankmanholecover. o Starttheblowerandventilatethetankuntilreadings areinthesafezone. (2) AirEjectororEducatorMethod.Useanairejectoror educator,todrawfuelvaporsoutofatank.Installtheunitinthe roofmanhole.Allowfreshairtoenterthroughthetankshell manholeorcleanoutdoor.Touseanairejectororeducator: o Opentheroofmanhole,andinstalltheunit. o Operatetheunittocreateapressuredifferential betweentheinsideandtheoutsideofthetank.Use thelowsettingatthispointtoavoidcreatinga vacuum. o Onceyouhaveestablishedapressuredifferential,open thetankshellmanholeoncleanoutdoor,allowingfresh airtobedrawnintothetank.Inundergroundtanks, openpipesleadingtothebottomofthetank. o Operatetheunitatfullspeeduntilthetankhasbeen vaporfreed. c. SteamVentilation.Youmayusesteamtodisplacevapors,but thismethodisdiscouragedexceptintanksinwhichironsulfideis knowntobepresentbecauseofthefollowingdisadvantages: o Itgeneratesstaticelectricitywhichcouldignitevapors. o Itisaslowmethodbecauseproducingenoughsteamto displacefuelvaporsinalargetankisdifficult. o Thetemperaturemustbeatleast170Ftoprevent condensation.Thistemperatureisdifficulttomaintainin coldweather. o Steamdamagestheliningsofcoatedtanksandcausescracks inconcretetanks.Itshouldneverbeusedtovaporfreea concretetank. d. WaterDisplacement.Inthismethod,yousubstitutewaterfor fuelvaporsinthetank.Fuelvaporsexitasyouoverflowthetank withwater.Treattheoilywaterthatisproducedbythisprocess beforeyoudisposeoftheseoilywaters.Usewaterdisplacementfor smalltanksonlyandinareaswherewatersuppliesarenotlimited.

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WARNING:

Ifsamplesarealsobeingtakenwithahydrogen sulfidedetector,donotenterthetankuntilreadings fromthedoorareatorbelowthe4.3percent explosivelimitforhydrogensulfide. PARTFTANKCLEANINGPROCEDURES

1.

DutiesoftheCleaningDetailSupervisor.

Thecleaningdetailsupervisoroverseesallcleaningoperations.The cleaningdetailsupervisor'sdutiesare: o Gatherthefollowinginformation: Kindoffuelstoredinthetank. Reasonforcleaningthetank. Conditionofthetankandanyrepairstobemade. Amountofcorrosionandsludgepresentinthetank. Recordthelastdatethetankwascleanedandhowwellit wascleaned. o Trainthecleaningdetail.Thistrainingmustinclude instructiononthedangersinvolvedintankcleaning,theuse ofthesafetyequipmentset,andthesafetyprecautionsthat applytotankcleaning. o Prepareafireplanforthetank.Everyoneshouldknowwhatis expectedofhimorherincaseofafireoranexplosion. o Delegatevariousjobstospecificmembersofthecleaning detail. o Makesurethatatleasttwomembersofthecleaningdetailhave recentlybeentrainedincardiopulmonaryresuscitation. o Determinewhetherornoteverymemberofthedetailisingood physicalconditionandcapableofworkinginthetank.Workers whoaretiredorsickmaydevelopproblemsinsidethetank. o Inspectallsafetyequipmenttomakesureitisingood conditionandreadytouse. o Makesurethatfirefightingequipmentisnearby.

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o Arrangeforthesafedisposalofsludge.(SeeAR2001.)o Contract,ifnecessary,theuseofavacuumtrucktoremove sludgeandhaulittoadisposalarea. o Furnishtheenvironmentalengineerwithinformationonthetank andsludgedisposaltoobtainasafetypermit. o Examinetheareaaroundthetanktobesurethatallsourcesof ignitionhavebeenremoved. o Makesurethatthetankisisolatedbeforestartingcleaning operations. o Bepresentduringcleaningoperationstoprovideinstruction andguidance. o Makesurethatnooneentersthetankuntilvaporreadingsare inthesafezone. o Tellmembersofthecleaningdetailtoleavethetankifthey smellfuelvapors. 2. ToolsNeeded.

Inadditiontothesafetyequipmentandtheclothingthathasalready beendescribed,youwillneedtobesurethatthefollowingitemsare onhandbeforebeginningcleaningoperations: o Blindflangesorfigureeightblindstoprovidepositive shutofftotank. o Pumptomovesludgefromtankbottomtovehicle. o Tankvehicleorvacuumtrucktocarrysludgetodisposalsite. o Aireducatororejectortodrawfuelvaporsoutofthetank. o Blowersorfanstodrivefuelvaporsoutofthetank. o Shovels,scrapers,wirebrushes,buckets,andwheelbarrows. o Longhandledpushbrooms,scrubbrushes,squeegees,andmops. o Towels,washcloths,andbathsoapforeachmemberofthe cleaningdetail.

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o Waterhoseandnozzle. o Disinfectantforfacemasks. o Cleanragsandairtightmetalcanstostoreoilyragsuntil theycanbedestroyed. o Firstaidkit. o Wrenchesandtoolsnecessarytoblankoffthetank,enterthe tank,andtightentankaccessories. o Warningsignstopostduringtankcleaning. o Signpaintingkitandyellowpainttostenciltankafter cleaning. o Laddersandscaffoldingtoreachupperareasofthetankshell. o Detergents,cleaningsolvents,andkerosene. 3. CleaningOperations.

Afterdeclaringatanktobevaporfree,havemembersofacleaning detailenterthetanktobegincleaningoperations.Itwillnotbe possibletoentersomeundergroundtanks.Cleanthesetanksinthe samewayastankcarsandvehiclesarecleaned.Thesemethodsare describedinFM1020. Tocleantanksthatallowentry: o Stencilawarningsignnearthetank'sentranceifthetankwas usedtostoreleadedfuel.Wearrespiratorsinthetankand useforcedventilationuntilthetankhasbeencleaneddownto thebaremetal. o Beforestartingtowork,inspecttheinsideofthetankfor loosefixtures,andrepairthetankifnecessary.Lowerthe swiveljointdrainpipetothetankfloor. o Useahighpressurewaterhosetodislodgesludge,looserust, andscale. o Continuetotakevaportests.Leavethetankifreadings indicatethepresenceoftoxicconcentrationsoffuelvapors. Sinceittakesmoretimetoleaveanundergroundtankthanan abovegroundtank,detectanyincreaseintheconcentrationof fuelvaporsasquicklyaspossible.

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o Layasuctionhoseinthetank,anduseapumpingassemblyto pumpliquidsludgetoatankvehicle.Ifavacuumtruckis beingused,youdonothavetousethepumpingassembly. o Brush,sweep,orscrapetheremainingsludgeintopiles,and shovelitintobucketsorwheelbarrows. o Usewirebrushesandscraperstoremoverustandscalefromthe uncoatedsurfaceofthetankwallsandfloor.Usescaffolds andladderstogettooutofreachareas. o Disposeofsludgeanddebris. o Cleanthetank,fixtures,andsupports.Ifnecessary,drill smallholesatthebottomofhollowstructuresandsupports. Flushthemfromthetop,andallowthemtodrain. o Scrubthewallsandfloorswithkerosene,cleaningsolvent,or detergents,ifnecessary.Donotdamagetankcoatings. o Rinsethewallsandfloorwithwater.Mopupallwaterandmop drywithlintfreerags. 4. SludgeDisposal.

Arrangeforthedisposalofsludge.Coordinateallactivitieswith theenvironmentalengineerwhosejobitistoconsidertheeffector impactofthedisposalofsludgeontheenvironment.Themethodthat youusetogetridofthesludgeshouldnotdamagetheenvironmentor harmhumansoranimals.Forthesereasons,donotcarelesslybury sludgeordumpitontheground. a. UnleadedorNonhydrogenSulfideSludge.Disposeofsludge thatdoesnotcontainlead,hydrogensulfate,orotherharmful chemicalsbyfarming,controlledburning,andusingspecified disposalsites. Sludgecanbefarmedatselectedsites.Besurethatthesesitesare locatedawayfrompopulatedareas,lakes,andstreams.Makecertain thattheareaislevel,welldrained,wellventilated,andsunny. Haulthesludgetothesite,distributeitevenlyontheground,and plowitinwiththetopsoil.Later,thelandcanbeusedtogrow crops. NOTE: FarmingisbeingeliminatedduetoEnvironmental ProtectionAgency(EPA)rules.

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b. LeadedorHydrogenSulfideSludge.Disposeofsludgethat containsleadorhydrogensulfideorotherdangerouschemicalsby burningitordepositingitatspecifiedsites. (1) ControlledBurning.Harmfulsludgecanbeburnedinhigh intensityheatfurnacesthatdonotgiveoffclosespaceemissions. (2) DisposalatSpecificSites.Harmfulsludgecanbetaken tohazardousmaterialsdisposalsites.Thesesitesarespecially designatedareaswhichhavebeensetasidepermanentlyforthe disposalofdangeroussubstancessuchasnuclearwastesandtoxic chemicals. 5. AfterCleaningOperations.

Afterthecleaningdetailhasfinishedmoppingupinthetank, completethesefinaltasks: a. ToolsandEquipment.Getridofbroomsandragsthatwere usedtocleanleadedfuelandcrudeoilstoragetanks.Disposeof themwiththesludgefromthetanks.Thoroughlycleanallother toolsandequipmentwithsoapandwater.Usekeroseneifnecessary. Disinfectfacemasks.Allowallsafetyequipmentsetpiecestodry beforestoringthem. b. PumpingAssembly.Tocleanthepumpingassembly: o Puttheendofasuctionhoseintoabarrelordrumof cleanwater,orattachthehosetoawaterfaucetorcouple thehosetoawaterhose. o Startthepumpand,ifnecessary,turnonthewater.Run thepumpuntilthepumpandthehoseshavebeenthoroughly flushedwithwater.Drainthewaterfromthepumpand hoses. o Puttheendofthesuctionhoseintoadrumorcontainerof solvent.Flushthepumpandthehoseswith1or2gallons ofsolvent.Drainthesolventfromthepumpandhoses. c. StenciledSign.Useyellowpaint,tostencilthecleaning dateonthetanknearthetankshellmanholeorcleanoutdoor. d. TankBallast.Ballastorweightsteeltanksthatarebeing takenoutofserviceinhurricaneareastopreventthemfrombeing blownaway.Ballastemptysteeltanksinfloodareastopreventthem fromfloatingaway.

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NOTE:

Ballastingisnotacommonpractice.Doitonlyifpast experiencehasshownittobenecessary.Uselightfuels orwaterwitharustinhibitorforballast.Donotuse waterasballastinareaswherethereisachancethatthe watermightfreeze.Also,ifotherballastisavailable, donotpumpwaterintotankswhichwillbeusedtostore gasoline,jetfuel,orkerosene.

e. Hygiene.Attheendofeachworkdayandattheendofthe job,makesurethatallmembersofthecleaningdetailbathewith soapandwaterandchangetocleanclothes. f. Documentation.CompleteaDAForm4177.Enterthecleaning dateandanyotherimportantfacts.

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LESSONONE PRACTICEEXERCISE Thefollowingitemswilltestyourknowledgeofthematerialcovered inthislesson.Thereisonlyonecorrectanswerforeachitem. Whenyouhavecompletedtheexercise,checkyouranswerswiththe answerkeythatfollows.Ifyouansweranyitemincorrectly,study againthatpartofthelessonwhichcontainstheportioninvolved. Situation:Youarethepetroleummanagementofficer.Youare responsiblefortheuseandmaintenanceofpetroleumstoragetanks. Forthepurposeofthisexercise,assumethatyouwillperformeach taskyourself.Inactuality,youwillmostlikelydelegatemanyof thesetasks. 1. Whichisthemostcommonstoragetank? A. B. C. D. 2. Coneroof. Floatingroof. Lifterroof. Underground.

Howoftendoyouchecktheshellofsteel,abovegroundstorage tanks? A. B. C. D. Daily. Weekly. Monthly. Yearly.

3.

Whatdoyoudotoapressurereliefvalvetwiceyearly? A. B. C. D. Inspectit. Removeandcleanit. Testit. Replaceit.

4.

Howdoyourepairasmallleakinastaveofaboltedsteeltank inanemergency? A. B. C. D. Useepoxypatchingcompound. Repairitwithsealingplugsandclamps. Driveawoodenleakplugintothehole. Applyacanvas/neoprenepatchoverthehole.

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5.

Whatdoyoudowithacollapsiblefabrictankthatneeds permanentrepairs? A. Referthetanktothemaintenanceofficertoarrangefor repairs. B. Repairthetankwithsealingplugsorclampsandthenreplace thetankassoonaspossible. C. Applyacanvas/neoprenepatchoverthedamagedarea. D. Repairthedamagedareabysewingwithdacroncordandcoating theseamwithepoxy.

6.

Whichofthefollowingisareasonforcleaningastoragetank? A. B. C. D. Duringtheroutineannualcleaningcycle. Whenthetankhasbeenemptiedandistoberefilled. Whenthefuelinthetankhasbeencontaminated. Whenyouaretrainingnewpersonnelincleaningprocedures.

7.

Howoftendoyoutakeasamplefromanactivetank? A. B. C. D. Daily. Weekly. Monthly. Quarterly.

8.

Whatisthetoxiclimitforfuelvapors? A. B. C. D. 20partspermillion. 40partspermillion. 100partspermillion. 500partspermillion.

9.

Whenpreparingtouseanexplosimeter,howdoyouflushitwith freshair? A. B. C. D. Squeezetherubbersuctionbulbfivetimes. Blowitoutwithcompressedair. Allowittostandinfreshairfor15minutes. Rinseitwithfreshwaterandletitairdry.

10. Ironsulfidevaporispresentinatank.Whichmethodofvapor freeingdoyouusetovaporfreethetank? A. B. C. D. Naturalventilation. Steamventilation. Aireductor. Forcedventilation.

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11. Apetroleumstoragetankisbeingcleanedandyouarethe cleaningdetailsupervisor.Oneoftheworkersreportsthathe smellsfuelvapors.WhatisyourFIRSTstep? A. B. C. D. Vaportestthetank. Provideforcedventilationbyusingablower. Haveallworkerswearrespirators. Haveallworkersleavethetank.

12. Whichmethodofdisposalcanyouusetodisposeofsludgethat containslead? A. B. C. D. Controlledburning. Farming. Weathering. Burying.

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LESSONONE PRACTICEEXERCISE ANSWERKEYANDFEEDBACK Item 1. CorrectAnswerandFeedback A.Coneroof. Theconeroofisthemostcommonlyused,primarilybecause ofitsrelativelylowcost.(Page5,para4) 2. C.Monthly. Theoutsideofabovegroundsteeltanksmustbechecked monthly;rememberthatseepingfueldiscolorspaint. (Page7,para1) 3. B.Removeandcleanit. Cleaningisrequiredeverysixmonths.Corrodedseats mightneedtoberegroundatthesametime.(Page8,para 6) 4. C.Driveawoodenleakplugintothehole. Thisisdoneinanemergencyandisonlyatemporary repair.(Page13,para16) 5. B.Repairthetankwithsealingplugsorclampsandthen replacethetankassoonaspossible. Permanentrepairsarenotmadetocollapsibletanks. (Page15,para18) 6. C.Whenthefuelinthetankhasbeencontaminated. Tanksshouldbecleanedwhennecessary,suchaswhenthe fuelhasbeencontaminated.(Page18,para2) 7. C.Monthly. MILSTD457requiresthatasamplebetakenevery30days fromactivetanks.Ifthetankiscontaminatingthe productthatisstoredinit,thetankmustbedrainedand cleaned.(Page19,para2c)

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8.

D.500partspermillion. Workersmustwearrespiratorsuntilvaporstestbelow500 partspermillion.(Page24,para2b)

9.

A.Squeezetherubbersuctionbulbfivetimes. Thispumpsfreshairintotheexplosimeter.Addtwo squeezesofthebulbforevery10feetoflineifa samplinglineisused.(Page29,para4e(3))

10.

B.Steamventilation. Becauseofseveraldisadvantages,steamisonlyusedwhen ironsulfideispresent.(Page34,para2c)

11.

D.Haveallworkersleavethetank. Thisisthefirststep.Youwillthentakeother appropriatemeasures.(Page37,para3)

12.

A.Controlledburning. Sludgethatcontainslead,hydrogensulfide,orother harmfulchemicalscanbedisposedofbycontrolled burning.Othermethodsofdisposalmightcausedamageto theenvironment.(Page39,para4b)

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LESSONTWO SAMPLINGANDGAGINGPETROLEUMSTORAGETANKS MQSManualTask:035103.000077 OVERVIEW TASKDESCRIPTION: Inthislesson,youwilllearntheproceduresforsamplingandgaging petroleumtanks. LEARNINGOBJECTIVE: TASKS: CONDITIONS: STANDARDS: REFERENCES: Determinethecorrectsamplingandgagingproceduresand supervisetheirperformance. Youwillbegivenaccesstoinformationandextracts fromFM1018. Samplingandgagingprocedureswillbeperformedin accordancewithFM1018. Thematerialcontainedinthislessonwasderivedfrom thefollowingpublication: FM1018 INTRODUCTION Uponthecompletionofthislesson,youwillbeabletoidentifythe differentsamplingandgagingproceduresanddetermineappropriate proceduresforvarioussituations.Asapetroleummanagement officer,youmustlearntosupervisethesamplingandgagingof variouspetroleumproducts. PARTASAMPLING 1. General.

Samplesareimportantbecausetheyareusedtodeterminethequality ofpetroleumproducts.Asampleisasmallamountofpetroleumwhich representsthewholeproduct.

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AppendixAshowstherequirementsfortestingandsampling petroleumproducts,includingtheminimumfrequencyforsuch testingaccordingtotheproduct'sbulkandpackaging.Asthe appendixpointsout,aproductshouldalsobetestedandsampled wheneveritissuspectedofbeingoffspecification,usingtest typeAortesttypeB2.(SeeAppendixA.) NOTE: Aftersamplingequipmenthasbeenusedtoobtain representativesamplesofdifferentpetroleumproducts fromvariouspetroleumcontainers,thesesamplesmustbe inspectedandtestedbypersonneloperatingabase laboratory,amobilelaboratory,orapetroleumtesting kittodeterminewhetherornottheproductsmeet specifications.

2.

TypesofSamples.

a. Top.Useabottleorabeakersamplertotakeasample about6inchesbelowthesurfaceofatank'scontents. b. Upper.Useabottleorabeakersamplertotakeanupper samplefromthemiddleofthetopthirdoftheproduct. c. Middle.Useabottleorabeakersamplertotakea middlesamplefromthemiddleoftheproduct. d. Lower.Useabottleorabeakersamplertotakealower samplefromthemiddleofthebottomthirdoftheproduct. e. Bottom.UseaBaconbombthiefsamplertotakeabottom samplefrommaterialorproductonthebottomofthetank. f. AllLevels.Totakeanalllevelssample,submergea closedbottleorbeakersamplerascloseaspossibletothe bottomofatankoracontainer.Thesampleristhenopenedand raisedatauniformratesothatitis75to85percentfullwhen itcomesoutoftheliquid. g. Spot.Takeaspotsampleataspecificplaceinthe tank. h. Composite.Acompositesamplecombinesindividual samplesthatrepresentthebulkfromwhichtheyweretaken.The samplescanbeasingletankoramultipletankcompositesample. i. SingleTankComposite.Asingletankcompositesampleis ablendoftheupper,middle,andlowersamplesofthetank's contents.Theblendhasequalpartsofthethreecrosssections fromatankwithuniformcrosssections.Anuprightcylindrical

tankhasuniformcrosssections.

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j. MultipleTankComposite.Amultipletankcompositesampleis ablendofsingle,alllevelssamplestakenfromtankerorbarge compartmentsthatcontainthesameproduct.Thesampleconsistsof partsinproportiontothevolumeofproductineachcompartment sampled. k. Outlet.Useabottleorabeakersamplertotakeanoutlet sampleatthelevelofatankoutlet,whetherfixedorswingline. 1. Drain.Takeadrainsamplefromthedrawoffdischargevalve. m. Continuous.Takeacontinuoussamplefromapipelinewhile allowingtheproducttocollectslowlyinasamplerduringtheentire flowtime.Acontinuoussamplerepresentsthestreamoftheproduct duringtheperiodthatitwassampled. 3. SamplingProcedures.

Youmustobtainasamplethatrepresentstheentirequantityofthe product.Otherwise,ananalysisofyoursamplewillreflectthe qualityofonlyaportionofthewholesubstance,andthequality thatisthusreflectedmaybebetterorworsethanthetruequality oftheproductasawhole. Normally,youshouldcollecta1gallonsampleforaliquidproduct anda5poundsampleforasemisolidproduct.Collecta5gallon sampleforaspecialtysampleoragasolinesampletobeusedtotest theperformancenumberbythesuperchargermethod.Alsocollecta 5gallonsampleofjetfueltobesampledforthermalstability. Useastandardsamplerlikethosedescribedinparagraph4(below) andtheonethatisbestsuitedfortheproductanditscontaineror carrier.Youcanuseanimprovisedsamplerincasesinwhicha standardsamplerisnotsuitablebecauseoftheexistenceofasmall openingthroughwhichthesamplemustbetaken.Inanycase,besure thatthesampleriscleanandmadeofmaterialthatcannot contaminatethesample.(Samplerswillbedescribedlaterinthis lesson.) Cleanthesamplerandthesamplecontainerbyrinsingthemwiththe productthatisbeingsampled.However,donotrinsetheseitems withtheproductifyouaretakingsamplesforaparticulate contaminant(sediment). Protectthesamplesforshipment.Protectgasoline,jetfuel,and kerosenesamplesfromdirectsunlightbyusingbrownbottlesorcans orbycoveringclearbottleswithpaperorfoil.Keepsamplesof gasolineandJP4cool(30Fto40F),ifpossible,toprevent

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thelossoflightends.Protectsampleswhichcontainleadadditives fromsunlight. Assignaserialnumbertoeachsample,andenterthisnumberonthe samplelog.Thisnumberismadeupofthelasttwodigitsofthe calendaryearandthesamplenumberforthatyear.Forexample,the firstsamplefromanactivityfor1988isnumber881.Likewise,the nextsamplewouldbenumberedas882.Astationlogiskeptwitha recordofsamplessubmittedtothedesignatedtestinglaboratory. Maintainalaboratorylogasapermanentrecordofsampleswhichhave beenreceivedfortesting.Enteronthelog: o Thedateofreceipt. o Thetypeofproduct. o Theunitsamplenumber. o Thesourceofthesample. o Thequantitythatthesamplerepresents. o Thesampler'sname. o Thedateofthesample. o Thedateofthecompletionofthetest. 4. SamplingEquipment.

Fourtypesofsamplers(showninFigure21)areusedtoobtain samplesofliquidpetroleumproducts:theweightedbeaker,thedrum thief,theBaconbomb,andtheweightedbottle. a. TheWeightedBeaker.Theweightedbeaker(weightedcopper beakersampler)consistsofacopperbottlethatispermanently attachedtoaleadbase.Adropcordisattachedthroughthe stopperssothat,withaquickjerk,youcanopenthesampleratany pointbeneaththesurfaceoftheproduct.Usethissamplertoobtain atop,anupper,amiddle,alower,oranalllevelssampleofliquid petroleumproductsfromtankcars,tanktrucks,barges,shiptanks, orshorestoragetanks. b. DrumThief.Thedrumthief(plasticcylinder)tubetype sampleriscommonlyknownasthedrumthief.Itconsistsofatwo piece,plastictubewhichis391/2incheslongand11/2inchesin diameter.Thetubeisfittedwithtwofingerringsattheupperend

andmayhavethreesupportinglegsatthebottom.Bothendsare taperedandhaveopenings.Closethetopopeningwithyourthumb

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untilthesamplerissubmergedintheliquid.Thenremovethethumb fromtheopening,allowingtheliquidtofillthesampler.Thedrum thiefisusedindrumsandcans.

Figure21.PetroleumProductSamplers. c. BaconBombThief.TheBaconbombthief(tankcarthief)isa nickelplatedbrasscylinderfittedwithaninternalplungervalve thatopensautomaticallywhenthesamplerstrikesthebottomofa containerandcloseswhenitislifted.Youmayattachatripcord tomakeitpossibletoopenthecylinderatanylevel. d. WeightedBottle.Theweightedbottle(glasscylinder)sampler consistsofaglassbottlewithinasquare,weightedmetalholder. Itisusedinthesamemannerandforthesamepurposeasthe weightedbeakersampler.Itisusedforallvaporpressureand oxidationstabilitysamples. 5. PortablePetroleumTestingandMeasuringKit.

Theportablepetroleumsamplingandgagingkit(showninFigure22) isusedatbulkstoragefacilities.Itisusedto: o Gagetanks.

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o Measureproducttemperature. o Detectbottomsedimentandwater. o Makevolumecalculations. o Samplefuels.

Figure22.PortablePetroleumSamplingandGagingKit. ThekitisreferencedintheSupplyCatalog(SC)668090CLN01. Itweighs22pounds.Thekitconsistsofanaluminumcarryingcase fittedwithmeasuringandsamplingequipment.Themajorpartsofthe kitare: o Olivedrab,aluminumcarryingcase. o Cupcasethermometer,0to180Frange. o Innagetapeandbob.

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o Hydrometers,rangingfrom19to81AmericanPetroleum Institute(API)gravity. o Hydrometercylinderwithremovablebase. o Weightedbeakersampler. o Widemouthedsamplingbottle. o Brasscoatedchain. o Gasolineindicatingpaste. o Waterindicatingpaste. o Cheesecloth. o Gravitycomputerwithcase. o AmericanSocietyforTestingMaterials(ASTM)pamphlets. 6. SamplingandTestingRequirements.

Theminimumsamplingandtestingrequirementsfordeterminingthe qualityofpetroleumandrelatedproductsareoutlinedinMILHDBK 200. Itisyourresponsibility,asthecognizantpetroleumofficer,to maintainstrictqualitysurveillance;thefrequencyoftestingmaybe increasedasrequired. Conditionsofstorage,ageofstock,andtypeofproductare considerationsconcerningwhetherincreasedtestingconditionsare warranted. Thetypesoftestsusedtotestpetroleumproductsstoredinbulkand atinstallationsanddepotsare: o TypeA o B1 o B2 o B3 o C o Solids(Millipore)

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o FlashpointorExplosivity o VisualCheck Refertothepublicationextractsintheappendix.TableA1(on page114)displaystheminimumfrequencyfortestingvarious petroleumproducts.Forexample,theTableshowsthat,fordormant bulkandpackageddieselfuels,testingisrequiredevery12months. TableA2intheappendixprovidesinformationaboutthetypesof samplesrequired,whenthesamplingisdone,andthetypeoftestto beperformed.ThefinalpageofTableA2brieflydescribeseach typeoftestandprovidesadditionalinformation. Usewhatevertypeoftestisappropriatetotestapetroleumproduct whenitisstipulatedthattheproductmustbeinspectedatleast annuallyoratthediscretionoftheowningorinspectionauthority havingregardtothetypeofproduct,ageofstock,andconditionsof storage. PARTBGAGING 1. General.

Gagingismeasuringtheheightofliquidlevelabovethebottomofa tank(innage)ortheheightofatankreferencemarkabovetheliquid level(outage)aspartofdeterminingthevolumeofthecontentsof thetank.Youwilloftenhandlebulkpetroleumproductsmanytimes beforeyouusethem.Makesurethattheyarerigidlyaccountedfor throughoutthishandlingandthatyoumaintainaccuraterecordsat alltimes.Foraccountingpurposes,makesurethattheproductsare gaugedperiodicallytodeterminethequantityonhand,toverifythe quantitiesissuedorreceived,todetectleaks,andtodeterminethe terminalcapacityforreceivingshipments. 2. GagingTerms.

Thefollowingtermsareusedindiscussinggaging: o Innage o Outage o Referencemark o Datumplate o Referenceheight o Innagetapeandbob

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a. Innage.Innageisthedepth(heightofvolume)ofproductin atankmeasuredorgaugedfromthesurfaceoftheproducttothe bottomofthetank. b. Outage(Ullage).Theoutage(ullage)isameasurementofthe freespaceabovethesurfaceoftheproductinatankextendingto thereferencemark. c. ReferenceMark.Thereferencemarkisahorizontallineput intherimofthegaginghatchonatankrepresentingafixedpoint fromwhichmeasurementsaremade. d. DatumPlate.Thedatumplateisalevelmetalplateatthe tankbottom,directlyunderthereferencemark.Thisplateprovides asmooth,levelsurfacefortheinnagebobtorestuponwhenan innagegaugeisbeingtaken. e. ReferenceHeight.Thereferenceheightisthedistancefrom thereferencemarktothetopofthedatumplate.Afterthe referenceheightisestablished,stencilitinaconspicuousplace adjacenttothegaginghatch. f. TapeCut.Thetapecutisthelinemadeonthetapemeasuring scalebytheproductbeingmeasured. g. BobCut.Thebobcutisthelinemadeonthebobbybottom sedimentandwater(BS&W)beingmeasured. h. OpeningGage.Theopeninggaugeisthegaugeofaproduct takenbeforethedelivery,issue,orreceiptofaproduct. i. ClosingGage.Theclosinggaugeisthegaugeofaproduct takenafteritsdelivery,issue,orreceipt. j. TotalMeasuredQuantity.Thetotalmeasuredquantityisthe volumeoftheproductandtheBS&Winatankattheobserved temperatureoftheproductatthetimeofgaging.Itisusually obtainedfromthetank'scapacitytableorstrappingchart. k. GrossQuantityofProduct.Thetotalmeasuredquantityminus theBS&Wisthegrossquantityofproduct. 3. GagingEquipment.

Thisparagraphdescribesthespecialequipmentneededtomeasurebulk petroleum. a. InnageTapeandBob.Theinnagetapeandbobisasteeltape graduatedto1/8inchandthefirstwholenumberonthetapeis9or

10.Consequently,fromthepointedtipoftheconicalbobtothe firstnumberonthetapeis9or10inches.Fromthetipofthe

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bobtothetopoftheeyeletis6.6inches.Thebobismadeof nonsparkingmetalandthezeropointisatthebob'stip.Referto Figure23foranillustrationofaninnagetapeandbob.

Figure23.InnageTapeandBob. b. OutageTapeandBob.Theoutagetapeandbob,showninFigure 24,issimilartotheinnagetapeexceptthatthereadingsbeginat the3inchlevelonthetape.Thezeroreferenceiswherethe harnesssnapconnectstothebob.Therectangularbobis6inches long,butthe1/8inchgraduationsstartwiththe6inchmarkatthe bottomandarereadupwardto1inchasthelastwholenumberonthe top.Theoutagebobhasaflatnoseandismadeofnonsparkingmetal. c. FuelIndicatingPaste.Fuelindicatingpasteisachemical pasteusedinmeasuringtheamountofliquidpetroleuminastorage tank.Itchangescolorwhenitcomesintocontactwithapetroleum product. d. WaterIndicatingPaste.Waterindicatingpasteisachemical pasteusedtodifferentiatebetweenliquidpetroleumproductsand water.Thepastechangescolorwhenitcomesintocontactwithwater butisnotaffectedbypetroleumproducts.

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Figure24.OutageTapeandBob. 4. GagingPrecautionsandProcedures.

TanksmustbegaugedaccordingtoAR7102.Certaingaging precautionsandproceduresmustbeobservedduringgaging. a. GagingPrecautions.Followtheseprecautionsingaginga tank: o Groundthestaticelectricitybytouchingabarehandto thetankshellorhandrailbeforeclimbingatankto performatask. o Performthegaugefromthesideofthegaginghatchwhich hasthewindtoyourback,ifpossible.Becarefulnotto breathevaporsfromthecontentsofthetank. o Neverperformgagingduringanelectricalstorm. o Requirethegagingpersonneltostandatthesamelocation ontheroofforboththeopeningandtheclosinggaugesif thegaugemustbeperformedstandingonthetank'sroof.

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o Performandrecordthegagingtothenearest1/8inch. o Repeatthegaginguntiltworeadingsareidentical. o Becertainthatthetapetouchestherimofthegaging hatchatalltimestogroundstaticelectricityduringthe gagingprocess. o Wipethetapecleananddryaftereveryuse. o Lettheproductstandforatleast30minutesafterithas beendischargedintoatanktoeliminateallstatic electricitybeforegagingit. o Taketheproducttemperaturereadingforvolumecorrection beforeoraftervolumesof3,500gallonsormorehavebeen receivedorissued. o Usethesametapeandbobforopeningandclosinggauges. b. InnageGaging.Followthesestepsto obtainaninnagegauge,usinganinnagetapeandbob: o Directtheinnagemethodofgagingforatmosphericand othernonpressuretanks. o Raisetheappropriatehatchcoverandlocatethereference point(showninFigure25aspointA). o Applythewaterindicatingpastetothebobandapplythe productindicatingpastetothetapeatthelevelofthe productinthetank.Applythepastethinlyandtothe graduatedsideofthetape. o Ensurethattheungraduatedsideofthetapeisheldin contactwiththemetalrimofthegaginghatchatthe referencepointasyoulowerthetapeintothetank. o Lowerthebobandtapeintothetankuntilthetipofthe bobjusttouchesthetankbottomordatumplate(the horizontalplaneatthelevelofpointC).Ifyoulower thetapetoofar,thebobtiltsandanincorrectgauge readingisobtained.Comparethetapereadingatthe referencepoint(pointAinFigure25)tothereference height(the

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distancefrompointAtopointCinFigure25)ofthecontainerto makesurethatthegaugeisaccurate.

Figure25.TakinganInnageReading. o Withdrawthetapeafter30seconds(atmost)andreadand recordtheproductcutonthetapeastheinnagegauge. Readandrecordthewatercutonthebobasthebottom sedimentandwater(BS&W)cut. o Ensurethattwoidenticalreadingsareobtainedtogetan accuratemeasurement.Usethesamegagingequipmentand gaginghatchesinobtainingboththeopeningandthe closinggaugesandbesurethatthetapeisloweredtothe samedepthforbothgauges. c. OutageMethod.Usetheoutagemethod whengagingbargesandtankers.Useallsafetyprecautions.Youmay usethismethodonstoragetankswhennecessary. Togetanoutageorullageusinganoutagetapeandbob,followthese steps:

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o Ensurethatproductindicatingpasteisappliedtothe lengthofthebob. o Holdtheunmarkedsideofthetapeagainstthemetalrimof thegaginghatchatthereferencepoint(PointAinFigure 26). o Lowerthetapeandbobintothetankuntilthebobtouches thesurfaceoftheproduct(PointBinFigure26). o Waituntilthebobismotionless.Lowerthetapeslowly untilthebottomofthebobis2or3inchesbelowthe product'ssurface(PointBrepresentstheproduct'ssurface inFigure26).Recordthereadingonthetapeatthe referencepoint(PointAinFigure26)asthetapereading. o Withdrawthetapequickly.Recordtheproductcutonthe bobasthebobreading.Readthescaletothenearest1/8 inchunless1/4inchreadingsareapplicable.Ifthe productcutishardtoread,putproductindicatingpaste onthebobandgaugethetankagain. o Addthebobreadingtothetapereadingtogettheoutage gauge. o Subtracttheoutagegaugefromthereferenceheightofthe tanktoconvertoutagegaugetoinnagegauge.The followingexampleshowshowtoperformthisstep: EXAMPLE: NOTE:Use1/4inchreadings. Tapereading atreferencepoint: inches Bobreading: Outagegauge: NOTE: +33/4inches 21feet,93/4inches Anoutagegaugecanbeconvertedtoaninnage gaugeifthetankbeinggaugediscalibratedonlyin innagemeasurements.Theprocedureisasfollows: 21feet,6

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Figure26.OutageGaging.

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o Usetheoutagegaugeabove(21feet,93/4inches)andan assumedreferenceheightof50feet.(Inactualpractice, usethereferenceheightofthetankyouaregaging.) o Theoutagegaugeis21feet,93/4inches(pointAtopoint B).Thereferenceheightis50feet(pointAtopointC). TheinnagegaugeisthedistancefrompointBtopointC. o Toconvertoutagetoinnage,simplysubtracttheoutage fromthereferenceheight.Anexampleoftheprocedureis givenbelow: EXAMPLE: HeightDistance=Innagegauge 50feet.21feet.,93/4inches.=28feet., 21/4inches. o PerformbobcutsforBS&Wintheoutagemethodasdescribed fortheinnagemethod.Useaninnagebob,ifavailable, forwater.Otherwise,usetheoutagebob. 5. BottomSedimentandWater(BS&W)Measurements. Youmustmeasurestoragetankscontainingliquidpetroleumproducts forbottomsedimentandwatereachtimeyougaugethemtodetermine theactualamountofproduct.Figure27showshowtotakeBS&W measurements.Bottomsedimentandwateroftenaccumulatein differentpartsofatankbottom.Theyusuallyaccumulateonthe sideoppositeafillinglineoroneithersideofanoutlet.When thetankhasseveralhatches,takegaugesfromeachhatch.Average themtogetonebottomsedimentandwatergaugeforthewholetank. Followthesestepstomeasuretheheightofbottomsedimentandwater: o Usewaterindicatingpastetodeterminethewatercut.Puta thin,evencoatofpasteonthepartofthebobthatwillbeat thepointwherewaterandproductmeet.Becarefulnottoput somuchpasteonthebobthatitwillcauseafalsereading. Ifthedepthofthewaterisgreaterthanthelengthofthe innagebob,useawatergaugebartomeasurewaterinthetank. o Holdthesideofthetapeagainstthemetalrimofthegaging hatchatthereferencepoint.

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o Lowerthetapeandbobintothetankuntilthebobisashort distancefromthebottom.Determinethisbycomparingthe lengthoftheunwoundtapetothereferenceheightofthetank.

Figure27.TakingBottomSedimentandWaterMeasurement. o Unwindthetapeslowlyuntilthetipofthebobtouchesthe tankbottomordatumplate.Donotletthebobrestonarivet orotherobstruction.Donotlowerthetapesofarintothe tankthatthebobtiltsandcausesanincorrectreading. o Keepthetapeandbobinthegagingpositionfor5to10 secondsforkerosene,gasoline,andotherlightproducts.Keep itinposition15to30secondsforheavierproducts. o Removethetapeandbobfromthetank.Nopasteshouldbeleft ontheportionofthebobthatwasinthewaterorthepaste shouldbediscolored.Recordthewatercutasbottomsediment andwater(BS&W).

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6.

TemperatureMeasurements.

Becausethevolumeofpetroleumproductsincreasesordecreaseswith temperaturechanges,youmusttakeanaccuratemeasurementorthe temperatureofaproductwhenyougaugeit.Youthencorrectthe measuredquantitytothestandardtemperatureof60Fforvolumes over3,500gallons.Whengauginglargequantities,youmusttake temperaturereadingsatvariouslevelsandaveragethemtodetermine thetruetemperatureoftheproduct.Figure28showsthenumberof readingsnecessaryandthelevelsatwhichtoplacethetank thermometers.

Figure28.PetroleumProductTemperatureMeasurements. Besurethatthecupcasethermometer(Figure29)isusedtomeasure thetemperatureofaproductinastoragetank.Thethermometeris attachedtoahardwoodbackingwiththebaseofliquidunder measurement,thecupcaseminimizesfluctuationsofthereadingwhen yousuddenlywithdrawthethermometerfromthetank.Figure210 showstheminimumimmersiontimesforvariousfuels. NOTE: Toavoidlongimmersiontimesinmeasuringheavypetroleum fuels,leavethethermometerssuspendedinthetanksat alltimes.

Followtheseprocedureswhenyouaremeasuringtemperatures: o Examinethemercurycolumnforeachcupcasethermometerfor separations.Replaceanythermometerhavingafaultycolumn. Mercuryseparationscauseincorrectreadings. o Inspectthethermometersforaccuracy.Exposethemasagroup tothesameatmospherictemperatureandcomparethereadings. Replaceanythermometerwithareadingthatdiffersfromthe groupby1Formore.Provealltankthermometersagainsta referencestandardeachyear.

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o UseFigure28todeterminetheminimumnumberofreadingsand themeasurementlevelsrequiredfortheoperation.Dothisto findthetrueaveragetemperatureoftheproduct.

Figure29.CupCaseThermometer.

Figure210.MinimumImmersionTimesfortheCupCaseThermometer.

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o Attachthethermometertotheendofagaugetape,brasscoated chain,orcord.Ifacordisused,tieknotsinthecordso thattheknotswillshowwhenthethermometerreachesthe requiredlevel. o Lowerthethermometertotherequiredlevelandleaveitthere foratleastaslongasisshowninFigure210. o Takethethermometeroutofthetankandreaditatonce. o Shelterthecupbelowthehatchtoreducetemperaturechanges causedbywindoratmosphere.Withdrawafullcupofproduct fromthetankwhentakingthereading.Donotspillit. RecordthetemperaturetothenearestdegreeFahrenheit. o Whenyoutakereadingsfrommorethanonelevel,addallthe readingsanddividethesumbythenumberofreadingsinorder togetthetrueaveragetemperatureoftheproduct.For example,assumeatankcontains20feetofproduct. Temperaturesaretakenat17feet,10feet,and3feetor3 feetbelowthetopofthesurfaceoftheproduct,atthemiddle oftheproduct,andatthreefeetabovethebottom.Assume thatreadingsof82F,81F,and80Fareobtained.Addthese readingsanddividebythree(thenumberofreadingstaken)to gettheaveragetruetemperatureoftheproduct: 82F+81F+80F=243Fdividedby3=81F 81Fisthetrueaveragetemperatureoftheproductinthe example. 7. VolumeCorrections.

Thevolumeofliquidpetroleumproductschangesbecauseofchangesin temperature.Whenthetemperatureoftheproductincreases,the volumeoftheproductincreases.Whenthetemperatureoftheproduct decreases,thevolumeoftheproductdecreases.Therefore,youmust correctgaugedvolumesinexcessof3,500gallonstoaccountforthis changeofvolume. Thestandardtemperatureforvolumemeasurementsofpetroleum productsis60F.Whenyoumeasurepetroleumproductsinvolumes exceeding3,500gallons,youmustcorrectthemeasurementtowhatit wouldhavebeenat60F.Forexample,whenthetemperatureis greaterthan60F,yourmeasurementwillshowmoreproductthanit wouldat60F.Therefore,youmustadjustyourmeasurement accordingly.Likewise,ifthetemperatureislessthan60F,you willmeasurelessproductthanifthetemperaturewereat:the

standard60Ftemperatureandyoumustadjustthereadingtothat standard.

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a. ProcedureforCorrections.Followthesestepstomakevolume corrections: NOTE: Grossvolumeisthequantityofthepetroleumproduct andbottomsedimentandwater(BS&W)inatank.Net uncorrectedvolumeisthemeasuredquantityofthe productminustheBS&Wattheobservedtemperature (beforeitisconvertedtotheequivalentquantityat 60F(15C).

o Makesurealltankshaveindividualstrappingchartsor calibrationtablesshowingthevolumeofproductinthe tankperfoot,inch,andevenfractionsofaninch(usually 1/8inch).Determinethetotalmeasuredquantityinthe tank(productandBS&W). o Usingthesamestrappingchart,becertainthatthegauge determinesthevolumeofwaterinthetank.Thevolume, andonlythevolume,ofthepetroleumproductisleft. Rememberthatvolumemustbesubtractedfromvolume,never inchesfrominches.Theresultingfigureisatthe observedtemperatureandisreadytobecorrectedtovolume at60F.Todeterminethemultipliernecessarytoconvert thevolumeatobservedtemperaturetothevolumeat60F, youneedanaveragetanktemperatureandtheAPIgravityof theproduct. b. Example,usethefollowingasanexamplefor makingvolumecorrections(innagegauge): Tankcapacity: 500barrels(BBL) Tapereading: 6feet,31/4inches Bobreading: 0feet,1inch Measuredtanktemperature: 67.5F APIgravityat60F: 56.3(JP4) o Convertgaugereadingstogallons. o RefertoFigure211toconvertthebobcutof0feet,1 inchto5.41bbls.Thereare42gallonsperbbl.To calculatethenumberofgallons,multiply5.41by42.The resultis227.22gallons. NOTE: Inactualpractice,refertothechartforthe specifictankbeinggauged.

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o RefertoFigure211toconvertthetapecutof6feet,3 1/4inchesto17,096.52gallons.SincetheFiguredoesnot list6feet,31/4inches,youmustreadthequantitiesfor 6feet,thenfor3inches,andfinallyfor1/4inch.Then addallthequantitiestogether.Figure211shows389.48 bblsfor6feet,16.23bblsfor3inches,and1.35bblsfor 1/4inch.Thesumofthesemeasurementsis407.06bblsor 17,096.52gallons.(Again,inactualpractice,youwould usethechartfortheparticulartankbeingmeasured,not Figure211.)

Figure211.GageDataforMilitaryTanks.

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o Nowthatyouhavedeterminedtheuncorrectedvolumeofthe tank,youmustfindthetank'scorrectedvolume.Findthe volumecorrectionfactorinFigure212.Inordertouse thisfactor,youmustknowtheAPIgravityofyourproduct at60F.(Roundofftothenearest.5F).Inthis problem,theAPIgravityis56.3F.Roundoffthisfigure to56.5F.Youalsoneedthemeasuredtanktemperature, whichis67.5Finthisproblem. Locatethetanktemperatureof67.5Finthelefthand columnofthevolumecorrectiontable(Figure212). Goacrossfrom67.5totheroundedAPIgravitymeasure of56.5. Readthevolumecorrectionfactorfromthetable(atthe pointatwhichthetemperaturelineandtheAPIgravity columnintersect). Thevolumecorrectionfactoris.9950.

Figure212.VolumeCorrectionto60F.

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o SubtractthevolumeofBS&W(227.22)fromthegrossvolume (17,096.52)toobtainthenetuncorrectedvolume: 17,096.52 227.22 16,869.30 GrossVolume BS&W NetUncorrectedVolume

o Multiplythenetvolume,uncorrected(16,869.30),bythe volumecorrectionfactor(.9950): 16,869.30x.9950=16,784.953 o Roundofftothenearestgallonandreport16,785gallons asthecorrectedvolume.

70 QM4500

LESSONTWO PRACTICEEXERCISE Thefollowingitemswilltestyourknowledgeofthematerialcovered inthislesson.Thereisonlyonecorrectanswerforeachitem. Whenyouhavecompletedtheexercise,checkyouranswerswiththe answerkeythatfollows.Ifyouansweranyitemincorrectly,study againthatpartofthelessonwhichcontainstheportioninvolved. Situation.Youarethepetroleummanagementofficer.Youare responsibleforsamplingandgagingpetroleumstoragetanks.For thepurposeofthisexercise,assumethatyouwillperformeach taskyourself.Inactuality,youwillmostlikelydelegatemany ofthesetasks. 1. Whatisthenameofasmallportionofasubstancewhichyouuse toinspectortodeterminethequalityofthetotalsubstance? A. B. C. D. 2. Sample. Gage. BS&W. Sludge.

Howoftendoyoutestbulkdormantstocksofdieselfuels? A. B. C. D. Every6months. Every12months. Every24months. Every36months.

3.

Whichtypeofsamplerdoyouusetotakeabottomsamplefroma storagetank? A. B. C. D. Weightedbeaker. Drumthief. Baconbombthief. Weightedbottle.

4.

Inastoragetank,whenyoumeasurethedepthoftheproductfrom theproduct'ssurfacetothetank'sdatumplate,whatareyou measuring? A. B. C. D. Overage. Outage(ullage). Innage. Actualproductonhand.

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5.

Whenperforminganinnagegauge,howdoyouusethedatumplate? A. B. C. D. Readdatafromitforuseincalculatinginnage. Standonitwhiletakingmeasurements. Putwaterindicatingpasteonittoshowthewaterlevel. Lowertheinnagebobtorestonitwhiletakingtheinnage gauge.

6.

Themeasurementofaproducttakenbeforedelivery,issue,or receiptisa/an A. B. C. D. openinggauge. closinggauge. netqualitygauge. grossquantitygauge.

7.

Howdoyougroundstaticelectricitybeforegagingatank? A. B. C. D. Connectagroundingstraptothetank. Useastaticcompressor. Groundthetankusinganapprovedgroundingrod. Touchabarehandtothetankshellorhandrail.

8.

Whentakinganinnagemeasurement,howmanytimesmustyourepeat themeasurement? A. B. C. D. Untilyougettwoidenticalmeasurements. Untilyougetthreeidenticalmeasurements. Untilyougettwomeasurementswithin1/8inchofeachother. Untilyougetthreemeasurementswithin1/8inchofeach other.

9.

Ifthedepthoftheproductinatankis10to15feet,howmany temperaturemeasurementsmustyoutake? A.One. B.Two. C.Three. D.Four.

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Figure213.VolumeCorrectionsto60DegreesFahrenheit. 10. RefertoFigure213.IftheAPIgravityforafuelis58.4at 60Fahrenheitandtheactualtemperatureis68.7Fahrenheit, whatisthevolumecorrectionfactor? A. B. C. D. 0.9923. 0.9937. 0.9939. 0.9942.

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LESSONTWO PRACTICEEXERCISE ANSWERKEYANDFEEDBACK Item 1. CorrectAnswerandFeedback A.Sample. Thesampleisusedtotestthesubstanceortoinspectit. (Page46,para1) 2. B.Every12months. AccordingtoTableA1(Appendix)bulkdieselfuelsare testedevery12months.(Page114) 3. C.Baconbombthief. TheBaconbombthiefhasaninternalplungervalvethat opensautomaticallywhenthesamplerstrikesthebottomof thetankandcloseswhenthesamplerislifted.(Page47, para2e) 4. C.Innage. Thedepthoftheproductfromthesurfaceoftheproduct tothetankbottomistheinnage.Thisisameasurement oftheamountofproductinthetank.(Page54,para2a) 5. D.Lowertheinnagebobtorestonitwhiletakingan innagegauge. Thedatumplateisalevelmetalplateatthebottomof thetank,directlyunderthereferencemark.(Page54, para2d) 6. A.Openinggauge. Theopeninggaugeistakenbeforedelivery,issue,or receiptofaproduct,andtheclosinggaugeistakenafter delivery,issue,orreceiptofaproduct.(Page54,para 2h)

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Item 7.

CorrectAnswerandFeedback D.Touchabarehandtothetankshellorhandrail. Youcannotpreventstaticelectricity,butyoucan dissipateitbeforeitbecomesdangerous.Touchingabare handtothehandrailorthetankdissipatesanystatic buildup.Othertechniquesareusedduringthegaging process.(Page56,para4a)

8.

A.Untilyougettwoidenticalmeasurements. Twoidenticalmeasurementsarerequiredforaproduct depthof1015feet.(Page58,para4b)

9.

B.2. Figure28showsthattwomeasurementsarerequiredfora productdepthof1015feet.(Page63,Figure28)

10.

D.0.9942. UseFigure213.Roundoff58.4to58.5and68.7to68.5 degrees.Locatethepointwhere58.5degreesAPIgravity and68.5degreesFahrenheitintersectandreadthe correctionfactoroffthechart.(Page69,para7b)

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LESSONTHREE STORAGETANKCALIBRATION MQSManualTasks:035103.000077 OVERVIEW TASKDESCRIPTION: Inthislesson,youwilllearntoperformandsupervisepetroleum tankcalibration. LEARNINGOBJECTIVE: TASKS: CONDITIONS: STANDARDS: REFERENCES: Calibratestoragetanksandidentifythedevicesused tocalibratestoragetanks. YouwillbegiveninformationfromFM1018. Storagetankcalibrationwillbeperformedin accordancewithFM1018. Thematerialcontainedinthislessonwasderivedfrom thefollowingpublication: FM1018 INTRODUCTION Uponcompletionofthislesson,youwillbeabletoidentifymethods ofstrappingandcalibratingstoragetanks,computeessentialdata, useconversionformulas,andperformcalibrationofhorizontal cylindricaltanks.Youwillalsobeabletocomputevolumein sphericaltanksandoblatespheroidtanks.Asapetroleummanagement officer,youmustlearntosupervisestrappingcrews. PARTAMETHODSOFSTRAPPINGANDCALIBRATING 1. StrappingDefined.

"Strapping"isatermusedformathematicallydeterminingthevolume capacityofastoragetankatintervalsof1/8inchdepthby carefullymeasuringitandallowingforlostorgainedvolumefrom deadwood.Itisnecessarythatyoustrapatanktoprepareaccurate tanktables

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usedtodeterminetruetankinnageoroutage(tankgaging).Asa rule,youprepareastrappingchartforeachstoragetankbecause tanksofthesamesizemayvaryincapacity.Beforeyoucanstrapor calibratestoragetanks,youmustfillthem.Thewallsofstorage tankscontractasthetanksempty. Generaltankstrappingincludesmeasuringandrecordingdeadwood, length,breadth,circumference,thicknessoftankwalls,andpipe connections. 2. AllRingsMethod.

Theallringsmethodoftankstrappingisveryaccurate.Thereis onlya.02percenterror.Followthesestepstousethismethod: o Measuretheoutsidecircumferenceofeachringofthetank. o Measuretheheightofeachringofthetank. o Computetheinsidediameterofeachringofthetank. o Computethevolumeofthetank. 3. OneRingMethod.

Theoneringmethodoftankstrappingisalsoveryaccurate,havinga percentoferrorofonly.1percent.Followthesestepstousethis method: o Measurethediameterofthesecondorthirdringofthetank. o Measurethetotalheightofthetank. o Computetheinsidediameterofthetank. o Computethevolumeofthetank. 4. AverageCircumferenceMethod.

Theaveragecircumferencemethodislessaccuratethantheallrings methodandtheoneringmethod,havingapercentoferrorof.2 percent.Tousethismethodoftankstrapping,followthesesteps: o Measuretheoutsidecircumferenceofallringsofthetank,and averagethesemeasurements. o Computethediameterfromthecircumferenceaverage.

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o Measurethetotalheightofthetank. o Computetheinsidediameterofthetank. o Computethevolumeofthetank. 5. StrappingCrew,Tools,andComponents.

Generally,aminimumcrewofthreepeopleisenoughforstrapping mosttanks.Thetimerequiredtoperformastrappingoperation dependsonthesizeofthetank,operatingconditions,andthe experienceofthepersonnel. PARTBESSENTIALDATA(MEASUREMENTS) 1. Terminology.

Thefollowingtermsareusedindescribingtankstrappingprocedures: a. InternalDeadwood.Internaldeadwoodisanypartofthe interiorofthetankthatreducesthevolume.Suchitemsasladders, supports,bolts,nuts,andchannelsaredeadwoodinthetank. b. ExternalDeadwood.Externaldeadwoodisanyobjectthat projectsoutsidethetankshellthatwillincreasethecapacityof thetank(pipeconnections,manholes,andcleanoutopenings). c. DepthorTankHeight.Depthortankheightisthevertical distancefromthetopofthestave,shell,ortopangleirontothe insidebottomsurfaceordatumplate. d. ProductHeight.Productheightisthehighestpointtowhich thetankcanbefilledwithoutoverflowing.Theproduct'sheightmay bethesameasthetankheightoritmaybebelowthetopbecauseof connections,overflowlines,orventlines. NOTE: Eachindividualtankhasbothatotaltankcapacity (themaximumamountofproductthatthetankcanhold withoutoverflowing)andanormalfillcapacity(a quantityofproductlessthanthetotaltank capacity).Atankisfilledtoitstotaltank capacityonlywhenthetankisbeingstrapped. Otherwise,thetankisfilledtoitsnormalfill capacity.

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2.

MeasurementTechniques.

a. DeadwoodMeasurements.Deadwoodmeasurementsinclude measuringandrecordingdeadwoodlength,breadth,andthicknessin ordertocomputethevolumeoffluidthatwillbedisplacedbyany objectwithinthetankshellafteritisfilledandcomputingthe addedvolumeoutsideoftheshellbecauseofprojections. b. DepthorTankHeightMeasurements.Youusuallytakedepthor tankheightmeasurementsontheoutsideofthetankandthencompare themtomeasurementstakeninsidethetankthroughthegaugehatchto determineifcementorothermaterialshavebeenplacedonthetank bottom.Ifcementorothermaterialsarepresentonthetankbottom, measureandrecordthedepthatthreeplacesasillustratedinFigure 31.Usethethreemeasurementstocomputetheaveragedepthofthe tank.Theaveragedepthisrecordedinfeet,tenths,andhundredths. c. CircumferenceMeasurements.Takecircumferencemeasurements oneachringatpointslocatedbymeasuringdownfromthetopandup fromthebottomofeachring1/4theheightofthering.Sincethese tanksusuallyhave8footrings,youshouldtakemeasurementsat2, 6,10,14,18,and22feetabovethetankbottom.Ifboltsprevent theclosecontactofthetapewiththetank'sshellatthevertical joints,youmayloosenoneormorenutstoallowthetapetolie flat.However,ifthisisnotpractical,usedividerstospansuch obstructions.Considereachcourseorringinacylindricaltanka truecylinder.Usetheringmeasurementstocomputetheaverage circumferenceofthetank.Theaveragecircumferenceisrecordedin feet,tenths,andhundredths. PARTCCOMPUTINGTANKVOLUME 1. Measurements.

Obtaintankanddeadwooddimensionsbeforecomputingtankvolume. Youmustknowthemathematicsofvolumecalculationstodothejob. Themathematicsofvolumecalculationsincludecomputingmetal thickness,outsidediameter,insidediameter,andradius. Besurethatallmeasurementsareinfeetbeforeusingtheminthe formulas.Convertinchestofeetbydividingby12. 2. ComputationInformation.

Therearethreemajorstepsincomputingtankvolume: o Computetheuncorrectedtankvolume. o Convertthevolumetogallonsorbarrels.

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o Subtractinternaldeadwoodandaddexternaldeadwood.

Figure31.TankMeasuringTechniques. Detailedinformationonthesestepsfollows. Youmustbefamiliarwiththefollowingtocomputetheuncorrected volumeofacylindricaltank: =3.1416 t=shellthickness c=circumference d=diameter

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R=radius H=height L=length W=width D=depth id=insidediameter od=outsidediameter Toconvertareavolumetoliquidvolume: 1cubicfoot=7.48gallonsor0.178barrels(bbl). Tocomputethevolumeofacylindricaltank,youmustfirstfindthe uncorrectedvolumeofthetank.Dothiswiththefollowingformula: R2HorD2H 4 Next,convertthevolumetoeithergallonsorbarrelsusingthe conversionfactor. 3. Computations.

a. SampleProblemCylindricalTanks.Findtheuncorrected volumeingallonsforastoragetank20feethighwithanoutside circumferenceof55feetandashellthicknessof1/2inch(Figures 32and33showthesedimensionsofthetank). o First,findtheoutsidediameterofthetankbydividingthe circumferencebyr(3.1416): od=c=55=17.51feet 3.1416 o Tofindtheinsidediameter,subtracttwotimestheshell thickness(t):id=od2t.Sincetheshellthicknessisgiven ininches,firstconvertittofeetbeforedeductingit: .5"=.04feet;2t=.08feet 12 id=od2torid=17.51feet.08feet orid=17.43feet

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Figure32.TankMeasurementsandDeadwood.

Figure33.SingleRingCylindricalTank. o Tofindthevolume(V)ofthetank: V=d2HorV=3.1416x17.432feetx20 feetor 4 4

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V=3.1416x(17.43feetx17.43feet)x20feetor 4 V=3.1416x(303.80)x20feet 4 V=3.1416x75.95feetx20feet V=4,772.09cubicfeet(feet3) o Toconvertthevolumefromcubicfeettogallons,multiplyby 7.48: V=4,772.09feet3x7.48 V=35,695.23gallons TodothisusingtheformulaR2H,convertthediametertothe radiusbydividingthediameterbytwo.TheformulaisR= 1/2d. o Thenextstepistosubtractthevolumeofinternaldeadwood, andaddthevolumeofexternaldeadwood. Followthis procedure: Makeseparatecomputationsforthevolumesofinternaland externaldeadwood.Sincethevolumeofdeadwoodeitheradds toorsubtractsfromthetotalvolumeofastoragetank, deadwoodisreferredtoasbeing,respectively,either positiveornegativedeadwood. Positivedeadwood,isany fixturewhichaddsvolumetothetank,suchasacleanoutdoor orapipeconnection.Negativedeadwoodisanythingthat takesuproominthetankandmustbesubtractedfromthe totalvolumeofthetank.Tofindthecorrectedvolumeofa tank,firstaddthevolumeofpositivedeadwood,andthen subtractthevolumeofnegativedeadwood.Hereisanexample: Thetankinthesampleproblemhasaroofsupportwhichisthe sameheightasthetankandis6inchesindiameter.Thetank isequippedwitharectangularcleanoutdoor3feethighand2 feetwide;thecleanoutdoorextends6inchesfromthesideof thetank(insidedimensions).Thetankalsohasa2footpipe connectionwithaninsidediameterof8inches.(SeeFigure 33.)Findthecorrectedvolumeofthetank.

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Solution:Firstcomputethevolumeofpositivedeadwood.Thereare twoitemsofpositivedeadwood:thepipeconnectionandthecleanout door. Tofindthevolumeofthepipeconnection,usethesameformulaas forthetank: V=d2H 4 (inthiscase,thelengthofthepipeisusedforH). V=3.1416xd2x2 4 Sincethediameterofthepipeisininches,youmustconvert itintofeet: d=8inches=0.66feet 12 V=3.1416x0.66feet2x2feet 4 V=3.1416x(.66feetx.66feet)x2feet 4 V=3.1416x0.4356feetx2feet 4 V=3.1416x0.1089feetx2feet V=0.68feet3 Converttogallons:0.68feet3x7.48=5.09gallons Tocomputethevolumeofthecleanoutdoor,multiplythe lengthtimesthewidthtimesthedepth: V=LxWxD First,convertthedepthtofeet: 6inches=.5feet 12 V=3x2x.5 V=3feet3

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Toconverttogallons,multiplyby7.48: 3feet3x7.48=22.44gallons Thetotalamountofpositivedeadwoodis: PipeConnection +CleanoutDoor Total 5.09gallons 22.49gallons 27.58gallons

To compute the volume of the negative deadwood which is the roofsupport: d=6inches=.5feet;R=1/2dor.25feet 12 V=D2H 4 V=3.1416x.5 feetx20feet 4 V=3.1416x(.5feetx.5feet)x20feet 4 V=3.1416x.25feet 2 x20feet 4 V=15.708 4 V=3.927feet3 V=3.927feet3x7.48(converttogallons) V=29.37gallons o Tofindthecorrectedvolumeofthetank,firstaddthevolume ofpositivedeadwoodtotheuncorrectedvolumeandthen subtractthevolumeofthenegativedeadwood: UncorrectedVolume PositiveDeadwood NegativeDeadwood CorrectedVolume 35,695.23gallons +27.58gallons 35,722.81gallons 29.37gallons 35,693.44gallons

If you desire the results in barrels, use 0.178 to convert feet3tobarrelsordividegallonsby42.

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NOTE: Youmayuseeithertheformula V=D2H 4 ortheformula V=R2H tocomputethevolumeofnegativedeadwood.Youhavejust seenhowtousethefirstformulatocomputethevolumeof negativedeadwood.Toshowyouthatyoucanusethesecond formulatoobtainthesameresults,thevolumeofnegative deadwoodisagaincalculatedbelow,usingthesecond formula. V=R2H V=3.1416(.25feetx.25feet)x20feet V=3.1416x.0625feetx20feet V=0.19635feet2x20feet V=3.927feet3 V=3.927feet3X7.48(converttogallons) V=29.37gallons b. SampleProblemSphericalTanks.Usethisformulatofindthe capacityofasphericaltank: V=4.189R3 whereV=volume, R=radiusofthesphere, and4.189=4/3 Problem:Findthecapacityofasphericaltankwitharadiusof9 feet.Assume0.178barrelpercubicfoot. o V=4.189x(9)3

=3,054cubicfeet Tankcapacity=544BBL(3,054x0.178) 87 QM4500

c. SampleProblemOblateSpheroidTank.Usethefollowing formulatodeterminethecapacityofanoblatespheroidtank: V=4.189a2b whereV=volumeofthetank, a=majorsemiaxisofthetank,and b=minorsemiaxisofthetank. Problem: Findthecapacityofatankwhichisanoblatespheroid20 feetwideand10feethigh.Assume0.178barrelpercubic foot.RefertoFigure34.

Figure34.OblateSpheroidTank. Themajorsemiaxis,a=1/2width(20feet)=10feet Theminorsemiaxis,b=1/2height(10feet)=5feet V=4.189x(10)2x5 =2,094.5cubicfeet Tankcapacity=373BBL(2,094.5x0.178) d. GagingTables.Subtractinternaldeadwoodandaddexternal deadwoodtotheunadjustedvolumetogettheactualvolumeofa storagetank.Tomakeagagingtable,computevolumeasdescribed forevery1/8inchdepthfromtheinsidefloorordatumplateofthe tanktothereferencemarkatthetopofthetank.Oncetherated volumesofatankaretabled,gagingpersonnelcancalculateactual volumesofliquidcontainedinthetankaccordingtotheheightof theliquidinthetank.

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PARTDCALIBRATIONOFHORIZONTALTANKS. 1. General Therearenumerousoccasionsinwhichtheratedcapacityoftankcars and horizontal tanks varies widely from actual capacity. When a cylindricaltankisinahorizontalposition,itisverydifficultto determinetheamountofproductitcontains,particularlyifthetank is partially filled. The American Petroleum Institute indicates three strapping/calibration methods of determining the capacity of cylindricaltanks/tankcars:thewatergaugeplantmethod,thewater weighingmethod,andthestrappingmethod. 2. WaterGagePlantMethod. To perform the water gauge plant method, fill the tank with a quantityofwaterthatismeasuredbyadischargefromacalibrated tankortanks.Thisprocedureisrecommendedasthemostaccurate. 3. WaterWeighingMethod. To perform the water weighing method, fill the tank with water and weigh the tank before and after it is filled. The scale must be sensitiveinordertorespondquicklyandaccuratelytosmallchanges inweight.Inaddition,thetankmustbelevel.Thismethodisnot asaccurateasthewatergaugeplantmethod. 4. StrappingMethod. Toperformthestrappingmethod,measurethetankcaranddeductthe thicknessofwallsandlapplates.Thismethodistheleastaccurate becauseofhumanerror,anditisverytimeconsuming. 5. ObtainingVolumeofLiquidinPartiallyFilledTanks. TheAmericanPetroleumInstituterecommendstwomethodsforobtaining the capacities of partially filled tanks: the percentage methodand thelengthoftankmethod. a. PercentageMethod. Usethepercentagemethodtocomputethe capacities of partially filled horizontal tanks. The volume of liquidasapercentageofthetotalcapacityisrelatedtothedepth of the liquid as a percentage of total depth. Here it must be assumed that the given rated capacity is correct (see Figure 35, whichshowsthecapacitiesofpartiallyfilledhorizontaltanks.)

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Figure35.CapacitiesofPartiallyFilledHorizontalTanks. 90 QM4500

b. LengthofTankMethod.Thelengthoftankmethodcomputesthe diameterandthelengthofthetankinfeet.Figures36and37 providefactorscorrespondingtothediameterandinnage.These factorsrepresentthevolumeofliquidfor1footoflengthforthe particulardiameterandinnage.Toobtainthetotalvolumeof liquid,multiplythefactorbythelengthofthetank.Theadvantage ofdeterminingactualvolumesofcontainedliquidsbythismethodis thattheprocesscanbeappliedtoratingthetotalcapacityofthe tank.Whenthedepthofthetankisconsideredtobethediameter andthelength(inside)tobetheheight,thetotalcapacityofthe tankcanbedeterminedbytheformula:v=( R2H)7.48withaccount madefordeadwood.

Figure36.Capacitiesof141/2InchDiameterHorizontal CylindricalTanks.

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Figure37.CapacitiesofHorizontalCylindricalTanks (59FeetinDiameter) Example: Youmeasuretheliquidinahorizontalcylindricaltankto be3feet.Thediameterofthetankis6feet.Referto Figure37.Find3feetinthelefthandcolumnandgo acrosstotherightuntilyouintersectthecolumn representingthetankdiameterof6feet.Read105.76 gallonsperfootoflengthoftank.Now,computethe totalcapacityofthetankbyusingtheformulaV=R2H (7.48).Assumealengthof10feet. V=3.1416(3)2x10x7.48 V=3.1416(9)x7.48x10 V=2,115gallons

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LESSONTHREE PRACTICEEXERCISE Thefollowingitemswilltestyourknowledgeofthematerialcovered inthislesson.Thereisonlyonecorrectanswerforeachitem. Whenyouhavecompletedtheexercise,checkyouranswerswiththe answerkeythatfollows.Ifyouansweranyitemincorrectly,then studyagainthatpartofthelessonwhichcontainstheportion involved. 1. Whenyoustrapatank,youmathematicallydeterminethevolume capacityofthetankatintervalsof A.1/8inch. B.1/3inch. C.1/2inch. D.1inch. 2. Beforeyoucanstrapatank,youmust A.fillitto25%offillcapacity. B.fillitto50%offillcapacity. C.fillitto75%offillcapacity. D.fillitto100%offillcapacity. 3. Youarestrappingatankthathasacementcaponthebottom.You measureandrecordthedepth A.once. B.intwodifferentplaces. C.inthreedifferentplaces. D.infourdifferentplaces. 4. Whatistheoutsidediameter(od)ofacylindricaltankthathasa circumferenceof25feet? A.6.25feet. B.7.33feet. C.7.96feet. D.8.25feet. 5. Whatistheinsidediameter(id)ofacylindricaltankthathasan outsidediameterof15feetandashellthickness(t)of1/2inch? A.14.5feet. B.14.92feet. C.15.08feet. D.15.26feet.

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6. Whatisthevolumeofacylindricaltankwithaninsidediameter (id)of18feetandaheightof22feet? A.5,598.33gallons. B.17,587.7gallons. C.41,875.5gallons. D.52,473.8gallons. 7. Acylindricaltankhasanexternalcleanoutdoorthatis4feet high,2feetwide,andextends4inchesfromthesideofthetank. Italsohasanexternal3footpipeconnectionwithaninside diameterof6inches.Whatistheexternal(positive)deadwood? A.20.00gallons. B.24.34gallons. C.32.42gallons. D.65.40gallons. Situation:Acylindricaltankhasthefollowingmeasurementsand deadwood: Outsidecircumference= Shellthickness= Height= Pipeconnection(positivedeadwood)= feet inch feet feetlong,6inches insidediameter Cleanoutdoor(positivediameter)= 4 feetby3feetby1 foot Roofsupport(negativedeadwood)=6inchesindiameter 8. Inthesituationabove,whatisthecorrectedvolumeofthetank ingallons? A.3,421.1gallons. B.14,293.61gallons C.25,649.51gallons D.52,686.21gallons. 9. Asphericaltankhasaradiusof11feet.Whatisthecapacity? A.41,705.2gallons. B.55,755.6gallons. C.60,276.8gallons. D.63,475.9gallons. 42 1 25 4

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10. Anoblatespheroidtankis22feetwideand9feethigh.Whatis thevolume? A.41bbl. B.406bbl. C.1,623bbl. D.2,281bbl.

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LESSONTHREE PRACTICEEXERCISE ANSWERKEYANDFEEDBACK Item 1. CorrectAnswerandFeedback A.1/8inch. Thisallowstheamountofproducttobeeasilydetermined bymeasuringitsdepth.(Page77,para1) 2. D.Fillitto100%offillcapacity. Thewallsofatankcontractwhenitisemptied,causing thecalculationstobeinaccurate.(Page78,para1) 3. C.Inthreedifferentplaces. Usethreemeasurementstocomputetheaveragedepth.(Page 80,para2b) 4. C.7.96feet. Usetheformula:od=c (Page82,para3a) 5. B.14.92feet. Usetheformula:id=od2t. (Page82,para3a) 6. C.41,875.5gallons. Usetheformula:V=d2H 4 Converttogallonsbymultiplyingby7.48. (Page83,para3a)

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Item 7.

CorrectAnswerandFeedback B.24.34gallons. Calculatevolumeofthepipeconnectionusingtheformula: V=d2H 4 =3.1416 Sincethediameterofthepipeisininches,convertit intofeetbydividing6inchesby12inches: 6=.5feet 12 Usethelengthofthepipe(3feet)forH. Theequationnowreads: V=3.1416x(.5x.5)x3 4 V=3.1416x.25x3 4 V=3.1416x.0625x3 V=.589feet Now,convert.589feettogallonsbymultiplying .589by7.48: .589x7.48=4.405(Roundto4.41) Next,calculatevolumeofthecleanoutdoorusingthe formula:V=LxWxD. Sincethedepthofthecleanoutdoorisininches,you mustdivideby12toconvertinchestofeet: =.333feet 8 12 V=4feetx2feetx.333feet V=2.664feet

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Multiply2.664by7.48toconvertfeettogallons: V=2.664feetx7.48 V=19.926(Roundto19.93) Finally,addthegallonsofpositivedeadwoodrepresented bythepipeconnection(4.41)andthegallonsofpositive deadwoodrepresentedbythecleanoutdoortoobtainthe totalvolumeofpositive(external)deadwood: 4.41+19.93=24.34gallons (Page82,para3a) 8. C.25,649.51gallons. Computethevolumeofthetank.Computepositive deadwood.Computenegativedeadwood.Addpositive deadwood,subtractnegativedeadwood. (Page84,para3a) 9. A.41,705.2gallons. Usethefollowingformula: V=4.189R3 whereV=volume R=radiusofthesphere and4.189=4/3 V=4.189x(11)3 V=4.189x(11x11x11) V=4.189x1,331 V=5,575.559(Roundto5,575.56)cubicfeet Converttogallons: 7.48X5,575.56=41,705.2gallons (page87,para3b)

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10.

B.406bbl. Usetheformula:V=4.189ab V=4.189 whereV=volumeofthetank a=majorsemiaxisofthetank b=minorsemiaxisofthetank a=1/2width(22feet)=11feet b=1/2height(9feet)=4.5feet V=4.189(11)2x4.5 V=4.189x121x4.5 V=2,280.91feet Convertfeettobarrelsbymultiplyingby0.178: 2,280.91feetx0.178=406barrels (Page88,para3c)

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